Дисертації: "Tail approach"

1

Nilsson, Mattias. "Tail Estimation for Large Insurance Claims, an Extreme Value Approach." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Computer Science, Physics and Mathematics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-7826.

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In this thesis are extreme value theory used to estimate the probability that large insuranceclaims are exceeding a certain threshold. The expected claim size, given that the claimhas exceeded a certain limit, are also estimated. Two different models are used for thispurpose. The first model is based on maximum domain of attraction conditions. A Paretodistribution is used in the other model. Different graphical tools are used to check thevalidity for both models. Länsförsäkring Kronoberg has provided us with insurance datato perform the study.Conclusions, which have been drawn, are that both models seem to be valid and theresults from both models are essential equal.

I detta arbete används extremvärdesteori för att uppskatta sannolikheten att stora försäkringsskadoröverträffar en vis nivå. Även den förväntade storleken på skadan, givetatt skadan överstiger ett visst belopp, uppskattas. Två olika modeller används. Den förstamodellen bygger på antagandet att underliggande slumpvariabler tillhör maximat aven extremvärdesfördelning. I den andra modellen används en Pareto fördelning. Olikagrafiska verktyg används för att besluta om modellernas giltighet. För att kunna genomförastudien har Länsförsäkring Kronoberg ställt upp med försäkringsdata.Slutsatser som dras är att båda modellerna verkar vara giltiga och att resultaten ärlikvärdiga.

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2

Mccart, James A. "Goal Attainment On Long Tail Web Sites: An Information Foraging Approach." Scholar Commons, 2009. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3686.

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This dissertation sought to explain goal achievement at limited traffic “long tail” Web sites using Information Foraging Theory (IFT). The central thesis of IFT is that individuals are driven by a metaphorical sense of smell that guides them through patches of information in their environment. An information patch is an area of the search environment with similar information. Information scent is the driving force behind why a person makes a navigational selection amongst a group of competing options. As foragers are assumed to be rational, scent is a mechanism by which to reduce search costs by increasing the accuracy on which option leads to the information of value. IFT was originally developed to be used in a “production rule” environment, where a user would perform an action when the conditions of a rule were met. However, the use of IFT in clickstream research required conceptualizing the ideas of information scent and patches in a non-production rule environment. To meet such an end this dissertation asked three research questions regarding (1) how to learn information patches, (2) how to learn trails of scent, and finally (3) how to combine both concepts to create a Clickstream Model of Information Foraging (CMIF). The learning of patches and trails were accomplished by using contrast sets, which distinguished between individuals who achieved a goal or not. A user- and site-centric version of the CMIF, which extended and operationalized IFT, presented and evaluated hypotheses. The user-centric version had four hypotheses and examined product purchasing behavior from panel data, whereas the site-centric version had nine hypotheses and predicted contact form submission using data from a Web hosting company. In general, the results show that patches and trails exist on several Web sites, and the majority of hypotheses were supported in each version of the CMIF. This dissertation contributed to the literature by providing a theoretically-grounded model which tested and extended IFT; introducing a methodology for learning patches and trails; detailing a methodology for preprocessing clickstream data for long tail Web sites; and focusing on traditionally under-studied long tail Web sites.

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3

Leal, Laura Simonsen. "An SDF approach to hedge funds’ tail risk: evidence from Brazilian funds." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/16638.

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The main purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology to obtain a hedge fund tail risk measure. Our measure builds on the methodologies proposed by Almeida and Garcia (2015) and Almeida, Ardison, Garcia, and Vicente (2016), which rely in solving dual minimization problems of Cressie Read discrepancy functions in spaces of probability measures. Due to the recently documented robustness of the Hellinger estimator (Kitamura et al., 2013), we adopt within the Cressie Read family, this specific discrepancy as loss function. From this choice, we derive a minimum Hellinger risk-neutral measure that correctly prices an observed panel of hedge fund returns. The estimated risk-neutral measure is used to construct our tail risk measure by pricing synthetic out-of-the-money put options on hedge fund returns of ten specific categories. We provide a detailed description of our methodology, extract the aggregate Tail risk hedge fund factor for Brazilian funds, and as a by product, a set of individual Tail risk factors for each specific hedge fund category.

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4

Boyer, de la Giroday Elsa, and David Stenvall. "Green Investments Under Uncertainty : - A cross-quantilogram approach." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158100.

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In this study, we analyze the quantile dependence for green bond returns and renewable energy stock returns with three major asset classes: corporate bonds, stocks and oil. Furthermore, we control the dependence structure for technology, uncertainties as well as lag structures and time-varying effects. We apply the cross-quantilogram developed by Han et al. (2016) that allows us to study the dependence structures between two time series in arbitrary quantiles. The results led us to three key findings: 1) The returns of thegreen bond market are tail-dependent on the returns of both long and short-term maturities for the corporate bond market but are not dependent on the stock market nor the oil market. The tail-dependence indicates that while investors may hold green bonds due to moral incentives, it is not enough during times of turbulence. Further, the dependence structures are short-lived. 2)The renewable energy market is dependent on oil returns of similar quantiles, suggesting that renewable energy substitutes oil when oil prices increase. However, renewable energy does not influence the oil market, indicating that oil is not a substitutional energy source for renewable energy driven firms. Renewable energy stocks are further highly dependent on the returns of the general stock market but are not influenced by the returns on the corporate bond market. 3) The dependence of both renewable energy and green bonds with the asset markets are time-varying. Our overall results obtained by this paper provides information that could help facilitate new investment allocations towards green investments. Further, the results may have immediate and important implications for investors. For those in the corporate bond market, adding green bonds does not add diversification benefits during turbulence. Similarly, renewable energy stock does not add diversification benefits to investors in the oil or stock market.

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5

Borg, Elin, and Ilya Kits. "Dependence Structures between Commodity Futures and Corresponding Producer Indices across Varying Market Conditions : A cross-quantilogram approach." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166940.

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This thesis examines the dependence structures between commodity futures and corresponding commodity producer equity indices in bearish, bullish and normal market conditions. We study commodity futures and producer indices in the energy, precious metals, gold and agriculture commodity markets using daily return data that ranges from 16 December 2005 to 28 June 2019. We employ the cross-quantilogram approach developed by Han et al. (2016) to examine dependence structures in the full quantile range, which represents different market states. Furthermore, we control for different lag structures, uncertainties and time-varying dependence structures. From our results we conclude the following: 1) There are time-varying asymmetric and symmetric dependencies in different commodity markets. There is asymmetric dependence between commodity futures and producer indices in the precious metals, gold and agricultural markets. In the oil market, the relationship is symmetrical. No relationship is found in the natural gas market. 2) Heterogenous dependence structures are identified in the gold, precious metals and agricultural commodity markets. The oil market uncovers homogenous dependence structures. 3) The observed spillover in all markets occur in the very short run, at one day, and dissipates after a week and additionally after a month. Our results provide new information regarding commodity diversification attributes which can be useful to investors. Our results also provide important policy implications: Since volatility spillovers between commodity futures and producer indices may deter investors from including commodities in their portfolios, as they might lose their diversifier qualities, it is important to enforce policies that will prevent the spillovers between the assets. Further, regulations of the commodity futures markets could be an alternative to reduce the spillovers.

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6

Kernel, Philippe. "High current single bunch transverse instabilities in storage ring light sources : a new approach highlighting a post-head-tail mechanism : application to the ESRF." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10160.

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Les instabilites transverses sont le principal obstacle a l'augmentation du seuil de courant, en mode mono-paquet, dans les sources de rayonnement synchrotron. A partir de mesures, de simulations et de la base theorique preexistante, une interpretation de ces mecanismes d'instabilites est presentee. Au-dela de l'instabilite habituelle de couplage de modes et des modes "tete-queue" decouples, qui ont ete observes a l'esrf, une nouvelle forme d'instabilite, l'instabilite "post-synchrotronique", est caracterisee. Une theorie expliquant cette instabilite post-synchrotronique est developpee. Cette theorie est consistente avec les mesures effectuees a l'esrf.

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7

Stephens, Nathan Wallace. "A Comparison of Microarray Analyses: A Mixed Models Approach Versus the Significance Analysis of Microarrays." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1115.

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DNA microarrays are a relatively new technology for assessing the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. Researchers hope to find genes that are differentially expressed by hybridizing cDNA from known treatment sources with various genes spotted on the microarrays. The large number of tests involved in analyzing microarrays has raised new questions in multiple testing. Several approaches for identifying differentially expressed genes have been proposed. This paper considers two: (1) a mixed models approach, and (2) the Signiffcance Analysis of Microarrays.

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8

Oliveau, Sébastien. "Periurbanisation in Tamil Nadu : a quantitative approach /." New Delhi : Centre de sciences humaines, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40975054m.

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Texte remanié de: Doctoral tesis--Geography--University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2004.
Publ. à l'issue d'un congrès international : "Peri-urban dynamics : population, habitat and environment on the peripheries of large Indian metropolises" tenu à New Delhi en août 2004. Bibliogr. p. 83-90.

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9

Coleman, Keith LaMar. "Building optimization : an integrated approach to the design of tall buildings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38942.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-75).
There has been much research done on building optimization that deal with the issues within specific individual fields, such as architecture, structural engineering, and construction engineering. However, in practical application these issues must be addressed in a much more holistic manner as building design is becoming much more inclusive. A balance must be made that addresses the constructability and scheduling concerns of the contractor, the enclosure and spatial concerns of the architect, and finally the load-carrying concerns of the structural engineer. What if these issues were considered altogether and integrated more fully into building optimization? These issues and concerns would indubitably result in compromise solutions and tradeoffs that would have to be taken into account. This research will not only investigate and utilize current optimization techniques for the conceptual design of tall buildings, but also introduce a new metric in the dynamic analysis of high rise structures.
by Keith L. Coleman.
M.Eng.

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10

Law, Joyce Hor Yan. "Towards bioclimatic high-rise buildings : is a bioclimatic design approach appropriate for improving environmental performance of high-rise buildings? /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18966.pdf.

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11

Lustosa, Leandro R. "La Phi-théorie : une approche pour la conception de lois de commande de vol des véhicules convertibles." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0026.

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A leurs débuts dans les années 50, les véhicules de décollage et d'atterrissage verticaux (VTOL) n’étaient pilotés que par les pilotes les plus expérimentés. Les avancées récentes sur les capteurs inertiels à faible coût, les systèmes embarqués intégrés, d'autre part, renforcent les systèmes d'augmentation de la stabilité (SAS) pour atténuer les modes dynamiques instables et permettre un vol par un utilisateur faiblement expérimenté puis de façon totalement autonome. Cependant, presque toutes les techniques de conception du pilote automatique reposent sur des descriptions mathématiques précises d'architectures nouvelles et donc inconnues. La présente thèse établit un cadre unifié, à savoir la Phi-théorie, pour évaluer les qualités de manipulation des véhicules hybrides et, en outre, concevoir des lois de contrôle stabilisatrices appropriées. Cette étude a consisté à établir un modèle traçable pour les véhicules tail-sitters en vue de la conception du contrôle et de l'analyse de la dynamique qualitative. La Phi-théorie proposée ne donne pas seulement un modèle avantageusement numérique, mais élargit également notre compréhension des véhicules tail-sitters. En contraste étroit avec la littérature existante, le modèle proposé est globalement non singulier, de type polynomial et contourne l'utilisation d'angles aérodynamiques d'attaque et de glissement latéral (free-stream et propwash induits). Même si mathématiquement élégant, un modèle mathématique ne présente un intérêt que s'il est conforme à la réalité. Cette thèse montre que c'est le cas au moyen de données issues d’une campagne de soufflerie ainsi que grâce à des essais en vol
Since their debut in the 50s, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft would only be flown by the most experienced pilots. Recent advances on low-cost inertial sensors, embedded computing and control technology -- on the other hand -- support stability augmentation systems (SAS) in mitigating unstable dynamic modes and allowing for inexperienced (or even autonomous) flight. Nearly all autopilot design techniques, however, rely on accurate mathematical descriptions of novel and thus unfamiliar architectures (e.g., number and positioning of propellers, number and positioning of fixed/variable aerodynamic surfaces). The present thesis establishes an unified framework, namely the Phi-theory, for assessing hybrid vehicles handling qualities and, moreover, designing appropriate stabilizing control laws. This study sets out to establish a tractable model for tail-sitting vehicles in view of control design and qualitative dynamics analysis. The proposed Phi-theory not only yields a numerically advantageous model but also extends our comprehension of tail-sitting vehicles. In sharp contrast with existent literature, the proposed model is globally non-singular, polynomial-like and bypasses the use of aerodynamic angles of attack and sideslip (both free-stream and propwash-induced!). Nevertheless, even if mathematically elegant, a mathematical model has practical use only if consistent with reality. This thesis shows this is the case by means of wind tunnel data and flight experiments. I strongly believe Phi-theory provides a fitting balance between model complexity and controller design simplicity

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12

Fletcher, Ian A. "Tall concrete buildings subject to vertically moving fires : a case study approach." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3199.

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Fire in buildings can have a severe impact in terms of both human safety and potential economic loss. This is especially true in the case of fires of such severity that the building structure is damaged. Concrete buildings are traditionally regarded as safe in a fire situation as concrete is non-flammable and exhibits highly insulating material properties. The majority of current research relating to the impact of fire on structures examines other forms of construction. Research of concrete in fire is generally limited to investigation and testing of individual members in order to understand the often complex interactions exhibited by concrete as a material at high temperatures. This research seeks to redress the balance by using a systematic approach to examine effects of fire on a holistic concrete structure in simplified but realistic temperature exposures. The research utilises evidence and structural information from the Windsor Tower in Madrid, which suffered a major fire in February 2005 with partial collapse in some areas of the structure. The fire spread throughout the building, travelling both upwards and downwards. Computer modelling was used extensively. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was used to explore likely fire temperature and duration in localised areas. Structural Finite Element Modelling (FEM) was used to develop a hierarchy of models, beginning with simple structural forms and progressing logically to more detailed structures. This produced a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the reaction of the structure to fire for comparison to the real, observable damage to the building and assessment of generic failure behaviours. The structural model produced was used with a number of variations in support condition, fire spread rate and extent, and fire protection. It was found that for a structure of this type, structural stiffness of the concrete floors was insufficient to compensate for the loss of strength in heated steel members where there was no alternative load redistribution path. It was also found that in the case where an alternative load path exists, but involves steel members which have previously heated during the multiple-floor spread of the fire, the rate of fire spread has a critical effect on the structural stability.

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13

Muñoz, Bodnar Alejandra. "Function of TALE1Xam in cassava bacterial blight : a transcriptomic approach." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20009.

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Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) est une bactérie à gram négatif causant le Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB) sur Manihot esculenta Crantz. Le manioc représente une des sources les plus importantes de carbohydrates pour près d'un milliard de personnes sur terre et une source importante d'énergie du fait de sa forte concentration en amidon. Le CBB constitue une limitation importante à la production massive de manioc et nos connaissances sur cette maladie sont encore insuffisantes. La pathogénie de nombreuses phytobactéries dépend de l'injection d'effecteurs de type III via un système de sécrétion de type III dans la cellule eucaryote hôte Parmi tous les effecteurs référencés aujourd'hui, les effecteurs de type TAL pour Transcription Activator-Like sont particulièrement intéressant. Une fois injectés dans la cellule végétale, les effecteurs TAL sont importés au noyau et y modulent l'expression de gènes cibles au bénéfice de la bactérie. Chez Xam, TALE1Xam est le seul gène de cette famille qui a été étudié au niveau fonctionnel. Cette étude a pour objectif majeur d'identifier les gènes de manioc dont l'expression est modifiée en présence de TALE1Xam. Le transcriptome de plantes de manioc inoculées avec XamΔTALE1Xam vs. XamΔTALE1Xam (TALE1Xam) a été analysé par RNAseq. Les données obtenues confrontées à la recherche bioinformatique de promoteurs de gènes potentiellement directement activés par TALE1Xam ont permis d'établir une liste de gènes ciblés par TALE1Xam candidats. Un candidat majeur ressort de cette analyse comme étant particulièrement intéressant, il s'agit d'un gène codant un facteur de transcription de type B3 régulant l'activité de protéines de type "Heat Shock". L'analyse fonctionnelle de ce candidat permettra de valider sa fonction en tant que gène de sensibilité du manioc à Xam
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) is a gram negative bacteria causing the Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB) in Manihot esculenta Crantz . Cassava represents one of the most important sources of carbohydrates for around one billion people around the world as well as a source of energy due to its high starch levels content. The CBB disease represents an important limitation for cassava massive production and little is known about this pathosystem. Bacterial pathogenicity often relies on the injection in eucaryotic host cells of effector proteins via a type III secretion system (TTSS). Between all the type III effectors described up to now, Transcription Activator-Like Type III effectors (TALE) appear as particularly interesting. Once injected into the plant cell, TAL effectors go into the nucleus cell and modulate the expression of target host genes to the benefit of the invading bacteria by interacting directly with plant DNA. In Xam, only one gene belonging to this family has been functionally studied so far. It consists on TALE1xam. This work aim to identify cassava genes whose expression will be modified upon the presence of TALE1xam. By means of cassava plants challenged with Xam Δ TALE1xam vs. Xam + TALE1xam together with the TAL effectors code, statistical analyses between RNAseq experiments and a microarray containing 5700 cassava genes, we seek out direct TALE1xam target genes. Hence, through transcriptomic, functional qRT validation and specific artificial TALEs design we proposed that TALE1xam is potentially interacting with a Heat Shock Transcription Factor B3. Moreover we argue that this gene is responsible of the susceptibility during Xam infection. Furthermore this work represents the first complete transcriptomic approach done in the cassava/Xam interaction and open enormous possibilities to understand and study CBB

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14

Brink, Lize. "An investigation into the weld integrity of the head–to–skirt junction on tall distillation columns / L. Brink." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4877.

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This study addresses the fatigue life of the head–to–skirt welds of tall distillation columns. Fatigue tests were done on two types of weld geometries which approximate the head–toskirt configurations. From the fatigue tests it was determined that the fatigue life of the experimental samples can be substantially improved by applying weld build–up between the head and the skirt. The expected fatigue life of the test samples was determined by way of calculation employing the so called Nominal–Stress–Approach, the Effective–Notch–Stress–Approach and the Stress–Life–Approach. For both the Nominal–Stress–Approach and the Effective–Notch–Stress–Approach the predicted fatigue life was found to be overly conservative compared to the experimental results. The Stress–Life–Approach predicted the fatigue life to within a factor of 1.3 for both the geometries under investigation when displacements due to welding are taken into account. If displacements due to welding is omitted this factor is increased, for the geometry without weld build–up, to 2. For the geometry with weld build–up the factor remains 1.3.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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15

Ungerer, Frank Wolfgang 1969. "A systems approach to conceptual design solutions for a very tall building in Hong Kong." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70302.

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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-111).
The thesis represents a design investigation that seeks to reconsider the high-rise building. With changing uses and technologies, high-rise office towers may have become obsolete. Given the recent capabilities for communications networking, the need for businesses to occupy exclusive-use buildings in central city locations may be questioned. Instead the mixed use building type, often encountered in Southeast Asia, may point at a way of rethinking the typology of tall buildings as such. When taken to an extreme, mixed-use buildings could include use and occupation patterns as comprehensive as cities themselves. These would need to be supported by a skeletal structure of building systems that would include structural, transportation, service, climate control and inhabitation systems. Amongst designers and engineers there exists much discussion about building 'super tall buildings'. Yet there may be a need for departing from the current type of central-core high-rise buildings. In this light the thesis proposes conceptual solutions for building systems that may provide for sustaining more than 122,000 people. The idea is based on the concept of a triangulated mega-frame structure of roughly 49,700 sqm footprint that rises at a 1:5 aspect ratio to 1560m of height. The building is organized hierarchically in components of varying sizes. Interspersed between habitable modules are lobbies and spaces that act much like public places of a city. The basic module is an adaptable and suspended eight-story unit (pod). Clusters of 30 such pods, connected in pairs by common atria, form one planning unit of 242 m height. This unit is serviced by a centrally suspended structure which acts much as a public plaza/square. Five + of these planning units rise to make up the building. Woven into this assembly of modules, lobbies and plazas are vertical and horizontal connections, like streets. These again are hierarchically organized to provide for movement at different speeds and distances, much like horizontal streets or rail networks. The result is a building that provides an intense concentration of resources and delivers a degree of control, connectivity and adaptability that could suggest an alternative form of thinking about growing cities under such dense urban conditions as are prevalent in Hong Kong.
by Frank Wolfgang Ungerer.
M.Arch.

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16

Perez, Quintero Alvaro Luis. "Bioinformatic approaches to the study of TAL effector evolution and function." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT089/document.

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Les effecteurs TAL (« Transcription Activator-Like ») sont des protéines présentes majoritairement chez les bactéries phytopathogènes du genre Xanthomonas. Ces protéines bactériennes sont dirigées vers le noyau des cellules de la plante hôte où elles induisent l’expression de gènes. L’induction de gènes de « susceptibilité » de la plante est responsable de la maladie. Les effecteurs TAL sont capables de se lier à l’ADN grâce à un motif particulier consistant en une série de répétitions quasi-identiques s’enroulant autour de l’ADN et formant une super-hélice. Au sein des répétitions deux acides aminés localisés à l’intérieur de chaque boucle de la super-hélice interagissent directement et spécifiquement avec les nucléotides. Des combinaisons différentes de ces deux acides aminés se lient spécifiquement à certains nucléotides, selon un code unique.Une conséquence de cette interaction étroite est que les plantes et les bactéries co-évoluent selon une course aux armements où le génome de la plante se diversifie pour éviter d’être la cible des effecteurs TAL, tandis que les gènes tal se diversifient pour s’adapter à de nouvelles cibles. Les aspects évolutifs des effecteurs TAL sont encore largement inconnus, notamment comment la spécificité évolue vers de nouvelles cibles végétales. Cette thèse présente les premiers travaux sur la compréhension des mécanismes évolutifs des gènes tal, principalement abordés par la bioinformatique. Nous avons développé la suite de programmes « QueTAL » qui permet d’une part la construction d’arbres phylogénétiques basés soit sur la séquence des répétitions, soit sur la séquence des sites cibles, d’autre part la recherche de motifs de répétitions pouvant constituer les unités évolutives des effecteurs TAL. Cette suite bioinformatique est publique, en ligne, et activement utilisée par la communauté des scientifiques travaillant sur les effecteurs TAL des Xanthomonas.Ces programmes ont été appliqués (ainsi que d’autres approches) à plus de 900 séquences d’effecteurs TAL de 22 groupes bactériens. Nous avons mis en évidence i) une perte de diversité dans les répétitions chez les Xanthomonas, qui aurait des conséquence sur l’évolution de la structure des effecteurs TAL; ii) l’existence de groupes fonctionnels de gènes tal spécifiques à certains pathovars ; iii) un probable mécanisme évolutif reposant sur la recombinaison (principalement par conversion génique), révélé par le gain ou la perte de répétitions en blocs entiers. Notre hypothèse est que le moteur de la spécialisation des effecteurs TAL est la recombinaison de ces blocs entre gènes conduisant à une diversification fonctionnelle rapide vers de nouvelles cibles végétales.Nous avons ensuite analysé plus en détail la diversité des séquences TAL de souches africaines de Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), agent de la bactériose vasculaire, maladie bactérienne la plus importante du riz. Nous avons montré qu’un gène tal résultant d’une conversion génique pouvait être fonctionnel, indiquant que ce mécanisme peut être un moteur évolutif chez les effecteurs TAL. Les données de transcriptomique et de gain de fonction ont permis de mettre en évidence un effecteurs TAL dont la virulence s’exerce par l’activation de deux gènes de susceptibilité, dont l’un n’avait jamais été décrit chez Xoo. Enfin nous présentons des résultats préliminaires sur les effets d’une déconstruction de TALome sur le transcriptome de riz ainsi que des travaux fonctionnels et évolutifs issus de collaborations sur d’autres Xanthomonas.Cette thèse offre un nouveau cadre conceptuel ainsi que de nouveaux outils pour l’analyse fonctionnelle et évolutive des effecteurs TAL qui devraient améliorer la mise au point de stratégies pour la résistance des plantes aux Xanthomonas
Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are proteins found mainly in the genus of Xanthomonas phytopathogenic bacteria. These proteins enter the nucleus of cells in the host plant and can induce the expression of genes. The induction of “susceptibility” S genes in the plant will result in disease. TAL effectors are able to bind DNA thanks to a unique motif consisting of a series of nearly-identical repeats that wrap around the DNA forming a super-helix, in each repeat two amino-acids found in a loop on the inner side of the helix directly interact with nucleotides. Different combination of amino-acids in this loop bind specific nucleotides following a unique code.A consequence of this tight interaction is that plants and bacteria co-evolve following an arms race where the plant genome diversifies to avoid being targeted by the TAL effectors, while tal effector genes diversify to adapt to new targets.Various aspects of TAL effector evolution are still unknown, specially how does specificity arise towards certain targets in the host plant? As first steps towards answering this question, in these thesis we show the results of using primarily bioinformatic strategies to find evolutionary patterns in TAL effector sequences. We designed the suite “QueTAL” containing software for 1) the construction of phylogenetic trees based on repeat sequences, 2) comparison of predicted binding sites for TAL effectors, 3) identification of repeat motifs in TAL effector pairs. This suite was made publicly available and it is being actively used by the Xanthomonas research community.We used these programs along with other strategies to analyze variation in over 900 TAL effector sequences from 22 taxonomic groups finding 1) a loss of diversity of repeats through the Xanthomonas genus, which may impact the evolution of TAL effector architecture, 2) groups of TAL effector orthologs specific to certain taxonomic groups of pathovars that may share common functions, 3) evidence of repeat motifs shared and lost between TAL effectors hinting at extensive recombination (particularly gene conversion) events. We propose that the swapping of repeat blocks between TAL effectors is a motor for TAL effector specialization that allows for fast functional diversification through the acquisition of new targets in the host plants.We then analyzed in detail the diversity of TAL effector sequences in African strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), causing agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, the most destructive bacterial disease in rice. We found indications of virulence activity of a TAL effector being the product of a gene conversion event, supporting our hypothesis of gene conversion as a motor of TAL effector evolution. We also used transcriptomic data and systematic gain-of-function assays to uncover a TAL effector that exerts a virulence role through the induction of two susceptibility genes, one of which represents a novel class of susceptibility gene in bacterial blight. Finally, we present partial results of transcriptomic analyses aimed at de-constructing the effects of each TAL effector from one strain on the rice transcriptome, as well as results from collaborative functional and evolutionary analyses in other groups of Xanthomonas.Altogether, this thesis offers a new conceptual framework and new tools for the analysis of TAL effector function and evolution, and we hope this will help in the design of strategies aimed at improving resistance to bacteria in agronomically important plants

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17

Zhang, Zongjun. "Adaptive Robust Regression Approaches in data analysis and their Applications." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1445343114.

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18

Jadwat, Ayoob Y. "Teaching of Arabic as a foreign language (TAFL) : a study of the communicative approach in relation to Arabic." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2949.

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The study is concerned with the problem of how to improve the teaching of Arabic as a foreign or a second language. It lays down some of the essential foundation-work necessary for bringing about systematic and constructive improvements in the teaching of Arabic as a foreign language (TAFL) by investigating the contributions of modern linguistic sciences (such as applied linguistics, educational linguistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics) to the development of foreign language (FL) teaching and learning. A survey of the literature indicates that a 'revolution' is currently taking place in FL teaching and that a new approach, known as the Communicative Approach (CA), has begun to emerge and influence the teaching of FLs in general, over the last decade or so. Since the CA is currently being adopted to the teaching of most major FLs and since this revolution has not yet had much impact on TAPL, the study explores the possibility of the application of the CA to the teaching of Arabic as a living language. The thesis is divided into 7 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the importance of viewing the nature of language and FL teaching from a multidimensional point of view. Chapter 2 outlines the general nature and importance of the subject matter (i.e. the Arabic language) in a wide context. In order to understand what has directly or indirectly influenced the teaching practices of TAFL, Chapter 3 provides an overview of the development of views of FL teaching approaches and methods in recent times, from formalism (teacher-centred learning) to functionalism (student -centred learning). Chapter 4 concentrates on providing an interpretation of the current 'state of the art' of TPPL in Britain. A theoretical outline of the CA is presented in Chapter 5. This chapter provides a working hypothesis of a proposed integrative model for communicative competence that can be used as a practical reference tool in the relevant areas of communicative language development In TAPL. Chapter 6 focuses on one of these areas; communicative syllabus design, in which the stages in Arabic language programme development and types of communicative syllabuses are discussed. The last chapter concludes with a suggetion of specific further research needs in TAFL: communicative teaching methodology, communicative materials development, communicative testing techniques and communicative tea cher training.

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19

Abou-Tair, Dhiah el Diehn I. [Verfasser]. "An Ontology-Based Approach for Managing and Maintaining Privacy in Information Systems / Dhiah el Diehn I Abou-Tair." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1161309284/34.

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20

Abou-Tair, Dhiah El-Diehn I. [Verfasser]. "An Ontology-Based Approach for Managing and Maintaining Privacy in Information Systems / Dhiah el Diehn I Abou-Tair." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2018061707452629368470.

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21

Vazhalanickal, V. P. "The Differences in school performance between Tamil Brahmin and Malabar Muslim children in Kerala, India: a socio-cultural approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492192.

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22

Michiels, Sébastien. "Modernisation, marchés du travail et circulation en Inde : Une approche mixte et multi-scalaire des migrations de travail." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0080/document.

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Le processus de libéralisation initié en Inde à partir des années 1980 s’est accompagné d’une multitudede changements économiques, politiques et sociaux qui ont participé à modifier l’organisation et lastructure de l’emploi. Ces changements structurels ont par ailleurs redessiné les pratiques migratoiresau gré des besoins de main-d’oeuvre. L’objet de ces travaux de recherche est d’étudier comment lastructuration des marchés du travail en Inde a participé à modifier les flux de migrations internes, maiségalement de s’intéresser à l’évolution de ces pratiques migratoires. Pour cela, nous proposons uneapproche multi-scalaire des liens entre marchés de l’emploi et mouvements migratoires, menéeconjointement à des niveaux micro et macro. Ainsi, après avoir effectué une revue de littérature desthéories migratoires, nous traitons dans une première partie les liens entre marché du travail etmigration de travail au niveau macro-économique. Pour cela, nous avons identifié pour les différentesrégions de l’Inde une typologie des marchés du travail à partir de laquelle les flux de migrations ontété spatialisés. Dans une seconde partie, le niveau micro a été privilégié et les résultats présentéss’appuient sur un travail de terrain mené entre 2010 et 2014 dans le Sud de l’Inde (Tamil Nadu). Ils’agit, à partir d’une approche mixte combinant des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives, d’étudier lacirculation du travail en milieu rural tamoul. Cette démarche nous a permis d’identifier une variété deformes de migrations de travail aux logiques singulières ; nous parlons alors de diversification depratiques migratoires
The multiple economic, political and social changes that occurred in India since the liberalizationprocess initiated in the 1980’s altered the organization and the structure of labour. These structuralchanges reshaped migratory practices depending on workforce demand. This dissertation examineshow the labour market structuration in India has contributed to changing internal migration flows andhow migratory practices evolved. Therefore, to identify the links between labour markets andmigration flows, this study combines macro and micro levels of analysis. The dissertation is organizedas follows. The literature review synthetizes migration theories. Then, in the first part, we propose amacroeconomic analysis of the links between labour market and migration. Through a labour markettypology elaborated for different regions of India, we spatialize migration flows. In the second part,with a microeconomic focus and a mixed approach that combines both qualitative results from ourfieldwork conducted between 2010 and 2014 and quantitative results, we study the evolutions oflabour migration in rural Tamil Nadu. We identify migration patterns and establish the existence of adiversity of migratory practices

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23

Siu, Wai-ming Patrick, and 蕭偉明. "The fire engineering approach in the adaptive reuse of a historical building : the case of revitalising the former Tai O police station as the Tai O heritage hotel." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208070.

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It is good news to see that Hong Kong has adopted the adaptive reuse approach in conserving historical buildings through projects under the Revitalisation Scheme. The bad news is that due to the absence of well-founded locally relevant principles and guidelines, almost all of these projects have brought about fierce quarrels among different groups of professionals. In particular the quarrel between conservation professionals, who try to adopt international best practices in conservation, and government officials, who are responsible for regulating and enforcing fire safety codes consistently in all buildings, regardless they are new or historical. In the past, some conservation architects have queried about the possibility of applying for exemption from the fire codes in conserving historical buildings through adaptive reuse. Today, conservation professionals and government officials have accepted that there is little room for compromise regarding the application of the fire codes in the adaptive reuse of historical buildings, as the codes are about ensuring the safety of occupants as well as protecting the heritage property from fire. Conservation professionals are now looking into ways of applying the fire codes in adaptive reuse projects. Now that the Revitalisation Scheme has been in operation for six year with a number of projects successfully completed, it presents the author the opportunity to examine the fire-code application of these completed projects to develop references based on precedent case-studies. Such references would be useful to professionals in adaptive reuse projects (as conservation consultants, project managers, architects and engineers) in facilitating the planning and design of the adaptive reuse in terms of meeting the fire codes. This research is to study the application for relaxation of, and exemption from, the prescribed fire safety codes by adopting fire engineering approach in adaptive re-use of Old Tai O Police Station into Tai O Heritage Hotel. Tai O Heritage Hotel is the first and so far the only hotel premises of the Government. Besides, it’s the first historic buildings in Batch I of the Revitalisation Scheme with capital cost funded by the Government. It is a great challenge to equip a 110 years old historic building with modern fire safety provisions and installations. By demonstrating the ways of appropriate means in application of fire engineering approach in fire safety in historic building, procedure and assistance which can be given by Government Departments in facilitating the revitalisation works, it can provide platform for future discussions, or a model for future adaptive re-use projects under the Revitalisation Scheme.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

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24

Halvarson, Britton Thérèse. "Studiebesök i religionskunskapsundervisningen : Elevers tal om islam före, under och efter ett moskébesök." Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för pedagogiska studier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-34495.

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One aim with the Swedish non-confessional religious education is to increase students’ understanding and respect for different ways of thinking and behaving. One opportunity to reflect upon other people's interpretations of life, are field visits. Many teachers and students want to make field visits but few actually do. This thesis explores educational opportunities and challenges generated by field visits as part of religious education. This is a classroom study in an upper secondary school (the students were 17 years old), during the teaching sequence about Islam where one part was a field visit to a mosque. Data were produced by classroom observations and observations from a mosque visit, students’ journal writing’s before and after the visit and student interviews. The students’ utterances about Islam are analysed using Michael Bachtin’s dialogue theory and Robert Jackson’s interpretive approach. The analysis shows that students apply a speech genre, which in this study is denoted genre of politeness. In some cases the genre of politeness affect the students such that they do not dare to ask all questions, in particular questions about Islam and gender. Another result is that students more widely apply a self-reflexive speech genre during and after the mosque visit as compared to before the visit. By self-reflexive speech is meant that the students mirror what they have met in the mosque with their own interpretations of life. The analysis also shows that the several students express critical opinions about Islam both before and after the mosque visit and the teaching sequence. The study explores educational opportunities and challenges generated by the mosque visit. Some of the themes that are discussed in the thesis are: 1) questions about representations of religion, for instance in what way “lived religion” and religion as a “philosophical ideal” can be combined, 2) the students’ different ways of reflection, 3) how do students relate and rely on the faith representative’s utterances, and 4) how students formulate questions to the faith representative.
Baksidestext Studiebesök är en metod i religionskunskapsundervisningen som förefaller vara uppskattad av både lärare och elever. Trots det visar det sig att det är relativt få lärare som verkligen gör besök, vilket delvis kan bero på en osäkerhet vad som händer ur ett elevperspektiv i mötet med en ny kontext. Den här studien har undersökt religionsdidaktiska utmaningar och möjligheter som aktualiserats genom ett moskébesök. Empirin utgörs av gymnasielevers yttranden om islam i loggar, elevintervjuer, klassrummet och under ett moskébesök. Analysen visar bland annat att elevernas tal under besöket påverkas av en ”artighetsgenre” som både kan underlätta och försvåra för eleverna. Vidare framkommer det att elever i större utsträckning under och efter besöket speglar det de möter i moskén i sina egna livstolkningar. Analysen visar också hur elever uttrycker att deras inställning till islam påverkas på olika sätt av besöket. Några religionsdidaktiska områden som aktualiserats av besöket och diskuteras är frågor om religioners representation, hur trosrepresentanten ska behandlas som källa samt olika sätt att ställa frågor till representanten.

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25

Unnikrishnan, Anirudh. "A study on Tamil Nadu's approach to deal with the electricity crisis and analyze if it is the best way forward." Thesis, Unnikrishnan, Anirudh (2015) A study on Tamil Nadu's approach to deal with the electricity crisis and analyze if it is the best way forward. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/30763/.

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Electricity is a necessity, electricity is crucial to development. There are many steps involved in an electricity network, from creating electricity to transmitting electricity to the consumer. Each of these steps require upright planning and high technical precision; lacking such ability in an electricity network system will cause financial losses. Tamil Nadu is a state located in India. The state electricity utility in Tamil Nadu has not been able to provide constant electricity supply in the state and this has become the biggest concern over the recent past. The state electricity utilities’ financial health is also very poor. The state electricity utility has an accumulated loss of 53694.87 crores, as of march 2012 (Planning commission, 2013-14). The state has implemented financial restructuring plan to provide a leeway for the state electricity board on their future operation. Over the past few years (2014-2015), the electricity gap between supply and demand has dropped considerably and that senses a betterment in the working efficiency of the SEB. This study analyses the strategies adopted by SEB to reduce the electricity supply and demand gap faced in the state and examine reasons to why be the SEB in a financial crisis. This study also analyses the future prospect in terms of electricity network in the state. Finally a recommendation is made to suit the state’s need in short term and in long term. The state requires a system which will run successfully alongside with the state’s existing plan, such that the working efficiency of the SEB will not be able to affect this system. Residential Roof top Photovoltaic system will provide that substance to the state.

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26

Quitté, Jean-Marc. "La filière maraîchère de Mettupalaiyam : une approche géographique des échanges marchands en Inde du Sud." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30058.

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Notre thèse vise à décomposer l'amont de la filière des légumes européens depuis les lieux où ils sont produits (District des Nilgiri au Tamil Nadu), vers 2000 mètres, jusque sur le centre de leur première mise en marché à Mettupalaiyam (District de Coimbatore au Tamil Nadu), dans la plaine. Cette thèse tente d'apporter un nouveau regard sur les filières maraîchères en milieux tropicaux, qui tienne compte des dimensions économiques informelles mais aussi socio-spatiales des relations entre acteurs. Notre problématique s'oriente donc sur les formes de pouvoir relationnelles dans les échanges marchands spatialisés, en amont de la filière, autour du centre de rassemblement des productions légumières de Mettupalaiyam. Notre intérêt se porte sur les construits d'action collective qui émanent des acteurs situés en amont de la filière, de leur capacité stratégique et de leurs rapports de pouvoir, au sens des possibilités d'influence que chacun a sur l'autre et des ressources qu'il est en mesure de mobiliser. Néanmoins, nous ne nous privons pas d'analyser les rapports sociaux qui sont utilisés quotidiennement et qui consacrent l'autonomie des individus. Une autonomie qui bien évidemment en Inde pourrait paraître inégalitaire, mais qui cependant traduit une très grande souplesse quand elle est prise dans les échanges économiques marchands. Dans le cadre d'une géographie du développement micro-économique et social, nous souhaitons que cette étude offre un moyen d'appréhender les échanges marchands en Inde
This thesis aims at analysing european vegetable channel from productive area in Nilgiris mountains to the first assembling centre in the plain of Mettupalaiyam (Tamil Nadu). Our work tries to explore a new approach of vegetable channel study in tropical areas in insisting on informal economic system and socio-spatial relation ships. Our interest focus on broker/wholesaler strategies and specific joint actions about vegetable marketing. These trade exchanges tend to enhance individual authonomy facing indian cast system. Moreover, this thesis comes withing the frame of social and microeconomic development issue and it offers a means of better understanding trade organization in India

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27

Wu, Yin. "Mind-body exercise and cognitive function: potential approaches to manage cognitive impairment- a meta-analysis." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/gerontology_theses/32.

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Cognitive impairment is prevalent among older adults population. It brings restriction to older adults’ lives and bring huge burden to the society. Mind-body exercise has characteristics from both physical exercise and intellectual experience. Moreover, it has potential cognitive benefits to reduce the incidence even reverse cognitive impairment. Using meta-analysis to analyze findings form published research on mind-body exercise, this study will explore whether practicing mind-body exercise is beneficial for the management of cognitive impairment.

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28

Manickam, Alphonse. "Les jésuites et l'intouchabilité au Tamil Nadu : études historiques et anthropologiques sur des approches longtemps différées." Paris, EPHE, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EPHE4025.

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Cette thèse traite de l'histoire de l'attitude discriminatoire de l'Eglise catholique face au phénomène social de l'intouchabilité au Tamil Nadu, au sud-est de l'Inde, depuis les origines de l'expansion européenne en Asie du Sud au XVIe siècle, jusqu'à nos jours. Elle traite aussi de l'histoire des relations complexes de l'intouchabilité et des jésuites de la mission du Maduré au Tamil Nadu. La première partie, "Le présent vécu" (1970-2000), aborde le problème de l'intouchabilité à l'epoque contemporaine, en exposant la discrimination entre hautes castes et Dalits (intouchables) dans l'Église. Dans cette partie, le combat mené par les Dalits chrétiens et son basculement progressif en leur faveur grâce aux jésuites de la province du Maduré, sont longuement analysés. Le seconde partie, "Le passé relu" (XVIe- XXe siècles), est une réponse à la question suivante: "Pouquoi a-t-il fallu tant de temps pour que la Compagnie de Jésus prenne vraiment en compte les problèmes posés par l'intouchabilité?" Cette seconde partie montre comment la stratogie d'évangélisation mise en œuvre avec zèle par les missionnaires ignore pourtant la pratique de la discrimination des castes. La troisième partie, "Un avenir à construire", poursuit une réflexion sur le rôle émancipateur de la religion et expose à quelles conditions le projet de libération des Dalits chrétiens peut réellement aboutir. Elle rappelle en outre que les religions ne sont libératrices qu'à travers les engagements humains concrets qu'elles inspirent, et que la situation des Dalits chrétiens est sans issue s'ils ne rejoignent pas eux-mêmes le combat politico-social de l'ensemble des Dalits de l'Inde sur une base interconfessionnelle.

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Chapoullié, Véronique. "Développement durable et populations tribales dans les Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu - Inde du sud) : une approche dynamique de l'interface envrironnement / populations." Bordeaux 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR30039.

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Au sommet des Nilgiri (Ghâts occidentaux, Inde du Sud) s'isole un haut plateau habité jusqu'au XIXe siècle par des populations tribales, les Toda, Kota et Alu Kurumba, et une communauté provenant de la région de Mysore entre le XIIe et le XVIe siècle, les Badaga. Elles s'organisent et s'articulent par des relations socioéconomiques et un étagement dans l'espace et dans le temps. À partir du début du XIXe siècle, le développement des cultures de plantations et l'installation d'un grand nombre de travailleurs des plaines et de colons britanniques transforment les milieux et bouleversent le développement de ces communautés. Les Toda forment un petit groupe de pasteurs, concentrés principalement dans les Wenlock Downs, entre 2 000 et 2 400 m dans le milieu savane-shola. Les Alu Kurumba, peuple de la forêt subtropicale sempervirente et semi-décidue, sont des agriculteurs itinérants, des cueilleurs-chasseurs, localisés sur les versants abrupts du sud-est au sud-ouest des monts Nilgiri, entre 800 et 1 600 m. Les Kota, communauté d'artisans vivent parsemés dans 7 hameaux sur le plateau des Nilgiri entre 1600 et 2000 m. L'étude de l'interface environnement et communautés tribales est réalisée selon une analyse fonctionnelle et institutionnelle de leurs espaces par l'organisation et la symbolique du territoire et par les déplacements sociaux et culturels. Sous l'angle d'un développement durable, sont étudiés l'impact de l'évolution et des transformations d'une montagne tropicale sur les structures et les fonctions des populations tribales et la question d'une reconnaissance identitaire
At the top of the Nilgiri (Western Ghâts, South of India) stands out a high plateau inhabited until the XIXe century by tribal populations, the Toda, Kota and Alu Kurumba, and a community coming from the area of Mysore between XIIe and XVIe century, the Badaga. They are organised and are based on socio-economic relations and a staging in space and time. Starting from the beginning of the XIXe century, the development of the cultures of plantations and the settlement of a great number of workers from the plains and British colonists transform the milieu and upset the development of these communities. The Toda form a small group of pastors, concentrated mainly in Wenlock Downs, between 2 000 and 2 400 m in the savanna-shola milieu. The Alu Kurumba, people of the subtropical forest, are itinerant farmers, hunter-gatherers, localised on the steep slopes from the south-east to the south-west of the Nilgiri mounts, between 800 and 1 600 m. And the Kota, craftsmen community live in 7 hamlets on the Nilgiri plateau between 1 600 and 2 000 m. The study of the interface environment and tribal communities is carried out according to a functional and institutional analysis of their spaces by the organisation and the symbolic system of the territory and by social and cultural displacements. From the angle of a sustainable development, are studied the impact of the evolution and the transformations of a tropical mountain on the structures and the functions of the tribal populations and the question of a identity's recognition

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30

Lu, Timothy Te Hua [Verfasser]. "Of long-tails, microarrays, and marker sets : integrative approaches in functional genomics, population genetics and genetic epidemiology / Timothy Te Hua Lu." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1019868899/34.

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Renaud, Matthieu. "Évaluation d'un substitut osseux résorbable porteur de cellules souches : approche cellulaire pour la régénération osseuse in vivo." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT081.

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Анотація:

Malgré le développement de biomatériaux de plus en plus nombreux dans le domaine des greffes osseuses et de la préservation alvéolaire, les résultats sont toujours insuffisants pour assurer des reconstructions ad integrum du tissu osseux. Les techniques d’ingénieries osseuses semblent être la piste à privilégier pour améliorer nos techniques chirurgicales. Le silicium poreux est un matériau prometteur pour l’ingénierie tissulaire et notamment pour la régénération osseuse. En effet, son état de surface permet une adhésion cellulaire importante et ses propriétés non toxique et résorbable en fond un matériau porteur de cellules souches intéressant. Les cellules souches de la pulpe dentaire (DPSC) sont des cellules facilement accessibles dans la cavité buccale. Leurs capacités de prolifération et de différenciation associées au silicium poreux semblent être un atout pour les applications thérapeutique pour la régénération osseuse. Des résultats d’études ultérieures in vitro ont montré leur fort intérêt à une application in vivo. Dans ce travail thèse, nous avons tester l’association silicium poreux et cellules souches de la pulpe dentaire, aux même caractéristiques énoncées dans l’étude de référence in vitro, chez l’animal. Pour cela, le matériau a été produit sous forme de particules de manière a être utilisé comme moyen de comblement osseux, associé ou non à des DPSC. Le modèle de queue de rat a été développé et tester pour diminuer le nombre d’animaux nécessaire à l’étude tout en conservant la puissance statistique des résultats. Les études ont montré la possibilité d’utiliser ce modèle pour la régénération de défauts osseux crées chirurgicalement. De plus, il semblerait que ce modèle puisse également être utile pour les études sur l’ostéointégration de système implantables et sur la régénération osseuse autour de ces implants. Le silicium poreux a ensuite été testé dans ces conditions, associé ou non aux DPSC, en comparaison avec un témoin positif et un témoin négatif. Cette association est apparue comme une piste prometteuse pour la régénération osseuse in vivo
Despite the development of biomaterials in the field of bone grafts and alveolar preservation, the results are no sufficient to made reconstructions ad integrum of bone tissue. Bone engineering techniques seem to be the preferred way to improve our surgical techniques. Porous silicon is a promising material for tissue engineering and especially for bone regeneration. Indeed, its surface allows cell adhesion. And then, it’s a non-toxic and bioresorbable interesting material properties carrying stem cells. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are easily accessible cells in the oral cavity. Their proliferation and differentiation capacities associated with porous silicon appear to be attractive for therapeutic applications in bone regeneration. The results of the in vitro studies have shown the interest for in vivo application. In this thesis, we have tested the combination of porous silicon and dental pulp stem cells in vivo experimentation, using the same characteristics of the in vitro reference study. For this, the material was produced in particle form to be used as bone filling material, associated or not with DPSC. The rat-tail model was developed and tested to reduce the number of animals needed for the study while maintaining the statistical power of the results. Studies have shown the possibility of using this model for bone regeneration defects surgically created. In addition, it seems that this model can also be useful for studies on osseointegration of implantable systems and bone regeneration around these implants. Then, the porous silicon was tested under these conditions, with or without DPSC, in comparison with a positive control and a negative control. This association has emerged as a promising approach for bone regeneration in vivo

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Moser, Janelle Nicole. "Bringing the lexical approach to TAFL: Evaluating the primary lexicon in Part One of the Al-Kitaab fii Ta'allum Al-'Arabiyya Arabic as a Foreign Language textbook series." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292701.

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This study proposes two models for exploring the lexical contents of Part One of the most popular Arabic as a Foreign Language textbook series, Al-Kitaab fii Ta'allum Al-`Arabiyya. Through the lens of a word families framework, this study hypothesizes on the contents and arrangement of the L2 Arabic mental lexicon after completing the textbook. Through counting lexemes, lemmas, and word family members, it is possible to gain insight into the quantity of vocabulary items present within the textbook outside of traditional measures like the triconsonantal root. Through a frequency-based framework, this study analyzes textbook vocabulary items in light of the 5,000 most frequent lemmas in the language from a corpus of 30 million tokens from A Frequency Dictionary of Arabic (Buckwalter and Parkinson: 2011). A comparison between textbook vocabulary and frequency data points to the relationship between the vocabulary studied by AFL learners and the most widely used forms in the language as a whole. While this study gives special consideration to frequency data up to the 3,000 word level, the sheer amount of lexical knowledge necessary for reading Arabic newspapers and novels necessitates integration of frequency-derived data at even the novice level. A lexical and frequency-based approach to AFL instruction and curriculum design may prove helpful in decreasing the decidedly large vocabulary burden (Nation: 1990, cited in Young: 2011) for learners of Arabic as a Foreign Language.

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Mars, Mourad. "Analyse morphologique robuste de l'arabe et applications pédagogiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENL046.

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Deux problématiques se croisent dans nos travaux de recherches, ils ne font pas parties du même domaine: la première est issue du TAL (Traitement Automatique des Langues), la seconde est relié au domaine de l'ALAO (Apprentissage des Langues Assisté par Ordinateur).La première partie de nos travaux de recherches rentre dans le cadre de l'analyse morphologique des textes arabes. Pour la création d'un analyseur morphologique, nous avons commencé par la réalisation de toutes les ressources nécessaires (Dictionnaires pour la langue arabe, Matrices de compatibilités, Règles, Corpus d'apprentissage, Modèle de langage, etc.). Nous avons utilisé une approche statistique basée sur les Modèles de Markov Cachés (MMC) qui adhère à des principes de bonne pratique bien établis dans le domaine de l'analyse morphologique. Cette méthodologie a donné naissance à @rab-Morph : un analyseur morphologique robuste et performant pour l'arabe.La deuxième partie des travaux menés se situe dans le cadre de l'ALAO, où l'objectif principal est d'apporter des éléments de réponse à la question suivante ; comment peut-on profiter des outils issues du TAL arabe pour apporter des solutions aux plateformes d'apprentissage de l'arabe langue étrangère? Pour y parvenir et montrer l'intérêt d'avoir recours à des procédures, solutions et outils TAL pour l'apprentissage des langues, nous avons développé un prototype pour l'apprentissage de l'arabe baptisé @rab-Learn. Cet environnement utilise des outils issues du TAL, principalement notre analyseur morphologique @rab-Morph, pour créer des activités pédagogiques variés et automatiser d'avantage le traitement de la langue dans ces plateformes
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34

Aouini, Mourad. "Approche multi-niveaux pour l'analyse des données textuelles non-standardisées : corpus de textes en moyen français." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCC003.

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Cette thèse présente une approche d'analyse des textes non-standardisé qui consiste à modéliser une chaine de traitement permettant l’annotation automatique de textes à savoir l’annotation grammaticale en utilisant une méthode d’étiquetage morphosyntaxique et l’annotation sémantique en mettant en œuvre un système de reconnaissance des entités nommées. Dans ce contexte, nous présentons un système d'analyse du Moyen Français qui est une langue en pleine évolution dont l’orthographe, le système flexionnel et la syntaxe ne sont pas stables. Les textes en Moyen Français se singularisent principalement par l’absence d’orthographe normalisée et par la variabilité tant géographique que chronologique des lexiques médiévaux.L’objectif est de mettre en évidence un système dédié à la construction de ressources linguistiques, notamment la construction des dictionnaires électroniques, se basant sur des règles de morphologie. Ensuite, nous présenterons les instructions que nous avons établies pour construire un étiqueteur morphosyntaxique qui vise à produire automatiquement des analyses contextuelles à l’aide de grammaires de désambiguïsation. Finalement, nous retracerons le chemin qui nous a conduits à mettre en place des grammaires locales permettant de retrouver les entités nommées. De ce fait, nous avons été amenés à constituer un corpus MEDITEXT regroupant des textes en Moyen Français apparus entre le fin du XIIIème et XVème siècle
This thesis presents a non-standardized text analysis approach which consists a chain process modeling allowing the automatic annotation of texts: grammar annotation using a morphosyntactic tagging method and semantic annotation by putting in operates a system of named-entity recognition. In this context, we present a system analysis of the Middle French which is a language in the course of evolution including: spelling, the flexional system and the syntax are not stable. The texts in Middle French are mainly distinguished by the absence of normalized orthography and the geographical and chronological variability of medieval lexicons.The main objective is to highlight a system dedicated to the construction of linguistic resources, in particular the construction of electronic dictionaries, based on rules of morphology. Then, we will present the instructions that we have carried out to construct a morphosyntactic tagging which aims at automatically producing contextual analyzes using the disambiguation grammars. Finally, we will retrace the path that led us to set up local grammars to find the named entities. Hence, we were asked to create a MEDITEXT corpus of texts in Middle French between the end of the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries

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35

Tai, Nahla Omer Ahmed El [Verfasser], Christian [Gutachter] Bogdan, Richard [Gutachter] Liucius, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Presber. "Molecular approaches to direct diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania donovani in clinical isolates / Nahla Omer Ahmed El Tai ; Gutachter: Christian Bogdan, Richard Liucius, Wolfgang Presber." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1207669695/34.

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36

Bastide, Gautier. "Scorpio : une Approche d'Adaptation Structurelle de Composants Logiciels - Application aux Environnements Ubiquitaires." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00488132.

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Анотація:

La réutilisation à grande échelle de composants logiciels se révèle être un challenge pour la conception de nouvelles applications. Dans la grande majorité des cas, pour être intégrés à une application, les composants disponibles ont besoin d'être adaptés aﬁn de faire face à la multiplicité des environnements de déploiement dotés de caractéristiques variables. Ainsi, pour éviter le redéveloppement de nouveaux composants et favoriser la réutilisation, de nombreuses approches ont proposé des techniques permettant d'adapter le comportement de composants existants. Cependant, adapter le comportement de composants n'est pas sufﬁsant pour permettre leur réutilisation : il faut également adapter leur structure. Or, aucune approche existante ne permet de répondre pleinement à ces besoins en adaptation structurelle. Ainsi, notre objectif est de proposer une approche, appelée Scorpio, permettant d'adapter la structure de composants. Nous nous focalisons plus particulièrement sur des composants existants. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'adaptation structurelle de composants existants en proposant un processus permettant leur ré-ingénierie vers de nouvelles structures. Puis, pour répondre aux besoins liés à une adaptation sans interruption de l'exécution, nous avons proposé des mécanismes permettant de prendre en charge l'adaptation dynamique de ces composants. Partant du constat qu'un certain nombre d'environnements, tels que les environnements ubiquitaires, nécessite une automatisation du processus d'adaptation, nous avons proposé alors de prendre en charge ces besoins à travers une approche permettant l'auto-adaptation structurelle de composants logiciels. Enﬁn, nos propositions ont été mises en œuvre d'une part par la réalisation du prototype Scorpio-Tool implémenté en Fractal et d'autre part, par la déﬁnition et le développement d'un scénario ubiquitaire permettant l'expérimentation de ces propositions.

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Rossignol, Claire. "Urbanité, mixité et grande hauteur : pour une approche par les dimensions public/privé des tours mixtes et de leur production : le cas de Paris et de l'Ile-de-France." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1130/document.

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La construction d'immeubles de grande hauteur reste, malgré les débats qu'elle génère, un projet d'actualité dans de nombreuses villes en France. Fort des expériences passées, nombreux sont les projets se tournant aujourd'hui vers le concept de ville verticale. Ces tours multifonctionnelles, mieux ancrées territorialement et ouvertes au public ont alors pour objectif de mieux s'intégrer dans la ville et de permettre une forme d'urbanité. La mise en œuvre de la mixité à l'échelle du bâtiment, la grande hauteur, ainsi que la recherche de qualité urbaine génèrent de nouvelles contraintes techniques, socio-institutionnelles et territoriales peu étudiées à ce jour. En particulier, la complexification des montages de projet, l'enjeu territorial élargi ainsi que le statut particulier des espaces ouverts au public de la tour provoquent de nouveaux questionnements et enjeux public-privé à la fois spatiaux et organisationnels. Dans ce contexte, comment les tours peuvent-elles contribuer à l'urbanité de la ville contemporaine ? En s'appuyant sur une étude comparative de trois projets de tours mixtes franciliens (Phare, Triangle et Duo), ainsi que sur un état de l'art sur la grande hauteur et le concept d'urbanité, nous proposons une typologie des tours au regard de leur contribution à la ville. En développant une approche dynamique de la dimension urbaine des projets de tours au cours de leur fabrication, nous proposons ensuite un outil d'analyse des «trajectoires de projet» dans le temps. Une corrélation apparaît finalement entre ces trajectoires urbaines et les étapes de leur fabrique, et permet une montée en généralité sur les processus de production des différents idéaux-types de tours et de leur urbanité
Despite a controversial scientific and societal debate, building skyward is experiencing a new rise in French cities. This is reflected in the emergence of new high-rise forms: mixed-use towers and even “vertical cities“. Both are usually conceived as more accessible to the public, more linked to the ground, and more “urban». The implementation of mixed-use, height and urban quality in skyscrapers generates a system of specific technical, social and territorial constraints which are little studied so far. New public-private issues concerning both spatial and organisational considerations are caused by the very complexity of the project, the significant impact of the building on its surroundings, as well as the special status of its privately-owned spaces that are open to the public. In this context how can high-rises be produced and contribute to the urbanity of contemporary cities ? First based on a comparative study of three mixed-use tower projects within the Paris region (Phare, Triangle and Duo), then on a literature review of high-rise buildings and the concept of urbanity, we establish a typology of “urban towers“. These are classified according to their relation and their impact on the city. By developing a new dynamic approach of the urban issue of tower projects during their fabrication, we create an analytical tool which can identify temporal “project trajectories“.Finally, we find a correlation between these project trajectories and the stages of their implementation. This allows us to analyse the production process of each class of tower and their urbanity

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38

Shen, Ying. "Élaboration d'ontologies médicales pour une approche multi-agents d'aide à la décision clinique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100040/document.

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La combinaison du traitement sémantique des connaissances (Semantic Processing of Knowledge) et de la modélisation des étapes de raisonnement (Modeling Steps of Reasoning), utilisés dans le domaine clinique, offrent des possibilités intéressantes, nécessaires aussi, pour l’élaboration des ontologies médicales, utiles à l'exercice de cette profession. Dans ce cadre, l'interrogation de banques de données médicales multiples, comme MEDLINE, PubMed… constitue un outil précieux mais insuffisant car elle ne permet pas d'acquérir des connaissances facilement utilisables lors d’une démarche clinique. En effet, l'abondance de citations inappropriées constitue du bruit et requiert un tri fastidieux, incompatible avec une pratique efficace de la médecine.Dans un processus itératif, l'objectif est de construire, de façon aussi automatisée possible, des bases de connaissances médicales réutilisables, fondées sur des ontologies et, dans cette thèse, nous développons une série d'outils d'acquisition de connaissances qui combinent des opérateurs d'analyse linguistique et de modélisation de la clinique, fondés sur une typologie des connaissances mises en œuvre, et sur une implémentation des différents modes de raisonnement employés. La connaissance ne se résume pas à des informations issues de bases de données ; elle s’organise grâce à des opérateurs cognitifs de raisonnement qui permettent de la rendre opérationnelle dans le contexte intéressant le praticien.Un système multi-agents d’aide à la décision clinique (SMAAD) permettra la coopération et l'intégration des différents modules entrant dans l'élaboration d'une ontologie médicale et les sources de données sont les banques médicales, comme MEDLINE, et des citations extraites par PubMed ; les concepts et le vocabulaire proviennent de l'Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).Concernant le champ des bases de connaissances produites, la recherche concerne l'ensemble de la démarche clinique : le diagnostic, le pronostic, le traitement, le suivi thérapeutique de différentes pathologies, dans un domaine médical donné.Différentes approches et travaux sont recensés, dans l’état de question, et divers paradigmes sont explorés : 1) l'Evidence Base Medicine (une médecine fondée sur des indices). Un indice peut se définir comme un signe lié à son mode de mise en œuvre ; 2) Le raisonnement à partir de cas (RàPC) se fonde sur l'analogie de situations cliniques déjà rencontrées ; 3) Différentes approches sémantiques permettent d'implémenter les ontologies.Sur l’ensemble, nous avons travaillé les aspects logiques liés aux opérateurs cognitifs de raisonnement utilisés et nous avons organisé la coopération et l'intégration des connaissances exploitées durant les différentes étapes du processus clinique (diagnostic, pronostic, traitement, suivi thérapeutique). Cette intégration s’appuie sur un SMAAD : système multi-agent d'aide à la décision
The combination of semantic processing of knowledge and modelling steps of reasoning employed in the clinical field offers exciting and necessary opportunities to develop ontologies relevant to the practice of medicine. In this context, multiple medical databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed are valuable tools but not sufficient because they cannot acquire the usable knowledge easily in a clinical approach. Indeed, abundance of inappropriate quotations constitutes the noise and requires a tedious sort incompatible with the practice of medicine.In an iterative process, the objective is to build an approach as automated as possible, the reusable medical knowledge bases is founded on an ontology of the concerned fields. In this thesis, the author will develop a series of tools for knowledge acquisition combining the linguistic analysis operators and clinical modelling based on the implemented knowledge typology and an implementation of different forms of employed reasoning. Knowledge is not limited to the information from data, but also and especially on the cognitive operators of reasoning for making them operational in the context relevant to the practitioner.A multi-agent system enables the integration and cooperation of the various modules used in the development of a medical ontology.The data sources are from medical databases such as MEDLINE, the citations retrieved by PubMed, and the concepts and vocabulary from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS).Regarding the scope of produced knowledge bases, the research concerns the entire clinical process: diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and therapeutic monitoring of various diseases in a given medical field.It is essential to identify the different approaches and the works already done.Different paradigms will be explored: 1) Evidence Based Medicine. An index can be defined as a sign related to its mode of implementation; 2) Case-based reasoning, which based on the analogy of clinical situations already encountered; 3) The different semantic approaches which are used to implement ontologies.On the whole, we worked on logical aspects related to cognitive operators of used reasoning, and we organized the cooperation and integration of exploited knowledge during the various stages of the clinical process (diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, therapeutic monitoring). This integration is based on a SMAAD: multi-agent system for decision support

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Kyriakopoulou, Anthoula. "Elaboration de ressources électroniques pour les noms composés de type N (E+DET=G) N=G du grec moderne." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00666189.

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L'objectif de cette recherche est la construction manuelle de ressources lexicales pour les noms composés grecs qui sont définis par la structure morphosyntaxique : Nom (E+Déterminant au génitif) Nom au génitif, notés N (E+DET:G) N:G (e.g. ζώνη ασφαλείας/ceinture de sécurité). Les ressources élaborées peuvent être utilisées pour leur reconnaissance lexicale automatique dans les textes écrits et dans d'autres applications du TAL. Notre travail s'inscrit dans la perspective de l'élaboration du lexique-grammaire général du grec moderne en vue de l'analyse automatique des textes écrits. Le cadre théorique et méthodologique de cette étude est celui du lexique-grammaire (M. Gross 1975, 1977), qui s'appuie sur la grammaire transformationnelle harisienne.Notre travail s'organise en cinq parties. Dans la première partie, nous délimitons l'objet de notre travail tout en essayant de définir la notion fondamentale qui régit notre étude, à savoir celle de figement. Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons la méthodologie utilisée pour le recensement de nos données lexicales et nous étudions les phénomènes de variation observés au sein des noms composés de type N (E+DET:G) N:G. La troisième partie est consacrée à la présentation des différentes sous-catégories des N (E+DET:G) N:G identifiées lors de l'étape du recensement et à l'étude de leur structure lexicale interne. La quatrième partie porte sur l'étude syntaxico-sémantique des N (E+DET:G) N:G. Enfin, dans la cinquième partie, nous présentons les différentes méthodes de représentation formalisée que nous proposons pour nos données lexicales en vue de leur reconnaissance lexicale automatique dans les textes écrits. Des échantillons représentatifs des ressources élaborées sont présentés en Annexe

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40

Lin, Yuexian, and 林岳賢. "Rational Speculation and Heavy-tail Phenomena: A Bootstrapped Optimization Approach." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98785374801169474008.

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博士
臺灣大學
財務金融學研究所
98
Traditional wisdom regarding market efficiency claims that there is no hope making trading profits consistently by investigating the price history only. In this monograph, we discover an alternative possibility---the result is against the weak-form efficiency. Methodologically, if a consistently profitable trading rule can be found and is well-adjusted for data-snooping bias, then the weak-form efficiency hypothesis could not be sustained. This is true because such a thing cannot exist in the efficient market world. The positive-feedback trading requires the demand function for a risky asset is increasing with respect to prices and is intimately related with the momentum investing. Nonetheless, we argue that a zero cost portfolio might generate enormous interim losses before the liquidation of positions or realization of momentum profits. Since no one has unlimited wealth, investors who use momentum strategies in the hope of future profits might be forced to exit the market prematurely due to huge interim paper losses. Consequently, the potential benefits from momentum investing must be conceded if investors are wiped out from the market beforehand. This effect is especially significant in futures markets, where the leverage is crucial for participants with wealth constraint. The purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, originating from the idea of DeLong et. al (1990), we propose a theoretical argument for rational speculation that relates the positive-feedback trading to the heavy-tail phenomena. A simple yet realistic positive-feedback trading system is then constructed to capture heavy-tails in asset returns. We realistically incorporate standard risk control mechanisms and examine the rule via resampling techniques to avoid curve fitting problems. The positive-feedback trading rule has passed the challenges of non-parametric blockwise bootstrapping methods. Extensive numerical experiments suggest that these trading profits might arise from the heavy-tail phenomena, and verse visa. Secondly, there is an open question prevailing in the realm of program trading: why are the actual trading performances, with few exceptions, systematically worse than the historical back-testing results? It turns out that the answer is due to the institutional regularities and is quite straightforward under the perspectives of the bootstrapped optimization scheme. In our opinion, all the trading performance measurements would better be represented in a manner of bootstrapped distributions, rather than based on a single sample path. We hope our investigation for rational speculation and quantitative trading provides helpful insights for both practitioners and academic researchers.

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TSAI, YU-YUAN, and 蔡堉淵. "Forecasting Tail Risk Based on Skewed GED - A Bayesian Approach." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2j5jsg.

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42

Alessandro, Bonardi, Nocentini Alessio, Gratteri Paola, and Supuran Claudiu Trandafir. "In silico strategies for the rational design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of ligands targeting macromolecules of pharmaceutical interest." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1226618.

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Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are a superfamily of ubiquitous metalloenzymes, widely expressed in all kingdoms of life and encoded by eight evolutionarily unrelated gene families: α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ζ-, η-, θ- and ι-CAs. The CAs catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate and proton that is physiologically crucial for all living beings because involved in respiration, pH and CO2 homeostasis, transport of CO2/HCO3- and a multitude of biosynthetic reactions. In Homo sapiens, fifteen α-class CA isoforms were identified, which are implicated in a plethora of physiological processes such as electrolytes secretion in many tissues/organs, metabolic reactions (e.g. gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, ureagenesis), bone resorption, calcification, and carcinogenesis. Thus, an abnormal expression/activity of specific human CAs results in a multitude of human pathological processes that can be targeted with a pharmacological intervention based on CA modulation. Moreover, numerous α-, β-, γ- and η-CAs were identified in many bacteria, protozoa, and fungi that act as human pathogens. In this context, CAs were shown to be crucial for the virulence, growth or acclimatization of the parasites in the hosts. Their inhibition produces growth impairment and defects in the pathogen, being a promising strategy for chemotherapy. The research activity included in this Ph.D. thesis fits in the context of the spreading interest of the scientific community on CAs as drug targets for the treatment of a multitude of disorders. Thus, a set of projects involving drug-design, synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico investigation of the ligand-target interactions of new CA inhibitors (CAIs) were the focus of the three-year Ph.D. cycle. In the first reported project, the concept of tail- (and dual tail) approach was extended up to the three tail approach. This study aimed to increase the selectivity of the benzenesulfonamide scaffold against certain CA isoforms over others, through the introduction of three pendants called “tails” with different lipophilic/hydrophilic nature. Hence, it was possible both to target simultaneously the most variable residues of the inner/outer rim of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic half of the active site and to interact with the peculiar accessory subpockets which differentiate the various isoforms. The synthesized three-tailed inhibitors (TTIs) resulted to be more selective against the glaucoma-associated CA isoforms (hCA II, IV and XII) with respect to the mono-tailed precursors. A massive in silico study of the TTIs-targets interactions was carried out to extend the X-ray crystallography results and the IOP-lowering ability of the three most promising derivatives was evaluated. The second project adopted the multi-targets approach for the treatment of multifactorial diseases, such as inflammation and tumors. Inhibitors of target CA isoforms, to repristinate the correct synovial fluid pH value (against IV, IX and XII), were endowed with an H2S releasing ability, to exploit the gasotransmitter relieving effect in inflammation, developing innovative H2S releaser-CAI hybrids. The stopped-flow kinetic assay pointed out selective inhibition profiles against CAs IX and XII for most synthesized compounds over the off-target CAs I and II. Four compounds were submitted to the Paw pressure and Incapacitance tests to evaluate their ability as anti-inflammatory agents. In the third project, an in silico study was conducted to optimize the CA IV inhibitory properties of a set of benzenesulfonamide derivatives, that produced potent but unselective CA IV inhibition. A peculiar hydrophilic cleft of the CA IV active site (pocket A) was the target for the drug optimization process. The introduction of a pendant with an H-bond acceptor/donor group in a position suitable for the interaction with pocket A was predicted to improve the binding to the target CA and not to off-target isoforms. As a result, the newly reported set of derivatives showed enhanced CA inhibition up to a subnanomolar range. The research of new CAI chemotypes is an important strategy to selectively inhibit specific isoforms over others. In the fourth and fifth projects, the joint use of docking studies, MM-GBSA and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations allowed to evaluate the binding mode of derivatives with CAI scaffolds other than sulfonamides such as hydantoin, saccharin and acesulfame. A zinc binder inhibition mechanism was computed for the hydantoins, which are able to exist in a deprotonated form at the physiological pH. A mechanism based on the anchorage to zinc-bound water molecule was instead proposed and assessed for tertiary sulfonamides, saccharin- and acesulfame derivatives. The sixth project was here reported as representative for a series of in silico investigations carried out to figure out the SAR of several sets of benzenesulfonamide CAIs. The design of N-nitrosulfonamide silver salts was reported to combine the compounds selective inhibition of certain pathogens CAs (over human isozymes) and the antiseptic properties of silver. Indeed, a subset of such compounds showed effective and selective inhibition of the CAs from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcCA) and Leishmania donovani chagasi (LdcCA) compared to hCAs I and II as well as effective chemotherapic action in vitro against several protozoan strains and forms. Another project consisted of the in silico characterization of the binding mode of benzoxaborole derivatives within the α-, β-, and γ-CA active site of the bacterial Vibrio cholerae (VchCA). Primarily the targets homology models were built to proceed therefore with docking studies, MM-GBSA and MD calculations with the boron-based ligands. The computational analysis, for the first time carried out on a γ-class CA, showed that benzoxaborole derivatives adopt both a tetrahedral and trigonal bipyramidal zinc coordination in complex with VchCA (α-CA), a tetrahedral geometry within VchCAβ and two alternative penta-coordinated geometries around the zinc ion in VchCAγ active site. GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are another crucial target for the treatment of several human diseases, such as anxiety disorders, insomnia, epilepsy, restlessness, and aggressive behaviors. Many clinically important drugs were discovered to target GABAARs, interacting at different allosteric binding sites such as benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine site ligands, barbiturates, intravenous and volatile anesthetics, anticonvulsants, ethanol and neuroactive steroids, and performing their pharmacological effects. Nowadays, several natural products such as flavonoids, menthol, magnolol, honokiol, coronaridines and others, were found to modulate GABAARs. All of these compounds exhibit diverse pharmacology mediated by known and unknown binding sites and their potential for clinical application is currently being explored. In this scenario, the identification of the binding site and the investigation of the binding mode of coronaridine congeners, such as (+)-catharanthine, is an actual challenge. The joint use of electrophysiological, radioligand displacement and in silico studies promoted the identification of the (+)-catharanthine binding site at the β(+)α(-), concluding that this ligand acts according to a loreclezole-like mechanism. Finally, during my stage in the organic chemistry laboratory of Prof. Vittorio Pace (University of Vienna) I was involved in a study on the reductive lithiation arene-catalyzed of imines as a new method for the synthesis of amino alcohols.

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Carneiro, Nuno Abrunhosa. "A data mining approach to fraud detection in e-tail: A case study in an online luxury fashion retailer." Master's thesis, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/95618.

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44

Carneiro, Nuno Abrunhosa. "A data mining approach to fraud detection in e-tail: A case study in an online luxury fashion retailer." Dissertação, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/95618.

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45

Marques, Áurea Ponte. "Why standard risk models failed in the subprime crisis? An approach based on Extreme Value Theory as a measure to quantify market risk of equity securities and portfolios." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/1832.

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JEL classification: G01, G21, G24, G28, G32, G33
The assessment of risk is an important and complex task with which market regulators and financial institutions are faced, especially after the last subprime crisis. It is argued that since market data is endogenous to market behaviour, statistical analysis made in times of stability does not provide much guidance in times of crisis. It is well known that the use of Gaussian models to assess financial risk leads to an underestimation of risk. The reason is because these models are unable to capture some important facts such as heavy tails which indicate the presence of large fluctuations in returns. This thesis provides an overview of the role of extreme value theory in risk management, as a method for modelling and measuring extreme risks. In this empirical study, the performance of different models in estimating value at risk and expected tail loss, using historical data, are compared. Daily returns of nine popular indices (PSI20, CAC40, DAX, Nikkei225, FTSE100, S&P500, Nasdaq, Dow Jones and Sensex) and seven stock market firms (Apple, Microsoft, Lehman Brothers, BES, BCP, General Electric and Goldman Sachs), during the period from 1999 to 2009, are modelled with empirical (or historical), Gaussian and generalized Pareto (peaks over threshold technique of extreme value theory). It is shown that the generalized Pareto distribution fits well to the extreme values using pre-crisis data. The results support the assumption of fat-tailed distributions of asset returns. As expected, the backtesting results show that extreme value theory, in both value at risk and expected tail loss estimation, outperform other models with normality assumption in all tests. Additionally, the results of the generalized Pareto distribution model are not significantly different from the empirical model. Further topics of interest, including software for extreme value theory to compute a tail risk measure, such as Matlab, are also presented.

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46

Weng, Chengguo. "Optimal Reinsurance Designs: from an Insurer’s Perspective." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4766.

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The research on optimal reinsurance design dated back to the 1960’s. For nearly half a century, the quest for optimal reinsurance designs has remained a fascinating subject, drawing significant interests from both academicians and practitioners. Its fascination lies in its potential as an effective risk management tool for the insurers. There are many ways of formulating the optimal design of reinsurance, depending on the chosen objective and constraints. In this thesis, we address the problem of optimal reinsurance designs from an insurer’s perspective. For an insurer, an appropriate use of the reinsurance helps to reduce the adverse risk exposure and improve the overall viability of the underlying business. On the other hand, reinsurance incurs additional cost to the insurer in the form of reinsurance premium. This implies a classical risk and reward tradeoff faced by the insurer. The primary objective of the thesis is to develop theoretically sound and yet practical solution in the quest for optimal reinsurance designs. In order to achieve such an objective, this thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, a number of reinsurance models are developed and their optimal reinsurance treaties are derived explicitly. This part focuses on the risk measure minimization reinsurance models and discusses the optimal reinsurance treaties by exploiting two of the most common risk measures known as the Value-at-Risk (VaR) and the Conditional Tail Expectation (CTE). Some additional important economic factors such as the reinsurance premium budget, the insurer’s profitability are also considered. The second part proposes an innovative method in formulating the reinsurance models, which we refer as the empirical approach since it exploits explicitly the insurer’s empirical loss data. The empirical approach has the advantage that it is practical and intuitively appealing. This approach is motivated by the difficulty that the reinsurance models are often infinite dimensional optimization problems and hence the explicit solutions are achievable only in some special cases. The empirical approach effectively reformulates the optimal reinsurance problem into a finite dimensional optimization problem. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the second-order conic programming can be used to obtain the optimal solutions for a wide range of reinsurance models formulated by the empirical approach.

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47

FANG, CHIH-CHIEH, and 方志捷. "Biomechanical Approach to Tai Chi Dowing Squat." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jekt86.

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碩士
國立臺北藝術大學
舞蹈研究所
107
Tai Chi Chuan, a martial art originated in ancient Chinese culture, had developed its own movement concepts through accumulated experiences of the 500 years Tai Chi Chuan history. “Sung”, the most important idea in the movement concepts of Tai Chi Chuan, represents a specific status of the body during movement, which is related to the feeling of relaxation. However, up to now, there has been no objective interpretation of “Sung” due to the fact that the movement concepts of Tai Chi Chuan was based on personal experiences. The most common interpretation of Sung - labor saving or muscle deactivation, unfortunately, conflicts with previous studies. In order to exam whether that interpreting Sung as labor saving or muscle deactivation is concise or not, we proposed using 2 parameters：the distance between COM and COP in A/P direction and integrated EMG to run the exam. Movement data of Tai Chi master performing Tai Chi squat and normal adult performing deep squat was collected by 8 infrared cameras, 2 force plate, and 8 surface electromyography. The result shown that there is no significant difference between Tai Chi master and normal adult in term of COM/COP error, and Tai Chi have significant higher integrated EMG in RF, VMO, and ES muscle. We concluded that the concept of Sung should not be refer to simply labor saving or muscle deactivation but needed further research.

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48

Lustosa, Leandro Ribeiro. "La Phi-théorie : une approche pour la conception de lois de commande de vol des véhicules convertibles." Thesis, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0026/document.

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A leurs débuts dans les années 50, les véhicules de décollage et d'atterrissage verticaux (VTOL) n’étaient pilotés que par les pilotes les plus expérimentés. Les avancées récentes sur les capteurs inertiels à faible coût, les systèmes embarqués intégrés, d'autre part, renforcent les systèmes d'augmentation de la stabilité (SAS) pour atténuer les modes dynamiques instables et permettre un vol par un utilisateur faiblement expérimenté puis de façon totalement autonome. Cependant, presque toutes les techniques de conception du pilote automatique reposent sur des descriptions mathématiques précises d'architectures nouvelles et donc inconnues. La présente thèse établit un cadre unifié, à savoir la Phi-théorie, pour évaluer les qualités de manipulation des véhicules hybrides et, en outre, concevoir des lois de contrôle stabilisatrices appropriées. Cette étude a consisté à établir un modèle traçable pour les véhicules tail-sitters en vue de la conception du contrôle et de l'analyse de la dynamique qualitative. La Phi-théorie proposée ne donne pas seulement un modèle avantageusement numérique, mais élargit également notre compréhension des véhicules tail-sitters. En contraste étroit avec la littérature existante, le modèle proposé est globalement non singulier, de type polynomial et contourne l'utilisation d'angles aérodynamiques d'attaque et de glissement latéral (free-stream et propwash induits). Même si mathématiquement élégant, un modèle mathématique ne présente un intérêt que s'il est conforme à la réalité. Cette thèse montre que c'est le cas au moyen de données issues d’une campagne de soufflerie ainsi que grâce à des essais en vol
Since their debut in the 50s, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft would only be flown by the most experienced pilots. Recent advances on low-cost inertial sensors, embedded computing and control technology -- on the other hand -- support stability augmentation systems (SAS) in mitigating unstable dynamic modes and allowing for inexperienced (or even autonomous) flight. Nearly all autopilot design techniques, however, rely on accurate mathematical descriptions of novel and thus unfamiliar architectures (e.g., number and positioning of propellers, number and positioning of fixed/variable aerodynamic surfaces). The present thesis establishes an unified framework, namely the Phi-theory, for assessing hybrid vehicles handling qualities and, moreover, designing appropriate stabilizing control laws. This study sets out to establish a tractable model for tail-sitting vehicles in view of control design and qualitative dynamics analysis. The proposed Phi-theory not only yields a numerically advantageous model but also extends our comprehension of tail-sitting vehicles. In sharp contrast with existent literature, the proposed model is globally non-singular, polynomial-like and bypasses the use of aerodynamic angles of attack and sideslip (both free-stream and propwash-induced!). Nevertheless, even if mathematically elegant, a mathematical model has practical use only if consistent with reality. This thesis shows this is the case by means of wind tunnel data and flight experiments. I strongly believe Phi-theory provides a fitting balance between model complexity and controller design simplicity

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49

Alves, André Meneses Rodrigues de Oliveira. "Improving Supply Chain Efficiency in e-Tail by Redirecting Returns: a Machine Learning Approachs." Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/114023.

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50

Alves, André Meneses Rodrigues de Oliveira. "Improving Supply Chain Efficiency in e-Tail by Redirecting Returns: a Machine Learning Approachs." Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/114023.

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