Дисертації з теми "Tablet with pen"

User input has taken many forms since the conception of computers. In the past ten years, Tablet PCs have provided a natural writing experience for users with the advent of active pen input. Unfortunately, pen based input has yet to be adopted as an input method by any modern mobile operating system. This thesis investigates the addition of active pen based input to the Android mobile operating system. The Android input framework was evaluated and modified to allow for active pen input events. Since active pens allow for their position to be detected without making contact with the screen, an on-screen pointer was implemented to provide a digital representation of the pen's position. Extensions to the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) were made to expose the additional functionality provided by active pen input to developers. Pen capable hardware was used to test the Android framework and SDK additions and show that active pen input is a viable input method for Android powered devices. Android was chosen because it is open source and therefore available to modify and test on physical hardware. Gingerbread (Android 2.3) was used as the code base for this thesis. All modifications to the Android framework that are detailed in this thesis will be made available online. The goal of this thesis is to explore methods of integrating and exposing active pen input in Android and encourage the implementation and adoption of active pen input by Google as a standard input method in Android.

The human mind is a churning engine, processing all forms of sensory input. Information that reaches these senses is powerful, facilitating and deepening understanding. Animations access sight. They provide a rich visual model that portrays not only information about the system graphically, but they also present information about the relationships and interactions in that model over time. However, the complexity of today's software for constructing animations limits their use and isolates animations to a small set of scenarios. One such eliminated scenario is being able to create and manipulate animations in real time, while a conversation takes place. The human mind comprehends from manipulation, trial, and error. Animations are productions. Instructors cannot manipulate and recreate animations within the time constraints of a classroom. Developers cannot recreate animations within the time constraints of a meeting. This thesis explores the engineering of a modeling environment prototype for creating animated models. By building an environment designed to leverage the capabilities of Microsoft's Tablet PC operating system, this thesis contributes a new approach to creating animations and visualizations. This prototype demonstrates a pen-based user interface that decreases the time and effort required to create an animation by enabling users to create an animation by simply drawing a model and animating it. The Tablet PC hardware and software provide developers with the capabilities necessary to create software that works as naturally as the pen and paper. With the Tablet PC's Ink technology, users can draw models and simply draw the paths where the objects in that model should follow. This thesis explores the design of the environment, the research prototype named Model Pad, and explores its importance, its contribution, and its unique design based on the capabilities of the Tablet PC. As mobile computers become increasingly central to the workplace, the ability to create animations quickly and easily while talking with others, while presenting in front of an audience or a class, or while working with a team of engineers allows animation to become a natural part of the way we visually communicate information. The Model Pad environment is merely a first step in the direction of creating fully pen-based modeling and animation tools. The concepts it builds form the foundation of understanding how to express animations that are more complex. This thesis and the Model Pad environment provide the initial framework for building pen-based animation tools on the Tablet PC, allowing simple models to be expressed in methods as simple as using a pen and paper. This solution enables people to construct simple models in real time, enabling a rebirth of the power of animation for education and engineering design.
Master of Science
The human mind is a churning engine, processing all forms of sensory input. Information that reaches these senses is powerful, facilitating and deepening understanding. Animations access sight. They provide a rich visual model that portrays not only information about the system graphically, but they also present information about the relationships and interactions in that model over time. However, today’s software tools for constructing animations are complex, unnatural and limiting to for Students, Instructors, and Developers. This thesis explores the engineering of a modeling environment prototype for creating animated models with a natural form of input, a pen. By building an environment designed to leverage the capabilities of Microsoft’s Tablet PC, a personal computer designed with a built-in interactive screen that enables users to draw on the screen to interact with it directly, this thesis contributes a new approach to creating animations and visualizations. This prototype demonstrates a pen-based user interface that decreases the time and effort required to create an animation by enabling users to create an animation by merely drawing a model and animating it. The Tablet PC hardware and software provide developers with the capabilities necessary to develop software that works as naturally as the pen and paper. With the Tablet PC’s Ink technology, users can draw models and merely draw the paths where the objects in that model should follow. This thesis explores the design of the environment, the research prototype named Model Pad, and explores its importance, its contribution, and its unique design based on the capabilities of the Tablet PC. As mobile computers become increasingly central to the workplace, the ability to create animations quickly and efficiently while talking with others, while presenting in front of an audience or a class, or while working with a team of engineers allows the animation to become a natural part of the way we visually communicate information. The Model Pad environment is merely a first step in the direction of creating fully pen-based modeling and animation tools. The concepts it builds form the foundation of understanding how to express animations that are more complex. This thesis and the Model Pad environment provide the interaction primitives for building penbased animation tools on the Tablet PC, allowing simple models to be expressed in methods as simple as using a pen and paper. This solution enables people to construct simple models in real time, enabling a rebirth of the power of animation for education and engineering design.

El objetivo del presente documento es presentar las generalidades del proyecto de tesis para optar por el título de Ingeniero Informático, teniendo como tema el análisis, diseño e implementación de un software para el apoyo del dictado de clases simulando el uso de una pizarra cuyos datos de entrada se obtendrán mediante un dispositivo electrónico Pen Tablet.
Tesis

Des études ont montré que la présence d'illustrations dans des documents multimédias n'amélioraient pas toujours l'apprentissage car elles peuvent faire l'objet d'un traitement superficiel. Demander aux apprenants de générer des schémas pourrait les engager dans un traitement plus actif du document. Toutefois, les effets de la génération de schémas apparaissent mitigés et dépendent du niveau de support fourni pendant l'activité. Pour mieux comprendre les conditions d'efficacité de cette activité sur l'apprentissage de collégiens, deux démarches complémentaires ont été adoptées. Dans un premier temps, une démarche de co-conception d'une application de génération de schémas sur tablette a été mise en place. La seconde démarche était basée sur une méthode expérimentale et avait pour objectif d'étudier les effets de la génération de schémas sur l'apprentissage de notions scientifiques chez des élèves de cinquième. Deux premières études ont testé les effets de la génération de schémas et de sa facilitation par des guidages (fournir aux élèves une illustration pendant l'activité générative ou mettre en saillance les éléments à générer). Les résultats n'ont pas mis en évidence d'effets bénéfiques de la génération de schémas sur l'apprentissage, qu'elle soit guidée ou non. La troisième étude visait à examiner les effets d'un travail collaboratif entre élèves lors de la génération de schémas, et montre qu'il n'a pas amélioré leur apprentissage par rapport à un travail individuel. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'il faut étudier d'autres types de supports de la génération de schémas pour améliorer l'apprentissage des élèves
Studies have shown that the presence of illustrations in multimedia documents does not always improve learning because they can be processed superficially. Learner-generated drawing could engage them in more active processing of the document. However, the effects of learner-generated drawing appear to be mixed and depend on the level of support provided during the activity. To better understand the effectiveness conditions of this activity on learning of secondary school students, two complementary approaches were adopted. The first approach was to co-design a learner-generated drawing application on tablet. The second approach was based on an experimental method and aimed to study the effects of learner-generated drawing on scientific concepts learning in fifth grade students. Two studies tested the effects of learner-generated drawing and of its facilitation through guidance (providing students with an illustration during the generative activity or highlighting the elements to be generated). They did not demonstrate any beneficial effects of the activity on learning, whether guided or not. The third study examined the effects of students working collaboratively in learner-generated drawing, and found that it did not improve their learning compared to working individually. These results suggest that other types of support for learner-generated drawing need to be investigated to obtain real benefits of this activity on students'learning

Class of 2007 Abstract
Objectives: The purpose/objective of this study is to determine the effects of heat exposure, on the levels of active ingredient in three selected medications with narrow therapeutic indices: levothyroxine, epinephrine, and timolol. Methods: In order to complete the study, a variety of methods were carried out to simulate the desired and appropriate environmental conditions. The drug selection was based on the medications pharmacokinetic properties. Levothyroxine was considered ideal to include in the study due to the medication's short shelf life and narrow therapeutic window. Epinephrine was selected since it is a life-saving medication, which has been reported to degrade to a significant extent under extreme heat. Timolol was chosen since its liquid formulation can be unstable when exposed to extreme heat. Epi- Pen ®, levothyroxine 150 mcg, and timolol 0.5% were mailed from Phoenix on 7/12/06, via FedEx in order to simulate the mail order prescription delivery process. Alternatively, other samples of the medications were also placed at room temperature and a variety of heat and humidity conditions. The temperature and relative humidity profiles for the mail order drugs were monitored by a temperature and RH device. Three different assessments were made for each drug. Within each assessment, three analyses were conducted on that same sample. For the timolol drops, each 5ml (??)bottle was assayed three times in addition to baseline measurements. Likewise, the levothyroxine tablets and epinephrine injections each were analyzed three times from the same sample, from three different lots. In addition, we also examined the degredation of these three drugs when subjected to constant temperature exposure of 37, 45, 45 with RH, and 55 degrees Celsius in a lab oven. Samples were collected after 1-. 4-, and 7-days of heat exposure in both the mail box and the oven; 7/14/06, 7/17/06, and 7/20/06, respectively. Each medication was analyzed by its respective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The amount of drug taken for each sample was 0.5mL of epinephrine, 10 tablets of levothyroxine, and 0.5mL of timolol were used in the preparation for HPLC analysis. Results: The temperature and RH profile were recorded and graphed. The temperature measured in the mail box ranged from ~75 degreees Fahrenheit to ~140 degrees Fahrenheit. Based on the extrapolation to the baseline, the amount of drug measured on days 1, 4, and 7 were the following: 1) Levothyroxine: 123.66 mcg, 118.61mcg, and 119.3 mcg, respectively; 2) EpiPen: 1121.48 mcg/ml, 1215.52 mcg/ml, and 1167.22 mcg/ml, respectively; 3) timolol: 6766.30 mcg/ml, 6659.52 mcg/ml, and 6508.48 mcg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: The medications studied were exposed to temperatures above the manufacturer’s recommended storage conditions for the majority of the time. Despite being out of opitmal conditions, the results indicated that all three drugs did not have significant degradation.

This thesis provides insights into how technology can be and is used as child-centric learning tools within primary school classrooms. The conducted studies look closely at how tablet technology is integrated into the modern classroom, and considers how existing digital writing technologies could support handwriting-based learning exercises in future. This is achieved by conducting three in-the-wild studies, using different approaches, with a total of seventy-four children in school classrooms. In the first study, focus is placed on how tablets integrate into and with existing classroom practices, documenting when and how children use tablets in class. Relevant and complementary to this, the use of traditional writing tools is questioned and two further studies explore the potential and suitability of digital pens to support children's handwriting-based learning. One looks in detail at how children's handwriting is effected by different existing digital pen technologies. The other study, conducted through a creative, participatory design session, asks children to provide their opinions regarding desirable features for digital writing technology. The findings from this research classify and exemplify the role of tablets in the classroom, and explore potential design directions of digital writing tools which could be used by children in the future. This work may be useful and of interest to others who conduct research with children within the fields of Human Computer Interaction, Child Computer Interaction or education.

L'obiettivo di questa Tesi di laurea è di creare un applicativo che informi gli utenti sulle reti circostanti, in particolare sulla qualità del segnale, sulle zone in cui la rete mobile è carente e sui punti d'accesso aperti. Per l'implementazione del servizio, è stato adottato un modello di business, il Crowdsourcing, per raccogliere informazioni sui sistemi di connessione, affinché qualsiasi utente dotato di Smartphone possa aggiungere elementi al dataset.

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Atualmente, as tecnologias digitais, notadamente as tecnologias móveis, fazem parte mais intensamente do cotidiano das pessoas. Atentos a expansão dessas tecnologias na sociedade, os gestores educacionais brasileiros têm buscado sua inserção nas escolas públicas do País, desenvolvendo políticas e programas específicos para este fim. No entanto, os dispositivos móveis disponibilizados pelos projetos de governo possuem características técnicas e conceituais específicas distintas de outros equipamentos disponíveis no mercado, e possuem algumas limitações de uso, comprometendo o desenvolvimento de certas práticas. Nesse contexto, configura-se como problema de pesquisa: quais as concepções de educação presentes nos programas de inserção das tecnologias digitais na educação que determinaram as características técnicas e conceituais dos dispositivos móveis disponibilizados para as escolas públicas? Seriam necessárias características específicas, como as encontradas nos citados dispositivos, tanto de hardware quanto de software, para que estes fossem destinados às escolas? A pesquisa apoiou-se nas abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, envolvendo a análise das características técnicas e conceituais dos dispositivos móveis que fizeram parte da fase Piloto do Projeto Um Computador por Aluno (UCA) e dos Programas Proinfo Integrado e PROUCA, além do estudo de políticas públicas e programas federais de inserção das tecnologias digitais nas escolas, com foco na compreensão de alguns dos principais documentos que serviram de base para a implementação dos programas e projeto citados. Dentre as constatações, destaca-se que o baixo custo foi fortemente determinante para a caracterização dos dispositivos, prevalecendo sobre outros aspectos, como desempenho, ergonomia, usabilidade e durabilidade, o que denota a necessidade de maior atenção quanto a relação custo-benefício quando da especificação dos equipamentos para as escolas públicas, com o intuito de buscar pela proposta mais vantajosa à gestão pública e a Educação.
ABSTRACT Currently, digital technologies, notably mobile technologies, are part of the daily people lives. Aware of these technologies expansion in society, Brazilian educational managers have sought their insertion in the country's public schools, developing specific policies and programs for this purpose. However, the mobile devices provided by the government projects have specific technical and conceptual characteristics distinct from other equipment available in the market, and have some use limitations, compromising the development of certain practices. In this context, research problems are configured: what are education conceptions present in the insertion programs of digital technologies in education that determined the technical and conceptual characteristics of the mobile devices available to public schools? Would it be necessary to have specific features, such as those found in the hardware and software devices, for them to be used in schools? The research was based on the quantitative and qualitative approaches, involving the analysis of the technical and conceptual characteristics of the mobile devices that were part of the Pilot phase of the One Computer Per Student (UCA), Proinfo Integrado and PROUCA Programs, as well as the study of policies Public and federal programs of insertion of the digital technologies in the schools, with focus in the understanding of some of the main documents that served as base for the implementation of the mentioned programs and project. Among the findings, it should be noted that the low cost was decisive for the characterization of the devices, prevailing over other aspects, such as performance, ergonomics, usability and durability, which indicates the need for more attention regarding the cost-benefit relation when specification of the equipment for the public schools, in order to seek the most advantageous proposal for public management and Education.

The digital revolution has affected all aspects of human life, and interpreting is no exception. This study will provide an overview of the technology tools available to the interpreter, but it will focus more on simultaneous interpretation, particularly on the “simultaneous interpretation with text” method. The decision to analyse this particular method arose after a two-day experience at the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), during research for my previous Master’s dissertation. During those days, I noticed that interpreters were using "simultaneous interpretation with text" on a daily basis. Owing to the efforts and processes this method entails, this dissertation will aim at discovering whether technology can help interpreters, and if so, how. The first part of the study will describe the “simultaneous with text” approach, and how it is used at the CJEU; the data provided by a survey for professional interpreters will describe its use in other interpreting situations. The study will then describe Computer-Assisted Language Learning technologies (CALL) and technologies for interpreters. The second part of the study will focus on the interpreting booth, which represents the first application of the technology in the interpreting field, as well as on the technologies that can be used inside the booth: programs, tablets and apps. The dissertation will then analyse the programs which might best help the interpreter in "simultaneous with text" mode, before providing some proposals for further software upgrades. In order to give a practical description of the possible upgrades, the domain of “judicial cooperation in criminal matters” will be taken as an example. Finally, after a brief overview of other applications of technology in the interpreting field (i.e. videoconferencing, remote interpreting), the conclusions will summarize the results provided by the study and offer some final reflections on the teaching of interpreting.

This thesis introduces BodyScape, a body-centric framework that accounts for how users coordinate their movements within and across their own limbs in order to interact with a wide range of devices, across multiple surfaces. It introduces a graphical notation that describes interaction techniques in terms of (1) motor assemblies responsible for performing a control task (input motor assembly) or bringing the body into a position to visually perceive output (output motor assembly), and (2) the movement coordination of motor assemblies, relative to the body or fixed in the world, with respect to the interactive environment. This thesis applies BodyScape to 1) investigate the role of support in a set of novel bimanual interaction techniques for hand-held devices, 2) analyze the competing effect across multiple input movements, and 3) compare twelve pan-and-zoom techniques on a wall-sized display to determine the roles of guidance and interference on performance. Using BodyScape to characterize interaction clarifies the role of device support on the user's balance and subsequent comfort and performance. It allows designers to identify situations in which multiple body movements interfere with each other, with a corresponding decrease in performance. Finally, it highlights the trade-offs among different combinations of techniques, enabling the analysis and generation of a variety of multi-surface interaction techniques. I argue that including a body-centric perspective when defining interaction techniques is essential for addressing the combinatorial explosion of interactive devices in multi-surface environments.

En los últimos años, las redes peer-to-peer (P2P) ha experimentado una fuerte expansión. Estos sustratos se constituyen en forma de redes overlay o de recubrimiento que interconectan usuarios de manera lógica y desacoplada de la topología física, y que proporcionan un servicio descentralizado de búsqueda de recursos. Existen dos grandes familias de redes P2P descentralizadas: las redes P2P desestructuradas y las redes P2P estructuradas. Desde el punto de vista funcional, las redes estructuradas también se denominan Tablas de Hash Distribuidas (DHTs). Básicamente, las DHTs proporcionan la misma funcionalidad de las tablas de hash tradicional, esto es, la interficie estándar Put(clave, valor) y Get(clave), pero asociando los pares clave-valor con usuarios de la DHT.Debido a su excelente escalabilidad, las DHT han suscitado una gran expectación en los últimos años. Sin embargo, su adopción como herramienta generalizada de comunicación es aún lenta debido a un conjunto de inconvenientes. El primer inconveniente es que la estructura lógica de las DHTs no se corresponde con la topología física de Internet. En otras palabras, un usuario puede tener como vecinos a otros participantes que en realidad se encuentren muy alejados (en términos de latencia) de él. Para aplicaciones en que la latencia extremo-a-extremo ha de ser necesariamente baja, esta falta de correspondencia supone un gran obstáculo. Por otro lado, muchos diseños asumen que la comunicación es uniforme, mientras que en la práctica los usuarios se comunican de manera más frecuente con los usuarios que pertenecen al mismo dominio administrativo, comparten los mismos intereses etc.Para resolver estas deficiencias, tradicionalmente se ha recurrido a la organización de los usuarios en dominios jerárquicos. Ejemplos típicos de esta estrategia son el sistema DNS y los sistemas de distribución y gestión de contenido multimedia de alta calidad.El problema básico es que la mayoría de DHTs se han diseñado como estructuras llanas y por tanto, no pueden disfrutar de las ventajas de las jerarquías. En esta disertación, hemos intentado solucionar este problema de la forma siguiente:Seducidos por la escalabilidad de los diseños jerárquicos, en la primera parte de esta tesis, describimos un framework o marco de trabajo jerárquico para DHTs. El objetivo principal de este framework es proporcionar una metodología genérica para transformar una DHT cualquiera en una DHT jerárquica constituida por grupos o clusters telescópicos, esto es, clusters de clusters de ... de clusters de usuarios. La idea básica consiste en explotar, si es posible, su estructura recursiva. En caso afirmativo, la construcción jerárquica hereda la homogeneidad en carga y funcionalidad del diseño original, pero con las ventajas adicionales derivadas de una estructura jerárquica. Para ilustrar la utilidad de nuestro framework, proporcionamos la versión jerárquica de Chord y un conjunto de indicaciones para poder transformar seis DHTs de manera sencilla. Cerramos esta parte con el estudio de la mejora potencial en el rendimiento de nuestros diseños. En la segunda parte de esta tesis, respondemos a una cuestión que uno debería de tener en cuenta a fin de poder valorar objetivamente la utilidad de nuestro framework: En cuáles aspectos nuestras construcciones jerárquicas son superiores a las existentes? Para dar una respuesta satisfactoria a esta pregunta, introducimos un modelo genérico basado en costes. En general, nuestros diseños jerárquicos ofrecen un amplio abanico de posibilidades relacionadas con la explotación de un sustrato con múltiples dominios. Un ejemplo ilustrativo es la mejora del rendimiento. Si la comunicación es frecuente entre usuarios de un mismo dominio, la adaptación de los dominios a la red física permitirá reducir el tiempo de búsqueda medio del sistema. El problema básico es como organizar los usuarios en clusters de baja latencia, de manera descentralizada y escalable. Para solucionar este problema, la última parte de esta tesis introduce un nuevo algoritmo de clustering o de agrupamiento. La función de este algoritmo es organizar a los usuarios en múltiples clusters de manera que los usuarios dentro de un cluster estén mutuamente más cercanos (en términos de latencia) que los usuarios pertenecientes a clusters distintos. Para juzgar la calidad de nuestra solución, proponemos una nueva métrica denominada false clustering rate. Esta métrica mide la proporción de usuarios falsamente agrupados dentro del sistema. Por usuarios falsamente agrupados nos referimos a usuarios lejanos que han estado erróneamente agrupados dentro de un mismo cluster. Finalmente, demostramos por medio de diversos experimentos como nuestro algoritmo permite obtener mejores significativas con respecto a las técnicas existentes.

This diploma thesis describes how to create or convert traditional Java programs to desktop-like rich internet applications with the Google Web Toolkit. The Google Web Toolkit is an open source development environment, which translates Java code to browser and device independent HTML and JavaScript. Most of the GWT framework parts, including the Java to JavaScript compiler as well as important security issues of websites will be introduced. The famous Agricola board game will be implemented in the Model-View-Presenter pattern to show that complex user interfaces can be created with the Google Web Toolkit. The Google Web Toolkit framework will be compared with the JavaServer Faces one to find out which toolkit is the right one for the next web project
Diese Diplomarbeit beschreibt die Erzeugung desktopähnlicher Anwendungen mit dem Google Web Toolkit und die Umwandlung klassischer Java-Programme in diese. Das Google Web Toolkit ist eine Open-Source-Entwicklungsumgebung, die Java-Code in browserunabhängiges als auch in geräteübergreifendes HTML und JavaScript übersetzt. Vorgestellt wird der Großteil des GWT Frameworks inklusive des Java zu JavaScript-Compilers sowie wichtige Sicherheitsaspekte von Internetseiten. Um zu zeigen, dass auch komplizierte graphische Oberflächen mit dem Google Web Toolkit erzeugt werden können, wird das bekannte Brettspiel Agricola mittels Model-View-Presenter Designmuster implementiert. Zur Ermittlung der richtigen Technologie für das nächste Webprojekt findet ein Vergleich zwischen dem Google Web Toolkit und JavaServer Faces statt

The inferred mode protocol uses contextual reasoning and local mediators to eliminate the need to access specic modes to perform draw, select, move and delete operations in a sketch interface. This thesis describe an observational experiment to understand the learn- ability, user preference and frequency of use of mode inferencing in a sketch appli- cation. Novel methodology is presented to study both quantitative and long term qualitative facets of mode inferencing. The experiment demonstrated that participants instructed in the in- terface features enjoyed fluid transitions between modes. As well, interaction techniques were not self-revealing: Participants who were not instructed in interaction techniques took longer to learn about inferred mode features and were more negative about the interaction techniques. Over multiple sketching sessions, as users develop expertise with the system, they combine inferred mode techniques to speed interaction, and frequently make use of scratch space on the display to retrain themselves and to tune their behaviors. Lastly, post- task interviews outline impediments to discoverability and how performance is affected by negative perceptions around computational intelligence. The results of this work inform the design of sketch interface techniques that incorporate noncommand features.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
資訊工程系
101
The handwriting tablet is an electronic product, which is a kind of computer input device that is composed by a set of special pen and tablet. The user holds the pen to draw contents within a region of the tablet as inputs, which emulates handwriting and is a replacement of mouse inputs. Some handwriting tablets not only emulate the handwriting and mouse functions, but also detect the pen tilts and pressures. The tilt and pressure information can be applied to some drawing software which the thickness and depth of strokes can also be rendered. However, since the handwriting tablet is a precision equipment, it has some drawbacks – fragile, not easy to carry, and the weight is often heavy. Therefore, in this thesis, we have proposed a new concept – using the computer vision technology to emulate the handwriting tablet. We put a rectangular plane (which can be cardboard, corrugated paper, and so on) within the FOV of a video camera to emulate a tablet, and use a conventional pen to emulate the stylus (the pen for handwriting tablet). In this thesis, the proposed methods can be divided into three parts, which are tablet selection, pen detection and pen shadow detection. First, the user select an object in FOV as the tablet, and the system decides if the selected object meets the conditions of a tablet. After the tablet object is confirmed, the system detects a pen in the tablet region. Then detect the shadow of the pen. The tablet, pen, as well as shadow information are saved for our system. In the experiment part, several parameters are tested and analyzed for optimization. The adjustments of parameters are also discussed.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
工業設計系碩士班
94
Mouse and keyboard are the equipments of computer input devices which are commonly used. New input devices keep be developed and used on different purposes. Some professional equipment such as the pen tablet and the remote posture monitoring system are used on the professional fields, not only attaches the conveniences but also can take the place of traditional input equipments. This research is based on the study of the new trend- touching pen which is practical used in graphics and development software. Is there any advantage relating on the results of using except it is closed to handed pen drawing mode? Is there any chance to take the place of the mouse in some parts of fields? We start from valuating the tablet and the touch-screen, compare the operating of directly point selected and analogue sensory pen devices in the first experiment. Use the better time, effective performance touch-screen and the mouse to implement the drawing task in the second trial. In this research, mouse has the better performance on the operating speed of all. However the operating time of the touch-screen is shorter than the mouse after an accumulative total. It shows the sensory device expends the best part of effective drawing. There will be easier to achieve the better performance, create the brand new computer drawing environment if we can lower the price and popularity the touch-screen, and priority use in this interface when learning graphics development software. The new trend is going to humanity interactive interface. To make a thorough inquiry, equipments should suit with different sorts of tasks to achieve the better performance. The studying part of this research is the suitable fields of computer input interfaces. According to make sure the purpose of tool using and expand its advantage part, the market will grow stable for sure and not be replaced easily. Consumers can benefit the conveniences from technology as well.

碩士
國立中正大學
會計與資訊碩士在職專班
107
Active pens and tablet PCs have been developed individually for quite a long time. In recent years, the combination of both products has become the focus of product development for major tablet PC manufacturers. Among them, Apple's Apple Pencil for iPad is the product especially worth mentioning, for the number of Apple Pencil users has been greatly increasing. However, tablet PCs with active pens support are still innovative products with market potentials. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model, with network externality and innovation-related factors added as variables, this study investigated user intention of using stylus tablets. A questionnaire survey was conducted and 125 valid responses were collected for further analyses. The findings are as follows. 1. Both direct network externality and indirect network externality have positive effects on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. 2. Perceived ease of use has a positive impact on perceived usefulness. 3. Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on both attitude and intention. 4. Perceived voluntariness has a positive impact on attitude. 5. Perceived consistency has a positive effect on attitude. 6. Attitude has a positive impact on intention.

We investigate, model, and design interaction techniques for hand occlusion with direct pen input. Our focus on occlusion follows from a qualitative and quantitative study of direct pen usability with a conventional graphical user interface (GUI). This study reveals overarching problems relating to poor precision, ergonomics, cognitive differences, limited input, and problems resulting from occlusion. To investigate occlusion more closely, we conduct three formal experiments to examine its area and shape, its affect on performance, and compensatory postures. We find that the shape of the occluded area varies across participants with some common characteristics. Our results provide evidence that occlusion affects target selection performance: especially for continuous tasks or when the goal is initially hidden. We observe how users contort their wrist posture during a simultaneous monitoring task, and show this can increase task time. Based on these investigations, we develop a five parameter geometric model to represent the shape of the occluded area and extend this to a user configurable, real-time version. To evaluate our model, we introduce a novel analytic testing methodology using optimization for geometric fitting and precision-recall statistics for comparison; as well as conducting a user study. To address problems with occlusion, we introduce the notion of occlusion-aware interfaces: techniques which can use our configurable model to track currently occluded regions and then counteract potential problems and/or utilize the occluded area. As a case study, we present the Occlusion-Aware Viewer: an interaction technique which displays otherwise missed previews and status messages in a non-occluded area. Within this thesis we also present a number of methodology contributions for quantitative and qualitative study design, multi-faceted study logging using synchronized video, qualitative analysis, image-based analysis, task visualization, optimization-based analytical testing, and user interface image processing.

In many creative and technical areas, professionals make use of paper sketches for developing and expressing concepts and models. Paper offers an almost constraint free environment where they have as much freedom to express themselves as they need. However, paper does have some disadvantages, such as size and not being able to manipulate the content (other than remove it or scratch it), which can be overcome by creating systems that can offer the same freedom people have from paper but none of the disadvantages and limitations. Only in recent years has the technology become massively available that allows doing precisely that, with the development in touch‐sensitive screens that also have the ability to interact with a stylus. In this project a prototype was created with the objective of finding a set of the most useful and usable interactions, which are composed of combinations of multi‐touch and pen. The project selected Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools as its application domain, because it addresses a solid and well‐defined discipline with still sufficient room for new developments. This was the result from the area research conducted to find an application domain, which involved analyzing sketching tools from several possible areas and domains. User studies were conducted using Model Driven Inquiry (MDI) to have a better understanding of the human sketch creation activities and concepts devised. Then the prototype was implemented, through which it was possible to execute user evaluations of the interaction concepts created. Results validated most interactions, in the face of limited testing only being possible at the time. Users had more problems using the pen, however handwriting and ink recognition were very effective, and users quickly learned the manipulations and gestures from the Natural User Interface (NUI).
Universidade da Madeira

Pen and touch input on horizontal tablet devices imitate operations on paper performed with two hands, one of them holding a pen. In the physical world, a pen held on dominant hand might be used for writing and drawing on paper, while the non-preferred hand manipulates paper to support pen gestures. Modern tablets have evolved the way, so it is possible to use pen and touch simultaneously, allowing to create new tools using such combination. Graphical tablets support multiple finger inputs, but every of them is limited to its X and Y position, while the pen also allows to measure its tilt and orientation angles relatively to tablet, and its analog pressure. Past research showed that it is possible to use hand’s thumb on the side of screen to change the actions of the pen. With pen, users are able not only to draw around the screen, but also move and copy items around, zoom them in and out, set up some of their characteristics like size and value, between others. While drawing using a pen, fingers can make various transformations for richer experience on drawing tools. In this work, the openFrameworks toolkit was used and combined with other APIs that receive and process Wacom Cintiq 13HD tablet’s pen and touch data, to create a high-fidelity user interface prototype that supports graphical operations performed with pen and fingers, separated and simultaneously. Besides of single input tasks that allow to create and transform graphical operations, there were introduced new bimanual tasks that are designed to be more natural than those with keyboard and mouse. The evaluation results show that pen and touch interactions were faster for drawing a line but slower for selecting a color, when compared with mouse interactions.
Interações com tecnologias de caneta e toque em superfícies horizontais imitam operações bimanuais em papel, com uma caneta numa das mãos. No mundo físico, uma caneta pode ser usada na mão dominante para escrever e desenhar em papel, enquanto a mão não preferida manipula o papel apoiando os gestos da caneta. As tablets modernas evoluíram de modo que é possível usar caneta e toque simultaneamente, permitindo criar novas ferramentas que usam esta combinação. As tablets gráficas suportam múltiplas entradas de dedo, mas cada uma destas está limitada às suas coordenadas X e Y, enquanto a caneta permite também medir os seus ângulos de inclinação e orientação em relação ao tablet e a sua pressão analógica. Investigação anterior demostrou que é possível usar o polegar no lado do ecrã para alterar as ações da caneta. Com a caneta, os utilizadores são capazes não só de desenhar em torno do ecrã, mas também mover e copiar itens, ampliá-los e reduzi-los, configurar algumas de suas características, como tamanho e valor, entre outros. Ao desenhar usando a caneta, os dedos podem fazer várias transformações para uma experiência mais rica em ferramentas de desenho. Neste trabalho, foi utilizado a plataforma openFrameworks, combinada com outras APIs que recebem e processam os dados de caneta e toque do tablet Wacom Cintiq 13HD, para criar um protótipo de alta fidelidade que suporta operações gráficas realizadas com caneta e dedos, separados e simultaneamente . Além de tarefas de modalidade única que permitem criar e transformar operações gráficas, foram introduzidas novas tarefas bimanuais que são desenhadas para serem mais naturais do que aquelas com teclado e rato. Os resultados da avaliação mostram que as interações de caneta e toque foram mais rápidas para desenhar uma linha, mas mais lentas para selecionar uma cor, quando comparadas com as interações do rato.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
體育學系在職進修碩士班
100
The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematical variables between table tennis reverse pen-hold and the shake-hand grips backhand drive movements. Six reverse pen-hold grip and eight shake-hand grip elite table tennis players served as the participants. The players performed the backhand drives after receiving the topspin and the backspin shots from the server to hit the ball to the diagonal and the straight directions. Ten Vicon Motion Capture systems MX13+ (250Hz) were used to collect the 3D kinematics data of the participants, the kinematic parameters was calculated with the Vicon Nexus 1.4 and Visual 3D software. The data was tested by using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U at a .05 significant level and calculated by SPSS 19.0 software. The results showed: when returning backspin shots in diagonal path, the racket velocity of the shake-hand grip was greater at the contact point; the pen-hold racket took more time in the swing stage; the racket title angle of the pen-hold racket was smaller than that of the shake-hand grip. In terms of the joint angle and angular velocity, the results showed: due to the differences in elbow and wrist during swing, the pen-hold racket moved upward whereas the shake-hand grip moved forward; the hip angle of the pen-hold-racket players was less than that of the shake-hand grip players, the supination rotation angle of elbow and wrist in the shake-hand grip players was greater than that in the pen-hold-racket players at the contact point.

Opioid addiction has become a global epidemic and a national health crisis in recent years. In 2016, approximately 64,000 Americans under 50 years old were killed because of opioid overdoses. The aim of developing an abuse deterrent opioid is to render any form of manipulation that encourages abuse challenging and therefore, non-profitable. With this goal, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is extensively supporting research into the development of abuse deterrent technologies and prioritizing their production as a public health necessity. Abuse deterrent approaches include but are not limited to the following: (1) using a physical barrier (e.g., Polyethylene oxide PEO) that basically limit the release of the drugs in the blood or the digestive tract and prevent mechanical alteration of the drugs by crushing, grating, grinding, chewing etc, (2) using chemical barriers that employ gelling agents that prevent the aqueous or organic extraction of the drugs, and (3) combining the drug with an antagonist that blocks the post-abuse euphoria.

PEO is a popular polymer used as a matrix in these complex opioid products. The polymer is responsible for the abuse deterrent properties as well as extended release behavior of opioid drugs. PEO hinders the extraction of Opioid drugs from Abuse Deterrent Formulations (ADF), makes it challenging to be injected, and resists mechanical stress and pulverization when crushed. PEO can be subjected to thermal processing such as thermal curing, compression molding, melt extrusion, and injection molding owing to its thermoplasticity.

Assessment of the impact of using various manufacturing processes to develop ADFs and the effect of using various grades of this polymer is essential to improve upon the next generation of ADFs. There are three main categories of premarket studies: Category 1 – laboratory based (in-vitro manipulations and drug extractions), category 2 – pharmacokinetic and category 3 –clinical. These studies are required by the FDA to demonstrate that a given formulation exhibit abuse deterrent properties before a drug product is released to the market. In vitro laboratory based manipulation and extraction studies which are used to assess AD properties of these products are challenging, but essential for product development and generic abuse deterrent product approvals. It is important to realize that there is a great correlation between the laboratory based in vitro manipulation and extraction studies and the expectations of potential abuse and misuse of opioid drugs. The ability of these studies to mimic the manipulation techniques applied by abusers to defeat the abuse deterrent properties of a given formulation optimizes predictions on post-market abuse and misuse potential of ADFs. These studies should also correlate well with in-vivo studies since there is a direct correlation with the concentration (mg/mL in water) and the “high” obtained by an abuser.

This research aimed to conduct laboratory based in vitro manipulation and extraction studies to investigate failure modes of PEO-based prescription opioids and Promethazine Hydrochloride PMZ HCl tablets. It highlighted the formulation components and the manufacturing parameters that might affect the dose dumping of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). Furthermore, this research identified model compounds that can be used as surrogates for Oxycodone and the best experimental setup that can be used to conduct smoking simulation experiments. Moreover, it provided an overview of the societal impacts of the opioid crisis in the state of Indiana.

Investigations of the failure modes of the PEO-based prescription opioids and PMZ HCL tablets showed that physical manipulation techniques via chopping or grinding are much more effective in the destruction of the PEO matrix than thermal manipulation via the application of heat thus promoting the fast release. The factor with the most significant effect on the failure modes of PMZ HCL tablets was the application of physical manipulation, while the one with the lowest impact was the polymer grade. Moreover, producing PEO-based matrix tablets via Direct Compression DC significantly affected dose dumping behavior of the API from the drug products. The production of the PEO-based matrix tablets via DC was found to be favored over the usage of the melt extrusion method and molding techniques. It was clear that DC kept the integrity of the polymer, allowed for slow and controlled release fashion of the API, and rendered the extraction process relatively hard compared to the Hot Melt Extrusion HME and Molding techniques.

Furthermore, the release profile of the investigated PMZ HCL products consisted of various phases of polymer swelling and API release. Thermal manipulations via the application of heat were found to accelerate the dose dumping behavior (90% release) of the APIs from the compressed, extruded, and molded PEO-based matrix formulations similarly. On the other hand, heating was much more effective in the extraction of APIs than chopping or grinding thus promoting the ability to draw a solution containing the API into a syringe for injection relatively easy and facilitate higher % API recovery.

Among the formulation components that might have an impact on the AD properties of the PEO-based drug products are; the choice of the antioxidant, the use of complexing agents, chelating agents, and plasticizers. On the other hand, manufacturing process variables that might have a critical impact on AD properties of the PEO-based drug products include but are not limited to; processing temperature compared to the melting point of the polymer and time of exposure

PMZ HCl was used as a model drug for Oxycodone in dissolution and extractability studies, while Caffeine and L-Nicotine were used as model drugs in smoking simulation experiments. The combination of the propane torch and Kugelrohr apparatus mimic the real-world scenario for smoking Opioids; however, this experimental setup caused thermal degradation rather than vaporization of some model drugs.

According to the National Center for Health Statistics; a statistically significant increase in drug overdose death rates was reported in 2016 in the state of Indiana among other states. The number of deaths related to opioid pain relievers increased by 3732 folds in 2017 compared to the number of deaths in 2014. Moreover, Males were more affected by the opioid crisis than females. On the other hand, the age group 25-44 years, and white people were the most affected by the opioid crisis in Indiana.

碩士
中國文化大學
運動教練研究所
93
The study is going to research for Chiang peng-lung integrated technical performances in present stage. We hope to find the overcoming strategy by using scientific ways, and collect the integrated analysis of enemies to provide the concrete tactical strategy. The research takes Chiang peng-lung, who stood for our country to be the table tennis training player in 2004 Olympic Game, as the target. And we collect Chiang peng-lung technical and tactics with other world excellent table tennis players in international games from 2001 to 2004. Based on table tennis fundamental technical characteristic, we could divide the main techniques into serve attack phase, receive attack phase, double cutting phase, pushing phase, and mutual attack phase. We watch the video to record every kind of technique form the table tennis record sheet. We calculate overall gaining and losing scores at first, and analyze by using the gray connection analysis. The results are: (1) Chiang peng-lung integrated technical performances in present stage: the highest scores in the item of serve attack phase are backhand side drive, forehand side drive, and forehand side service. But backhand side attacked ones lose more scores in the serve attack phase technique. Backhand side drive is also the item which loses scores easily. The highest scores in the item of receive attack phase are forehand side drive, backhand side push, and backhand side double cut. But backhand side receive attacked ones lose more scores in the receive attack phase technique. In the contentious phase, backhand side pushing phase gains more scores; backhand side pushing phase and forehand side pushing phase also lose much scores. (2) By gray connection analysis, we could find the technical items which affect the score performances in present games are backhand side backhand side (X2), forehand side backhand side (X1), backhand side receive attack phase (X4), backhand side double cutting phase (X6), forehand side double cutting phase (X5), backhand side pushing phase (X8), forehand side pushing phase (X7), backhand side mutual attack phase (X10), forehand side mutual attack phase (X9), and forehand side receive attack phase (X3). So we can know the actively performance of third board’s serve attack phase affects Chiang peng-lung game results a lot. We need to enhance and keep in a planned way. Performances on forehand side serve attack phase and mutual attack phase are not good. We have to make improve to break through the choke point. (3) The gray connection analysis on excellent players in the world can help us to understand how the technical items affect the performance. It can help Chiang peng-lung to compare with games and practices. (4) From the compound review analysis of Chiang peng-lung, we can find that Chiang peng-lung scores on serve attack phase, receive attack phase and contentious phase are lower than Liu cheng-min. Chiang peng-lung performances on the main compound skills didn’t elaborate his advantages, like serve attack phase and backhand side pushing phase. Through the connection analysis, we can know the game Chiang peng-lung was good at backhand side serve attack phase, backhand side receive attack phase, backhand side pushing phase, and forehand side pushing phase when he competed with Liu cheng-min in Olympic Game. So we can find that Chiang peng-lung try to improve the drawback of forehand side mutual attack phase before Olympic Game, but he didn’t perform well on forehand side receive attack phase and backhand side double cutting phase. It could be the reason that he lost.

Yes
Despite the abundant use of polyethylene oxides (PEOs) and their integration as an excipient in numerous pharmaceutical products, there have been no previous reports of applying this important thermoplastic polymer species alone to fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing. In this work, we have investigated the manufacture of oral doses via FDM 3D printing by employing PEOs as a backbone polymer in combination with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Blends of PEO (molecular weight 100 K, 200 K, 300 K, 600 K or 900 K) with PEG 6 K (plasticiser) and a model drug (theophylline) were hot-melt extruded. The resultant filaments were used as a feed for FDM 3D printer to fabricate oral dosage forms (ODFs) with innovative designs. ODFs were designed in a radiator-like geometry with connected paralleled plates and inter-plate spacing of either 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 mm. X-ray diffraction patterns of the filaments revealed the presence of two distinctive peaks at 2θ = 7° and 12°, which can be correlated to the diffraction pattern of theophylline crystals. Blends of PEO and PEG yielded filaments of variable mechanically resistance (maximum load at break of 357, 608, 649, 882, 781 N for filament produced with PEO 100 K, 200 K, 300 K, 600 K or 900 K, respectively). Filaments of PEO at a molecular weight of 200–600 K were compatible with FDM 3D printing process. Further increase in PEO molecular weight resulted in elevated shear viscosity (>104 Pa.S) at the printing temperature and hindered material flow during FDM 3D printing process. A minimal spacing (1 mm) between parallel plates of the radiator-like design deemed essential to boost drug release from the structure. This is the first report of utilising this widely used biodegradable polymer species (PEOs and PEG) in FDM 3D printing.

MSc (Med),Dept of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand
Pain is the net effect of multidimensional mechanisms that engage most parts of the central nervous system (CNS) and the treatment of pain is one of the key challenges in clinical medicine (Le Bars et al., 2001; Miranda et al., 2008). Polypharmacy is seen as a barrier to analgesic treatment compliance, signifying the necessity for the development of fixed dose combinations (FDCs), which allow the number of tablets administered to be reduced, with no associated loss in efficacy or increase in the prevalence of side effects (Torres Morera, 2004). FDCs of analgesic drugs with differing mechanisms of nociceptive modulation offer benefits including synergistic analgesic effects, where the individual agents act in a greater than additive manner, and a reduced occurrence of side-effects (Raffa, 2001; Camu, 2002). This study aimed at producing a novel, rate-modulated, fixed-dose analgesic formulation for the treatment of mild to moderate pain. The fixed-dose combination (FDC) rationale of paracetamol (PC), tramadol hydrochloride (TM) and diclofenac potassium (DC) takes advantage of previously reported analgesic synergy of PC and TM as well as extending the analgesic paradigm with the addition of the anti-inflammatory component, DC. The study involved the development of a triple-layered tablet delivery system with the desired release characteristics of approximately 60% of the PC and TM being made available within 2 hours to provide an initial pain relief effect and then sustained zero-order release of DC over a period of 24 hours to combat the on-going effects of any underlying inflammatory conditions. The triple-layered tablet delivery system would thus provide both rapid onset of pain relief as well as potentially address an underlying inflammatory cause. The design of a novel triple-layered tablet allowed for the desired release characteristics to be attained. During initial development work on the polymeric matrix it was discovered that only when combined with the optimized ratio of the release retarding polymer polyethylene oxide (PEO) in combination with electrolytic-crosslinking activity, provided by the biopolymer sodium alginate and zinc gluconate, could the 24 hour zero-order release of DC be attained. It was also necessary for this polymeric matrix to be bordered on both sides by the cellulosic polymers containing PC and TM. Thus the application of multi-layered tableting technology in the form of a triple-layered tablet were capable of attaining the rate-modulated release objectives set out in the study. The induced barriers provided by the three layers also served to physically separate TM and DC, reducing the likelihood of the bioavailability-diminishing interaction noted in United States Patent 6,558,701 and detected in the DSC analysis performed as part of this study. The designed system provided significant flexibility in modulation of release kinetics for drugs of varying solubility. The suitability of the designed triple-layered tablet delivery system was confirmed by a Design of Experiments (DoE) statistical evaluation, which revealed that Formulation F4 related closest to the desired more immediate release for PC and TM and the zero-order kinetics for DC. The results were confirmed by comparing Formulation F4 to typical release kinetic mechanisms described by Noyes-Whitney, Higuchi, Power Law, Pappas-Sahlin and Hopfenberg. Using f1 and f2 fit factors Formulation F4 compared favourably to each of the criteria defined for these kinetic models. The Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UPLC) assay method developed displayed superior resolution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) combinations and the linearity plots produced indicated that the method was sufficiently sensitive to detect the concentrations of each API over the concentration ranges studied. The method was successfully validated and hence appropriate to simultaneously detect the three APIs as well as 4-aminophenol, the degradation product related to PC. Textural profile analysis in the form of swelling as well as matrix hardness analysis revealed that an increase in the penetration distance was associated with an increase in hydration time of the tablet and also an increase in gel layer thickness. The swelling complexities observed in the delivery system in terms of both the PEO, crosslinking sodium alginate and both cellulose polymers as well as the actuality of the three layers of the tablet swelling simultaneously suggests further intricacies involved in the release kinetics of the three drugs from this tablet configuration. Modified release dosage forms, such as the one developed in this study, have gained widespread importance in recent years and offer many advantages including flexible release kinetics and improved therapy and patient compliance.