Дисертації з теми "Tactics of competition"

Bitterling are a group of freshwater fishes that lay their eggs on the gills of living freshwater mussels, using the mussel as a protective environment for embryo development and utilising the mussels own respiration to ensure fertilisation. This unusual spawning mechanism, using a spawning site that can be easily manipulated, makes bitterling ideal of reinvestigating sperm competition and making system evolution. Here, using a range of bitterling species, a series of aquarium experiments were conducted, as well as morphological and histological studies of the sperm and testes. It was shown that males were highly sensitive to sperm competition, ejaculating at a higher frequency and subsequently becoming more sperm depleted where sperm competition was high. There were few differences between mating tactics except in relative testis size, where larger males had proportionally larger reproductive apparatus, but ejaculates were of a similar size. The timing of ejaculates was found to be crucial, with a peak in sperm concentration within the mussel mantle cavity 30 seconds after ejaculation. The spatial clustering of fertilisation opportunities and OSR were found to affect ejaculate frequency, ejaculate distribution among mussels, the dominance of gender males and subsequently the opportunity of subordinate males to sneak fertilisations. Significant differences in the spermatogenic strategy and the structure of the reproductive apparatus among species were identified, as well as significant differences between species in the morphology of spermatozoa.

Bullying is ubiquitous and a major cause of psychological distress and disease. While most bullying research investigating the predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors has focused on victims, important gaps remain regarding the theoretical drivers of bullying perpetration. Using sexual selection and intrasexual competition as a theoretical framework, researchers have argued that bullying is an evolved behaviour that enables bullies to obtain or maintain a strong position in the social hierarchy and have greater access to resources, including sexual and romantic experiences. Intrasexual competition comprises two key features: competitor derogation and self-promotion. Bullying could be considered as a type of repeated competitor derogation, but the extent to which bullies engage in self-promotion tactics is unknown. As body shape and size are of central importance to males and females in the context of intrasexual competition, the aims of this thesis were: to determine whether body weight or body image independently or jointly predict bullying role; and to examine the extent to which bullies, victims and bully-victims are preoccupied with self-promotion through body alteration, and whether this is related to psychological functioning. A large school-based study (The Bullying, Appearance, Social Information Processing and Emotions Study; The BASE study) of adolescents in the UK was conducted. Study 1 investigated whether body weight or body image (i.e., actual or perceived underweight or overweight) was independently associated with bullying role (bully, victim or bully-victim), and whether body weight and body image interacted to predict bullying role amongst adolescent boys and girls. Study 2 examined whether bullies, victims and bully-victims were at increased risk of weight loss preoccupation compared to adolescents uninvolved in bullying, whether psychological functioning mediated the relationship between bullying role and weight loss preoccupation, and whether sex was a key moderator. Study 3 examined whether bullies, victims and bully-victims had a higher desire for cosmetic surgery compared to adolescents uninvolved in bullying, whether the relationship between bullying role and desire for cosmetic surgery was direct or mediated by psychological functioning, and whether any effects were sex-specific. The findings offer several new contributions to knowledge. Firstly, it was revealed that body image, rather than actual body weight, is associated with being a victim and bully-victim. Bullies were of average weight and were more likely to be at an advanced pubertal status (girls only). Secondly, being a male or female bully was directly associated with increased desire for cosmetic surgery and weight loss preoccupation (boys only). The relationship between being victimised (as a victim or bully-victim) and cosmetic surgery desire and weight loss preoccupation was mostly mediated by reduced psychological functioning. Overall, victims had the highest desire for cosmetic surgery, whilst bully-victims had the highest weight loss preoccupation; there were no significant differences between male and female victims or bully-victims. In conclusion, the findings that male and female adolescent bullies are engaging in or cognizing about self-promotion strategies to improve physical appearance, which was unrelated to psychological functioning, are consistent with the theory of bullying as a form of intrasexual competition. Bullies are thus multi-strategic in their attempt to obtain or maintain social dominance. Bullied adolescents are similarly concerned about their appearance, but this is mostly because of reduced self-esteem, body-esteem and emotional problems as a result of being bullied. Thus, adolescents involved in bullying are at increased likelihood of attempting to alter their physical appearance, albeit via different pathways and with likely different outcomes. The research advances theoretical understanding about bullies and has practical implications for understanding the body concerns and self-promotion tactics of bullies, victims and bully-victims.

O processo de seleção sexual influencia de forma intensa o sucesso reprodutivo de cada indivíduo. Desde sua formulação teórica durante o século XIX, evidências cumulativas a respeito da poliandria em fêmeas permitiram a ampliação de seu conceito inicial, uma vez constatada que a disputa pela paternidade da prole não se limitava à competição pelo acesso à fêmea, mas poderia também prolongar-se mesmo após a cópula. Durante a década de 1970, essa disputa pós-copulatória entre machos foi formalizada sob o conceito de competição espermática, a qual visa a maximizar o sucesso do esperma de um macho sobre um rival na fertilização dos ovos. Evidências para um número crescente de táxons demonstram que a intensa competição pré e pós-copulatória entre machos é também uma das fontes responsáveis pela evolução e manutenção de táticas alternativas de reprodução dentro de uma mesma espécie, nas quais machos com menor sucesso na monopolização de fêmeas e combate com intraespecíficos adotam comportamentos furtivos para acesso ao sexo oposto, como forma de assegurar algum sucesso reprodutivo. Em muitas espécies, a adoção de táticas alternativas de reprodução são relacionadas não somente às diferenças comportamentais entre os machos, mas também à diversidade fenotípica dentro do mesmo sexo, caracterizada por descontinuidades morfológicas, fisiológicas e de ciclo de vida, conhecida pelo termo ‘dimorfismo intrassexual’. Em lulas da família Loliginidae, a existência de morfos alternativos, denominados machos consort e sneaker, já foi constatada para diversas espécies e é associada a diferenças comportamentais entre eles, principalmente relacionadas à posição de cópula e sítio de deposição de espermatóforos no interior da fêmea. No entanto, a associação entre táticas alternativas de reprodução e dimorfismo intrassexual em machos é praticamente desconhecida, com exceção à espécie Heterololigo bleekeri, para a qual esse dimorfismo tem sido estudado extensivamente ao longo da última década. Nesse contexto, a presente Dissertação de Mestrado teve como principal objetivo investigar a existência de dimorfismo intrassexual masculino em Doryteuthis plei (Blainville, 1823), uma espécie de importância comercial para as regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil e para a qual, apesar de evidências indiretas sugerirem sua presença, tal dimorfismo nunca havia sido averiguado. Por meio de análises morfológicas e modelos estatísticos, o primeiro capítulo descreve a existência desse dimorfismo na espécie, o qual foi reconhecido a partir da constatação da presença de duas classes de tamanho de machos sexualmente maduros, caracterizadas pela produção de espermatóforos e espermatângios com morfologias descontínuas. Além disso, espermatângios amostrados de machos das duas classes de tamanho mostraram-se congruentes àquelas implantados nos dois sítios distintos da fêmea, resultado que permitiu associar o dimorfismo intrassexual à adoção das táticas de sneaker e consort na espécie. A partir dessa constatação, o primeiro capítulo explorou ainda o investimento gonadal exibido por machos dimórficos. Os resultados mostraram que machos sneakers apresentavam maiores investimentos relativos em gônadas do que machos consorts, um resultado que se enquadra nos modelos teóricos de “sneaks and guarders” de competição espermática. No entanto, enquanto as premissas teóricas propõem também que machos sneakers devem apresentar maiores investimentos por fêmea, constatamos que, na espécie de estudo, machos sneakers produzem espermatóforos com menor proporção de massa espermática do que machos consorts. Esses resultados, somados a observações comportamentais realizadas ao longo desse trabalho, sugerem que a estratégia adotada por machos sneakers deve estar relacionada ao fracionamento de seu investimento em produtos ejaculatórios, de forma que investimentos menores por fêmea permitiriam a realização de maior número de cópulas. Dando continuidade à caracterização do dimorfismo intrassexual na espécie, análises comparativas entre machos dimórficos com relação a estruturas do sistema reprodutor, tema do segundo capítulo, demonstraram que as diferenças quanto à morfologia funcional de espermatóforos intactos estavam associadas às divergências encontradas quanto à reação espermatofórica, liberação de espermatozoides e morfologia de espermatângios entre machos sneakers e consorts. Além disso, sob o contexto da competição espermática, o segundo capítulo discute como o padrão de reprodução de lulas da família Loliginidae, e.g., a existência de dois sítios de fertilização e diferenças nos intervalos entre cópulas e desovas, resultaria em pressões seletivas divergentes sobre os produtos ejaculatórios de machos dimórficos e influenciaria a evolução e manutenção do dimorfismo intrassexual na espécie. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo aborda a descoberta de machos com espermatóforos e espermatângios com morfologias intermediárias entre os fenótipos de sneakers e consorts, além da questão da diferença de idade entre machos dimórficos. Combinados, os resultados desse capítulo permitiram a proposição de uma hipótese ontogenética sobre a expressão de fenótipos alternativos na espécie, uma questão extremamente inovadora para cefalópodes. Apesar de tratar-se de um campo ainda completamente inexplorado para o grupo, espera-se que esses resultados contribuam para a compreensão dos fatores responsáveis pela expressão sequencial de fenótipos alternativos e pela determinação do dimorfismo intrassexual em lulas
Sexual selection comprises a powerful force that intensively influences the reproductive success of each individual. Since its theoretical formulation in the nineteenth century, cumulative evidence regarding the existence of polyandry in females has expanded its initial concept, once it became clear that offspring paternity disputes were not limited to the competition for female access, but that they could in fact be prolonged even after copulation. In the 1970s, this male post-copulatory dispute was formalized under the concept of sperm competition, which aims at maximizing the success of one male’s sperm over its competitors in the fertilization of females’ eggs. Evidence gathered from a growing number of taxa has shown that intense pre and post-copulatory competition between males is also one of the responsible sources for the evolution and maintenance of alternative reproductive tactics within a species, in which males that are less successful in mate guarding and fighting contests with conspecifics adopt sneaking and opportunistic behaviors as a way to ensure some mating success. In many species, alternative mating tactics are not restricted to behavioral differences between males, being also related to a phenotypic diversity, with discontinuous morphological and physiological traits and distinct life histories between conspecifics, a phenomenon known as intrasexual dimorphism. In loliginid squids, the existence of alternative morphs (sneaker and consort males) has already been reported for several species, and it is has been correlated to behavioral differences, specially related to mating position and spermatophore deposition sites within the female\'s body. However, the association between alternative mating tactics and male intrasexual dimorphism is virtually unexplored, except for the species Heterololigo bleekeri, in which such dimorphism has been extensively studied over the last decade. In this context, the present Master’s Dissertation aimed to investigate the existence of male intrasexual dimorphism in Doryteuthis plei (Blainville, 1823), a squid of commercial importance in southern and southeastern Brazil, and for which such dimorphism has never been investigated, although indirect evidence suggests its existence. Using morphological analyses and statistical models, the first chapter describes the presence of such dimorphism in the species, which was detected based on the identification of two body size classes of sexually mature males, characterized by spermatophores and spermatangia displaying discontinuous morphologies between each other. Moreover, spermatangia sampled from both body size classes were congruent with those implanted on distinct female sites, a result that allowed the association between intrassexual dimorphism and adoption of sneaker and consort mating tactics in the species. Additionally, the first chapter also investigated the gonadal investment from dimorphic males, showing that sneakers exhibited higher investments in gonads than consorts, a result that fits into the theoretical ‘sneaks and guards’ models of sperm competition. However, while theoretical assumptions propose that sneakers should also present larger investments per female, we show that D. plei sneaker males produce spermatophores with lower concentrations of sperm mass than consorts. Combining these results with behavioral observations obtained throughout this study, we suggest that the sneaker strategy might be related to partitioning their ejaculate expenditure into extra mating opportunities, thus investing less per female but more in number of copulations. A further characterization of intrasexual dimorphism in this species was the main subject of the second chapter. Through comparative analyses of reproductive structures from dimorphic males, the results revealed that differences in the structural morphology of intact spermatophores were associated to differences regarding the spermatophoric reaction, spermatozoa release and spermatangia morphology between sneakers and consorts. Furthermore, under the context of sperm competition, the second chapter also provided a discussion on how the reproductive pattern of loliginid squids, e.g., the existence of two sites for fertilization of eggs and differences in the interval between mating and egg-laying, might result in divergent selective pressures on ejaculates from dimorphic males, influencing the evolution and maintenance of intrasexual dimorphism in this species. Finally, the third chapter describes the discovery of males that produced spermatophores and spermatangia displaying intermediate morphologies between both sneaker and consort phenotypes, and age differences reported for dimorphic males in the species. Combined, these results allowed the formulation of an ontogenetic hypothesis regarding alternative phenotype expression, which is extremely innovative for cephalopods. Although this hypothesis comprises a completely unexplored field for this group, it is highly expected that these results might contribute to the further understanding of possible factors that may be responsible for the sequential expression of alternative phenotypes, and ultimately for the determination of intrasexual dimorphism in squids

This diploma work analyses existing competitive intelligence of the firm. Contains analysis of competitive intelligence awareness and its utilization like competitive advantage in Czech consulting companies. The work includes proposal for competitive intelligence strategy or recommendation and complementation of existing strategy.

Дисертаційну роботу присвячено обґрунтуванню теоретико-методичних основ та розробці практичних рекомендацій щодо побудови конкурентної стратегії торговельного підприємства, яка спрямована на формування динамічних конкурентних переваг в процесі забезпечення сталого розвитку підприємства. Розвинено категорійно-понятійний апарат теорії конкуренції, конкурентних стратегій, а також запропоновано концептуальний підхід до формування конкурентної стратегії на основі безперервної інноваційної моделі. Розглянуто і критично проаналізовано еволюціонування теорії конкуренції в перебігу формування економічних систем та доведено, що Індустрія 4.0 докорінно трансформує основні важелі конкурентного середовища, соціальний базис конкурентних стратегій та інструментів суперництва, основаних на інтелектуальній компоненті. Таке бачення уможливлює імплементування основних елементів Індустрії 4.0 в діяльність торговельних українських підприємств, зважаючи на їх роль у ланцюгу створення цінності. Визначено особливості функціонування механізму формування динамічного конкурентного потенціалу, який забезпечує швидкість реагування на зміни ринкової ситуації, стратегічну гнучкість та готовність підприємства до змін. На основі систематизації наукових підходів до формування конкурентної стратегії запропоновано її безперервну інноваційну модель, рушійним механізмом якої мають стати стратегічні дії підприємства щодо вдосконалення бази знань, а отже формування стійких та динамічних конкурентних переваг. До їх числа віднесено: мотиваційні механізми конкурування; системи управління знаннями й продукування генерації ідей та інновацій; інструменти маркетингу, сценарії досягнення лідерства; забезпечення інтересів стейкголдерів; партнерські стратегії. Удосконалено науково-методичний підхід щодо формування концептуального паттерну стратегічного конкурентного потенціалу підприємства роздрібної торгівлі, який на відміну від інших розробок включає: можливості, що склалися у зовнішньому середовищі; споживчий потенціал; потенціал внутрішнього середовища підприємства, і спрямований на підвищення конкурентного потенціалу підприємства. Концептуальний паттерн формування стратегічного конкурентного потенціалу, здатний не тільки формувати й підтримувати конкурентні переваги, але й продукувати інновацію цінностей для забезпечення безперервності розвитку торговельного підприємства. Виокремлено та обґрунтовано забезпечуючий ланцюг системних цінностей, який продукується функціональними підсистемами торговельного підприємства та формує унікальну торговельну пропозицію. Пропонований підхід забезпечить сучасне підґрунтя для формування конкурентної стратегії торговельного підприємства. Ідентифіковано та проведено класифікацію факторів впливу на формування конкурентних стратегій та культуру безперервного інноваційного бізнес-моделювання, яка, на відміну від усталених, виокремлює екзогенні (глобалізаційні процеси, межі ринків, темпи розвитку технологій, невизначеність середовища); ендогенні (динаміка та розмір внутрішнього потенціалу підприємств торгівлі, організаційні знання та навики, рівень між фірмової невизначеності) та стратегічні дії підприємств щодо вдосконалення бази знань та забезпечення безперервності розвитку конкурентної стратегії (партнерські стратегії, сценарії досягнення лідерства, забезпечення інтересів стейкголдерів, співконкуренція, внутрішні інноваційні процеси). Такий підхід дозволяє підприємствам торгівлі при формування конкурентної стратегії базуватися на безперервній інноваційній моделі. Дістала подальшого розвитку теоретизація понятійного апарату конкурентної стратегії підприємства, а саме: визначено сутність поняття «конкурентна стратегія», яка, на відміну від усталених поглядів, розглядається як динамічна модель поведінки підприємства, спрямована на досягнення сталої конкурентоспроможності в межах місії, націленої на задоволення потреб споживачів та забезпечення економічних, масштабних та іміджевих ефектів підприємства. Розвинено трактування сутності поняття «інновація цінності», яку на відміну від інших, запропоновано визначати як стратегію, що забезпечує здатність системи продукувати ринкові зміни на основі збалансованого поєднання виключної корисності, цільової собівартості, стратегічного ціноутворення задля безперервного розвитку підприємства у конкурентному середовищі. На підставі моніторингу ринку канцтоварів України удосконалено науково-методичний підхід до якісного оцінювання ситуації на ринку, який на відміну від інших розробок, ґрунтується на визначенні системи інтегрованих оцінок зовнішнього конкурентного макропотенціалу, в розрізі визначальних екзогенних факторів і залежить від їх варіації та рівня впливу на діяльність підприємства, що дозволило оцінити зовнішній конкурентний потенціал, який впливає на формування конкурентної стратегії підприємств роздрібної торгівлі. Сформовано теоретико-методичний підхід до визначення ефективності управління конкурентною позицією торговельного підприємства, що базується на інтегрованій оцінці масштабу конкурентного потенціалу, сили конкурентного впливу та результативності стратегічних дій конкурентів, та спрямований на трансформування стратегічного бачення позиції підприємства на ринку як конкурентної стратегії, а стійкість конкурентних переваг дозволяє визначати в контексті можливості утримання конкурентної позиції у довгостроковій перспективі. Запропоновано комплексний інтегральний показник ефективності управління конкурентною позицією підприємств роздрібної торгівлі на основі результативності стратегічних дій та сили конкурентного впливу. Все це формує аналітичну складову розробки конкурентної стратегії, яка забезпечить механізм порівняння динамічності, гнучкості конкурентних переваг, для формування сталої конкурентоспроможності в межах корпоративної стратегії спрямованої на задоволення потреб споживачів та забезпечення економічних, масштабних та іміджевих ефектів підприємства торгівлі. Набув подальшого розвитку ресурсний підхід до оцінювання внутрішнього конкурентного потенціалу підприємств роздрібної торгівлі, в основу якого, на відміну від інших, покладено розрахунок інтегрального показника на основі збалансованої системи часткових показників за такими складовими потенціалу, як: споживчий, фінансовий, клієнтський, бізнес-процесів, стратегічний та потенціал розвитку, що дає можливість комплексно визначити рушійні сили конкурентного потенціалу, розглянути синестезію пріоритетних конкурентних складових підприємства роздрібної торгівлі з цілями його корпоративної стратегії та забезпечити порівняння між існуючим станом та прогнозним рівнем конкурентного потенціалу підприємства. Запропоновано системно-раціональний підхід до реалізації тактичного конкурентного позиціювання в напрямку активних стратегічних дій підприємства роздрібної торгівлі в межах загальної конкурентної стратегії комбінування. Даний підхід ґрунтувався на припущенні, що формування мережі магазинів одного підприємства має відбуватися на основі експоненціального приросту корисності, ефекту масштабу, накопиченого досвіду й знань, зростанням довіри з боку зацікавлених осіб. Даний підхід складається з методики перевірки наявності тісноти синергійних зв’язків між магазинами, що входять до складу одного підприємства та моделі визначення раціонального масштабу мережі магазинів, побудованої на основі показника відносного загального доходу, який продукується мережею магазинів. Удосконалено науково-методичний підхід до формування конкурентної стратегії підприємства роздрібної торгівлі канцтоварами, який об’єднує в собі послідовність дій інтуїтивної аргументації сценаріїв досягнення лідерства на ринку та, на відміну від існуючих розробок, враховує структуризацію цілей тактичної конкурентної позиції, виявлення альтернативних тактичних завдань, які формують тактичні конкурентні переваги та тактик конкурування з подальшою ітерацією конвергенції ймовірнісного та бажаного стану системи в умовах ресурсних та часових обмежень. Результати отриманих досліджень та практичне вирішення завдань щодо формування конкурентної стратегії знайшло відображення у практичній діяльності підприємств роздрібної торгівлі канцтоварами міста Вінниці та Хмельницької торговельно-промислової палати. Ключові слова: стратегія, конкурентна стратегія, конкурентоспроможність, конкурентна позиція, конкурентні переваги, сила конкурентного впливу, інтенсивність конкуренції, споживчий потенціал, інновація цінності, функціональна цінність, вартісна цінність, споживча цінність, операційна цінність, організаційна цінність, комбінована конкурентна стратегія, тактична конкурентна позиція, тактика конкурування.
The dissertation is devoted to substantiation of theoretical and methodical bases and development of practical recommendations on construction of competitive strategy of commercial enterprise which is directed on formation of dynamic competitive advantages in the process of maintenance of sustainable development of the enterprise. It is developed categorical and conceptual system of theory of competition, competitive strategies, and also it is proposed a conceptual approach to the formation of a competitive strategy based on a continuous innovation model. It is considered and critically analyzed the evolution of competition theory during the formation of economic systems and it is proved that Industry 4.0 radically transforms the main levers of the competitive environment, the social basis of competitive strategies and rivalry tools based on the intellectual component. Such vision enables the implementation of the main elements of Industry 4.0 in the activities of Ukrainian commercial enterprises, considering to their role in the chain of creation the value. It is defined the peculiarities of functioning of the mechanism of formation of dynamic competitive potential which provides speed of reaction to changes of market situation, strategic flexibility and readiness of the enterprise to changes. Based on the systematization of scientific approaches to the formation of competitive strategy it is proposed its continuous innovative model, the driving mechanism of which should be the strategic actions of the enterprise to improve the base of knowledge, and therefore the formation of sustainable and dynamic competitive advantages. These include: motivational mechanisms of competition; knowledge management systems and production of idea generation and innovation; marketing tools, scenarios of achieving the leadership; ensuring the interests of stakeholders; partnership strategies. It is improved the scientific and methodological approach to the formation of the conceptual pattern of strategic competitive potential of the retail enterprise, which, unlike other developments, includes: opportunities that have developed in the external environment; consumer potential; the potential of the internal environment of the enterprise, and aims to increase the competitive potential of the enterprise. Conceptual pattern of formation of strategic competitive potential is able not only to form and maintain competitive advantages, but also to produce innovation of values to ensure the continuity of development of commercial enterprise. It is highlighted and grounded the providing chain of system values, which is produced by the functional subsystems of trade enterprise and forms a unique trade offer. The suggested approach will provide a modern basis for formation of competitive strategy of commercial enterprise. It is identified and carried out the classification of impact factors on the formation of competitive strategies and culture of continuous innovative business modeling, which, unlike established, carves out exogenous (globalization processes, markets borders, the rate of technology development, the uncertainty of the environment); endogenous (dynamics and size of internal potential of trade enterprises, organizational knowledge and skills, the level interfirm uncertainty) and strategic actions of enterprises to improve the knowledge base and ensure the continuity of competitive strategy (partnership strategies, scenarios of achieving the leadership, ensuring the interests of stakeholders, co-competition, internal innovation processes ). Such approach allows the trade enterprises during the formation of competitive strategy to base on continuous innovation model. Received of further development of theorizing conceptual system of competitive strategy of the enterprise, namely: it is defined he essence of the concept of «competitive strategy», which, unlike established views, is considered as a dynamic model of enterprise behavior aimed at achieving sustainable competitiveness within the mission aimed at meeting consumer needs and ensuring economic, large-scale and image effects of the enterprise. It is developed interpretation of the essence of the concept of «value innovation», which, unlike others, is proposed to define as a strategy that ensures the ability of the system to produce market changes based on the balanced combination of exceptional utility, target prime cost, strategic pricing for continuous development in the competitive environment. Based on the monitoring of the stationery market of Ukraine, it is improved the scientific and methodological approach to qualitative assessment of the market situation, which, unlike other developings, is based on the definition of the system of integrated assessment of external competitive macro-potential, in terms of determinative exogenous factors and depends on their variation and the level of impact on the enterprise activity, which is allowed to assess external competitive potential that effects on the formation of competitive strategy of the retail trade enterprises. It is formed theoretical and methodical approach of determination of management efficiency of competitive position of commercial enterprise, which is based on the integrated assessment of the scale of competitive potential, strength of the competitive impact and effectiveness of strategic actions of competitors, and aims at transforming of strategic vision of the position of the enterprise on the market as a competitive strategy, and the stability of competitive advantages allows to determine in the context of the possibility of maintaining a competitive position in the long prospect. It is suggested a complex integrated indicator of the effectiveness of managing the competitive position of the retail trade enterprises based on the effectiveness of strategic actions and the strength of competitive influence. All it forms an analytical component of the development of competitive strategy, which will provide a mechanism of comparing the dynamism, flexibility of competitive advantages, to form a sustainable competitiveness within the corporate strategy aimed at meeting consumer needs and ensuring economic, scale and image-building effects of trade enterprise. It is acquired further resource approach to assessing the internal competitive potential of the retail trade enterprises, on the basis, unlike others, is laid the calculation of integrated indicator based on a balanced system of partial indicators for such components of potential as consumer, financial, customer, business processes, strategic and development potential, which allows to determine comprehensively the driving forces of competitive potential, to consider the synesthesia of priority competitive components of the retail trade enterprise with the goals of its corporate strategy and to provide a comparison between the existing state and the forecast level of competitive potential. It is suggested system-rational approach to realization of tactical competitive positioning in the direction of active strategic actions of the retail trade enterprise within general competitive strategy of combination. This approach was based on the assumption that the formation of chain store system of one enterprise should be based on the exponential increase of utility, effect of scale, accumulated experience and knowledge, increasing trust from interested person. This approach consists of a method of checking the closeness of synergies between stores that are part of the same enterprise and the model of determining the rational scale of the chain store system, built on the basis of the relative total revenue, which is produced by the chain store system. It is improved scientific and methodological approach to the formation of a competitive strategy of the retail trade enterprise of stationery, which consisits of combination of sequences of actions of intuitive reasoning scenarios of achieving the leadership at the market and, in contrast with the existing developings, takes into account the structuring of tactical competitive position, identifying alternative tactical tasks tactical which forms tactical competitive advantages and competitive tactics with subsequent iteration of the convergence of the probable and desired state of the system in terms of resource and time constraints. The results of the received researches and practical decision of issues to form the competitive strategy were reflected in practical activity of the enterprises of retail trade enterprises of stationery of Vinnytsia and Khmelnytskyi Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Essa dissertação apresenta dois objetivos de trabalho (1) desenvolvimento e avaliação um programa computacional para análises técnico-táticas em combates de judô; (2) analisar as ações técnico-táticas utilizadas por atletas de judô de quatro classes de idade (pré-juvenil, juvenil, júnior e sênior), nas oito categorias de peso oficiais do Brasil (super-ligeiro até pesado) no sexo masculino e feminino, em dois níveis diferentes, a saber: (a) Circuito Paulistano e (b) Estadual de São Paulo. Nesta segunda parte, foram analisadas as variáveis: i) estrutura temporal do combate; ii) execução e orientação de golpes; iii) quantificação de pontuação; e iv) caracterização do tipo de pegada. Para verificação da objetividade do programa computacional, três experts realizaram 20 análises de combate, sendo que um deles analisou as mesmas 20 por três vezes (1° expert, n= 20; 2° expert n= 20, e; 3° expert n= 60). Para a comparação entre grupos observados no segundo estudo e para verificar a correlação de concordância (CCC) entre as medidas dos experts, utilizou-se a Análise de Variância e, quando necessário, post hoc de Tukey, com nível de significância adotado de 5%. Os resultados quanto ao programa demonstraram forte correlação intra e inter-expert, com alto grau de concordância (> 0,90 de índice) para 41 grupos de variáveis e (>0,80 de índice) para 37 grupos de variáveis, respectivamente. Para o segundo estudo, os principais resultados para o sexo masculino foram: no nível estadual e/ou a classe sênior, utilizam maiores tempos de combate, de luta em pé (tachi-waza) de movimentação livre, de pegada e da variação de pegada e direção de ataque. Nos grupos do sexo feminino, ocorreram diferenças entre o nível estadual e/ou a classe sênior (exceto quando comparado à classe pré-juvenil no tempo de combate sem pausa e no tempo de pegada) e os demais grupos - com tempos maiores para combate, tachi-waza, movimentação livre e pegada -, demonstraram diferenças entre a categoria pesado - que possuiu tempos de combate, tachi-waza, movimentação livre e pegada menores do que as categorias meio-leve, leve e meio-médio. Quanto às diferenças entre níveis, as atletas do estadual apresentaram uma frequência maior de entradas de golpe e de quantidade de tipos de pegada utilizados
This dissertation has two goals: developing and evaluating a computer program for the analysis of technical and tactical combat in judo, and analyzing technical-tactical actions used by judo athletes from four age classes (pre-juvenile, juvenile, junior and senior) in the eight official Brazilian weight categories (super-light to heavy), males and female, at two different levels, namely: (1) São Paulo City (Paulistano) and (2) São Paulo State levels. The variables were: i) temporal fight structure, ii) execution and direction of throws, iii) quantification of scores and iv) characterization of grip type. In order to verify the objectivity of the computer program, three experts conducted 20 analyses of combats, with one expert examining three times the same 20 (1st. expert, n = 20; 2nd. expert n = 20; 3rd. expert n = 60). For comparison between groups observed in the second study and in order to verify the concordance correlation (CCC) between experts measurements, analysis of variance and, when necessary, post hoc Tukey test with significance level p <0.05, were used. The results from the software showed strong intra and inter-expert agreement, with higher rate (> 0,90 of index) in 41 groups of variables and (>0,80 of index) in 37 groups of variables, respectively. For the second study, the most significant results from the male group were at the state and/or the senior class, using longer periods of combat, standing fight (tachi-waza), free displacement, grip time and variation in grip type, and direction of attacks. In females, there were differences between state and/or the senior class (except when compared to pre-juvenile in fight time without pause and grip time) and other groups, with more combat time, tachi-waza, free displacement and grip - showing differences between the heavyweight, who presented less combat, tachi-waza, free movement and grip times, and half-lightweight, lightweight and welterweight categories. Regarding differences between levels, state-level athletes used a higher frequency of techniques and different grip types

The availability of reproductive sites is a major factor shaping the behavior of males and females in species with resource-based mating systems. Using a meta-analytic approach, we tested five predictions directly or indirectly derived from the mating system theory. We expected that reproductive site limitation would lead to: (1) intense male-male competition for resource possession; (2) high variance in male reproductive success, generating high values of opportunity for sexual selection; (3) high intensity of selection on male traits related to resource possession; (4) high sperm competition risk; and (5) low quality of paternal care. We compiled information from observational and experimental studies that compared the reproductive behavior of individuals of the same species under low and high reproductive site limitation. We found that, when reproductive sites are limited, there is a slight increase in male-male competition, with higher rates of nest takeover and agonistic interactions, and a slight increase in the selection gradient on male traits, with successful males tending to be larger than unsuccessful males. Reproductive site limitation has no consistent effect on the opportunity for sexual selection and on the sperm competition risk. However, territorial males invest more in gonads and lose less paternity when reproductive sites are limited. There is also no clear effect of reproductive site limitation on the quality of paternal care, but few studies have addressed this subject. Taken together, our findings indicate that predictions on how reproductive site limitation affects several aspects of resource-based mating systems have weak empirical support. These predictions do not consider the plasticity in the mating tactics of males and females, which make them too simplistic. Moreover, since the original proposition of the mating system theory, our understanding of sperm competition increased a lot. We now know that accurate predictions on the intensity and direction of sexual selection should take into account both pre- and post-copulatory processes. Finally, the interplay between sexual selection and parental care is complex, and the original framework of mating system theory does not provide sufficient elements to derive clear and taxonomically broad predictions
A disponibilidade de sítios reprodutivos influencia tanto o comportamento de machos quanto de fêmeas em espécies cujo sistema de acasalamento depende da defesa de recursos. Usando uma abordagem meta-analítica, testamos cinco previsões direta ou indiretamente relacionadas à teoria de sistemas de acasalamento. Esperávamos que a limitação de sítios reprodutivos promoveria: (1) aumento na competição masculina pela posse de recursos; (2) aumento na variância do sucesso reprodutivo dos machos, gerando valores alto de oportunidade para a seleção sexual; (3) aumento da intensidade da seleção sobre características masculinas relacionadas à posse de recursos; (4) aumento no risco de competição espermática e (5) diminuição da qualidade do cuidado paternal. Compilamos informações de estudos observacionais e experimentais que compararam o comportamento reprodutivo de indivíduos da mesma espécie em situação de alta e baixa disponibilidade de sítios reprodutivos. Encontramos que, quando os sítios reprodutivos são escassos, há um ligeiro aumento na competição masculina, com maiores taxas de roubo de ninhos e interações agonísticas, e um ligeiro aumento no gradiente de seleção sobre características masculinas, com machos bem sucedidos tendendo a ser maiores do que machos mal sucedidos em monopolizar recursos. A disponibilidade de sítios reprodutivos não teve nenhum efeito consistente sobre a oportunidade para a seleção sexual e o risco de competição espermática. Entretanto, machos territoriais investiram mais em gônadas e perderam menos paternidade quando os sítios reprodutivos eram escassos. Não encontramos nenhum efeito da disponibilidade de sítios reprodutivos sobre a qualidade do cuidado paternal. Em conjunto, nossos resultados indicam que as previsões sobre como a disponibilidade de sítios reprodutivos influencia diversos aspectos de sistemas de acasalamento baseados na defesa de recursos têm fraco respaldo empírico. Tais previsões não consideram a plasticidade nas táticas de acasalamento de machos e fêmeas, tornando-as demasiadamente simplistas. Adicionalmente, desde a formulação original da teoria de sistemas de acasalamento, nossa compreensão sobre competição espermática aumentou. Sabemos atualmente que previsões acuradas sobre a intensidade e direção da seleção sexual devem levar em consideração processos pré- e pós-copulatórios. Finalmente, a interconexão entre seleção sexual e cuidado parental é complexa e a teoria original de sistemas de acasalamento não provê elementos suficientes para a construção de previsões claras e de amplo escopo taxonômico

The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) was among the first defense programs to require a competitive prototyping acquisition strategy under the 19 Sep 07 USD (AT&L) policy Memorandum, Prototyping and Competition. At Milestone A, the program was directed to inform the requirements process, validate technology maturity, assess commonality of components across a family of vehicles, and assess manufacturing risks. As a result, the joint program office simultaneously executed three weapon system prototyping contracts in a continuously competitive environment while meeting cost, schedule, and performance objectives. The goal of the JAP was to describe the program management strategy used in the JLTV Technology Development (TD) phase. The resulting document is a firsthand perspective from working within the Product Manager (PM). It discusses how TD acquisition phase program objectives were addressed and several unique management solutions. The focus is an account of planning and managing three contracts from Sep 2008 until May 2010. Information from the JLTV TD phase has significantly changed the requirements for the EMD phase. In addition to informing requirements, the program leveraged the competitive environment by maintaining constant emphasis on the contractors to meet cost and schedule. The results demonstrated that competitive prototyping can work.

L'objectiu d'aquest estudi és analitzar el comportament tàctic ofensiu en l’alt rendiment d´handbol i la seva relació amb els diferents factors del rendiment en els contextos sistèmic-ecològic-competitius. Per a la seva anàlisi s'ha utilitzat la metodologia observacional, creant un instrument d'observació ad hoc (SOCTO) i un instrument de registre construït en el software LINCE, que ens ha permès l'observació i el registre de 10 criteris i 48 categories identificades com factors de rendiment rellevants en handbol. Es van analitzar els partits més importants de les competicions internacionals sènior masculines d'handbol, en un total de 38 enfrontaments de les fases finals del Campionat d'Europa, Campionat del Món i Jocs Olímpics disputats entre gener del 2011 i agost del 2012, registrant un total de 2134 possessions de pilota, definides com unitats d'observació, compostes per 3245 seqüències de comportaments tàctics ofensives. El tractament de les dades es va realitzar mitjançant el paradigma de Mixed Methods, combinant l'anàlisi estadístic descriptiu i anàlisi de T-patterns, realitzant diferents proves estadístiques de distribució percentual, chi-cuadrado y residuos ajustados con el software SPPS y Theme 6. Les conclusions evidencien les relacions entre els diferents factors de rendiment , posant de manifest l'elevada complexitat del sistema i els principis d'autoorganització no lineal de la dinàmica de joc , destacant la importància dels mitjans tàctics bàsics , com un recurs necessari per complementar la contínua utilització de mitjans tàctics complexos en alt rendiment en handbol.
El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el comportamiento táctico ofensivo en alto rendimiento en balonmano y su relación con los diferentes factores de rendimiento en contextos sistémico-ecológico-competitivos. Se ha utilizado la metodología observacional, creando un instrumento de observación ad hoc (SOCTO) y un instrumento de registro construido en el software LINCE, que permite la observación y el registro de 10 criterios y 48 categorías identificados como factores de rendimiento. Se analizaron 38 enfrentamientos de las fases finales del Campeonato de Europa, Campeonato del Mundo y Juegos Olímpicos disputados entre enero del 2011 y agosto del 2012, registrando un total de 2134 posesiones de balón, definidas como unidades de observación, compuestas por 3245 comportamientos tácticos ofensivos registrados secuencialmente. El tratamiento de los datos se realizó el paradigma de Mixed methods, combinando el análisis descriptivos y análisis de T-patterns, realizando diferentes pruebas estadísticas de distribución porcentual, chi-cuadrado y residuos ajustados con el software SPPS y Theme 6. Las conclusiones evidencian las relaciones entre los diferentes factores de rendimiento, poniendo de manifiesto la elevada complejidad del sistema y los principios de auto-organización no lineal de la dinámica de juego, destacando la importancia de los medios tácticos básicos, como un recurso necesario para complementar la continua utilización de medios tácticos complejos en alto rendimiento en balonmano.
The aims of this study are to analyze the offensive tactical behavior in high performance in handball and its relation with the different performance factors in systemic-ecological-competitive contexts. For its analysis has been used the observational methodology, creating an observation instrument ad hoc (SOCTO) and an instrument of record constructed in the software LINCE, which allows the observation and the record of 10 criteria and 48 categories identified like excellent performance factors. There analyzed the most important parties of the international competitions senior masculine of handball, in a whole of 38 clashes of the final phases of the Championship of Europe, Championship of the World and Olympic Games disputed between January, 2011 and August, 2012, registering a whole of 2134 possessions of ball, defined as units of observation, composed by 3245 offensive tactical behavior sequences. The treatment of the information was realized by the Mixed methods paradigm, combining the analysis descriptive and analysis of T-patterns, realizing different statistical tests of percentage distribution, chi-square and residues fitted with the software SPPS and Theme 6. The conclusions demonstrate the relations between the different performance factors, revealing the high complexity of the system and the beginning of not linear auto-organization of the dynamics of game, emphasizing the importance of the basic tactical means, like a necessary resource to complement the continuous use of complex tactical means in high performance in handball.

Neste trabalho são propostos: a elaboração e a validação de um modelo técnico-tático de combate no judô e para caracterização dos atletas olímpicos de 2012 em competições do circuito mundial e nos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres. Para isso, a amostra foi composta por 1.411 performances em combates olímpicos e ranqueadores de atletas participantes dos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres (sete categorias de peso no masculino e feminino). A análise foi realizada pelo programa FRAMI® observando as fases do combate (aproximação, pegada, situação ataque/defesa, luta de solo e pausa), a partir das variáveis: i) tipos de aproximação; ii) configurações de pegada; iii) execução e orientação de golpes; iv) tipo de defesa; v) caracterização da luta de solo e vi) pontuação por punições e projeções. Para verificar a correlação entre as análises repetidas inter e intra-expert foi utilizado o Coeficiente Cohen s Kappa. Os modelos de probabilidade de combinação entre fases do combate foram feitos através de Processos de Markov. Para comparar as diferenças entre resultados, categorias de peso e combatesclassificatório e olímpico, utilizou-se análise de variância, seguida de post hoc, com p < 0,05 para todas as análises. Os resultados da validação revelaram índice de concordância para análise das fases e ações do combate, respectivamente de 0,94 e 0,91, classificadas como quase perfeita para as medidas de um mesmo avaliador e 0,72 e 0,73, classificadas como forte para as comparações entre diferentes observadores. Em relação ao modelo por processos markovianos da sequência de fases dos combates, foram encontradas fortes probabilidades de combinação das fases utilizadas no modelo de combate, sem efeitos de categoria de peso, resultado e nível competitivo para o modelo de probabilidade. As comparações revelaram que categorias mais pesadas apresentam menor número de ataques e projeções, com tempos mais prolongados de pegada e combate do que as categorias mais Leves durante os Jogos Olímpicos. No feminino, as atletas do Meio-leve apresentaram maior frequência de pegada em uma das mangas, menor número de projeções e tempos maiores de combate, aproximação e pegada quando comparada às outras categorias. Em relação à diferença entre níveis, os tempos de ações no combate em pé (fase de aproximação, pegada, ataque e defesa) dos Jogos Olímpicos foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao circuito internacional. Por sua vez, os dados demonstram que atletas vitoriosos realizam maior número de ataques e projeções com técnicas de Alavanca Braço e Pé e defesas em esquivas para esquerda e para direita. Lutadores de categorias mais Leves demonstraram maior frequência de ataques com Alavanca Váriavel na Altura da Cintura e do Maléolo em comparação com a categoria Pesado. Ademais, a quantidade de punições aumentou significativamente conforme a categoria e o nível competitivo o que refletiu em diferenças entre ganhadores e perdedores, ou seja, atletas vitoriosos conquistaram maior número de pontos por punição que atletas com derrotas, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres
This work proposed developing and validating a technical-tactical model for judo combat, characterizing Olympic athletes in the 2012 international circuit and London Olympic Games. For this purpose, the sample was composed of 1.411 combat performances in the ranking system World Championships and London Olympic Games participants (seven weight categories, male and female). The analysis was performed with the aid of FRAMI-software® observing the combat phases (approximation, gripping, attack/defense situation, groundwork combat and pause), based on the following variables: i) types of approach, ii) gripping configurations, iii) execution and orientation of attacks iv) type of defense v) characterization of groundwork combat and vi) score by punishments and projections. In order to verify the correlation between inter-and intra-expert analyses, the Cohen\'s Kappa coefficient was used. The probability models for combinations between combat phases were made using Markov Processes. In order to compare differences in the results, weight categories and qualifying and Olympic combats, variance analysis was used, followed by a post hoc, p <0.05 for all analyses. The validation results showed concordance indexes for analysis of the phases and actions of combat of 0.94 and 0.91 respectively, classified as \"almost perfect\" for intra-expert measures, and 0.72 and 0.73, classified as \"strong\", for comparisons between different observers. Regarding the Markov processes model, a strong probability was observed between sequential phases, without effects between weight category, results and competitive Level. The comparisons revealed that heavier categories have fewer attacks and projections than others, with longer combat and gripping times than lighter weight classes during the Olympics. In females, the Middleweight mean division had a higher frequency of sleeve gripping type, fewer projections and longer combat, approach and gripping times than other categories. Regarding the difference between championship Levels, stand combat time (approach, gripping, attack and defense) in Olympics were significantly higher when compared to the international circuit. In turn, the data show that victorious athletes perform more attacks and projections with Arm and Leg Lever and defenses with left and right escapes. Athletes in the lighter weight classes showed higher frequency of attacks, which were classified as Variable Waist Lever and Variable Malleolus Lever compared with the Heavy category. Moreover, the amount of punishment increased significantly according to the category and competitive Level, which resulted in differences between winners and losers; i.e., victorious athletes won most scores by punishing athletes in male and female combats

The history of association soccer dates back to the 1800's, and all indications are that prospects for the female athlete was scarce in all sports. The researcher has arranged an environment where young females can train with males in a soccer setting that has all the necessary elements for the athletes to learn, improve and compete with their own gender as well as opposite gender. The female group has been noticeable underachievers in this sport and is not aware of their potential. The research methodology is ethnographic in nature and study could easily be related to a traditional way to learn and develop in this sport. The method stresses the importance of reproducing procedures that were taught to the researcher. The employment of this method was to provide motivation and additional teaching resources to assist and enhance development of the research participant's potential. This was an ethnographic endeavor that accumulated several sources of data on 13 elite male and female athletes. Based on the data collected interpretations were made regarding their perceptions of the opposite gender. Ethnography was combined with descriptive statistics and employed to elicit and compile the data in the soccer specific testing components and the interviews. Merging techniques of observation (participant observation), field notes, video analysis, individual and group interviews were the sources of rich information for the researcher. This was a practical approach to bring out or discover any overt or covert trends, and to determine what possible barriers to learning would limit and reduce participation in the sport of soccer. The theoretical nature of the research, formal sociology is very much related to observational methods, choosing to gather data in a controlled and organized approach. The researcher's decision to tape the interview process and his preference to videotape events would thereby collect a complete and accurate account of the training progression subject matter. The results in the soccer specific testing indicated that the males were generally faster on sprint runs and had more endurance on the distance runs. However, a few of the females did better some of the males' scores in the aerobic and anaerobic events. The technical and tactical data indicated a slight improvement for the females when comparing pre and posttest results. Once more, the males were more advanced than the females. The psychological data showed the females progressed on the posttest scores. However, there was no overall male domination on the 20 categories. There are different areas on the inventory where females scored higher and other areas where the males would top the females. The interviews provided some enlightening information that confirmed aspects of male domination exist in sport and the feminist's role in sport as bringing attention to many gender issues, the positive and negative aspects of education and sport, the goals and motivation to participate in sport. Finally, the contrasting viewpoints between the American adolescent in this study and the English adolescent in Flintoff's (1993) dissertation and Flintoff and Scraton's (2001) study on physical education and gender issues. The most important finding was that learning had occurred in the training milieu. Learning was accomplished through the males' ability to facilitate the dynamics of attention and discipline required throughout the training sessions that were offered. The soccer specific test results indicated a much more motivated female group and the females' spring season was very successful; the team went undefeated in all competitions. The males in the study began to shed the superior attitude to one of more respect and tolerance of their female counterparts. The female differs emotionally from the male as the interview data illustrated and the co-education environment was both positive and productive, but there are limits to the inclusion of the female gender in the male training sessions. More planning would be necessary to assure that both groups develop. The study not only provided training and testing, but also made the participants more aware of many gender issues and how the research attempted to bridge the gap in sport between the sexes. If adopted, the psychological data could mean major benefits for the player who wants to know exactly what their strengths and weaknesses are; and when actions of strength are required and the capacity to work on weaknesses.
Ph.D.
Curriculum and Instruction
Education
Curriculum and Instruction

Byly provedeny dva empirické výzkumy: kvalitativní a kvantitativní. Výsledkem kvalitativního výzkumu jako pilotní studie bylo porozumění současné situaci a vytvoření koncepčního rámce rodinného podnikání v odvětví vína v České republice s ohledem na výsledky výzkumu literatury. V důsledku kvantitativního výzkumu byly navíc zkoumány vztahy mezi hlavními konkurenčními taktiky a výkonnosti rodinného podniku, a to s ohledem na generační fázi rodinných firem. Otevřené kódování bylo použito v prvním výzkumu. Použití testu Mann-Whitney U umožnilo určit významný rozdíl mezi využitím konkurenční taktiky vybranými rodinnými firmami s ohledem na generační fázi. Aplikací korelační a regresní analýzy výzkum pomohli zjistit vztahy mezi konkurenčními taktiky a výkonnosti rodinného podnikání obecně a taky vzhledem ke generační fáze vybraných vinařských rodinných firem v České republice.

Представлено особливості змагальної діяльності юних футболістів різного ігрового амплуа під час ігрового матчу. Змагальна діяльність юних футболістів характеризується неухильним зростанням індивідуальної та командної техніко-тактичної майстерності, значне місце займає швидкість пересувань як одного гравця, так і команди в цілому, швидкість дій з м’ячем. Виконання цих операцій неможливе без наявності у гравців оптимальних фізичних кондицій та більшою мірою функціональної підготовленості.
Представленые особенности соревновательной деятельности юных футболистов разного игрового амплуа во время игрового матча. Соревновательная деятельность юных футболистов характеризуется неуклонным ростом индивидуального и командного технико-тактического мастерства, значительное место занимает скорость передвижений как одного игрока, так и команды в целом, скорость действий с мячом. Выполнение этих операций невозможно без наличия у игроков оптимальных физических кондиций и в большей степени функциональной подготовленности.
The peculiarities of the competitive activity of young football players of different playing roles during a game match are presented. Competitive activity of young football players is characterized by steady growth of individual and team technical and tactical skills, significant place is occupied by the speed of movement of both one player and the team as a whole, the speed of action with the ball. It is impossible to perform these operations without the players having optimal physical conditions and a greater degree of functional fitness.

Nous présentons un modèle de recherche qui permet d'étudier de nombreuses complexités desstratégies de lancement de nouveaux produits, de tester de façon empirique les relationshypothétiques entre les décisions de lancement, de diffuser des connaissances sur les façonsdont les managers ont tendance à élaborer diverses options de décision de lancement enstratégies de lancement génériques, et de lier le succès de nouveaux produits aux stratégiesgénériques des managers. Les données de cette recherche ont été recueillies d'octobre 2010 àjanvier 2011 au sein de l'industrie pharmaceutique iranienne. La taille de l'échantillon est de500 projets de nouveaux produits. Les répondants doivent avoir une expérience de lancementd'au moins cinq nouveaux produits, depuis janvier 2007, pour pouvoir répondre à cette étude.Nous avons demandé aux managers du marketing de sélectionner des projets de nouveauxproduits introduits après janvier 2007 par leurs entreprises, définis par celles-ci commeclairement commerciaux, et de répondre à cette enquête en fonction de l'introduction de ceproduit. Ainsi, plusieurs décisions prises par les managers lors du lancement de nouveauxproduits impliquent des choix d'options de lancement cohérents avec les choix de lancementdéjà effectués. Sur la base des données, nous identifions également trois stratégies delancement génériques, en fonction desquelles la réussite du nouveau produit eststatistiquement variable. Bien que l'ensemble de décisions, que comprend chaque stratégie, estseulement une petite portion de l'ensemble étudié, nous constatons que ces ensembles dedécisions sont associés à divers niveaux de succès. Nous étudions également les effets desréactions compétitives sur la structure de stratégie de lancement et la réussite du nouveauproduit
We present a research model that allows the investigation of many of the complexities of newproduct launch strategies, empirically test for hypothesized relationships among launchdecisions, spread knowledge on the ways in which managers tend to build choices amonglaunch decision options into generic launch strategies and link new product success tomanagers' generic strategies. The data for this research was collected from October 2010 toJanuary 2011 in Iranian pharmaceutical industry. Sample size is 500 new product projects.XIThe respondents should have experience on launching at least five or more new product sinceJanuary 2007 in order to be qualified to answer this study. We asked marketing managers toselect new product projects introduced after January 2007 by their firms, defined by the firmsas a clear commercial and answer this survey based on the case of that product introduction.Thus, several decisions managers make in the new product launch require choosing launchdecision options consistent with already made launch choices. From the data, we also identifythree generic launch strategies across which new product success statistically varies. Althoughthe set of decisions, which comprises each strategy, is only a smaller portion of the full setinvestigated, we find that these decision sets are associated with different levels of success.We also study effects of competitive reactions on launch strategy structure and new productsuccess

碩士
朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系
106
The present research aims at developing the micro application for tactical strategies analyses for table tennis competitions. Integrating real time analyses, feedbacks from contestants’ strengths and weaknesses of players, tactical strategies, and contest outcomes, critical factors are categorized to help coaches and contestants to better understand themselves for winning odds. Participants are senior high school contestants that joined the top 8 in 2017 national wide high school competition men’s group. Results are as follows: 1.The table tennis application developed by the present research offers practical uses, providing references in competition on users’ interface and practical uses on managers’ interface. 2. Senior high school contestants score most with forehand spins, followed by serving and backhand spins. The three techniques take 60% in total. For all ball placements, the right back shows the most missing points, with overall point-losing rate slightly higher than point-winning rate. 3.The forehand and ball serving are moderately correlated. The contest can be predicted with right back, center back, left front and left back ball placements, driving, smashing, serving, and defense techniques. The table tennis tactical strategies micro application developed by the present research has shown practical uses. Future suggestions are presented for contestants and coaches for training planning on direction, ball placements, and techniques.

Darwin identified sexual selection as an important evolutionary process resulting from differences among males in their ability to secure mates. In the latter half of the 20th century, it became apparent that females often mate with multiple partners within the same reproductive cycle, leading to the overlap of ejaculates from multiple males and sperm competition for the fertilization of the eggs. Here, I examine how sperm competition has influenced the evolution of Xiphophorus nigrensis, an internally fertilized, livebearing fish with alternative male mating tactics that are dependent upon male size. I find that variation in male tactic is correlated with variation in traits relevant to sperm competition: small males that sneak copulations produce ejaculates with a greater proportion of fertilization-capable sperm (sperm viability) and sperm that is longer-lived following activation compared to large males that court females. Sperm morphology is also divergent between tactics and correlated with sperm performance: smaller males have larger midpieces and midpiece size is positively correlated with sperm velocity and longevity. Social environment also affects ejaculate quality, with sperm velocity rapidly increasing when a small male is exposed to another small male compared to when he is exposed to a large male. Large male ejaculates were invariant across social environments. Next, I demonstrate experimentally that the observed variation in sperm quality has important consequences for the outcome of sperm competition. Males with superior sperm viability sire more offspring, while sperm velocity is negatively associated with sperm competitive ability when sperm are stored within the female prior to fertilization. Finally, I show that sperm competition is likely to have important effects on male reproductive success in the wild by characterizing the genetic mating system of X. nigrensis. I find that 61% of females collected from the Nacimiento Río Choy produce offspring sired by 2-4 males. Paternity is strongly skewed among sires, with an average of 70% of offspring sired by one of the males represented in the brood. These studies illustrate sperm competition can have potent effects on the evolution of animals.
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Title: Analysis of techniques in wild water kayaking during competitions in wild water slalom Objectives: 1. To analyze race runs of the best world kayakers in top competitions in wild water slalom in frequency of use of individual types of strokes and technics of passing through upstream and downstream gates 2. Determine the percentage of using forwards and driving strokes in competition runs of best world kayakers Methods: Observationally descriptive study based on organized, non-behavioral observation of a targeted sample of the population of athletes, specifically a group of top kayakers. Sequence video analysis in the Darthfish computer program, based on the recording of predefined technical elements that appear in the competition runs of the best world kayakers. The observation was done by one professional expert by intra-observating method. The data was processed in the Microsoft Excel computer program using basic statistics. The individual outputs were described in details. Results: Top world kayakers are mostly using sweep technique when passing through the upstream gates in competitions There is a high share of forwards strokes against driving strokes in competition runs of top world kayakers Key words: wild water slalom, technique, tactics, competition, passing gates, video analysis

Orientação: Luís Fernandes Monteiro
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para o Relatório Final de Estágio, do mestrado do curso de Futebol da formação à Alta Competição, da Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e tecnologias. O estágio foi efetuado na equipa de Juvenis de Sub17 do Clube de Futebol “os Belenenses”, que integraram o campeonato nacional de Juvenis. Este relatório considera o estudo de todos processos desenvolvidos na equipa ao longo do ano: Processo de treino e de jogo, Modelo de jogo, Observação e Análise. O trabalho consistiu na análise do tipo de periodização utilizada na base de todo o processo, e qual a importância da mesma para os treinadores de Juvenis em Portugal. A época foi composta por 34 microciclos, e 116 unidades de treino, 17 delas no período pré-competitivo, e 99 no período competitivo. Dos 2940 min passados no período pré-competitivo, 1505 min foram passados no treino de campo, 720 min em jogos preparatórios, 405 min no ginásio, 220 min no aquecimento competitivo, e 90 min no primeiro jogo oficial. Por sua vez, no período competitivo, foram passados 8935 min em treino de campo, 2070 min em jogos oficiais, 1935 min no ginásio, 625 min em aquecimento competitivo, e 180 min em jogos preparatórios. No total, verificaram-se 16690 min de atividades. Dos 25 jogos do Campeonato Nacional, equipa obteve 15 vitórias, 6 empates e 4 derrotas, terminando com um registo total de 58 golos marcados e 24 sofridos. A maior parte do volume de treino foi passada em métodos específicos meso, com 35% do volume pré-competitivo, e 33% no período competitivo. O regime mais utilizado foi o de força no período pré-competitivo, onde predominam os métodos específicos meso e micro; e o regime de resistência no período competitivo, onde predominam os métodos específicos macro. Dentro de cada unidade de treino, a parte prevalente foi a principal, ocupando cerca de 70% do tempo, onde a predominância foi de exercícios meso no período pré-competitivo, e macro no período competitivo. A equipa terminou a 1ª fase do campeonato nacional em 2º lugar, e a segunda fase em 3º lugar, com qualificação direta para a 3ª fase, que era o principal objetivo da época. No entanto, esta não se realizou, e todo o trabalho foi parado abruptamente, devido à pandemia COVID-19. Para além da análise extensiva dos processos desta equipa, este trabalho também inclui os resultados de um questionário realizado a 175 treinadores de juvenis, de forma a perceber quais as maiores tendências nas metodologias. Nesse estudo, verificou-se que mais de 50% dos treinadores de Juvenis utilizam a periodização tática como metodologia predileta.
This work was developed for the Final Internship Report of the Masters of Football course “Training to High Competition”, from Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies. The internship was carried out in the U17 youth team of the Clube Futebol“Os Belenenses”, who were part of the national youth championship. The report includes a study of all the processes developed by the team throughout the year: Training and Game process, Game Model, Observation and Analysis. This work consists in the deep analysis of the type of periodization used in the whole process and the importance of these methods for youth coaches in Portugal. The season consisted of 34 micro-cycles and 116 training units, 17 of them in the pre-competitive period and 99 in the competitive period. Of the 2940 minutes spent in the pre-competitive period, 1505 min were spent on field training, 720 min in preparatory games, 405 min in the gym, 220 in competitive warm-up and 90 min on the first official match. On the other hand, on the competitive period there were 8395 minutes spent on field training, 2070 min on official matches, 1935 min in the gym. 625 min in competitive warm-up and 180 min on preparatory games. In total, the team had 16.690 min spent in activities throughout the season. The team played 25 matches on the Youth National Championship 2019/2020 and had 15 wins, 6 draws and 4 losses, ending with a total record of 58 goals scored and 24 conceded. Most of the training volume was spend on specific meso methods, with 35% of the volume focused on pre-competitive and 33% on the competitive period. The most used regimes were Strength in the pre-competitive period, where the specific meso and micro methods predominate, and Resistance in the competitive period where specific macro methods predominate. Within each training unit, the prevalent part was the main one occupying around 70% of the time, with the predominance of meso exercises in the pre-competitive period and macro exercises in the competitive period. The team finished the first phase of the championship in 2nd place and the second phase in 3rd place, with direct qualification for the third phase, which was the primary objective for this season. But, due to Covid19, the 3rd phase was cancelled and all the work was stopped abruptly. In addition to the study of the processes of this team, this report also includes the results of a survey carried out to 175 youth coaches in order to understand the major trends in methodologies. The results showed that more than 50% of the youth coaches use tactical periodization as their favourite methodology.

The prevailing view regarding the fitness, evolution and maintenance of male coho mating strategies has been based on pieces of data from different salmon species. Since there is no reason to suppose that all salmon species are the same, there is a need for a quantitative description of male coho salmon breeding behavior. The focus of this thesis is to provide a detailed ethological study of male coho spawning behavior with the objective of quantifying 1) patterns of movements, and 2) interactions among males of different reproductive tactics(alpha, satellite, jack), and breeding groups. Because models that address the evolution and maintanence of reproductive strategies require estimates of tactic fitness for comparison, a secondary objective was to use the quantitative data collected to speculate about costs of reproduction for alternative reproductive tactics. In total, 43 male coho were captured and radio tagged during the 1992 and 1993 spawning escapements in Kanaka Creek. Dominant hooknose males moved within a restricted stream segment (mean daily distance (m) moved 86.33 SE 12.55) accessing the females within the segment. Satellite hooknose males moved both frequently and extensively (mean daily distance (m) moved 661.94 SE 200.13), often entering different waterways during their breeding lifespan. Jack males were found to reside in a small segment of stream throughout their breeding lifespan (mean daily distance (m) moved 46.3 SE 40.3) and made use of a variety of refuges, including the nest itself, from which to 'sneak' fertilizations. Sixty-two breeding groups were identified, each having a anywhere from one to five male group members. Rates of aggressive interactions (mean interactions per 10 minutes) were found to differ significantly among males adopting different reproductive tactics (P < 0.001). Alpha males had the highest rate of aggressive interactions (15.2 SE 2.9 ) compared to alternative male behaviors (first satellite 4.7 SE 0.9, second satellite 5.7 SE 1.3, and jack 2.4 SE 0.9). Aggression levels were found to differ significantly among mating groups ( 0.01 > P > 0.025). Intermediate size groups had the lowest aggression level, 11.57 SE 3.81 int/10 min (2 males) and 13.49 SE 3.87 int/10 min (3 males). The highest level of competitive interactions occurred when only one male and one female were present (29.05 SE 12.50 int/10 min). Pairs of combatants explained the increasing rate of aggression with group size for groups containing more than one reproductive tactic (2 to 5 males)(0.75