Статті в журналах з теми "Tactics of competition"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Tactics of competition.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 статей у журналах для дослідження на тему "Tactics of competition".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте статті в журналах для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Heimerl, Daniel, Pavla Dudová, Karoline Wacker, Elisa Schenkel, Garance Despréaux, and Cristina Tuni. "Adult sex ratio and male body condition affect alternative reproductive tactics in a spider." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 1 (December 3, 2021): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Biases in adult sex ratios can alter the intensity of sexual selection by enhancing competition for mates. Under intense competition males increase their investment in behaviors to outcompete rivals (e.g., fighting). Yet, given that in male-biased environments mating opportunities are rare males may alternatively reduce costly courtship and/or adopt alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). Males of the spider Pisaura mirabilis adopt different mating tactics, offering females genuine nuptial gifts (prey), nutritionally worthless gifts (prey leftovers), or no gifts. To test whether behavioral shifts between gift tactics are triggered by changes in the competitive environment, we established replicate spider populations under natural conditions at varying adult sex ratios (male-biased, female-biased and equal) and sampled gift tactics repeatedly over time. We additionally explored how male individual traits, such as body size and condition, affect the expression of ARTs. In male-biased populations males produced more gifts but of low quality, suggesting competition to trigger increased mating effort to ensure mate acquisition and fertilizations, but through a worthless gift tactic. Production of gifts and of genuine gifts was favored by high body condition, pointing to energetic limitations as being central for male reproductive capacity. We hence highlight two co-existing mechanisms at play to explain ARTs in this system, the competitive social environment where expression of gift tactics is based on optimal-decision making to overcome competition, and a conditional strategy linked to the individual’s energetic state.
2
Akhmedova, Rimma R., and Mikhail V. Lednev. "Tactical Competition Model Application in Restaurant Services Industry at Different Lifecycle Stages of Organization." Journal of Modern Competition 15, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2021-15-3-5-16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, for the first time, the distribution of well-known strategies and tactics of competitive actions by stages of the lifecycle according to the model of D. Miller and P. Friesen is carried out, which allows to provide a more accurate description of the competitive activity of an organization at different stages of its development. Tactics and strategy are closely related, and there is a need for their gradation in the context of the characteristics of the stages of the organization’s life cycle. This study is especially relevant in the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, where tactical models of competition play a special role in accordance with the selected strategies in the field of restaurant services. During the analysis of the activities of restaurant service establishments at different stages of the life cycle, certain patterns in the competitive actions of the organization were identified, which can be compared with the strategies and tactics of competition. The criteria for determining the stage of development of the organization, which determine the conduct of competitive processes, are given. Each stage of the organization’s life cycle is characterized: birth, development, maturity, flourishing, decline on the example of the restaurant services sector. It shows how organizations apply different strategies and tactics of competitive actions within each stage of the life cycle, as well as during the transition from one stage to another. The use of this article can help restaurant businesses by applying the developed matrix of tactical models of competition at various stages of the organization’s life cycle within the framework of a competitive strategy in the practical activities of the organization. Thus, the result of successful implementation of the strategy and tactical models is an increase in the number of potential guests, including permanent ones, and an increase in investment, production, sales and other opportunities.
3
Zadorozhna, Olha R., Yuriy A. Briskin, Maryan P. Pityn, Viktoriia Yu Bohuslavska, and Ivan G. Hlukhov. "Participation tactics of elite freestyle wrestlers in competition system in 2013-2016 Olympic cycle." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 25, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0502.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background and Study Aim. Tactics is one of the basic terms underlying the management of competitive activities of athletes. In freestyle wrestling, the participation tactics of athletes in the competition system is covered fragmentally and needs proper justification. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the participation tactics of elite athletes in the competition system in freestyle wrestling during 2013-2016 Olympic cycle.
Materials and Methods. This study analyzes the dynamics of performances and results of 24 elite freestyle wrestlers who won gold, silver and bronze medals at the Games of XXXI Olympiad 2016 in Rio de Janeiro in different weight categories (four athletes in each of six weight categories). To do this, we used athletes’ individual profiles on the United World Wrestling. Used an expert assessment devoted to the issues of tactics and tactical training. The experts (n = 8) were well educated (3 among them held Ph.D. diplomas) and experienced – 2 coaches of Ukrainian national team, and 1 athlete–national team’s member. On average, experts had almost 10 years of experience in training wrestlers of different ages. The results were processed using Microsoft Excel software.
Results. The volume of competition practice of elite athletes during 2013-2016 changed in each season. In the 2013 season, the average group number of competitions in which athletes participated was 3.84 ± 2.06, in 2014 – 3.50 ± 1.79. In the 2015 season, those indicators were the highest – 4.17 ± 1.87, but in 2016 they decreased to 3.71 ± 1.52. The participation tactics in the competition system in freestyle wrestling during the season and the four-year cycle differed depending on the dynamics of sports results. Four types of tactics used by the elite athletes in freestyle wrestling in 2013-2016 were identified: leadership holding, gradual improving of results, combined, leadership returning. It was found that during 2013-2016, most athletes (58.33-79.17%) used a variety of tactics that involved performances in one Olympic weight category. In 2014 and 2015, some athletes (20.83 and 25.00%, respectively) used different options in other weight categories, choosing one of them as a priority and one or two – as additional.
Conclusions. There are four types of participation tactics in the competition system in freestyle wrestling. In 2013-2016 Olympic cycle they included leadership holding, gradual increase of results, combined, leadership return. The main differences between types of tactics are the volume of competition practice, the dynamics of results, the choice of weight category. The most relevant was the type of tactics with performances exclusively in the Olympic weight category during four seasons.
4
Smith, Chad C., and Michael J. Ryan. "Tactic-dependent plasticity in ejaculate traits in the swordtail Xiphophorus nigrensis." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (April 20, 2011): 733–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0286.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In species with alternative reproductive tactics, males that sneak copulations often have larger, higher quality ejaculates relative to males that defend females or nest sites. Ejaculate traits can, however, exhibit substantial phenotypic plasticity depending on a male's mating role in sperm competition, which may depend on the tactic of his competitor. We tested whether exposure to males of different tactics affected sperm number and quality in the swordtail Xipophorus nigrensis , a species with small males that sneak copulations and large males that court females. Sperm swimming speed was higher when the perceived competitor was small than when the competitor was large. Plasticity, however, was only exhibited by small males. Sperm number and viability were invariant between social environments. Our results suggest sperm quality is role-dependent and that plastic responses to the social environment can differ between male reproductive tactics.
5
Tao, Lingrong. "Application of Data Mining in the Analysis of Martial Arts Athlete Competition Skills and Tactics." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (April 3, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5574152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In martial arts, data mining technologies are used to describe and analyze the moves of athletes and changes in the process and sequences. Martial arts is a process in which athletes use all kinds of strengths and actions to make offensive and defensive changes according to the tactics of opponents. One such martial arts is Wushu arts as it has a long history in reference to Chinese martial arts. During the Wushu competition, Wushu athletes show their adaptability and technical level in complex, random, and nonlinear competitive abilities, organized and systematic skills, tactics, and position movement. Using data mining techniques, in-depth mining a particular type of martial arts competition technology and tactics behind statistical data, and using the data to find the law of change to solve some problems, for martial arts athletes in daily training to develop technology and tactics and improve competition results, is the practical significance of data mining in martial arts athletes competition. This research explored the relationship between goal-oriented and mental intensity and their effect on competitive success outcomes.
6
Wei, Xiaoni. "Video Sequence Analysis for On-Table Tennis Player Ranking and Analysis." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 13, no. 2 (April 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmcmc.293750.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the rapidly developing of the scientific research in the field of sports, big data analytics and information science are used to carry out technical and tactical statistical analysis of competition or training videos. The table tennis is a skill oriented sport. The technique and tactics in table tennis are the core factors to win the game. With the endlessly emerging innovative playing techniques and tactics, the players have their own competition styles. According to the competition events among athletes, the athletes’ competition relationship network is constructed and the players’ ranking is established. The ranking can be used to help table tennis players improve daily training and understand their ability. In this paper, the table tennis players’ ranking is established their competition videos and their prestige scores in the table tennis players’ competition relationship network.
7
Cogliati, Karen M., Sigal Balshine, and Bryan D. Neff. "Competition and cuckoldry: estimating fitness of alternative reproductive tactics in plainfin midshipman." Behaviour 151, no. 8 (2014): 1209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There has been much debate about how male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) evolve. In particular, researchers question whether ARTs have evolved as a conditional, ‘best of a bad job’ strategy where one tactic has higher fitness than the other, or whether they have evolved as a result of a genetic polymorphism where both tactics have equal fitness. Despite the large number of species known to have ARTs, tests of equal fitness between tactics have only been conducted in a handful of species. We tested the prediction of equal fitness using the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus), a species with two well characterized male ARTs: guarding type I males and cuckolding type II males. We collected data across three years and three sampling locations to determine the proportion of each reproductive tactic, as well as the proportion of offspring sired by each male type using microsatellite markers. Our analysis suggests that males adopting the conventional guarding tactic likely have higher fitness compared to males adopting the cuckolder type II tactic. Also, we show that the guarding male tactic is able to gain paternity through cuckoldry, and that these males, who sometimes guard and sometimes cuckold, are responsible for the majority of paternity lost within nests. Indeed, the classic cuckolding type II males were responsible for only a small fraction of the paternity lost. These results highlight the degree of flexibility in male behaviour even among individuals adopting the same male tactic. Taken together, our results provide the first exploration of the evolution of male ARTs in plainfin midshipman and, given the tractability of midshipman system, a valuable next step will be to look for gene-by-environment interactions on tactic development and expression.
8
Perdigón Ferreira, Jhoniel, and Stefan Lüpold. "Condition- and context-dependent alternative reproductive tactic in Drosophila prolongata." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Species with intense male–male competition for access to females often show alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) where males of lower competitive ability adopt a sneaky behavior to gain access to mates. These ARTs are usually associated with intrasexual dimorphisms, in that males with distinct morphologies show different tactics. In some cases, however, males adopt different tactics without being dimorphic. Male Drosophila prolongata exhibit continuous variation in body size and shape, with enlarged forelegs that they use in male-male contests and in courtship, including stimulation of the female’s abdomen. During this “leg vibration,” however, nearby males can intercept the courted female and mate without their own courtship. Here, we studied the causes and consequences of these different mating tactics in competitive mating trials between males varying in their size and shape. We found that male mating tactics were condition-dependent. Whereas large, high-condition males were more likely to show leg vibration in their courtship, smaller, lower-condition males were more likely to intercept. However, the number of offspring produced was independent of male condition and reproductive tactic. We discuss possible scenarios for the evolution and maintenance of the ARTs and some future directions for the study of ARTs in this species and in general.
9
VARÉ, ARNAUD X., and RALF W. SEIFERT. "CONTEXTUAL AND TACTICAL CHANGES IN STANDARDS WARS: WHAT CONSEQUENCES FOR "WINNERS"?" International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 05, no. 04 (December 2008): 447–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877008001485.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last decades, battles for technological dominance between competing technologies have had a significant impact on many industries. In this paper, we investigate how the fast-moving technology environment influences the tactical choices of companies trying to establish their products as de facto standards. We analyze contextual changes in the evolution of standards wars using a literature survey supported by three integrated case studies. We develop the portfolio of tactics that competing companies should apply in the management of emerging standards wars, composed both of traditional and new deployment tactics. We demonstrate that contextual and tactical changes heighten the pressures on timing and the competition exposure in today's standards competitions. As a consequence, it becomes more difficult for an alleged "winner" to "take all" in the marketplace.
10
MacIndoe, Heather. "How Competition and Specialization Shape Nonprofit Engagement in Policy Advocacy." Nonprofit Policy Forum 5, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 307–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npf-2013-0021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper extends research on nonprofit advocacy by exploring the relationship between competition, nonprofit mission, and policy advocacy. Previous research indicates that charitable nonprofits serving specialized populations, such as immigrants or veterans, often engage in policy advocacy. This could benefit marginalized populations whose interests are articulated by nonprofit organizations. However, population ecology theory in organizational sociology predicts that generalist organizations will outperform specialists in uncertain environments. At the very times when nonprofits serving specialized constituencies should focus on advocacy the most – for example to protect funding in competitive policy environments – they may be least able to do so. Drawing on survey data from charitable nonprofits in Boston, Massachusetts, we find that competition and specialization have direct positive effects on nonprofit engagement in advocacy and the use of formal and grassroots tactics. However, the effect of competition is weakened by nonprofit specialization. Nonprofit specialists that report higher competition for resources are less likely to participate in policy advocacy and use fewer formal and grassroots tactics. Specialists that report higher service delivery competition use fewer formal advocacy tactics. These findings suggest that we should be cautious in looking to the nonprofit sector, particularly organizations serving specialized populations, to provide constituent representation through policy advocacy in competitive environments.
11
Warnock, Will G., and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Assessing the effects of fish density, habitat complexity, and current velocity on interference competition between bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in an artificial stream." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 9 (September 2013): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2013-0044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this experiment, competition was observed among native bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley, 1859)) and non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814)) in artificial streams. In intraspecific competitions, brook trout engaged in territorial interference foraging strategies, and their foraging success was correlated with occupancy of the lead position in the stream. No correlation was apparent for bull trout, most of which engaged in nonterritorial scramble foraging tactics. In interspecific competitions, four stream environments were constructed in which fish density, habitat complexity, and current velocity were altered. Bull trout outcompeted brook trout for food in simple pool habitat devoid of cover when competition was head-to-head (density = 3 fish·m−2) between the species. When competitor number was doubled in this habitat, the two became equal competitors. At this higher density, bull trout again outcompeted brook trout for food when the habitat was changed to a complex riffle with substrate cover. Brook trout were more aggressive towards bull trout than vice versa, and interspecific aggression was decreased by low density, cover, and high stream velocity. Territorial brook trout aggressively interfere with their competitor for access to resources, but the success and intensity of this tactic against bull trout may be mitigated by environmental factors.
12
Li, Xiaoling, Xingyao Ren, and Xu Zheng. "Management of competition among sellers and its performance implications for business-to-business electronic platforms." Nankai Business Review International 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-02-2015-0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – This paper aimed to analyze the short- and long-term effects of the breadth and depth of seller competition on the performance of platform companies, and investigated the underlying mechanisms of customers’ two-sided marketing tactics on the structure of the competition between sellers. Design/methodology/approach – A longitudinal research design was adopted by gathering daily market objective data on e-commerce platforms for 250 days, and the dynamic evolution effects was analyzed by using a vector autoregression model which compared the differences between the short- and long-term effectiveness of different customer relationship management (CRM) strategies. Findings – The breadth of competition amongst sellers improves the performance of platforms, whilst the depth of competition among sellers has a positive effect on the short-term performance. However, it has a negative effect on the long-term performance of their platforms. In both the short and long terms, advertising tactics that attract new buyers contribute more to increases in the breadth of seller competition than those that attract existing buyers do. Subsidies for new sellers decrease the depth of seller competition more than those for old sellers. Research limitations/implications – Further research could be undertaken to investigate the validity of marketing tactics other than advertising tactics, and thus expand the time windows of the available data. Practical implications – It is imperative for platform companies to implement effective control over seller competition to balance the interests of the sellers and of themselves. Originality/value – The dyadic paradigm of CRM research has been extended by considering the perspective of the electronic platform company, how the tactics of exploitation and exploration of two-sided customers impact upon seller competitive structures have been delved into and why new customers have a unique value to platform companies has been identified.
13
Eggert, Christophe, and Robert Guyétant. "Reproductive behaviour of spadefoot toads (Pelobates fuscus): daily sex ratios and males' tactics, ages, and physical condition." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-224.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In anuran competition over mates, disadvantaged (i.e., less competitive) males are generally known to be the smallest ones, but ages of those males have rarely been documented. In the context of a high level of male competition for mates, disadvantaged males were expected to use alternative mating tactics. To test for alternative tactics in a territorial toad (the spadefoot toad, Pelobates fuscus, Pelobatidae), daily breeding migration patterns were observed during 3 consecutive years. Relationships between migration pattern, operational sex ratio (OSR), and male's age (inferred from skeletochronological analysis), size, and mass were analysed. During 2 of the study years, OSRs were highly male-biased at the beginning of the breeding season and then gradually decreased when male numbers increased. Males with a low body condition index (CI) tend to arrive later and to lose relatively more mass than males with a higher CI. There was a negative relationship between percent mass loss per day and CI as well as length of stay in the breeding area, which suggests that a high energetic cost tactic was adopted by males with a higher CI. A negative relationship between length of stay and age was also observed. We conclude that based on competition for mates, male P. fuscus seem to adopt reproductive behaviour that differs according to body condition and age.
14
Ma, Hongjian. "Improvement of table tennis technology based on data mining in the environment of wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 16, no. 10 (October 2020): 155014772096134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147720961343.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the development of Internet of things technology, the combination of Internet of things technology and sports competition parameter collection technology, so as to carry out rapid and accurate retrieval and positioning of technology and tactics, has innovation in the current research field. In the high-level table tennis competition, the use of technology and tactics is closely related to the gain and loss of points. At present, the traditional table tennis video mining algorithm has some problems such as low efficiency and poor performance of optimization classification. Based on this, this article introduces the big data platform of the wireless sensor networks to construct the table tennis match database, realizing the real-time updating of table tennis match parameters and the call of historical data at any time. Then establishing a data mining model to realize the data and dynamic analysis of table tennis matches. Finally, based on this strategic analysis system, the data collected from two table tennis competitions are simulated, and the tactical recommendation of theoretical analysis is obtained, which provides a theoretical basis for the digitization of table tennis sports.
15
Yuan, Zhigang, Yongkui Zhang, Bo Li, and Xinlong Jin. "A Diagnostic Model of Volleyball Techniques and Tactics Based on Wireless Communication Network." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (March 30, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2185908.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Volleyball is a sport of teamwork competition and tactical coordination. It tests the ability of team members to cooperate with each other and personal resilience. With the development of wireless communication networks, how to use wireless communication networks in the analysis of volleyball tactics is the subject of this article. To explore how to design the volleyball tactics analysis model of the wireless communication network, this paper proposes the method of LTE system and MIMO technology and designs the tactics analysis model based on the characteristics of the wireless network, then combined volleyball tactics and game theory to design a wireless communication network volleyball tactics analysis model. Then, this paper designs the simulation experiment of scene allocation problem, the algorithm simulation experiment, and the comparative investigation and analysis of volleyball game spiking technical ability. The results of the experiment are optimized for the tactical analysis model, and finally, the improvement of the training of the volleyball tactical analysis model based on the wireless communication network is verified through comparative experiments. The experimental results show that the team fit of the volleyball tactical analysis model training based on the wireless communication network has increased by 22.12% compared with the traditional volleyball tactical training. Compared with the traditional volleyball tactical training, the personal on-the-spot adaptability of the volleyball tactical analysis model training based on the wireless communication network has increased by 9.05%.
16
Schinke, Robert J., Stephanie Hanrahan, Duke Peltier, Ginette Michel, Richard Danielson, Patricia Pickard, Chris Pheasant, Lawrence Enosse, and Mark Peltier. "The Pre-competition and Competition Practices of Canadian Aboriginal Elite Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 1, no. 2 (June 2007): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.1.2.147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was designed to elucidate the pre-competition and competition practices of elite Canadian Aboriginal athletes. Elite Canadian Aboriginal athletes (N = 23) participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were segmented into meaning units by academic and Aboriginal community-appointed members, and verified with each respondent individually through mail and a password-protected website. Competition tactics were divided into three chronological stages, each with specific athlete strategies: (a) general training before competitions, (b) pre-competition week, and (c) competition strategies. The majority of the numerous strategies they reported could be considered as reflecting native traditions, appropriate attitudes/perspective, or standard sport psychology techniques. Suggestions are proposed for applied researchers and practitioners working with cultural populations, as well as how these strategies might be developed for use with other populations.
17
Besen, Stanley M., and Joseph Farrell. "Choosing How to Compete: Strategies and Tactics in Standardization." Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.2.117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a network industry, each firm must decide whether or not it wants its product to be compatible with those of rivals. This horizontal compatibility strategy determines whether competition is a battle to establish a standard or the more conventional competition within a standard. The two forms of competition involve different tactics and may differ in the extent to which they dissipate industry profits. In some cases, all firms in an industry may prefer the same form of competition. In other cases, firms may prefer different forms of competition and either may prevail.
18
Lindsey-Mullikin, Joan, and Ross D. Petty. "Marketing tactics discouraging price search: Deception and competition." Journal of Business Research 64, no. 1 (January 2011): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.10.003.
Повний текст джерела
19
Caudron, A. K., S. S. Negro, M. Fowler, L. Boren, P. Poncin, B. C. Robertson, and N. J. Gemmell. "Alternative mating tactics in the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri): when non-territorial males are successful too." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 6 (2009): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In polygynous mammals, the status of many males does not allow them to have a high social rank and theory predicts selection for alternative mating tactics. Alternative tactics were suggested to explain discrepancies between mating and paternity successes in several pinniped species. However, information on alternative tactics in fur seals is limited. Here, we focus on the polygynous New Zealand fur seal, Arctocephalus forsteri, predicting that competition for females is likely to cause a diversification of male mating tactics and that non-territorial tactics can yield reproductive success. We describe the behaviour of 38 males in a medium to large colony. Paternity success was assessed using CERVUS and PASOS, from a pool of 82 pups sampled at the study site and at neighbouring breeding areas. To see whether size is correlated with mating tactic, the length of 17 males was estimated using photogrammetry. Cluster analysis identified three male behavioural profiles: one corresponding to large territorial males and two illustrating alternative tactics employed by smaller non-territorial males. Of the 13 pups born at the study site that were assigned a father, eight were sired by three territorial males and five were sired by non-territorial males. Our study highlights that holding a territory is not a necessary condition for reproductive success in all otariids.
20
Wang, Jianming, and Jing Chen. "Design and Research of Dynamic Evolution System in Football Tactics Under Computational Intelligence." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (May 11, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3772236.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the rapid development of computer vision, it has been widely used in football. Aiming at the problems of incomplete collection of information, poor operability of system, and bad practical application in the field of football match, an analysis system of football tactics is designed in this paper. Combining the requirements of functions and performance, the analysis system is divided into management of basic information, collection of tactical information, detection of passing pattern, inquiry of tactical information, and visual display, which puts forward the method of the detection of passing pattern based on model. Through the intelligent design, the visual display of the information of athlete, team, competition, tactics, and passing pattern is realized under computational intelligence, which has certain practical value in application.
21
Zadorozhna, O. "Concept of Tactics in Modern Olympic Combat Sports." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.02.277.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological substantiation of tactics in modern Olympic martial arts. The urgency of the work is due to the needs of the training system of athletes and the mandatory practice of organizing and conducting specialized activities to achieve results in specific conflict situations, taking into account current trends in Olympic martial arts. The purpose of the research is theoretical and methodological substantiation of tactics in modern Olympic martial arts. Methods: theoretical analysis and generalization, study of documentary materials, sociological survey methods (expert assessment), ascertaining pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. Tactics in modern Olympic martial arts should be considered as a system that covers the theory and practice of organizing and conducting special activities of the subjects of the personalized subsystem of the training system, the main purpose of which is to achieve sports results by using various schemes and tools according to certain rules. specific sport, and current environmental conditions. The springboard, or the most important starting position, which dictates the nature of special activities (tactics) are the current trends in the development of Olympic martial arts. At each of the seven levels, tactics are implemented in the following areas: perception of the environment and search for information needed to understand the situation, analysis of information and its comparison with previous experience and purpose, selection and decision-making, implementation of decisions and evaluation. Conclusions. The concept of tactics in modern Olympic martial arts is a system of views on it as a multilevel and multidimensional phenomenon that exists in several areas - competitive and non-competitive activities. The levels of implementation of tactics are as follows: tactical interaction (during the technical reception); duel; team meeting; tournament and its stages; competition systems - during the season, the Olympic cycle and their totality. At each of the seven levels, tactics are implemented in the following areas: perception of the environment and search for information needed to understand the situation, analysis of information and its comparison with previous experience and purpose, selection and decision-making, implementation of decisions and evaluation
22
Smith, Carl, and Martin Reichard. "A sperm competition model for the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus)." Behaviour 150, no. 14 (2013): 1709–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sperm competition occurs when the spermatozoa of one male coincide with those of another to fertilise the same eggs. In some taxa males perform multiple ejaculations, which may function in sperm competition or in maintaining a baseline density of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract to ensure fertilisation, a process that has been termed ‘topping up’. We investigated multiple ejaculations in the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus), a freshwater fish that oviposits in freshwater mussels. We quantified spermatozoa in the mussel mantle cavity following ejaculation, and measured sperm motility parameters of males adopting different mating tactics. Following ejaculation spermatozoa density in the mussel increased linearly, peaked after 30 s, and then declined exponentially. Spermatozoa motility parameters did not differ between male mating tactics. We parameterised a model of sperm competition forR. amarus, which accurately predicted male fertilisation probability. We discuss these results in the context of multiple ejaculations and male mating tactics.
23
Meniri, Magali, Florence Gohon, Ophélie Gning, Gaétan Glauser, Armelle Vallat, Nicolas J. Fasel, and Fabrice Helfenstein. "Experimental manipulation of reproductive tactics in Seba’s short-tailed bats: consequences on sperm quality and oxidative status." Current Zoology 65, no. 6 (March 23, 2019): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractTo reproduce, males have to fertilize the female’s eggs, sometimes in competition with ejaculates of other males. In species where males display alternative reproductive tactics, whereby territorial males secure mating and non-territorial males have to sneak copulations, the latter might be expected to invest relatively more resources towards sperm quality compared with the territorial males. Sperm cells are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress, which reduces male fertility. Therefore, antioxidant resources are expected to modulate sperm quality, and might be allocated differently between reproductive tactics. To test the link between reproductive tactics, redox profile and sperm quality, we experimentally induced changes in the reproductive tactics of 39 captive males Seba’s short-tailed bats Carollia perspicillata. We monitored the blood and ejaculate oxidative balance, and the sperm quality before, 7 days and 21 days after the manipulation of reproductive tactic. Although ejaculates’ oxidative damage was negatively related to sperm velocity, males exhibited similar blood and ejaculates redox profiles and similar sperm quality, regardless of their reproductive tactic. Possibly, these results arise as a consequence of some constraints having been lifted during the experiment. Our results also suggest that, in Seba’s short-tailed bats, the expression of alternative reproductive tactics is not subjected to strong oxidative constraints. Furthermore, our results could reflect an absence of trade-off between pre- and post-copulatory traits in harem males, as they could be selected to invest both in female attraction and sperm quality, as a consequence of their inability to fully monopolize females.
24
Kustra, Matthew C., and Suzanne H. Alonzo. "Sperm and alternative reproductive tactics: a review of existing theory and empirical data." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1813 (October 19, 2020): 20200075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Males that exhibit alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) often differ in the risk of sperm competition and the energetic trade-offs they experience. The resulting patterns of selection could lead to between-tactic differences in ejaculate traits. Despite extensive research on male ARTs, there is no comprehensive review of whether and what differences in sperm traits exist between male ARTs. We review existing theory on ejaculate evolution relevant to ARTs and then conduct a comprehensive vote-counting review of the empirical data comparing sperm traits between males adopting ARTs. Despite the general expectation that sneaker males should produce sperm that are more competitive (e.g. higher quality or performance), we find that existing theory does not predict explicitly how males adopting ARTs should differ in sperm traits. The majority of studies find no significant difference in sperm performance traits between dominant and sneaker males. However, when there is a difference, sneaker males tend to have higher sperm performance trait values than dominant males. We propose ways that future theoretical and empirical research can improve our understanding of the evolution of ejaculate traits in ARTs. We then highlight how studying ejaculate traits in species with ARTs will improve our broader knowledge of ejaculate evolution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition’.
25
Potop, Vladimir, Ana Virginia Pavel, and Liviu Paul Pavel. "Practical-Methodical Aspects Regarding the Training of the Fencers Aged 8 to 10 Years." GYMNASIUM XXI, no. 1 (Supplement) (June 30, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2020.21.1s.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates the theoretical, tactical and physical training level specific to the fencer of 8 to 10 years old. The study was conducted in Bucharest Technical Applied Sports Club (foil fencing), in the gym of the Secondary School no 167, with a group of 10 athletes aged 8 to10 years. The study results show the improvement of the specific technical and physical indicators and also of the performance level reached in direct competition. The high values of these indicators reveal a closed connection between the physical training and the technical-tactical one during the fencing sessions. The technicaltactical tests and the competition have values that improved differently for each athlete. This is due to the physical and technical training exercises but especially to the temperamental type of the athletes. The technique, tactics and competition results are influenced by the workouts and particularly by the genetic endowment of each athlete.
26
Horowitz, Michael C., Evan Perkoski, and Philip B. K. Potter. "Tactical Diversity in Militant Violence." International Organization 72, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 139–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818317000467.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMilitant groups, like all organizations, carefully consider the tactics and strategies that they employ. We assess why some militant organizations diversify into multiple tactics while others limit themselves to just one or a few. This is an important puzzle because militant organizations that employ multiple approaches to violence are more likely to stretch state defenses, achieve tactical success, and threaten state security. We theorize that militant organizations respond to external pressure by diversifying their tactics to ensure their survival and continued relevance, and that the primary sources of such pressure are government repression and interorganizational competition. We find consistent support for these propositions in tests of both the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior (MAROB) data sets. We bolster these findings with an additional specification that employs ethnic fractionalization in the first stage of a multi-process recursive model. These findings are relevant not only for academic research but for policy as well. While it is difficult for countries to anticipate the character of future tactical choices, they may be able to anticipate which groups will most readily diversify and thereby complicate counterterrorism efforts.
27
Punzón, Antonio, Carmen Hernández, Esther Abad, José Castro, Nelida Pérez, and Valentín Trujillo. "Spanish otter trawl fisheries in the Cantabrian Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 8 (July 1, 2010): 1604–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Punzón, A., Hernández, C., Abad, E., Castro, J., Pérez, N., and Trujillo, V. 2010. Spanish otter trawl fisheries in the Cantabrian Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science 67: 1604–1616 A non-hierarchical classification technique (clustering large applications, CLARA) was used to identify four fishing tactics of Spanish otter trawlers in the Cantabrian Sea (ICES Division VIIIc) from 1983 to 2004: mixed fishing, blue whiting fishing, horse mackerel fishing, and mackerel fishing. There were no significant differences in the fishing tactics employed by two trawl fleets identified using a non-hierarchical classification technique (partition around medoids). There was, however, a decline in the use of the blue whiting fishing tactic from 2000 on, perhaps as a result of competition with pairtrawls, a gear whose main target species is blue whiting. There was an increase in the number of trips using the mackerel fishing tactic from 1996, a change possibly caused by improved market conditions. Between 2000 and 2004, the fleets had two distinct behaviour patterns, identified depending on the area in which they operated. The study area could therefore be subdivided into two areas based on the prevalence of the fishing tactic followed. The horse mackerel fishing tactic was more commonly used in the west, and the mixed fishing tactic in the east.
28
Locatello, Lisa, Federica Poli, and Maria B. Rasotto. "Tactic-specific differences in seminal fluid influence sperm performance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1755 (March 22, 2013): 20122891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2891.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seminal fluid often makes up a large part of an ejaculate, yet most empirical and theoretical studies on sperm competition have focused on how sperm characteristics (number and quality) affect fertilization success. However, seminal fluid influences own sperm performance and may potentially influence the outcome of sperm competition, by also affecting that of rivals. As a consequence males may be expected to allocate their investment in both sperm and seminal fluid in relation to the potential level of competition. Grass goby ( Zosterisessor ophiocephalus ) is an external fertilizer with guard-sneaker mating tactics, where sperm competition risk varies according to the tactic adopted. Here, we experimentally manipulated grass goby ejaculates by separately combining sperm and seminal fluid from territorial and sneaker males. While sperm of sneaker and territorial males did not differ in their performance when they interacted with their own seminal fluid only, sperm of sneakers increased their velocity and fertilization rate in the presence of territorial males' seminal fluid. By contrast, sneaker males' seminal fluid had a detrimental effect on the performance of territorial males' sperm. Sperm velocity was unaffected by the seminal fluid of males employing the same tactic, suggesting that seminal fluid's effect on rival-tactic sperm is not based on a self/non-self recognition mechanism. Our findings show that cross interactions of sperm and seminal fluid may influence the fertilization success of competing ejaculates with males investing in both sperm and seminal fluid in response to sperm competition risk.
29
Ogura, Yukiko, Taku Masamoto, and Tatsuya Kameda. "Mere presence of co-eater automatically shifts foraging tactics toward ‘Fast and Easy' food in humans." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 200044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Competition for food resources is widespread in nature. The foraging behaviour of social animals should thus be adapted to potential food competition. We conjectured that in the presence of co-foragers, animals would shift their tactics to forage more frequently for smaller food. Because smaller foods are more abundant in nature and allow faster consumption, such tactics should allow animals to consume food more securely against scrounging. We experimentally tested whether such a shift would be triggered automatically in human eating behaviour, even when there was no rivalry about food consumption. To prevent subjects from having rivalry, they were instructed to engage in a ‘taste test' in a laboratory, alone or in pairs. Even though the other subject was merely present and there was no real competition for food, subjects in pairs immediately exhibited a systematic behavioural shift to reaching for smaller food amounts more frequently, which was clearly distinct from their reaching patterns both when eating alone and when simply weighing the same food without eating any. These patterns suggest that behavioural shifts in the presence of others may be built-in tactics in humans (and possibly in other gregarious animals as well) to adapt to potential food competition in social foraging.
30
Liu, Kaining, Xinwen Li, and Christine A. Rochester. "Relationship between Physical Training and Tactical Training in Sports Training Relying on Boosting and Bagging Algorithms." Scientific Programming 2022 (April 16, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8429597.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the development of sports, competition is becoming more and more confrontational and modern sports are developing in the direction of fast speed, fast rhythm, good skills, and high-altitude combat. And, this development requires good conditions and technology as a guarantee. Sports denote a competitive physical activity, which follows four aspects of competition: technology is the foundation, tactics are the means, the body is the cornerstone, and the psychology is the decisive point. Among these four factors, if the athlete does not have a good body, all techniques and know-how are empty talks. In this paper, two algorithms are introduced to track the athletes’ physical training and tactical training videos and the relevant data in the game are counted to obtain the physical indicators required by the athletes in each position. In a certain game, the sprint distance in the first round was 1979 m, the high-speed running distance was 2426 m, the high-intensity running distance was 4398 m, and the jogging distance was 1267 m.
31
Buss, David M. "The evolution of human intrasexual competition: Tactics of mate attraction." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 4 (1988): 616–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.4.616.
Повний текст джерела
32
Kazzi, Habib. "La Justice Libanaise Au Service Des Entreprises." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2017): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n7p362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inevitable consequence of the fierce competition between the actors of globalization, domestic judicial systems and legal frameworks become a competitive weapon in the same way as a technical business management or financial tactics. In such circumstances, this paper endeavors to emphasize the degree of competitiveness of the Lebanese judicial system through the analysis of the strategic use of certain instruments, seemingly trivial, of our substantive and procedural rules.
33
Albo, Maria J., Valentina Franco-Trecu, Filip J. Wojciechowski, Søren Toft, and Trine Bilde. "Maintenance of deceptive gifts in a natural spider population: ecological and demographic factors." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 993–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractAlternative mating tactics are expected to occur predominantly when mate competition is intense, resources are in short supply, or as a result of asymmetric power relationships between individuals. Males of the nuptial gift-giving spider Pisaura mirabilis use a prevailing tactic of offering a nutritive gift (insect prey) and a deceptive tactic of offering a worthless gift (consumed prey) to prospective mates. If the male’s tactic depends on precopulatory male–male competition, worthless gifts should occur primarily late in the season, when the operational sex ratio (OSR) becomes male-biased. If it depends on resource availability and/or postcopulatory sexual selection (sperm competition), worthless gifts should occur mostly early in the mating season, when prey availability is low and most females are unmated (i.e., postcopulatory sexual selection is weak). Nuptial gift construction correlated positively with prey availability and negatively with OSR, suggesting that males increase reproductive effort when resource and mate availability increase. We did not find evidence for body condition affecting male tactic use. Male size had a marked effect on the reproductive tactic employed. Males that matured early in the season were very small and employed mostly the nutritive gift tactic during their short life. Among the males that matured later and persisted through the season, relatively small males employed the worthless gift tactic whereas large males employed the nutritive gift tactic. We suggest that the existence of 2 distinct life-history strategies among males (early small and late large size) interacts with environmental and demographic conditions to maintain the deceptive tactic.
34
Nešić, Goran, Nikola Majstorović, Aleksandar Vićentijević, Zoran Savić, and Zoran Bratuša. "Volleyball players long term development through game system learning." Fizicka kultura 74, no. 1 (2020): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fizkul2001082n.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of this paper are training methodologies important for improving tactics in youth categories of volleyball players. In practice, coaches very quickly switch from learning the 6: 0 system (initial system), to the 5: 1 system (competitive - senior), which for beginners leads to limitations in the manifestation of tactical and strategic skills, but also the effectiveness of technical elements in competition. The aim of this paper is to show the ageoriented, ie chronological and experience-oriented methodology of learning the system in volleyball. Order in training, respect for chronological, motor and sports age, timely specialization and orientation towards the principles of motor learning are recognized as factors leading to the expected outcome in the individual career of an athlete, making training methods effective and desirable in practice.
35
Nagar, Sarosh, and Aaron S. Kesselheim. "Promoting Competition in Drug Pricing: A Review of Recent Congressional Legislation." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 49, no. 4 (2021): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jme.2021.93.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractBrand-name prescription drug manufacturers use various strategies to extend their market exclusivity periods by delaying generic or biosimilar competition. Recent Congressional legislation has targeted four such tactics. We analyze these proposals and assess their likely effect on competition in the U.S. drug market.
36
Sutono, Rahmat, Harianto ., and Imam Teguh Saptono. "Analysis of PT SH's Feed Additive Marketing Strategy Based on Competitive Setting Profile (CSP) and Company Alignment Profile (CAP)." International Journal of Research and Review 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PT SH is a company that distributes veterinary medicinal products produced by Lallemand Animal Nutrition (France) and several products from other suppliers. This product from Lallemand is included in the feed additive class which functions to increase livestock productivity with better feed conversion. Competition in product sales in this group greatly affects the sales of feed additives for PT SH. Therefore, this study uses CAP and CSP analysis to analyze the marketing of PT SH, and analyzes the competition between PT SH and other companies in the sale of feed additives. CAP analysis consists of marketing strategy, tactics and values, while CSP analysis consists of customer demand, competitive situation, and variable factors. CAP analysis gives an average score of 2.82, this mid score indicates that the strategies and tactics used as well as the marketing value of PT SH need to be improved in order to increase PT SH's feed additive sales. CSP analysis gives an average score of 3.56, this fairly large score indicates that PT SH's competition with other companies is quite strong in the sale of feed additives. This requires PT SH to maintain quality, improve marketing strategy services to increase sales of feed additives, so that PT SH is not left behind by other companies. Keywords: CAP analysis, CSP analysis, Mix, Feed additive, Marketing.
37
Telford, Steven R., and J. Mark Dangerfield. "Mating Tactics in the Tropical Millipede Alloporus Uncinatus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae)." Behaviour 124, no. 1-2 (1993): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00498.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractField and laboratory observations of mating behaviour in a population of the tropical millipede Alloporus uncinatus were carried out over one breeding season. Males obtained mates through random encounters and by forming triplet associations with copula pairs. The occurrence of triplet associations in the field was coincident with a highly male biased operational sex ratio. Mate acquisition by males was apparently stochastic and direct physical competition did not occur. In laboratory experiments mating was size-selective probably as a consequence of female choice. We consider the possibility that sperm competition has contributed to the evolution of the mating system in this species.
38
Wilson, David. "The foundations of learning - A fresh perspective on common coaching methodologies." ITF Coaching & Sport Science Review 23, no. 65 (April 30, 2015): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52383/itfcoaching.v23i65.113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Preparing players for elite competition requires a commitment to ongoing training and competition, both of which are underpinned by the knowledge a player has of the techniques/tactics necessary for success. The manner in which we teach these skills is crucial in determining the likely outcome when a player is tested under competition conditions. “Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication” Leonardo Da Vinci.
39
Yang, Meng Ke, Jian Qiu Zeng, and Khizer Hayat Khuhawar. "Research on Integrated Information Service of Telecom Operators in EVC." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 3857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.3857.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Full-service operations competition is going on among Chinese telecom operators. How to offer integrated information service and acquire competitive advantage has become a new research topic. So this paper focuses on the integrated information service, proposes the eco-industrial value chain oriented view for telecom operator and builds the model of integrated information service quality based on SERVQUAL to help China telecom operators make the integrated information service strategies and tactics in dynamic eco-industrial value chain.
40
Gress, Brian E., William T. Starmer, Maria A. Virgen, Abuchi Agu, Kossi A. Attila, Elizabeth E. Bazluke, Lindsey A. Chubb, et al. "Stepping off the pasture: evidence of widespread alternative male mating tactics in the yellow dung fly." Behaviour 153, no. 2 (2016): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003331.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Geoff Parker’s investigations of the yellow dung fly mating system revitalized interest in sexual selection theory, sparked development of sperm competition and sexual conflict theories, and stimulated use of this species as an important model system. Numerous studies across widespread populations have demonstrated large-male advantages in competition contests occurring on dung in cow pastures; however, recent work suggests that smaller males adopt an alternative mating tactic by avoiding dung and instead copulating with females at foraging sites. Though this finding has the potential to expand our understanding of sexual selection in yellow dung flies, such behavior has to date been documented at only one field site, raising the possibility that this phenomenon is highly localized. Here, we report the expression of size-dependent alternative mating tactics across three discrete populations. These findings provide a cautionary tale for researchers limiting their attention to aggregation sites where study organisms are most conveniently encountered.
41
Hernandez-Jimenez, Armando, and Oscar Rios-Cardenas. "Condition-dependent female preference for male genitalia length is based on male reproductive tactics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1868 (December 6, 2017): 20172223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is extensive morphological variation of male genitalia across animals with internal fertilization, even among closely related species. Most studies attempting to explain this extraordinary diversity have focused on processes that occur post-copula (e.g. sperm competition, cryptic female choice). Only a few studies have focused on the pre-copula process of female preference. In addition, the extent to which this variation could be associated with the use of different reproductive tactics has yet to be explored. Here, we show that female preference for male genitalia length in two livebearing fishes depends on the type of reproductive tactic of the males being evaluated as well as the body condition of the female. In a species where all males coax females to acquire matings (courters), females preferred males with short genitalia. In a species with genetically influenced alternative reproductive tactics (courter males that only court and produce courter sons, sneaker males that use the coercive tactic of sneak chase and produce sneaker sons), female preference depended on an interaction between male tactic and female condition: females in good condition preferred courter males with short genitalia, and sneaker males with long genitalia. Our results suggest that female preference for male traits favourable to their sons may be an important factor contributing to the diversification of male genitalia. Despite the contrasting selection for genitalia length that our female preference tests suggest, we found no significant differences in genitalia length between coaxing (courters) and coercive (sneakers) males. Our study represents a starting point to more clearly understand the role of alternative reproductive tactics and variation in female mate preference in the evolution of male genitalia.
42
Aureli, Filippo, Carla Cordischi, Roberto Cozzolino, and Stefano Scucchi. "Agonistic Tactics in Competition for Grooming and Feeding among Japanese Macaques." Folia Primatologica 58, no. 3 (1992): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000156622.
Повний текст джерела
43
Scott, Catherine E., Sean McCann, and Maydianne C. B. Andrade. "Male black widows parasitize mate-searching effort of rivals to find females faster." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1908 (July 31, 2019): 20191470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1470.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mate-searching success is a critical precursor to mating, but there is a dearth of research on traits and tactics that confer a competitive advantage in finding potential mates. Theory and available empirical evidence suggest that males locate mates using mate-attraction signals produced by receptive females (personal information) and avoid inadvertently produced cues from rival males (social information) that indicate a female has probably already mated. Here, we show that western black widow males use both kinds of information to find females efficiently, parasitizing the searching effort of rivals in a way that guarantees competition over mating after reaching a female's web. This tactic may be adaptive because female receptivity is transient, and we show that (i) mate searching is risky (88% mortality) and (ii) a strongly male-biased operational sex ratio (from 1.2 : 1 to more than 10 : 1) makes competition inevitable. Males with access to rivals' silk trails moved at higher speeds than those with only personal information, and located females even when personal information was unreliable or absent. We show that following rivals can increase the potential for sexual selection on females as well as males and argue it may be more widespread in nature than is currently realized.
44
Hirohashi, Noritaka, Noriyosi Sato, Yoko Iwata, Satoshi Tomano, Md Nur E. Alam, Lígia Haselmann Apostólico, and José Eduardo Amoroso Rodriguez Marian. "Context-dependent behavioural plasticity compromises disruptive selection of sperm traits in squid." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e0256745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256745.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sperm morphology is generally uniform within a species due to selective pressures that act to achieve better fertilization outcomes under postcopulatory competitive circumstances. Therefore, polyandry that intensifies post-mating sperm competition should constrain intraspecific sperm polymorphism. Contrary to this paradigm, we previously found that a polyandrous squid, Heterololigo bleekeri, produces dimorphic eusperm (flagellum length dimorphism; FLD), which is closely associated with alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs); large males (consorts) transfer their spermatophores inside the female’s mantle cavity, while small males (sneakers) do so outside the mantle. Thus, FLD was considered as the consequence of different insemination strategies that arise from different modes of sperm competition, sperm storage and the fertilization environment. However, in other squid species showing ARTs, the choice of mating behaviour is rather conditional (i.e., switching mating tactic between consorts and sneakers), which poses the question of whether sperm FLD could have evolved. Here, we investigated five species in the family Loliginidae that exhibit ARTs and found that all species showed sneaker-biased FLD. However, in a species with conditional ARTs, we found FLD rather ambiguous and the testicular somatic index to be nearly continuous among individuals at transitional state, suggesting that plasticity in mating behaviour compromises the disruptive selection on a sperm morphological trait.
45
Airst, Jason I., and Susan Lingle. "Male size and alternative mating tactics in white-tailed deer and mule deer." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 5 (October 3, 2020): 1231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Within populations, individual males adopt different courtship tactics due to differences in their competitive ability, which may vary depending on the animal’s age and size. To test the hypothesis that mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) males vary their courtship behavior based on their size, we conducted focal observations of 144 mule deer and 85 white-tailed males that varied in size, at a large grassland site in southern Alberta. The smallest mule deer males devoted more time to feeding, were less likely to engage in late-stage courtship than larger males and were less likely to move among female groups. Other males, including small white-tailed males, appeared to use a roving strategy to search for estrous females in different groups, which is consistent with recent research on male movements. Both medium and large males increased the time they spent in one-male groups, and specifically isolated pairs, as courtship advanced, presumably to reduce competition with other males. However, this trend was most pronounced for medium mule deer males, and for all size classes of white-tailed deer. In contrast, large mule deer males spent a similar proportion of time tending females in all group types. Our results identified potential size-dependent tactics for mule deer males. In contrast, white-tailed males of all sizes appeared to rely on a tactic of finding and tending estrous females in isolation from other males.
46
Rubin, Yury B., Michail V. Lednev, Elena V. Alekseeva, Danila P. Mozhzhukhin, Anna Yu Pogorelova, Olga N. Potapova, and Tatiana A. Puzynya. "Competition competencies study in the master's program." Journal of Modern Competition 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2021-15-1-97-107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is devoted to competitive competencies in entrepreneurship as the results of training in the programs of entrepreneurial education in the master’s program. This unique area of expertise is critical to success in entrepreneurship, but is still not enough researched and classified. Modern methods of teaching entrepreneurship are based on a competence-based approach to the study of professional entrepreneurial competencies, the purpose of which is to consistently master a certain set of necessary entrepreneurial competencies. The article examines the existing approaches to competition when considering the classification of competitive competencies related to entrepreneurship, and also determines the place of competitive competencies in the composition of entrepreneurial competencies. The author’s classification of professionally significant entrepreneurial competencies for various levels of higher education (bachelor’s and master’s degrees) is given, which should be structured into professional, general professional, universal competencies, as well as other competencies (industry, regional, etc.). The features of teaching entrepreneurial competencies at the master’s level are determined. The unique experience of studying and development of entrepreneurial competencies on the graduate level and appropriate methods to effectively develop competitive competence in two stages is described: first, to develop core competencies, namely: competence in various types, methods and styles of competitive actions; competence in competitive positioning; competence in the management of competitive actions; competence in compliance with antitrust laws; competencies in the selection and management of competitive status, and then specific competencies in the development and implementation of competitive strategy and tactics of competition.
47
Ritonga, Utan Sahiro. "Penentuan Keunggulan Kompetitif Pemasaran Teh Melalui Audit Strategi Marketing Plus (Kasus Pada PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII Jawa Barat)." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v6i1.72.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The goal of this research is to measure the competitive advantage in tea marketing with a case study on PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII West Java, and describing the deciding factors in the improvement of competitive advantage in tea marketing competition. The method used in this research is case study with quantitative approach using marketing plus strategy audit by comparing the values of Company Alignment Index (CAI) and Competitive Setting Index (CSI). The calculation of both indexes is obtained from questionnaires about the confidence level of the respondents who manage the marketing policies of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VIII. By comparing CSI value which is consisted of Customer (C1), Competitor (C3), Change-Driven (C4) against CAI which is consisted of Company (C2) which would be the measure of the competitive advantage of the company’s marketing strategy. From the analysis results, it can be seen that a negative gap of -1.09 where the value of CAI < CSI would mean that the company does not possess the competitive advantage in tea marketing strategy, and is relatively left behind in terms of tea industry competition. It can be learned that the cause of such low score in tea marketing strategy is caused by the low score of segmentation = 1 in the strategy, value with a score of 1.72 in the process, tactics which is consisted of differentiation = 2.63 and marketing mix = 2.63. To achieve competitive advantage in an ideal markting strategy, the factors that contribute to the marketing strategy competitive advantage value should be considered in the implementation of tea marketing strategy.
48
Walker, Rebecca. "Consciousness-Raising in a Child Abuse Flame War over Fan Fiction." Media International Australia 144, no. 1 (August 2012): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1214400105.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A flame war over depictions of child abuse in a fan fiction competition based on The L Word television series (Showtime, 2004–09) provided an opportunity for feminists and others to deliberate over the issue of child abuse. Various tactics were used, including storytelling and the narration of intimate and personal stories of abuse, as well as more confrontational and personally derisive tactics. The flame war revealed taken-for-granted assumptions in a forum based on a lesbian-centred series.
49
Klusemann, Markus J., David B. Pyne, Will G. Hopkins, and Eric J. Drinkwater. "Activity Profiles and Demands of Seasonal and Tournament Basketball Competition." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 6 (November 2013): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.6.623.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Competition-specific conditioning for tournament basketball games is challenging, as the demands of tournament formats are not well characterized.Purpose:To compare the physical, physiological, and tactical demands of seasonal and tournament basketball competition and determine the pattern of changes within an international tournament.Methods:Eight elite junior male basketball players (age 17.8 ± 0.2 y, height 1.93 ± 0.07 m, mass 85 ± 3 kg; mean ± SD) were monitored in 6 seasonal games played over 4 mo in an Australian second-division national league and in 7 games of an international under-18 tournament played over 8 days. Movement patterns and tactical elements were coded from video and heart rates recorded by telemetry.Results:The frequency of running, sprinting, and shuffling movements in seasonal games was higher than in tournament games by 8–15% (99% confidence limits ± ~8%). Within the tournament, jogging and low- to medium-intensity shuffling decreased by 15–20% (± ~14%) over the 7 games, while running, sprinting, and high-intensity shuffling increased 11–81% (± ~25%). There were unclear differences in mean and peak heart rates. The total number of possessions was higher in seasonal than in tournament games by 8% (± 10%).Conclusions:Coaches should consider a stronger emphasis on strength and power training in their conditioning programs to account for the higher activity of seasonal games. For tournament competition, strategies that build a sufficient aerobic capacity and neuromuscular resilience to maintain high-intensity movements need to be employed. A focus on half-court tactics accounts for the lower number of possessions in tournaments.
50
Lower-Hoppe, Leeann M., Mark A. Beattie, Daniel E. Wray, Richard L. Bailey, Tarkington J. Newman, and Annemarie Farrell. "The Relationships Between Sport Club Activities and University and Member Attachment." Recreational Sports Journal 44, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558866120904037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Given the social purpose of sport clubs, an anticipated outcome of club participation is a sense of attachment to the university and campus community. However, the sport behaviors that contribute to club members’ social attachment are largely unknown. Therefore, this study sought to examine which sport club activities are related to university and member attachment. A survey was administered to 175 sport club members at a large public university in the United States. Using a multivariate analysis of variance, sport clubs with moderately low to high social inclusionary tactics reported significantly greater university attachment than clubs with low tactics. Additionally, clubs with high social inclusionary tactics reported significantly greater member attachment than clubs with low to moderately high tactics. No significant difference in attachment was found when accounting for clubs’ frequency of competition or travel. The findings support the use of formal socialization to enhance club members’ feelings of attachment.