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Zahra Pouresmaili Najafabadi, Neda Alibeigi, and Elnaz Eskandarnia. "Comparison of cognitive and emotional schema in women with and without marital satisfaction." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 1 (October 30, 2021): 056–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.12.1.0455.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives: Various factors are effective in dissatisfaction and marital conflicts. Schemas play an important role in behavior and relationships. This study examined the role of cognitive and emotional schemes in women's marital satisfaction. Methods: This study was a cross sectional research and the population consists of all married women 20-55 years old in Tehran. 100 women were selected using stratified random sampling in categories of housewives and employed and place of living and completed questionnaires. The assessment tools included The Young's early maladaptive Schema Short Form (YSQ-SF), Leahy Emotional Schemas (LESS) and Enrich Marital Satisfaction questionnaire. Women with and without marital satisfaction were separated based on t score obtained from the ENRICH questionnaire. Results: Findings showed no significant differences in demographic data for women with and without marital satisfaction (P <0.05). Results of independent t test and Mann-Whitney showed that women with and without marital satisfaction are different in all schemas except schemas of sacrifice and unrelenting standards and schemas of control, blame, comprehensibility, acceptance of feelings, consensus, validation and higher values of emotional schemas (P <0.05).The regression analysis showed Abandonment schema and unrelenting standards schema and schema of guilt and validation of emotional schemas can predict marital satisfaction (P <0.05).And schemas guilt , blame, emotional deprivation and unrelenting standards simultaneously correlated with marital satisfaction (P <0.05). Conclusion: The formation and development of cognitive and emotional schemas during life can influence various aspects of married life. So that these schemas have an important role in evaluation of emotional partner and attitude toward them.
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Yao, Jiayu, Qingqing Lin, Ziwei Zheng, Shuangyi Chen, Yuan Wang, Wenhui Jiang, and Jianyin Qiu. "Characteristics of implicit schemas in patients with major depressive disorder." General Psychiatry 35, no. 3 (June 2022): e100794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2022-100794.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundMany psychotherapy theories emphasise the importance of self-schema and other-schema, but most previous studies focused on the explicit self-schema in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the limited studies of implicit self-schema in MDD have shown inconsistencies in their findings. Furthermore, only a few studies have investigated the implicit other-schema, and the pathway illustrating how implicit schemas influence depression remains unclear.AimsThe primary aim of our study was to explore the characteristics of implicit self-schema and other-schema in patients with MDD. We also examine the chain-mediating effect of attachment relationships and interpersonal trust.MethodsThe present study included 88 patients with MDD and 88 healthy controls (HCs). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17, Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory—Revised Questionnaire, Trust Scale and the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST) were used to assess depressive symptoms, attachment relationships, interpersonal trust and implicit schemas, respectively. Paired sample t-test was used to compare the reaction time (RT) for positive and negative words within the two groups. Analysis of covariance was used to explore the difference between two groups from the perspective of implicit schemas and interpersonal patterns. The chain mediation model was verified by bootstrap.Results(1) For interpersonal patterns, patients with MDD scored significantly higher on attachment anxiety (F=82.150, p<0.001) and attachment avoidance (F=23.192, p<0.001) and scored significantly lower on the predictability (F=30.297, p<0.001), dependence (F=39.728, p<0.001) and faith (F=60.997, p<0.001) dimensions of interpersonal trust. (2) As for implicit schemas, no significant difference was found between the RT for positive self-words and negative self-words in patients with MDD (t=−1.056, p=0.294). However, the HC responded faster to positive self-words than negative self-words (t=−3.286, p=0.001). The RT for positive other-words and negative other-words were significantly different in both patients with MDD (t=2.943, p=0.004) and HCs (t=−2.482, p=0.015), with opposite directions. The EAST effect of other-schema in patients with MDD was significantly different from that in HCs (F=13.051, p<0.001). (3) For the total sample, the EAST effect of other-schema significantly correlated with attachment avoidance, interpersonal trust and depressive symptoms. Attachment avoidance and interpersonal trust were the chain mediators between the EAST effect of other-schema and depressive symptoms (95% CI: −0.090 to −0.008). However, no significant results were found for the EAST effect of other-schema when correlation and mediation analyses were performed for HCs and patients with MDD separately.ConclusionsThis study verified that patients with MDD have abnormal interpersonal patterns and negative implicit schemas. However, no mediating effect of attachment relationships and interpersonal trust was found.
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Mou, Bo. "Tarski, Quine, and “Disquotation” Schema (T)." Southern Journal of Philosophy 38, no. 1 (March 2000): 119–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2000.tb00893.x.
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Corcoran, John. "Schemata: The Concept of Schema in the History of Logic." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 12, no. 2 (June 2006): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/bsl/1146620060.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSchemata have played important roles in logic since Aristotle's Prior Analytics. The syllogistic figures and moods can be taken to be argument schemata as can the rules of the Stoic propositional logic. Sentence schemata have been used in axiomatizations of logic only since the landmark 1927 von Neumann paper [31]. Modern philosophers know the role of schemata in explications of the semantic conception of truth through Tarski's 1933 Convention T [42]. Mathematical logicians recognize the role of schemata in first-order number theory where Peano's second-order Induction Axiom is approximated by Herbrand's Induction-Axiom Schema [23]. Similarly, in first-order set theory, Zermelo's second-order Separation Axiom is approximated by Fraenkel's first-order Separation Schema [17]. In some of several closely related senses, a schema is a complex system having multiple components one of which is a template-text or scheme-template, a syntactic string composed of one or more “blanks” and also possibly significant words and/or symbols. In accordance with a side condition the template-text of a schema is used as a “template” to specify a multitude, often infinite, of linguistic expressions such as phrases, sentences, or argument-texts, called instances of the schema. The side condition is a second component. The collection of instances may but need not be regarded as a third component. The instances are almost always considered to come from a previously identified language (whether formal or natural), which is often considered to be another component. This article reviews the often-conflicting uses of the expressions ‘schema’ and ‘scheme’ in the literature of logic. It discusses the different definitions presupposed by those uses. And it examines the ontological and epistemic presuppositions circumvented or mooted by the use of schemata, as well as the ontological and epistemic presuppositions engendered by their use. In short, this paper is an introduction to the history and philosophy of schemata.
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Gauker, C. "T-schema deflationism versus Godel's first incompleteness theorem." Analysis 61, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/61.2.129.
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Cook, R. T. "The T-schema is not a logical truth." Analysis 72, no. 2 (February 22, 2012): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/ans031.
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Zalta, E. N. "The Tarski T-Schema is a tautology (literally)." Analysis 74, no. 1 (December 12, 2013): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/ant099.
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Gauker, Christopher. "T-schema deflationism versus Godel's first incompleteness theorem." Analysis 61, no. 270 (April 2001): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8284.00282.
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Rezaei, F., and N. Shams Alizadeh. "Early maladaptive schemas in methamphetamine and opioid addicts." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71804-1.
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IntroductionAccording to schema theory people have categorical rules or templates that they use to interpret the world and guide their behavior. A. T. Beck et al. (1990) and Young (1994) defined maladaptive or dysfunctional schemas as enduring, unconditional, negative beliefs about oneself, others, and the environment which organize one's experiences and subsequent behaviors. Because the early maladaptive schemas have been shown to predict psychosocial functioning and psychopathology it is reasonable to suspect that they might also impact substance abuse and substance dependence.ObjectivesExamining the 3 addict subgroups in terms of EMS factors and comparison of addict patients with control group.AimsTo determine whether there are particular schemas that may be underlying the addictive behavior.MethodsParticipants were 34 opiate dependent, 18 methamphetamine addicts, 30 subjects with heroin dependence and 48 healthy subjects as control group. Addict group had completed at least 6 months of treatment, all were in early full remission. Participants were given the Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form in order to identify EMSs.ResultsThe results suggest that there are significant differences between the addict and control groups on 8 of the 18 schemas. There was not found any significant difference between opioid and methamphetamine groups regarding mean scores of EMSs or schema domains.ConclusionPeople with schema domains of impaired performance and impaired limits may be more likely to engage in substance dependence and these findings may have implications for drug abuse prevention programs.
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Calvete, Esther, Ana Estévez, Elena López de Arroyabe, and Pilar Ruiz. "The Schema Questionnaire - Short Form." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 21, no. 2 (January 2005): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.90.
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Abstract. This research studied the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Schema Questionnaire - Short Form (SQ-SF; Young & Brown, 1994 ). The participants (407 undergraduate students) completed the SQ-SF together with the following scales to measure symptoms of affective disorders and automatic thoughts: the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Revised (ATQ-R), the Anxious Self-Statements Questionnaire (ASSQ), and the Self-Talk Inventory (STI). The confirmatory factor analyses supported the hypothesized structure of 15 first-order factors for the SQ-SF. However, the results were mixed with regard to the hierarchical arrangement of schemas. On the other hand, the results revealed several clinically relevant associations among cognitive schemas, symptoms of affective disorders (depression, anxiety, and anger) and automatic thoughts (positive thoughts, depressive thoughts, anxious thoughts, and angry thoughts).
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Stalmeisters, Dzintra, and Chris Brannigan. "A preliminary exploration into the prevalence of Early Maladaptive Schemas in a group of people with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome." Counselling Psychology Review 26, no. 1 (March 2011): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpr.2011.26.1.34.
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BackgroundResearch into Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and the impact that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is having on this disabling illness is increasing. However, although schemas have been associated with ME/CFS, research into this relationship does not appear evident.AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of schemas as described by Young, Klosko and Weishaar (2003), namely Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) in people with ME/CFS.Method40 people with ME/CFS and 40 people from a non-clinical population completed Young’s Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3).ResultsBoth mean and frequency scores were analysed. The t-test indicated that the schema social isolation was significantly prevalent in the ME/CFS population, however, few peopleexperienced this as an early maladaptive schema. Frequency scores which identified percentages at a ‘therapeutically’ significant level revealed that the schemas, Unrelenting Standards (URS) and Self-Sacrifice were dominant in both groups. URS was endorsed by 47.5per cent of the ME/CFS group and by 25 per cent of the non-clinical population. The schema Self-Sacrifice was endorsed by 27.5 per cent of the ME/CFS group and 25 per cent of the nonclinical population.ConclusionThe paper suggests that given the prevalence of the schemas URS and Self-Sacrifice itmight be beneficial to assess for these schemas with a view to working with them theraputically. Potentially the schemas may contribute to the perpetuation of ME/CFS affecting the individual’s management and experience of the illness. Additionally, because of the degree of social isolation identified in the ME/CFS group, it is suggested that delivering treatment in groups could go someway to reducing the social isolation experienced by people with this debilitating illness. However, further research in both these areas is necessary.
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BAKIRHAN, Derya Şimşekli, Kader ÇİFTÇİ, and Gönül GÖKÇAY. "ATTITUDES OF HEALTH SERVICES VOCATIONAL SCHOOL STUDENTS TOWARDS SEX EDUCATION AND EXAMINING SEXUAL SELF SCHEMES." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF SPORTS, no. 46 (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17363/sstb.2022/abcd89/.46.1.
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Aim: This study was conducted to examine the attitudes of health services vocational school students towards sexual education and their sexual self-schemas. Methods: The study, which was in descriptive relationship-seeking design, was completed with 235 students. As data collection tools, Student Information Form, Attitude towards Sex Education Scale and Sexual Self Schema Scale were used. In the evaluation of the data, number, percentage, mean and standard deviation values and t test, ANOVA and pearson correlation tests were applied in independent groups. Results: The average age of the students participating in the research is 21.09±2.09. It was determined that the participants' attitudes towards sexual education scale scores were significantly higher in students who found sexual education important. It was determined that the sexual self-schema scale and all sub-dimensions of the participants were significantly higher in those with high father education level than those with low education level. A weak positive correlation was found between the students' attitudes towards sexual education scale and their sexual self-schema scale scores. Conclusions: As a result of the research, it was determined that the students' attitudes towards sexual education were above the average, and the sexual ego sensual/provocative schema had the highest average. It was observed that students' attitudes towards sexual education were related to their sexual self-schema. Suggestions were made in line with the results.
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Peirce, Anne G. "Cognitive Appraisal of Stress Events: Measuring the Personal Schema of Childbirth." Journal of Nursing Measurement 2, no. 2 (January 1994): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.2.2.117.
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The purpose of this study was to theoretically base, develop, and test items for the Childbirth Schema Scale. The scale was designed to obtain an understanding of schema formation and revision with the known stressor of childbirth. The psychometric properties of the instrument were assessed using a sample of childbearing women, surveyed before and after birth. A principal components analysis with varimax rotation resulted in a four-factor solution supporting the theoretical factors of emotions of outcome, sensations of work, time, and preparation for control. Construct validity was assessed by hypothesis testing that women whose prebirth schemas were least like their real experience would use more review than women whose schemas were closer. A significant t test between the two groups provided some evidence of validity. The factors were used to form subscales. Internal consistency scores for each subscale were .73, .70, .84, and .65, respectively.
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Videler, A. C., G. Rossi, M. Schoevaars, C. M. van der Feltz-Cornelis, and S. P. J. van Alphen. "Effects of schema group therapy in older outpatients: a proof of concept study." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 10 (July 3, 2014): 1709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214001264.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Short-term group schema cognitive behavior therapy (SCBT-g) showed improvements in overall symptomatology, early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and schema modes, both in adults and adolescents with personality disorder (PD) features and long-standing mood disorders. However, no research has yet been carried out on the effect in older adults. Therefore, in a proof of concept study, we explored the effect of SCBT-g in older outpatients with PD features and longstanding mood disorders.Method:Thirty-one older outpatients, aged 60–78 years with PD features and/or longstanding mood disorders were included in a proof of concept study with pre-mid-post design. Primary outcome was psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory) and intermediate outcomes were EMS (Young Schema Questionnaire) and schema modes (Schema Mode Inventory), assessed at baseline, mid-treatment and end-of-treatment. Paired samples t-tests were conducted, and Cohen's d effect sizes reported for pre mid- and post-treatment. As proof of concept analysis, hierarchical regression analyses with residual change scores were used to analyse whether early process changes in EMS (intermediate outcomes) predicted later outcome changes in symptoms.Results:SCBT-g led to significant improvement in all three measures of psychological symptoms, EMS and modes with medium effect sizes. Pre-treatment to mid-treatment changes in schema severity predicted symptom improvement from mid- to end-of-treatment.Conclusion:This proof of concept study shows that SCBT-g has potential to change EMS and to show significant effect at symptom level in older outpatients with PD features. A control condition in a randomized controlled trial is a necessary step for further research.
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Wang, Qing, and Liping Chen. "An Empirical Research on Schema Theory Based Teaching of the Continuation Task for Chinese Senior High School Students." Arab World English Journal 13, no. 3 (September 24, 2022): 378–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol13no3.25.
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The continuation task, a novel type of source-based writing task which requires students to read and accomplish an unfinished source text, has gained growing popularity in English writing tests, particularly in China. This study employed schema theory in the teaching of senior high school continuation tasks and delved into its resultant effects on learners’ overall writing ability, lexical richness, syntactic complexity, and semantic coherence. Theoretically, it serves as an extension of the Schema theory, Practically, it contributes to the improvement of the continuation task instruction and offers a realistic method to achieving better writing from the perspectives of linguistic schema, content schema, and formal schema. This research revolves around such questions: What effects do schema theory-based Continuation task instructions have on students’ overall writing competence; lexical richness; syntactic complexity and semantic coherence? During the research, two groups of EFL students (N=110) from Chinese senior high schools participated in the trial for fourteen weeks. One group was randomly selected as Control Class where the teacher adopted traditional teaching approaches. At the same time, the other was set up as the Experimental Class guided by schema theory. The participants writing performance were evaluated through the lexical richness, syntactic complexity and semantic coherence. Sample T-test and paired T-test found statistically significant differences between the Control class and the Experimental class. These findings suggest that the schema theory-based approach, such as providing a semantic map or outlining the story to participants, was proven effective in honing the students’ overall writing capability, lexical richness, syntactic complexity, and semantic coherence. Because of the chosen research approach, its efficacy is limited concerning language and discourse.
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Abramov, Volodymyr. "Comparative analysis and ways of integration of Schema Therapy and Narrative Psychotherapy." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series “Psychology”, no. 2 (12) (2020): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/bsp.2020.2(12).1.
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The article compares schema-therapy to narrative therapy across three domains: (i) theoretical methodological and philosophical framework; (ii) technics (both methods and their theoretical background), and (iii) mechanisms of change in therapy. Several ways of integrating these two therapies are proposed. Schema therapy and narrative psychotherapy are based on contradicting methodologies of structuralism and post-structuralism. Schema therapy develops the concept of schemes, introduced by A. Beck, adding emotions, physiological reactions and memories to its structure, and stresses the importance of using emotion-focused techniques to change them. Narrative psychotherapy is based on theories of dialogical self, introduced by H. Hermans and narrative theories of identity, introduced by T. Sarbin and D. Bruner. Both methods use the idea of multimodal structure of personality. Schema therapy partly uses the idea of distancing from and observing modes, introduced by the third wave of cognitive-behavioral therapies. Narrative psychotherapy uses externalization of symptoms as one of the core techniques. Both methods modify the narrative of the person. Narrative psychotherapy seeks unique events to develop a new narrative of the person according to their values. Schema therapy uses imagery rescripting to meet the needs of a child mode and change emotions experienced in traumatic memory. Both therapies also use internalization of attachment figures. Schema therapy can integrate metaphors from narrative therapy to deal with personality modes. It also can be enriched by treating these modes as sub personalities of narrative psychotherapy and focusing on their narratives and values.
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Siddique, Meh Para Siddique, and Rubina Hanif. "Comparison of Schema Modes in Clinical and Non-Clinical Individuals: A Preliminary Finding." Global Social Sciences Review V, no. II (June 30, 2020): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(v-ii).29.
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This study compares the schema modes between the clinical and non-clinical individuals. A purposive convenient sampling technique was used for the data collection from one hundred and fifty healthy community volunteers, and sixty diagnosed psychiatric patients. The "Schema Mode Inventory (SMI)" was utilized for the mode assessment and group comparison. A series of independent sample t-test depicted that, the clinical group had a significantly higher score on ten out of twelve dysfunctional schema modes and significantly lesser score on both functional schema modes. Identically, Fisher's r-to-z transformation confirmed that the association between dysfunctional schema modes was significantly higher in clinical individuals in comparison to non-clinical individuals. Thus, the present study describes a tendency of individuals with psychiatric disorders to rely more on dysfunctional schema modes in comparison to non-clinical individuals. These findings strengthen the empirical provision of the "schema mode model" for the assessment and treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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CIEŚLIŃSKI, CEZARY. "T-EQUIVALENCES FOR POSITIVE SENTENCES." Review of Symbolic Logic 4, no. 2 (May 23, 2011): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020311000116.
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Answering a question formulated by Halbach (2009), I show that a disquotational truth theory, which takes as axioms all positive substitutions of the sentential T-schema, together with all instances of induction in the language with the truth predicate, is conservative over its syntactical base.
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Hidayati, Hidayati, Rima Rahmaniah, and Titin Suryani. "The Use of Schema Activation Strategy in Teaching Reading Comprehension at The Second Grade Students of Islamic Junior High School." IJECA (International Journal of Education and Curriculum Application) 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/ijeca.v2i1.2055.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reading is one of the important skills that the students have to master. However, many students have difficulties in comprehending the reading text. To solve this condition, the researcher used schema activation strategy to help students understand reading comprehension. The purpose of this research was to investigate whether the use of schema activation strategy is effective or not in teaching reading comprehension at the second-grade students of MTs Tarbiyatul Mustafid. This study was quasi experimental design using two classes were VIII-B class was taken as an experimental class and VIII-A was taken as control class. The population of this research involved 60 students from the second grade in MTs Tarbiyatul Mustafid Batu Rimpang. By using purposive sampling, the researcher took the students as a sample. In collecting the data, this study used pre-test, treatment, and post-test as the data collection procedure then followed by analyzing the data by using t-test formula. Then the result of statistical analysis of t-test in this research was 2.85. It was higher that critical values for t- table in degree of freedom (df) of 58 is 2.021 (0.05%) and 2.704 (0.01%). The researcher concludes that mean score before and after taught by using schema activation strategy has difference. It means the alternative hypothesis (ha) was accepted. The use of schema activation strategy in teaching reading comprehension at the second grade students of MTs Tarbiyatul Mustafid Batu Rimpang is effective.
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Davoood, R., S. Ghahari, and M. R. Pirmoradi. "The compare of early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation and general health in offender prisoner men and normal group men." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1173.
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ObjectThe aim of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation and general health in offender prisoner men and normal group men.MethodsThe study method was causal – comparative (ex post facto). Participants included two groups: (1) all of offender prisoner men (n = 47) in Fooman jail and (2) normal group men (n = 47) in Fooman. Both groups were matched for age, occupation and education. All of the participants completed Young maladaptive schema questionnaire (Y MSQ), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ-P) and general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) individually. Data were analysed using independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).FindingThere was significant difference between two groups in total score of early maladaptive schema questionnaire and also in its subscales included abandonment, impaired autonomy/performance, impaired limits, other – directedness, over vigilance/inhibition, emotional inhibition (P < 0/01). The general health was different between groups, too. In addition, while groups showed significant difference in total score of emotion regulation and one of the subscales (rumination), no significant difference was explored between groups in self-blame, acceptance, positive refocusing, planning refocusing, positive re-evaluation, perspective taking, catastrophizing and others blame.ConclusionSignificant differences between the two groups in terms of general health, schema dimensions and emotional regulation dimensions suggest that dysfunctional schemas, maladaptive emotional strategies and low general health could be involved in criminal behaviour.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Ariyani, Etika, and Etika Ariyani. "The Use of Schematic-activation Strategy in Teaching Young EFL Learners Reading Comprehension." Linguistics and Elt Journal 6, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/leltj.v11i1.744.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reading is one of the important skills that the students have to master. However, many students have difficulties in comprehending the reading text. To solve this condition, the researcher used schema activation strategy to help students understand reading comprehension. The purpose of this research was to investigate whether the use of schema activation strategy is effective or not in teaching reading comprehension at the second-grade students of MTs Tarbiyatul Mustafid in academic year 2017/2018. This study was quasi-experimental design using two classes were VIII B class was taken as an experimental class, and VII-A was taken as control class. The population of this research involved 60 students from the second grade in MTs Tarbiyatul Mustafid Batu Simpang. By using purposive sampling, the researcher took the students as a sample. In collecting the data, this study used pre-test, treatment, and post-test as the data collection procedure then followed by analyzing the data by using the t-test formula. Then the result of statistical analysis of t-test in this research was 2.85. It was higher than critical values for t- table in the degree of freedom (df) of 58 is 2.021(0.05%) and 2.704(0.01%). The researcher concludes that mean score before and after teaching by using schema activation strategy has a difference. It means the alternative hypothesis (ha) was accepted. The use of schema activation strategy in teaching reading comprehension at the second-grade students of MTs Tarbiyatul Mustafid Batu Rimpang is effective.
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Stegariu, Vlad Ionuț, Beatrice Aurelia Abalasei, and Marius Stoica. "A Study on the Correlation between Intelligence and Body Schema in Children Who Practice Chess at School." Children 9, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9040477.
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The role of intelligence in chess is crucial because the game involves a situation of adversity between two players whose goal is to checkmate the opponent’s king. Due to the complex nature of the game and the huge amount of information needed to become a professional chess player, the ability to receive, analyze, sort and use abstract notions is essential. A total of 67 children from the third grade were selected and tested twice, initially and finally, to establish the level of body schema and intelligence. The Raven test was used to numerically quantify their intelligence and the Goodenough test was conducted for the body schema. We used the paired samples T-test to highlight the statistical difference between the results and performed a simple linear regression to see if the level of intelligence is a predictor of the body schema. There is a linear relationship between intelligence and body schema, and we can use the first one to predict the evolution of the second. In conclusion, body schema can be educated through chess lessons, and this will lead to better psychomotor development.
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Mao, Yue, and Yifei Zhou. "An Experimental Study of the Effect of Content Schema on English Listening Testing of Non-English Majors." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 6 (September 15, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n6p183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Listening occupies one of the most preliminary parts in foreign language learning and becomes more and more important. Pre-listening process of listening comprehension owns two models, bottom-up and top-down. The latter that emphasizes the introduction of background knowledge is tightly related to content schema. The aim of the study is to examine the impact of content schema on listening comprehension and to find whether there is difference of the impact of content schema on students of different levels of listening comprehension by conducting an experiment. About 189 participants from Zhejiang University were divided into control group (CG) and experiment group (EG). Both the two groups did pretests, tests and questionnaires. CG and EG were separately divided into high- and low-level groups based on the pretest scores. Independent sample T-test was used to analyze data. The results showed that content schema negatively affected listening comprehension and it had stronger impact on students with low listening proficiency.
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Salameh, Lina A., Zakaria A. Salameh, and Aida H. Al-Emami. "Measuring the Effect of Cognitive and Metacognitive Questioning Strategies on EFL Learners’ Reading Comprehension in Understanding, Critical Thinking and the Quality of Schema at the University of Hail-KSA." International Journal of English Linguistics 9, no. 5 (July 18, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n5p12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It was found out that the cognitive and the metacognitive strategies which enable students to use their prior knowledge or schemata increase the level of students’ engagement in the learning process and thus stimulate their critical thinking and a greater awareness of other perspectives in reading. Therefore, this study which is based on the main principles of the schema theory aims at training EFL learners at the University of Hail on making connections between their prior knowledge and the reading text to improve students’ understanding, critical thinking, and the quality of schema. Five questioning strategies were incorporated to make training more effective: KWL, questioning the author, self-questioning, guided questions, and making connections strategy such as self-to text connections, text-to text connections and text to world connections. The sample of the study consists of two groups: experimental and control. A schema-based test was designed to measure the students’ achievement before and after the experiment. The results then were analyzed by t-test. It was found out that the type of instruction that students receive affects reading comprehension. And thus, teaching students to use cognitive and metacognitive strategies enables effective reading comprehension.
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Safwandi, Safwandi, Syamsul Rizal, and Tarmizi Tarmizi. "SEMI-IMPLICIT NUMERICAL SCHEMA IN SHALLOW WATER EQUATION." Jurnal Natural 17, no. 2 (September 6, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jn.v17i2.7998.
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Abstract. A two-dimensional shallow water equation integrated on depth water based on finite differential methods. Numerical solutions with different methods consist of explicit, implicit and semi-implicit schemes. Different methods of shallow water equations expressed in numerical schemes. For bottom-friction is described in semi-implicitly. This scheme will be more flexible for initial values and boundary conditions when compared to the explicit schemes. Keywords: 2D numerical models, shallow water equations, explicit and semi-implicit schema.Reference Hassan, H. S., Ramadan, K. T., Hanna, S. N. 2010. Numerical Solution of the Rotating Shallow Water Flows with Topography Using the Fractional Steps Method, Scie.Res,App.Math. (1):104-117. Omer, S, Kursat, K. 2011. High-Order Accurate Spectral Difference Method For Shallow Water Equations. IJRRAS6. Vol. 6. No. 1. Kampf, J. 2009. Ocean Modelling for Beginners. Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht. London, New York. Wang, Z. L., Geng, Y. F. 2013. Two-Dimensional Shallow Water Equations with Porosity and Their Numerical scheme on Unstructured Grids. J. Water Science and Engineering. Vol. 6, No. 1, 91-105. Saiduzzaman, Sobuj. 2013. Comparison of Numerical Schemes for Shallow Water Equation. Global J. of Sci. Fron. Res. Math. and Dec. Sci. Vol. 13 (4). Sari, C. I., Surbakti, H., Fauziyah., Pola Sebaran Salinatas dengan Model Numerik Dua Dimensi di Muara Sungai Musi. Maspari J. Vol. 5 (2): 104-110. Bunya, B., Westerink, J. J. dan Shinobu, Y. 2004. Discontinuous Boundary Implementation for the Shallow Water Equations. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 2005 (47): 1451–1468.
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Blau, Gary, John DiMino, and YJ Kim. "Testing Three-Item Versions for Seven of Young’s Maladaptive Schema and Wait Impact for Briefly Counseled Non-Urgent Clients." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 8, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v8n1p1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purposes of this study were to: further test the reliability and discriminant validity of three-item measures of seven maladaptive schema scales on a sample of non-urgent university counseling center (UCC) clients; test the relationships of waiting variables to these maladaptive schema; and test if these waiting variables were related to changes in these maladaptive schema for briefly counseled UCC clients. The results supported the test-retest reliabilities and discriminant validity of these seven scales. Independent sample t-tests between two different types of wait variables, i.e., minimal versus considerable wait bother, and less than two weeks wait versus at least two weeks wait, did not show any significant differences for these scales. However, one scale, mistrust and abuse increased during brief counseling for both the considerable wait bother and at least two weeks waiting groups. It is important to make sure that non-urgent clients get timely counseling.
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Zhou, Xiaojun, and Chuanju Xu. "Numerical Solution of the Coupled System of Nonlinear Fractional Ordinary Differential Equations." Advances in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 9, no. 3 (January 17, 2017): 574–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/aamm.2015.m1054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn this paper, we consider the numerical method that is proposed and analyzed in [J. Cao and C. Xu, J. Comput. Phys., 238 (2013), pp. 154–168] for the fractional ordinary differential equations. It is based on the so-called block-by-block approach, which is a common method for the integral equations. We extend the technique to solve the nonlinear system of fractional ordinary differential equations (FODEs) and present a general technique to construct high order schemes for the numerical solution of the nonlinear coupled system of fractional ordinary differential equations (FODEs). By using the present method, we are able to construct a high order schema for nonlinear system of FODEs of the orderα,α>0. The stability and convergence of the schema is rigorously established. Under the smoothness assumptionf,g∈C4[0,T], we prove that the numerical solution converges to the exact solution with order 3+αfor 0<α≤1 and order 4 forα>1. Some numerical examples are provided to confirm the theoretical claims.
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Halbach, Volker. "Disquotational truth and analyticity." Journal of Symbolic Logic 66, no. 4 (December 2001): 1959–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694987.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract.The uniform reflection principle for the theory of uniform T-sentences is added to PA. The resulting system is justified on the basis of a disquotationalist theory of truth where the provability predicate is conceived as a special kind of analyticity. The system is equivalent to the system ACA of arithmetical comprehension. If the truth predicate is also allowed to occur in the sentences that are inserted in the T-sentences. yet not in the scope of negation, the system with the reflection schema for these T-sentences assumes the strength of the Kripke-Feferman theory KF. and thus of ramified analysis up to ε0.
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Bakhtiari Moghaddam, Sogand, and Farhad Jomehri. "Cross-Cultural Comparison of Early Maladaptive Schemas, Resilience and Quality of Life in Students." Review of European Studies 8, no. 2 (May 22, 2016): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v8n2p236.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>This study compared early maladaptive schemas, resilience, and quality of life of Iranian and German students. This was a descriptive causal-comparative study. To this end, 100 German students and 100 Iranian students were selected using the cluster random sampling method and were evaluated using the research instruments. The instruments used included demographic questionnaire, and Yang’s Schema Questionnaire, the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Questionnaire and Connor-Davidson’s Resilience Scale that are common instruments in psychology and their validity and reliability have been confirmed in various studies. Research data using multivariate analysis of variance and independent t-test were analyzed. Statistical analysis of the research hypotheses showed a significant difference in the early maladaptive schemas of Iranian and German students (p<0.05). However, there was no difference between resilience and quality of life of the Iranian and German students (p<0.05).</p>
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Landwehr, Klaus. "The ⊥-Illusion Is Not a T-Illusion." Symmetry 12, no. 8 (August 10, 2020): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12081330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Variants of the capital Latin letter T were prepared with the straight strokes replaced by J-, C-, or S-curves, mimicking handwritten Ts. These were used to test the hypothesis that the overestimation of the length of the T’s undivided line, relative to the length of its divided line may be understood as an adaptation to a corresponding letter schema. The illusion was greater for S-curve Ts than for C- and J-curve Ts, suggesting that approximate bilateral mirror symmetry is more important for the illusion to occur than letterness. Despite the illusion, observers were quite sensitive to the different lengths of the Ts’ curves.
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Muhammad, Duha. "Moral Representation of Animals in Arabic and English Children’s Short Stories: A Cognitive Stylistic Approach." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 364–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v4i4.997.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates the moral representation of animals in two English and Arabic short stories from a cognitive stylistic (CS) perspective. Animal stories appear in a variety of forms, but all include one or more type of animals as the focus of the story. Authors of children literature use animal characters to convey moral ideas through analogy, ideas that would have greater impact than if child characters were presented. CS is the interface between linguistics, literary studies and cognitive science. It deals with the cognitive processes which influence text interpretation during the act of reading. It takes into account both the formal features of language and the nonlinguistic context of the readers in constructing meaning out of a text. The analysis in this paper is conducted through schema theory. The filling-in of textual gaps with one’s own cognitive knowledge is the basic premise behind schema theory. The hallmark of schema theory is that interpreting any kind of fiction relies on the reader’s background knowledge. When reading a text, readers interpret what is presented by supplying their own knowledge of the world. The analysis tackles the examination of both the thematic and technical tools that are employed by the writers of animal short stories to instill morals in the minds and cognitions of the child readers. The two short stories analyzed are; "Finding Nemo" by Andrew Stanton, and an Arabic one entitled "??????? ????? ?????" " kat?k?t? ????? mrt?n "(Katakito errs twice) by Nabil Farouk. The analysis yields the conclusion that the schema of any person, whether the writer or the child reader, is culturally and naturally affected.
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Grainys, Audrius. "HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD GENERATOR OF SUB-MICROSECOND DURATION / MIKROSEKUNDINĖS TRUKMĖS MAGNETINIŲ IMPULSŲ GENERATORIUS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 4, no. 1 (April 23, 2012): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2012.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes the possibility of generating a micro and sub-microsecond magnetic impulse reaching 1–10 T, investigates various configurations of microcoils and discusses the principal circuit of a magnetic field impulse generator of microsecond duration. The transient processes of current, temperature and magnetic field are calculated applying the finite element method. Santrauka Nagrinėjamas mikrosekundinės ir submikrosekundinės trukmės magnetinių impulsų, siekiančių 1–10 T, generavimas. Pateikta mikrosekundės trukmės magnetinių impulsų generatoriaus, kuris susideda iš mikroritės, mažą parazitinį induktyvumą turinčio kondensatoriaus ir greitų didelės galios MOSFET raktų principinė valdymo schema. Pereinamiesiems srovės, įtampos, elektromagnetinio lauko ir termodinaminiams vyksmams gauti taikomi analizinis ir baigtinių elementų skaičiavimo metodai. Straipsnyje pateikti elektromagnetinio lauko pasiskirstymo skaičiavimo rezultatai.
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M.Pd., Dra Khadijah,, Rivdya Eliza, and Putri Fajri. "PENGARUH MODEL MODIFIKASI-APOS TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN MATEMATIS PESERTA DIDIK KELAS VIII MTsN KOTA SOLOK." Math Educa Journal 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/mej.v4i2.1674.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah kemampuan penalaran matematis peserta didik yang menggunakan model Modifikasi-APOS (Action, Process, Object and Schema) lebih baik daripada peserta didik yang menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional di kelas VIII MTsN Kota Solok Tahun Ajaran 2019/ 2020. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuasi eksperimen dengan desain Randomized Control Group Only Design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas VIII MTsN Kota Solok Tahun Ajaran 2019/ 2020. Sampel yang terpilih kelas VIII.A sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas VIII.C sebagai kelas kontrol. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah tes kemampuan penalaran matematis yang terdiri dari tes uraian. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji-t. Hasil t hitung = 4,11 dan t tabel = 1,65. Berdasarkan analisis data dan pengujian hipotesis diperoleh bahwa kemampuan penalaran matematis peserta didik yang menggunakan model Modifikasi-APOS lebih baik daripada peserta didik yang menggunakan model pembelajaran konvensional.
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Sennet, Adam, and Tyrus Fisher. "Critical Notice: Peter Ludlow’s Living Words: Meaning Underdetermination and he Dynamic Lexicon, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 48, no. 1 (2018): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2017.1321911.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A provocative view has it that word meanings are underdetermined and dynamic, frustrating traditional approaches to theorizing about meaning. Peter Ludlow’s Living Words provides some of the philosophical reasons and motivations for accepting one such view, develops some of its details, and explores some of its ramifications. We critically examine some of the arguments in Living Words, paying particular attention to some of Ludlow’s views about the meanings of predicates, preservation of bivalence and the T-schema, and methods of modulating meaning.
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Hayati Lubis, Faridah. "MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SKEMA PADA PELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DAPAT MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN TEKS ULASAN SISWA KELAS VIII MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH NEGERI BINJAI." SCHOOL EDUCATION JOURNAL PGSD FIP UNIMED 11, no. 1 (July 3, 2021): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/sejpgsd.v11i1.26131.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to find out that the implementation of the schema learning model in Indonesian lessons can improve reading comprehension skills for grade VIII Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri Binjai students in the Odd Semesters of the 2019/2020 Academic Year. The results showed that the schema learning model in Indonesian lessons could improve reading comprehension skills of the VIII grade students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri Binjai in the Odd Semesters of the 2019/2020 Academic Year. This can be seen from the results of the calculation in the first cycle between the value of the first daily test and the score of the second daily test, the Product Moment value is 0.823 with a t-test of 8.198. And the second cycle between the second block test scores and the third daily test scores obtained a Product Moment value of 0.903 with a t-test value of 11.902, while the results of the calculation showed that it was greater than the results in the table, of 0.478 and 2.725. Likewise, the average score for the first daily exam was 86.35, and the second daily exam was 87.53 in the first cycle, as well as the average score for the third daily exam was 88.53 and the fourth daily exam was 90.71 in the second cycle. there is an increase. while the minimum completeness criteria value (KKM is 84). Keywords: Schematic Learning Model, Reading Comprehension Skills Review Text
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Foss, Francine M., Pier Luigi Zinzani, Julie M. Vose, Randy D. Gascoyne, Steven T. Rosen, and Kensei Tobinai. "Peripheral T-cell lymphoma." Blood 117, no. 25 (June 23, 2011): 6756–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-05-231548.
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AbstractPeripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of clinically aggressive diseases associated with poor outcome. Studies that focus specifically on PTCL are emerging, with the ultimate goal of improved understanding of disease biology and the development of more effective therapies. However, one of the difficulties in classifying and studying treatment options in clinical trials is the rarity of these subtypes. Various groups have developed lymphoma classifications over the years, including the World Health Organization, which updated its classification in 2008. This article briefly reviews the major lymphoma classification schema, highlights contributions made by the collaborative International PTCL Project, discusses prognostic issues and gene expression profiling, and outlines therapeutic approaches to PTCL. These include the standard chemotherapeutic regimens and other modalities incorporating antifolates, conjugates, histone deacetylase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, nucleoside analogs, proteasome inhibitors, and signaling inhibitors. As this review emphasizes, the problem has now evolved into an abundance of drugs and too few patients available to test them. Collaborative groups will aid in future efforts to find the best treatment strategies to improve the outcome for patients with PTCL.
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Teachey, David T., Alix E. Seif, Valerie I. Brown, Marlo Bruno, Ralph M. Bunte, Yueh J. Chang, John K. Choi, et al. "Targeting Notch signaling in autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disease." Blood 111, no. 2 (January 15, 2008): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-05-087353.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) and systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) have T-cell dysregulation and produce abnormal, activated T lymphocytes and an atypical peripheral T-cell population, termed double negative T cells (DNTs). T-cell functions, including DNT transition in T-cell development and T-cell activation, are critically dependent on Notch signaling. We hypothesized that inhibiting Notch signaling would be effective in ALPS and SLE by reducing the production of abnormal DNTs and by blocking aberrant T-cell activation. We tested this hypothesis using murine models of ALPS and SLE. Mice were randomized to treatment with the notch pathway inhibitor (gamma-secretase inhibitor), N-S-phenyl-glycine-t-butyl ester (DAPT), or vehicle control. Response to treatment was assessed by measurement of DNTs in blood and lymphoid tissue, by monitoring lymph node and spleen size with ultrasound, by quantifying cytokines by bead-array, by ELISA for total IgG and anti–double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) specific antibodies, and by histopathologic assessment for nephritis. We found a profound and statistically significant decrease in all disease parameters, comparing DAPT-treated mice to controls. Using a novel dosing schema, we avoided the reported toxicities of gamma-secretase inhibitors. Inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway may thus present an effective, novel, and well-tolerated treatment for autoimmune and lymphoproliferative diseases.
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Sahraee, O. Alizadeh, M. Yusefnejad, and Z. Khosravi. "FC26-04 - Predicting of life satisfaction with respect to early maladaptive schemas among iranian college students." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73665-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
IntroductionEarly maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are thought to act as templates for information processing that influence individuals’ emotional reactions to life satisfaction.ObjectivesThus,the main purpose of the present study was to predict Life Satisfaction with respect to early maladaptive schemas among Iranian college students.MethodThe research population consisted of 1700 students. Three hundred undergraduate students (150 female and 150 male) selected by multiple cluster sampling method. Short questionnaire form of early maladaptive schema (YSQ-SF) and life satisfaction questionnaire were used in this study. For analyzing the data, Pearson correlation, Step wise regression and dependent t were used.ResultsResults of correlation showed negative significant correlation between life satisfaction and early maladaptive schemas including emotional Depravation, Social isolation, Defectiveness/sham, failure, Dependence/incompetenceVulnerability To harm illness, Subjugation, Self-sacrifice, Emotional inhibition, Unrelenting Standards /hyper criticalness and Insufficient Self-Control / Self-Discipline. Only three subscales Including Abandonment/ Instability, entitlement/ grandiosity, enmeshment/ undeveloped self, showed no significant correlation with life satisfaction. Result of regression analysis revealed that among 15 schemas, emotional Depravation, Defectiveness/sham and Dependence/incompetence schemas were best predictor of life satisfaction. In addition, the results indicated a significant difference between two groups of male and female students in subdivisions such as mistrust/abuse, failure, vulnerability to harm or illness, and unrelenting standards/hypocriticalness.ConclusionsThe findings of this study show that the assessment of EMS based on Young’s conceptualization of EMS can increase our understanding about students problems and interventions should be focused on changing these schemas.
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Eremin, Mikhail, and Kirill Vasin. "The Origin of the Magnetic and Electric Dipole Moments of Ni2+ in NiCr2O4." Condensed Matter 8, no. 1 (February 18, 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat8010023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The energy level schema of the ground term of the nickel ion in NiCr2O4 was calculated. The parameters of the interaction with the electric field were determined, and the distribution pattern of the electric dipole moments over different positions of nickel in the unit cell was calculated. The model of the NiCr2O4 magnetoelectric structure at T < Tc was constructed taking into account the data on neutron scattering and the results of the electric polarization measurements. The origin of the magnetodielectric effect was attributed to the peculiarities of the ground state of the nickel ion.
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Brierley, J., M. Piñeros, F. Bray, M. Ervick, M. Parkin, B. O'Sullivan, K. Ward, A. Znaor, and M. Gospodarowicz. "Essential TNM: A Means to Collect Stage Data in Population-Based Registries in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 154s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.46100.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background and context: Cancer control requires knowledge of cancer incidence. Information on anatomic extent of disease (stage) at presentation significantly enhances incidence and mortality data in understanding the cancer burden. The most frequently used staging classification of cancer disease extent is the tumor, node, metastases (TNM). Population-based registries (PBCR) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) frequently have insufficient information to derive complete TNM data, either because of inability to perform the necessary evaluations or because of a lack of recorded information. Aim: To develop a simplified system of recording extent of disease to facilitate the collection of stage data by PBCR and enhance the utility of data to facilitate cancer control in LMICs. Strategy/Tactics: A working group with representatives from the UICC (Union for International Cancer Control), the IARC (International Agency for Cancer Research), IACR (International Association of Cancer Registries) and the NCI (National Cancer Institute) was formed and Essential TNM was developed. When the T, N, and M categories have not been recorded in the clinical records or if the complete data to determine the categories is unavailable, the cancer registrar can code extent of disease according to the Essential TNM scheme. Once a cancer registrar had identifies the presence of metastatic disease (M1) this is recorded and additional information is unnecessary to establish that stage of disease. If there is no metastatic disease the extent of nodal disease is recorded. In turn if there is no nodal disease the extent/size of the primary carcinoma is recorded. The extent of disease can be summarized in the following order: M, N and T. Program/Policy process: Diagrams and rules for combining Essential TNM elements into stage groups (I-IV) or to be expressed as “distant”, “regional” or “localized” if only the most limited data were available, were developed for breast, cervix, prostate and colon cancers and will be demonstrated. Once the schema were developed they were verified in Georgia (USA) and field tested in Ecuador, Malawi, Cote d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe. Outcomes: There was good agreement between the stage identified through Essential TNM and that within the Georgia State Registry. The field tests however identified three key issues: the underidentification of distant metastases, inaccurate the collection of lymph node data and improved training needs. In particular there was uncertainty in the identification of when lymph node involvement was considered to be distant metastatic or regional. In view of this, refinements to the schemas have been made to simplify the collection of nodal data. The schema have been updated to ensure compatibility with the 8th edition of TNM. Training programs are being developed and Essential TNM is being expanded. What was learned: Essential TNM can be used by LMIC PBCR to facilitate the collection of stage data. Further refinements and training are needed and are underway.
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Thompson, Hannah, Jin Ki Kim, Jonathan B. Yuval, Floris Verheij, Sujata Patil, Marc J. Gollub, Abraham Jing-Ching Wu, et al. "Survival and organ preservation according to clinical response after total neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer patients: A secondary analysis from the organ preservation in rectal adenocarcinoma (OPRA) trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 3509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.3509.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
3509 Background: Clinical response following neoadjuvant therapy is paramount to identifying locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients suitable for Watch and Wait (WW). A 3-tier schema was devised to stratify clinical response. Patients with a complete clinical response (cCR) are considered for WW, while those with an incomplete clinical response (iCR) are recommended for total mesorectal excision (TME). A near complete response (nCR) tier captures patients with significant, but not complete, response to be considered for WW. This schema’s efficacy has yet to be validated. We investigated survival and organ preservation (OP) rates based on this 3-tier clinical response assessment in patients with LARC who underwent total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) in a prospective, multi-center clinical trial. Methods: Patients with MRI stage II and III rectal adenocarcinoma were randomized to either induction chemotherapy (FOLFOX or CAPEOX) followed by chemoradiation or chemoradiation followed by consolidation chemotherapy (FOLFOX or CAPEOX). At 8+/-4 weeks following TNT, response on digital rectal and endoscopic examinations was evaluated by the 3-tier schema. The date of this restaging clinical response assessment was used as time zero. The endpoints of rate of OP, disease-free survival (DFS), TME-free DFS, and overall survival (OS) were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method with differences analyzed by the log-rank test. Results: Clinical response assessments were available for 294 patients. The median time to assessment after neoadjuvant therapy was 7.9 weeks. Based on the 3-tier schema, 124 patients were categorized as cCR, 113 as nCR, and 57 as iCR. Baseline age, sex, average distance from the anal verge, clinical T classification, and clinical N classification were similar between the response groups. The table shows the 3-year rates of OP, DFS, TME-free DFS, and OS. The median follow-up was 2.36 years. Of the patients with a nCR, the 3-year TME rate was 48% compared with 21% in the cCR group. Conclusions: The 3-tier clinical response assessment has prognostic implications for OP and DFS in patients with LARC who underwent TNT. In patients with a nCR, more than half achieved OP at 3 years. This information should be utilized to counsel patients regarding their expected outcomes. Clinical trial information: NCT02008656. [Table: see text]
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Landwehr, Klaus. "The Prospects of Utilizing Geometrical Visual Illusions as Tools for Neuroscience." Symmetry 14, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14081687.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Geometrical visual illusions have long been used as tools in neuroscience. Most commonly, researchers have taken illusions as a given and attempted to explain phenomenal impressions in terms of known neural mechanisms. In a psychophysical approach to this topic, it is customary to modify stimuli until conditions for which illusions are enhanced, attenuated, or annihilated have been found. Additionally, the focus is not exclusively on response bias but equally on sensitivity, because observers may fall prey to an illusion but at the same time be able to discriminate between stimuli perfectly. For the T-figure, the length of the undivided line is usually overestimated relative to the length of the divided line, and evidence has accrued that suggests that the illusion may be due to the processing of the figure as a coherent unit (a “T-schema”). Dissecting the T or tilting its lines influenced the amount of illusion, suggesting that interactions between orientation-sensitive and end-inhibited neurons are at work. Examples of cognate research with the Ponzo, Ebbinghaus, and Müller-Lyer illusions are also discussed.
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Bertsimas, Dimitris, Georgios Antonios Margonis, Yifei Huang, Nikolaos Andreatos, Holly Wiberg, Yu Ma, Caitlin Mcintyre, et al. "Toward an Optimized Staging System for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Clinically Interpretable, Artificial Intelligence–Based Model." JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, no. 5 (December 2021): 1220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.21.00001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PURPOSE The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) eighth edition schema for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treats T and N stage as independent factors and uses positive lymph nodes (PLNs) to define N stage, despite data favoring lymph node ratio (LNR). We used artificial intelligence–based techniques to compare PLN with LNR and investigate interactions between tumor size and nodal status. METHODS Patients who underwent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma resection between 2000 and 2017 at six institutions were identified. LNR and PLN were compared through shapley additive explanations (SHAP) analysis, with the best predictor used to define nodal status. We trained optimal classification trees (OCTs) to predict 1-year and 3-year risk of death, incorporating only tumor size and nodal status as variables. The OCTs were compared with the AJCC schema and similarly trained XGBoost models. Variable interactions were explored via SHAP. RESULTS Two thousand eight hundred seventy-four patients comprised the derivation and 1,231 the validation cohort. SHAP identified LNR as a superior predictor. The OCTs outperformed the AJCC schema in the derivation and validation cohorts (1-year area under the curve: 0.681 v 0.603; 0.638 v 0.586, 3-year area under the curve: 0.682 v 0.639; 0.675 v 0.647, respectively) and performed comparably with the XGBoost models. We identified interactions between LNR and tumor size, suggesting that a negative prognostic factor partially overrides the effect of a concurrent favorable factor. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the superiority of LNR and the importance of interactions between tumor size and nodal status. These results and the potential of the OCT methodology to combine them into a powerful, visually interpretable model can help inform future staging systems.
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O’Mahony, Deirdre, John C. Morris, Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson, Helen Matthews, Stefania Pittaluga, Paul Albert, Karen Kaucic, Luz Hammershaimb, Thomas A. Waldmann, and John E. Janik. "EBV-Related Lymphoproliferative Disease Complicating Therapy with Siplizumab, a Novel Anti-CD2 Mediated T- and NK-Cell Depleting Agent, in Patients with T-Cell Malignancies." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3565.3565.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Epstein Barr virus (EBV) has the capacity to transform B lymphocytes and in the setting of immunosuppression increases the risk of developing EBV induced lymphoproliferative disease (EBV LPD). This is a heterogeneous condition ranging from a benign polyclonal B cell proliferation to frank non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. EBV LPD is associated with immunosuppressive agents used in solid organ, bone marrow and stem cell transplantation, and in certain congenital immunodeficiencies. We conducted a single institution phase I dose escalation study of siplizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD2, in patients with T-cell malignancies. A total of 29 patients (pts) were enrolled, of which 4 (13.7%) developed EBV LPD. In the original trial design (n=23) pts received escalating drug doses over 2 or 3 consecutive days per treatment week every 2 weeks (cohorts 1–7). In an attempt to increase the rate of drug delivery the trial was amended, for pts (n=6) to receive a single dose on day 0 and 14, and then once weekly thereafter (cohorts 8–10). While initial responses were exciting (2 complete responses, 7 partial responses and 10 stable disease) the development of EBV LPD was a concern. One of 23 (4.3%) pts in the original design and 3 of 6 (50%) in the revised schema developed EBV LPD within 6 months of starting therapy. The 29 pts included adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (n=15), large granular lymphocyte leukemia (n=7), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (n=4) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (n=3). A median of 2 (range 0–6) prior therapies and a median of 4 (range 1–26) courses of siplizumab with doses ranging from 0.4mg/kg to 4.8mg/kg were administered either biweekly or weekly depending on the cohort. Of the 4 EBV LPD cases, one responded to withdrawal of siplizumab, one to rituximab, another to combination chemotherapy and rituximab, and the remaining patient succumbed to a combination of her underlying disease and EBV-LPD. Review of T-cell trends in response to therapy demonstrated a reduction in the geometric mean of CD4 (84.9%, p<0.001) and CD8 T-cell counts (91.5%, p<0.001) between baseline and a timepoint after administration of the second cycle. There was no statistically significant difference in the degree of reduction between the two trial designs or those pts who developed EBV LPD. However, a statistically significant greater reduction in CD2 expression was seen in pts treated on the weekly schema (p=0.007) rather than biweekly and in those who developed EBV LPD (p=0.05) rather than those who did not. There was also a statistically significant greater reduction in NK cell number (p=0.04) with 2 treatment cycles from baseline in patients developing EBV LPD. These findings highlight the importance not only of T-cell depletion in the aetiology of EBV LPD but also NK cell depletion and reduction in CD2 expression on lymphocytes. The emergence of B-cell malignancy may be associated with the ability of siplizumab to deplete both T and NK cell number, without B-cell depletion. This toxicity should be screened for in other agents that deplete T cells without affecting B cell number.
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CORDÓN-FRANCO, ANDRÉS, DAVID FERNÁNDEZ-DUQUE, JOOST J. JOOSTEN, and FRANCISCO FÉLIX LARA-MARTÍN. "PREDICATIVITY THROUGH TRANSFINITE REFLECTION." Journal of Symbolic Logic 82, no. 3 (September 2017): 787–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsl.2017.30.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractLet T be a second-order arithmetical theory, Λ a well-order, λ < Λ and X ⊆ ℕ. We use $[\lambda |X]_T^{\rm{\Lambda }}\varphi$ as a formalization of “φ is provable from T and an oracle for the set X, using ω-rules of nesting depth at most λ”.For a set of formulas Γ, define predicative oracle reflection for T over Γ (Pred–O–RFNΓ(T)) to be the schema that asserts that, if X ⊆ ℕ, Λ is a well-order and φ ∈ Γ, then$$\forall \,\lambda < {\rm{\Lambda }}\,([\lambda |X]_T^{\rm{\Lambda }}\varphi \to \varphi ).$$In particular, define predicative oracle consistency (Pred–O–Cons(T)) as Pred–O–RFN{0=1}(T).Our main result is as follows. Let ATR0 be the second-order theory of Arithmetical Transfinite Recursion, ${\rm{RCA}}_0^{\rm{*}}$ be Weakened Recursive Comprehension and ACA be Arithmetical Comprehension with Full Induction. Then,$${\rm{ATR}}_0 \equiv {\rm{RCA}}_0^{\rm{*}} + {\rm{Pred - O - Cons\ }}\left( {{\rm{RCA}}_0^{\rm{*}} } \right) \equiv {\rm{RCA}}_0^{\rm{*}} + \,{\rm{Pred - O - Cons\ }}\left( {{\rm{RCA}}_0^{\rm{*}} } \right) \equiv {\rm{RCA}}_0^{\rm{*}} + \,{\rm{Pred - O - RFN}}\,_{{\bf{\Pi }}_2^1 } \left( {{\rm{ACA}}} \right).$$We may even replace ${\rm{RCA}}_0^{\rm{*}}$ by the weaker ECA0, the second-order analogue of Elementary Arithmetic.Thus we characterize ATR0, a theory often considered to embody Predicative Reductionism, in terms of strong reflection and consistency principles.
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Mills, Andrew P. "Unsettled Problems with Vague Truth." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 25, no. 1 (March 1995): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1995.10717407.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A tempting solution to problems of semantic vagueness and to the Liar Paradox is an appeal to truth-value gaps. It is tempting to say, for example, that, where Harry is a borderline case of bald, the sentence(1)Harry is baldis neither true nor false: it is in the ‘gap’ between these two values, and perhaps deserves a third truth-value. Similarly with the Liar Paradox. Consider the following Liar sentence:(2)(2) is false.That is, sentence (2) says of itself that it is false. If we accept the Tarskian schema(T) S is true iff pwhere ‘S’ is a name of a sentence ‘p,’ we are led into paradox. Both the assumption that (2) is true, and the assumption that (2) is false lead us, via (T), to(3)(2) is true if and only if (2) is false.Given this result, a natural reaction is to place (2) in a ‘gap’ between true and false.
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CLARK, LYNN, and KEVIN WATSON. "Testing claims of a usage-based phonology with Liverpool English t-to-r." English Language and Linguistics 15, no. 3 (October 4, 2011): 523–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674311000153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The variable phenomenon in which /t/ can be realized as a tap or rhotic approximant in varieties of Northern British English (commonly referred to as t-to-r, Wells 1982: 370) has received some attention in English linguistics as debates have appeared over how best to model its phonology (e.g. Carr 1991; Docherty et al. 1997; Broadbent 2008). The occurrence of t-to-r seems to be constrained by the preceding and following phonological environment in a largely systematic way and so it is often accounted for within a rule-based model of grammar. Problematically, however, the rule does not apply blindly across the board to all words which fit the specified phonological pattern. Instead, t-to-r shows evidence of being lexically restricted, and this fact has recently encouraged a usage-based interpretation. Until now, there has been relatively little attempt to test the usage-based thesis directly with fully quantified data gleaned from naturally occurring conversation. This article investigates the extent to which certain usage-based predictions can account for variation attested in t-to-r in Liverpool English. Using oral history interviews with Liverpool English speakers born in the early 1900s, we examine the usage-based predictions first proposed by Broadbent (2008) that t-to-r is more likely in (a) high-frequency words and (b) high-frequency phrases. There is some support for the importance of lexical frequency as a motivating factor in the use of t-to-r, but our data do not fully support either of these claims wholesale. We suggest that t-to-r is not constrained simply by word frequency or phrase frequency alone, but by a combination of both. Finally, we explore the possibility of employing notions from Cognitive Grammar such as schema strength (e.g. Taylor 2002; Bybee 1995: 430) in our interpretation of these data.
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Qin, Huizeng, and Youmin Lu. "The Bifurcation Curves of a Category of Dirichlet Boundary Value Problems." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2022 (October 6, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2941463.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We study the Dirichlet boundary value problem u ″ t + λ f u t = 0 , − 1 < t < 1 , u − 1 = u 1 = 0 , generally and develop a schema for determining the relationship between the values of its parameters and the number of positive solutions. Then, we focus our attention on the special cases when f u = σ − u exp − K / 1 + u and f u = ∏ i = 1 m a i — u , respectively. We prove first that all positive solutions of the first problem are less than or equal to σ , obtain more specific lower and upper bounds for these solutions, and compute a curve in the σ K -plane with accuracy up to 10 − 6 , below which the first problem has a unique positive solution and above which it has exactly three positive solutions. For the second problem, we determine its number of positive solutions and find a formula for the value of λ that separates the regions of λ , in which the problem has different numbers of solutions. We also computed the graphs for some special cases of the second problem, and the results are consistent with the existing results. Our code in Mathematica is available upon request.
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Riquelme-Aguado, Víctor, Antonio Gil-Crujera, Josué Fernández-Carnero, Ferran Cuenca-Martínez, and Francisco Gómez Esquer. "Limb Laterality Discrimination, Evoked Sensations and Somatosensory Behavior in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 7495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157495.
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The main objective of this study was to assess the status of body schema using limb laterality discrimination tasks and pain measurement variables of patients with FMS compared to healthy subjects. The secondary aim was to analyze the relationships between laterality discrimination with respect to somatosensory variables. Thirty female patients with FMS (with a mean age of 52.43 ± 11.82 years) and thirty healthy women (with a mean age of 47.93 ± 5.92 years) were recruited. The main outcome measures were laterality discrimination, referral of evoked sensations, pressure pain threshold and conditioned pain modulation. The main analysis showed that patients with FMS have a longer reaction time for laterality discrimination in hands (hands—20 images, t = 4.044, p < 0.0001, d = 1.04; hands—50 images t = 4.012, p < 0.0001, d = 1.31; feet—20 images t = 2.982, p < 0.01, d = 0.76; feet—50 images, t = 2.159, p < 0.05, d = 0.55). With regard the secondary analysis, patients with FM have higher mechanical hyperalgesia (t = −9.550; p < 0.0001, d = 2.51) and decreased response to conditioned pain modulation compared with healthy subjects (t = 15.519; p < 0.0001, d = 4.17). A positive correlation was found in patients with FMS between greater laterality discrimination ability and better function of conditioned pain modulation (hands r = 0.676, p < 0.0001; feet r = 0.485, p < 0.01). In conclusion, patients with FMS have a longer reaction time and lower accuracy for laterality discrimination, increased mechanical hyperalgesia and decreased conditioned pain modulation compared to healthy subjects. Finally, it seems that there is a positive correlation between greater laterality discrimination ability and better conditioned pain modulation function.
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Avet-Loiseau, Hervé, Cyrille Hulin, Loic Campion, Murielle Roussel, Gerald Marit, Denis Caillot, Anne-Marie Stoppa, et al. "Incidence and Prognostic Value of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Elderly Patients with myeloma: The IFM Experience on 1095 Patients." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.994.994.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Abstract 994 The outcome of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is highly influenced by chromosomal abnormalities, and especially translocation t(4;14) and del(17p). However, these data have been mostly demonstrated in young patients, less than 65 years of age, treated with high-dose chemotherapy. Almost no data is available in elderly patients. In order to address this issue, we retrospectively analyzed patients over 66 years old, treated with various regimens in the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome (IFM). Since chromosomal abnormalities are centrally analyzed in the IFM, we focused our analyses on 1890 patients (age=65–94, median=71 y). The patients were divided in two groups: 66–74 y (1239 patients) and over 75 y (651 patients). We first analyzed the incidence of the following abnormalities: del(13), del(17p) (defined by a deletion present in at least 60% of the plasma cells), and t(4;14). The incidence of del(13) was 43.6% in the first group, and 37% in the second one (p=.007). For del(17p), the incidences were 5.9% and 6.1%, respectively (p=NS). Finally, for t(4;14), the incidences were 10.9% and 8.3%, respectively (p=.09). When compared to patients < 65 y, we observed a highly significant lower incidence of t(4;14) in elderly patients (14% vs 10.9% vs 8.3%, p<.0001), vs no significant difference for del(13) and del(17p). Treatment and follow-up data were available for 1095 of these patients. Fifteen % of the patients were treated with high-dose chemotherapy (median age=66 y), 246 received melphalan-prednisone (MP), 434 receined MP-thalidomide (MPT), the others receiving various schemas, including MP-bortezomib (84 patients), lenalidomide-dexamethasone (118 patients), or intermediate-dose melphalan (45 patients). Global prognostic analyses showed that both t(4;14) and del(17p) influenced both the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Even after stratification on treatment schema, both chromosomal abnormalities retained prognostic value: <10−6 for both t(4;14) and del(17p) for PFS, and <10−4 and <10−6 for OS, respectively. When restricted to the largest treatment group, i.e., patients treated with MPT, the respective p values were <10−4 and <0.002 for PFS, and <0.006 and <10−3 for OS. To conclude, this is by far the largest series analyzing the prognostic impact of chromosomal abnormalities in elderly patients. As demonstrated in younger patients, both t(4;14) and del(17p) negatively impact the PFS and OS survival of these elderly patients. Disclosures: Hulin: Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria. Facon:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen-Cilag: Consultancy, Honoraria.