Дисертації з теми "Systèmes optiques ultra large bande"
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Mouhssine, Najma. "Système d’émission de signaux ultra large bande par utilisation de l’effet photoconducteur." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066769.
Повний текст джерелаThis work reports a system using optics to generate Ultra Wide Band signal emission. Indeed, a contactless command by ultra short optic impulses applied on a photoswitch permits the quick activation of a RF signal whose shape ad lifetime is controlled. Such a device, particularly realized on GaAs-BT semiconductor, is optimized in terms of carrier generation and geometry in order to obtain an ultra short time response in a coplanar transmission structure. The whole emission system associates this device to a wide band antenna compliant with the standard of the UWB technology. Several structures of planar antennas have been modeled by electromagnetic simulations and realized. The TX / RX system, including two similar antennas, has been modeled by electrical simulations, and its performances have been validated by experimental measurements done in an anechoic chamber
Gomez, Agis Fausto. "Récupération d'horloge par verrouillage de phase optoélectronique pour les systèmes de communication optique à ultra haut débit utilisant un comparateur de phase ultra-rapide en niobate de lithium." Paris, ENST, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENST0018.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of ultra-high speed optical communication systems, we are focused on clock recovery, a critical function for signal reception and regeneration. At today, beyond the bit-rate of 160 Gbit/s per channel, electronics PLLs employed to perform such task are difficult to implement. So our interest for all-optical or partially-optical methods. In this work, we explore the potential offered by sum-frequency generation in PPLN waveguides, incorporated in a PLLs as a clock recovery unit for sinusoidally-modulated and ultra-high speed OTDM signals. These nonlinear optical devices provide the functionality of an ultra-fast phase comparator, producing an error signal as a function of the phase difference between the envelopes of two optical signals (the data signal and the optical clock). The relevance of an OEPLL based on PPLN is to demonstrate CR of an ultra-high speed OTDM signals at 640 Gbit/s. Clock extraction successfully achieved, establishes the first demonstration using an ARW-PPLN device at such bit rates and the second CR demonstration at 640 Gbit/s. Additionally, a full 640 Gbit/s transmission experiment (transmission and clock recovery), over a span of 50 km of SMF-IDF fiber is conducted. Successful channel extraction of a 10 Gbit/s tributary is achieved with error-free performance (BER 10^-9) and a power penalty to less than 1 dB. An analytical description and experimental demonstrations of PPLN waveguides as ultra-fast phase comparators for both types of signals are presented. In the same way, CR experiments demonstrating the potential of these devices for the pursued application are provided
Carbó, Meseguer Alexis. "Semiconductor optical amplifiers for ultra-wideband optical systems." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TELE0010.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last few decades the world has undergone a major revolution that has deeply affected the way we use communication networks. New services and applications have appeared demanding a constant increase of the channel capacity. In this period, optical systems have been upgraded at pair with advanced signal processing techniques which have permitted the increase of the spectral efficiency approaching the system capacity to the fundamental limit. It is because is becoming extremely challenging to keep growing the system capacity by this means. In this work, an orthogonal direction is studied to further increase the fibre capacity: extending the optical bandwidth. With this purpose, the use of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) is investigated to be implemented in future ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. The use of SOA amplification changes completely the paradigm in the design of an optical system since all the impairments added by the SOA must be considered. In this work, we assess the reservoir model, a simple yet powerful model, to analyze numerically the nonlinear regime of the SOA for WDM systems. We also show for the first that the linewidth enhancement factor of an SOA can be estimated with a coherent receiver. Finally, it is also studied how the correlation between channels degrades significantly the performance of the SOA and the inclusion of a decorrelation fibre is investigated. The conception of a UWB system is then studied. We characterize a novel ultra-wideband SOA developed by the French project CALIPSO which presents high gain in a 100-nm optical bandwidth with high output saturation power and 6-8 dB of noise figure. We analyze its nonlinear regime for WDM systems and we show for QPSK and 16 QAM modulation formats that the input saturation power can be overtaken by serveral dBs without important nonlinear penalty. On the other hand, a novel technique is studied to compensate fibre nonlinearities in UWB systems: the multicarrier multiplexing, which tries to exploit the concept of symbol rate optimization. Finally, we assess the capabilities of this novel UWB SOA for data-centre interconnection applications with two experiments transmitting up to 113 Tbps data troughput in a 100-nm continuous bandwidth link over 100 km of fibre and then testings is stability with real-time line cards between two points of presence (POP)of Facebook deployed in the Paris area
Warzecha, Adriana. "Système de mesure optoélectronique de champs électriques intégrant des capteurs basés sur des microcavités optiques en LiNbO3." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENT041.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work is to design and realize a compact and non-invasive system dedicatedto vectorial characterization of electric field. The field to be measured can be eitherradiated (for antenna radiation pattern) or guided (for on chip measurement). We herepropose a measurement system including pigtailed electro-optic probe. The transducingdevice is based on a Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity integrating LiNbO3 waveguide. The nonlinearcrystal induces a phase modulation of a laser probe beam depending on the theelectric field to be characterized. The FP cavity converts the signal into a linear amplitudemodulation and leads to a millimeter sized sensor thanks to the enhancement ofthe effective interactive length between the optical wave and the electric field. The sensorexhibits a sensitivity greater than 0.5 V.m−1.Hz−1/2, a spatial resolution as accurate as100 μm and a frequency bandwidth covering [10 Hz-10 GHz]. Moreover, we here suggesta high quality factor post-filtering of the optical carrier in order to increase the sensitivityof one order of magnitude
Carbó, Meseguer Alexis. "Semiconductor optical amplifiers for ultra-wideband optical systems." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TELE0010/document.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last few decades the world has undergone a major revolution that has deeply affected the way we use communication networks. New services and applications have appeared demanding a constant increase of the channel capacity. In this period, optical systems have been upgraded at pair with advanced signal processing techniques which have permitted the increase of the spectral efficiency approaching the system capacity to the fundamental limit. It is because is becoming extremely challenging to keep growing the system capacity by this means. In this work, an orthogonal direction is studied to further increase the fibre capacity: extending the optical bandwidth. With this purpose, the use of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) is investigated to be implemented in future ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. The use of SOA amplification changes completely the paradigm in the design of an optical system since all the impairments added by the SOA must be considered. In this work, we assess the reservoir model, a simple yet powerful model, to analyze numerically the nonlinear regime of the SOA for WDM systems. We also show for the first that the linewidth enhancement factor of an SOA can be estimated with a coherent receiver. Finally, it is also studied how the correlation between channels degrades significantly the performance of the SOA and the inclusion of a decorrelation fibre is investigated. The conception of a UWB system is then studied. We characterize a novel ultra-wideband SOA developed by the French project CALIPSO which presents high gain in a 100-nm optical bandwidth with high output saturation power and 6-8 dB of noise figure. We analyze its nonlinear regime for WDM systems and we show for QPSK and 16 QAM modulation formats that the input saturation power can be overtaken by serveral dBs without important nonlinear penalty. On the other hand, a novel technique is studied to compensate fibre nonlinearities in UWB systems: the multicarrier multiplexing, which tries to exploit the concept of symbol rate optimization. Finally, we assess the capabilities of this novel UWB SOA for data-centre interconnection applications with two experiments transmitting up to 113 Tbps data troughput in a 100-nm continuous bandwidth link over 100 km of fibre and then testings is stability with real-time line cards between two points of presence (POP)of Facebook deployed in the Paris area
Mirshafiei, Mehrdad. "Ultra-wideband Indoor Communications Using Optical Technology." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29408/29408.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаUltra-wideband (UWB) communication has attracted an enormous amount of research in recent years, especially after the introduction of the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectral mask. Ultra-short pulses allow for very high bit-rates while low power eliminates interference with existing narrowband systems. Low power, however, limits the propagation range of UWB radios to a few meters for indoors wireless transmission. Furthermore, received UWB signals are spread in time because of multipath propagation which results in high intersymbol interference at high data rates. Gaussian monocycle, the most commonly employed UWB pulse, has poor coverage under the FCC mask. In this thesis we demonstrate transmitters capable of generating UWB pulses with high power efficiency at Gb/s bit-rates. An efficient pulse results in higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver by utilizing most of the available power under the FCC spectral mask. We generate the pulses in the optical domain and use optical fiber to transport the pulses over several kilometers for distribution in a passive optical network. Optical fiber is very reliable for transporting radio signals with low power consumption. We use simple elements such as a Mach Zehnder modulator or a ring resonator for pulse shaping, allowing for integration in silicon. Being compatible with CMOS technology, silicon photonics has huge potential for lowering the cost and bulkiness of optical systems. Photodetection converts the pulses to the electrical domain before antenna transmission at the user side. The frequency response of UWB antennas distorts the UWB waveforms. We pro- pose a nonlinear optimization technique which takes into account antenna distortion to find pulses that maximize the transmitted power, while respecting the FCC spectral mask. We consider three antennas and design a unique pulse for each. The energy improvement in UWB pulses directly improves the receiver SNR. Simulation results show that optimized pulses have a significant bit error rate (BER) performance improvement compared to the Gaussian monocycle under multipath propagation. Our other contribution is evaluating a matched filter to receive efficiently designed UWB pulses. The matched filter is synthesized and fabricated in microstrip technology in collaboration with McGill University as an electromagnetic bandgap device. The frequency response of the matched filter shows close agreement with the target UWB pulse spectrum. BER measurements confirm superior performance of the matched filter compared to a direct conversion receiver. The UWB channel is very rich in multipath leading to ISI at high bit rates. Our last contribution is investigating the performance of receivers by simulating a system employing realistic channel conditions. Simulation results show that the performance of such system degrades significantly for high data rates. To compensate the severe ISI at gigabit rates, we investigate the Viterbi algorithm (VA) with a limited number of states and the decision feedback equalizer (DFE). We examine the required number of states in the VA, and the number of taps in the DFE for reliable Gb/s UWB trans- mission for line-of-sight channels. Non-line-of-sight channels were also investigated at lower speeds. BER simulations confirm that equalization considerably improves the performance compared to symbol detection. The DFE results in better performance compared to the VA when using comparable complexity as the DFE can cover greater channel memory with a relatively low complexity level.
Escobar, landero Salma. "Ultra-wideband coherent optical transmission systems : from modeling and optimization to experimental demonstrations beyond 100 Tbit/s." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAS012.
Повний текст джерелаUltra-wideband systems (UWB)are considered a cost-effective strategy to boostthe per-fiber through put in optical communications by pushing the boundaries of operational bandwidth beyond the conventional C-band. Recent experiments have showcased promising results with UWB high-capacity transmissions operating across the S+C+L bands, and evenfurther. These advancements raise the question of whether this technology can be effectively used to meet the growing demands for data traffic.This thesis provides an extensive investigation in to the opportunities and challenges ofUWB systems. Through the analysis of models that address the challenging wavelength dependent impairments, the core of this thesis consists in the development and validation of model-based power optimization techniques designed to enhance UWB system performance. The investigation is performed in numerical and experimental assessments in S+C+L systems. Moreover, the accurate model-based predictions obtained in this study offer invaluable insightsinto the transmission quality. These include ananalysis of the implications associated with potential UWB system failures. Finally, this thesis casts a vision for the future of this technology,discussing the feasibility of adopting UWBsystems over the deployment of parallel fibersystems
Merghem, Kamel. "Etude de lasers à verrouillage de modes à semiconducteur pour les réseaux de télécommunications à très haut débit." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10092/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis deals with the study of passive quantum-dash-based mode locked laser in different configurations: 2-section device (one gain section and one saturable absorber section) and self pulsating laser using a single section device.We have assessed in particular phase noise and timing jitter in optical pulses. The latter is very important for low jitter applications as ail optical clock recovery and millimeter wave generation. Stabilization technique based on optical feedback has been applied to reduce the timing jitter. Moreover, we present passive mode locked operation of a self-pulsating quantum dash Fabry-Perot laser diode at arepetition rate over 300 GHz
Deleuze, Anne-Laure. "Contributions à l'étude des systèmes ultra large bande par impulsions." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001668.
Повний текст джерелаFortino, N. "Conception et caractérisation d'antennes imprimées pour systèmes Ultra-Large-Bande impulsionnels." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00455714.
Повний текст джерелаGuidi, Francesco. "Etude des systèmes RFID opérants en rétrodiffusion modulée ultra large bande." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00848627.
Повний текст джерелаFortino, Nicolas. "Conception et caractérisation d'antennes imprimées pour systèmes Ultra Large Bande impulsionnels." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4100.
Повний текст джерелаThe recent use of Ultra Wide Band technology in telecommunication implies the study of appropriated antennas. This thesis presents the needs of efficient and characterized antennas but also the keys related to their conception. A state of the art of UWB antennas is proposed and a bowtie structure is chosen for optimization. A novel triangular CPW-fed printed antenna is then presented. This shape allows a 50 Ω impedance matching, an omnidirectionnal radiation pattern, a limited size and a low cost. A triangular slot and capacitive effects are introduced in the radiating part of the antenna in order to confer a better matching over a wider bandwidth, and a smaller overall size to the structure. A second work was carried out on ground planes shape to obtain more constant radiation patterns with frequency. The measurements of four realized antennas have validated the simulated results. The combined effects of these improvements on the final antenna structure result in an size reduction of 70 %. An elliptical CPW-fed printed antenna has also been studied and realized. Time domain measurements were also necessary to characterize the antennas. The procedure and data processing are first presented and validated. Antenna transmit and receive transfer functions have been differentiated. This characterization in several plans and directions allows us to calculate the distortion of a reference pulse during his radiation by the antenna. The dispersion that occurs can then be calculated and compared depending on antenna under test and direction
Fiorina, Jocelyn. "Performances des systèmes de communication "Ultra large bande" à impulsions radio." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112203.
Повний текст джерелаTime Hopping Impulse Radio Ultra Wide Band (TH-IR-UWB) systems are the object of the studies in this thesis. We first introduce the UWB principles and then propose new signalling schemes together with a synthetic comparison of the performances of different modulation possibilities. A key point in UWB performances is the Multi User Interference (MUI). In the first studies on UWB, MUI was supposed to be Gaussian. We see in our thesis that this hypothesis is not always true and that it overestimates UWB performances. By developing an impulse collision model, we propose a formula allowing a better estimation of the bit error rate. We also reveal a stochastic resonance phenomenon showing the unusual aspect of UWB interferences. Then we perform a detailed analysis of MUI, which allows us to work out the condition of Gaussianity and non-Gaussianity of the interfering signals. This results help in understanding MUI and, thanks to it, we may demonstrate the existence of a trade-off between the repetition factor and the frame length. Finally we propose a simple receiver adapted to the UWB MUI, which performances are greatly increased and may in some cases outperform the prevision of the Gaussian approximation which was considered to be too optimist before
Kamoun, Mohamed. "Conceptions des systèmes ultra large bande pour les très hauts débits." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112126.
Повний текст джерелаUWB is serious candidate for high data rate short range communications needed by the new emerging multimedia devices. UWB is defined to be be any communication system whose fractional bandwidth exceeds 25\% or whose bandwidth exceeds 500\MHz{}. Many spreading schemes hashave been proposed for UWB. Two techniques are studied in this thesis. They are impulse radio and direct sequence spreading. The first part gives an insight into the channel models in UWB context and the maximal bits rates that can be attained. Pulse based techniques are the main concern of the second part. Such techniques are inherently sensitive to timing uncertainties which are analysed from different points of view. First the impact of desynchronization is evaluated on the capacity of PPM modulation, then a jitter compensating algorithm is proposed. Since the channel diversity is an important advantage of UWB modulations, the performance of realistic PPM receiver are studied at the end of this part. It is shown that in presence of time jitter, a tradeofftrade-off is needed between diversity and sensitivity to timing uncertainties. The second part is devoted to direct sequence spreading. The main issue of this technique is the channel length. In order to minimize the amount of inter-symbol interference we choose the sequences to be longer than the channel impulse response. The rate loss is compensated by superimposing multiple codes in synchronous way. A tradeofftrade-off between the constellation order and the number of codes allows to reachreaching higher range than current proposals for WPAN standard
Souilmi, Younès. "Communication sans fil utilisant une signalisation ultra large bande." Paris, ENST, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENST0033.
Повний текст джерелаUWB is a new emerging technology which promises to bring a real revolution in the field of WLAN communications. UWB is based on a shift in spectrum management paradigm which consists on allowing users to transmit over a shared bandwidth of several GHz rather than allocating private bandwidth to each user. No significant interference is caused to other UWB users nor to other systems coexisting on the same frequency bandwidth thanks to a constrain on the transmitted power spectral density. Given the huge bandwidth used by UWB systems, the latter operates in the low spectral efficiency regime. In our work we investigate the impact of UWB characteristics on the design of adequate signalling and coding schemes. Motivated by the fact that channel knowledge is not required to achieve channel capacity for vanishing spectral efficiency, we consider non-coherent type of detection. We first evaluate the performance of practical non-coherent schemes using on-off signalling. We then investigate the impact of channel estimation, made possible by channel stationary, on system performance and show at which extinct practical coherent UWB systems can outperform non-coherent ones. Later we introduce a multi-carrier UWB signalling scheme which generalizes the concept of on-off signalling to the time-frequency 2-dimentional signalling space. We analyze the performance of this signalling scheme by deriving lower and upper bounds on its achievable data rates over the set of all frequency taps correlation profiles. We then consider UWB on-off signalling in the context of peer-to-peer multiple access networks. We propose a quantized threshold-based non-coherent receiver whose performance is shown
Salem, Faten. "Contribution à l'étude des systèmes ultra wideband différentiels." Télécom Bretagne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TELB0086.
Повний текст джерелаEl, Bahhar Fouzia. "Conception d'un système de communication ultra large bande appliqué aux transports." Valenciennes, 2003. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1c685f1d-c16a-44f6-8e31-0ca9a89472c1.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to investigate one major part of intelligent transportation systems, namely inter vehicles communication. In this framework, several theoretical studies have been performed to evaluate the performances of a communication system based upon the new Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology. Further theoretical studies have been conducted to address the ability of designing multiuser access UWB systems using orthogonal function waveforms. After the simulation stage, a prototype of our system has been built in order to proceed to first tests for evaluation of performances against used waveform, modulation kind, distance between emitter and receiver and the type of antenna. In order to comfort our theoretical study, supplementary tests have been performed on our mackup for pulsed monocycle waveforms and antipodal modulation, which demonstrate the feasibility of establishing an inter vehicles communication link
Nguyen, Hoang Giang. "Transmission de signaux Ultra Large Bande par voie optique dans la gamme de fréquences 57-66 GHz." Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0067.
Повний текст джерелаThis study presents a low cost optical transmission system for ultra wideband signais in the 57-64 GHz band. Two techniques are demonstrated here: the first uses two cascaded external modula tors. The second consists in a direct modulation of a laser diode followed by an external modulator. A double-side-band suppressed-carrier method is applied to the modulator, where the bias of the modulator is set to the minimum transmission point. An optical filter, based on a Fiber Bragg Grating, is used for implementation of side-band suppression with simultaneous frequency up-conversion. Ln case of direct modulation of laser diode, the coupling between optical phase and amplitude permits to reduce the power variations caused by the chromatic dispersion by 30 dB along the optical fiber compared to the case using external modulation. The optical transmission system has been evaluated via EVM measurements for different modulation format (MB-OFDM, WLAN) and up to 480 Mpbs bit rates. A wireless transmission has been realized by using two cornet antennas. Despite an electrical power loss of 24 dB, only 3% variation of the error vector magnitude, EVM, has been observed
Callec, Vincent. "Systèmes antennaires reconfigurables pour l'observation spatiale." Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00935319.
Повний текст джерелаEl, Akhdar Kassem. "Contribution à la mesure temporelle calibrée ultra-large bande de multipôles non linéaires microondes." Limoges, 2013. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/24dc7708-68cc-4e4d-8133-4c5ea7abb4ff/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4032.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаModern telecommunication systems require the use of wideband and high dynamic range modulated signals. Under these conditions, the power amplifier used in a transmission system is constrained by a difficult optimization of power performances. This optimization can be facilitated by using an time-domain measurement system developed at XLIM and improved in this thesis. A time-domain characterization tool associated to a wideband and ultra-high resolution calibration procedure has been implemented. The capabilities of the fully calibrated tool are demonstrated by the characterization of high power amplifiers. The use of this tool in the optimization of linearity and efficiency of transmitter systems is also described. It has been demonstrated that this tool allows the accurate visualization of time-domain voltage and current waveforms at input and output of the devices under test under wideband signal excitation. For the first time, transitions at the beginning and the end of RF pulsed signals, are finely observed. Applications to the broadband characterization (> 1GHz) as ACPR and NPR are shown. Future applications concern now depth studies of non-linear behaviors of power amplifiers for space applications. Theoretical and experimental studies of polar transmitter architecture allow quantifying the key performances and exposing additional capabilities of the developed wideband time-domain measurement system
Mihelic, François. "Diffusion Brillouin stimulée dans les fibres optiques : amplification Brillouin large bande et laser Brillouin." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10146/document.
Повний текст джерелаAs part of this thesis several studies will be presented. The first presentes the problem of preservation of information in a Brillouin amplification process. The second focuses on the achievement of a Brillouin amplifier with a broad bandwidth. The last part concerns the achievement of Brillouin lasers of high coherence. An experimental study of the transition between Brillouin generator and Brillouin amplifier in a state of saturation is performed. It highlights the transfer of energy from the generator to the probe. We have proven that even in a regime of powerful generator, the spectral qualities of the probe are preserved when the resonance is reached. The qualities of the Brillouin amplifier lead us in a second part to try to increase its bandwidth as narrow band gain is a limitation for many applications, especially in the field of telecommunications. We explore the possibility of working with a large-band pump to achieve broad band amplification. We prove a bandwidth above 10 GHz. We demonstrate a monomode laser, with a spectral width below one kHz, stable in frequency and intensity, in which the threshold is reached by commercial DFB laser diodes. The set-up is compact, robust and cost effective. The cavity can also be used separately, ie without pump assigned, to applications of spectral narrowing or filtering. Finally, the application of the device to spectral characterization of coherent lasers is proved and discussed
Mihelic, François. "Diffusion Brillouin stimulée dans les fibres optiques : amplification Brillouin large bande et laser Brillouin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10146.
Повний текст джерелаAs part of this thesis several studies will be presented. The first presentes the problem of preservation of information in a Brillouin amplification process. The second focuses on the achievement of a Brillouin amplifier with a broad bandwidth. The last part concerns the achievement of Brillouin lasers of high coherence. An experimental study of the transition between Brillouin generator and Brillouin amplifier in a state of saturation is performed. It highlights the transfer of energy from the generator to the probe. We have proven that even in a regime of powerful generator, the spectral qualities of the probe are preserved when the resonance is reached. The qualities of the Brillouin amplifier lead us in a second part to try to increase its bandwidth as narrow band gain is a limitation for many applications, especially in the field of telecommunications. We explore the possibility of working with a large-band pump to achieve broad band amplification. We prove a bandwidth above 10 GHz. We demonstrate a monomode laser, with a spectral width below one kHz, stable in frequency and intensity, in which the threshold is reached by commercial DFB laser diodes. The set-up is compact, robust and cost effective. The cavity can also be used separately, ie without pump assigned, to applications of spectral narrowing or filtering. Finally, the application of the device to spectral characterization of coherent lasers is proved and discussed
Marchais-Laguionie, Claire. "Conception et caractérisation compacte temporelle / fréquentielle d'antennes pour applications Ultra Large Bande (ULB)." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S149.
Повний текст джерелаAbou, Rjeily Chadi. "Construction et Analyse de Nouveaux Codes Spatio-Temporels pour les Systèmes Ultra Large Bande par Impulsions." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001968.
Повний текст джерелаMekki, Sami. "Architecture et traitement numérique pour les communications UWB à bas coût." Paris, ENST, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENST0069.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis report deals with a low cost IR-UWB receiver for high-data rates (100Mbps). The system under consideration uses a PPM modulation with a simple analog energy detector. In ordeer to overcome the problems inherent to high-data rates, such as inter-symbol interference and intra-symbol interference, a probabilistic equalizer is proposed. On this study, we define a well matched energy model that takes advantage from the interference levels. COmputer simulations are performed on the channel models of IEEE 802. 15. 3a Task Group. Numerical results show that the energy equalizer improve the receiver performances if perfect CSI was assumed. Channel parameters necessary for equalization are estimated by the mean of the EM algorithm. The energy equalizer and the EM algorithm are jointly run into the loop of an iterative channel decoder in order to enhance the BER performance and achieve 100Mbps data rate. We show that the EM algorithm is capable of estimating the channel parameters as accurately as the perfect CSI. Besides, a new training sequence for channel estimation is proposed. This allows to obtain a very low complexity channel estimation with regards to the EM algorithm. Finally, the hardware implementation feasability of the probabilistic equalizer is studied. For this purpose, we apporximate and replace certain complex mathematical functions, such as the chi-squared likelihood function, by ones less complex. Then, the computational complexity is further reduced by performing the calculations in the logarithmic domain. Fixed-point data types simulations are carried out and compared to the results obtained from the reference floating point non-approximated functions
Laderrière, Cyril. "Etude et caractérisation d'un couplage entre signaux Ultra Large Bande et signaux GNSS pour la localisation." Valenciennes, 2009. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/a87e0e71-f3fa-4260-95f5-3d146d819b81.
Повний текст джерелаDespite last generation Navigation Satellite Systems receiver (GNSS) outstanding sensitivity enhancements, inherent GNSS system margins do not appear sufficient for proper operation down to deep indoor environments. In this framework, pervasive localization issues with seamless transition outdoors/indoors and high demanding accuracy is addressed by associating GNSS with the emerging radio technology named Ultra Wide-Band (UWB). Reminding both technologies involve their signals to be synchronized for multi-lateration purposes, this thesis assesses the opportunity to retrieve GNSS clock outdoors, to synchronize UWB localization signals indoors. Within the scope of a localization application, the UWB radio transmission design proposal is first optimized, taking into account the indoor propagation specificities, then considering regulatory requirements for unlicensed use of UWB in the 3,1 to 10,6 GHz range. The relevancy of such a coupling is then experimentally addressed, first, demonstrating how the GNSS clock can be locally recovered outdoors; then, evaluating the UWB receiver ability to recover this synchronization in an evolving selective fading indoor channel impacted, for instance, by moving people in the environment. Results of such a coupling characterization between GNSS and UWB signals are finally highlighted in a localization perspective, contributing to the system simulation and modelling
El, Arja Hajar. "Sondeur de canal de propagation multi-capteur appliqué à la mesure de canal de propagation pour l'Ultra Large Bande (6GHz - 8. 5 GHz) à l'intérieur des bâtiments." Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00575964.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis presents the design of a channel sounder for the propagation of UWB signals in indoor environment. The sounder is based on a parallel architecture in reception composed of five ports circuit and an array of printed antennas LTSA (Linear Tapered Slot Antenna). The sounder has been realized and tested in the UWB frequency band (6 to 8. 5 GHz) allocated by ETSI. The measurements were used to examine the directions of arrival (DOA) and time of arrival of waves corresponding to multipath inside of a building. The combination of the five-port technique and the method of estimation MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) allows a sounder low production cost and high accuracy of estimation. Several propagation scenarios are discussed in the PhD thesis that will be provided in Line Of Sight (LOS) or No Line Of Sight (NLOS)
Stéphan, Antoine. "Stratégies d’allocation des ressources et optimisation de solutions OFDM avec précodage linéaire pour les communications ultra large bande." Rennes, INSA, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376631.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we propose a new ultra-wideband (UWB) system for high data rate wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications, based on the well-known multiband orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) solution supported by the WiMedia Alliance. In a first step, we analytically investigate the use of a linear precoded OFDM (LP-OFDM) waveform for UWB systems. The precoding function is then analytically optimized and different resource allocation algorithms maximizing the system range and throughput, and minimizing the system mean BER, are proposed. In a second step, a global UWB system approach is carried out, complementarily to the analytical study. Furthermore, a MIMO component is added to the LP-OFDM system in order to improve the system robustness as well as to provide a data rate of 1 Gb/s. System simulation results show that the joint use of MIMO and LP-OFDM schemes in UWB leads to a significant system improvement compared to the MB-OFDM system.
Naqvi, Ijaz Haider. "Application du retournement temporel (RT) aux systèmes de communications ultra large bande (ULB) et multi-antennes (MIMO)." Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00499469.
Повний текст джерелаNaqvi, Ijaz Haider. "Application du retournement temporel (RT) aux systèmes de communications ultra large bande (ULB) et multi-antennes (MIMO)." Phd thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ISAR0026.
Повний текст джерелаIn ultra wideband (UWB) systems, extremely narrow RF pulses are employed to communicate between transmitters and receivers. Because of their extremely wide bandwidth, UWB signals result in large number of resolvable multipaths and thus reducing the interference caused by the superposition of these multipaths. However, it also results in a complex receiver system. Time reversal (TR) is a transmission approach which permits to detect received signal with simple receivers by shifting the complexity to the transmitter. The received signal in the TR scheme is very focused in time and spatial domains. Temporal and spatial focusing permit to reduce inter symbol interference and multiuser interference respectively. In this Ph. D. Thesis, we investigate the TR UWB scheme and its application to high data rate communication. A validation of the TR scheme in the laboratory is performed and a parametric study of TR is carried out with single and multiple antenna configurations (MIMO). The robustness of the TR scheme is also studied in a non stationary environment. Furthermore, TR scheme is investigated from the communication point of view. Experimental validations of a new modulation scheme and high data rate communication for TR UWB are performed for dense multipath propagation channels. Finally, multiuser TR communication has also been studied during the course of this thesis. The results suggest that the TR UWB scheme is a promising and attractive transmission approach for future wireless local and personal area networks (WLAN & WPAN)
Dubouloz, Samuel. "Développement d'architectures avancées pour communications ultra large bande (UWB) dans des applications bas débit." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003907.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Pipec Mathieu. "Analyse d'une filière d'interconnexion adaptée aux systèmes de transmissions à haut débit par fibres optiques." Nantes, 2007. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=9bf42af7-1aed-4b46-a757-407ce4b059ad.
Повний текст джерелаThe main consequence of rising data rates in high density optical fibre telecommunications systems is the need for ever increasing component integration in both receiver and transmitter front ends. This observation has governed the work of this thesis which is devoted to helping the designer to make the right choice in the key area of interconnection technologies and to propose design rules for implementing these technologies. The first two chapters of this thesis describe the architectures of commonly deployed high data rate optical fibre systems. The principal components used in these systems are also presented as are their main characteristics. The second part concerns the selection of the right interconnection technology taking into consideration the system performances required and the constraints imposed by the necessities of component integration. A theoretical electromagnetic study of appropriate propagating structures is backed up by measurement of these structures and confirms the interest of conductor backed coplanar waveguide structures for this application. The final part of this work introduces the notion of integration with regard to a classical component such as a packaged Mach-Zehnder modulation driver and the resulting influence on the overall optical fibre system performance as measured by eye diagram and Bit Error Ratio. The analysis of the results of the electromagnetic simulation of the proposed structures allows us to propose equivalent circuit models of the transitions developed, which can be readily integrated into circuit simulators
Obeid, Nizar. "Évaluation des performances en localisation d’un radar ultra large bande millimétrique pour l’automobile." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10139/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to ensure maximum safety of users of road transport and to reduce the number of road accidents, considerable scientific research is conducted. The use of radar mounted on vehicles is a considered technological entry point. The required functions are measuring the distance and the velocity of fixed or mobile obstacles and providing their directions of arrival. More recently, a secondary vehicle to vehicle communication function has been suggested for these radar sensors. This thesis was part of a national research project launched in 2007 entitled "Communication inter VEhicules and accurate relative LOcation (VELO)" following a call for tenders from the French National Agency of Research. This project aims to design and to implement a radar sensor operating at the recently assigned millimeter frequency band of 79 GHz. Different functions must be provided by this sensor: Detection and radial distances of the targets; Targets speed measurements; Vehicle to vehicle communication; and Accurate targets relative location. The ultimate goal of these sensors is to constitute a safety virtual belt operating at 360 ° all around the vehicle, providing a high resolution localization of all the surrounding targets and the ability to communicate with other vehicles. In this work we focus particularly on the part “accurate relative localization of the targets”. We show that through the use of the ultra wideband (UWB) technique and of sub nanosecond pulses we can simultaneously satisfy these requirements. To evaluate the relative localization accuracy provided by this approach, the impact of different parameters are modeled: pulse waveforms, sampling rate, jitter, TOA, TDOA, DOA (Time Of Arrival, Time Difference Of Arrival, Direction Of Arrival) methods. Simulation models needed to assess overall system performance relative location were implemented and developed in MatlabTM and ADSTM. These simulation results have been validated during an experimental phase where we have localized sources emitting at 4 GHz and 60 GHz in a laboratory environment. A channel model considering a two-ray approach was also implemented in the simulations and experimentally validated at 63 GHz
Belkhiri, Chakib. "Contribution à l'optimisation des performances des récepteurs pour les futures générations de communications mobiles : conception et réalisation de mélangeurs ultra linéaires large bande à faible consommation et de VCOs large bande." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2073.
Повний текст джерелаThe integration of several services into a single handset makes of the homodyne conversion the favourite implementation for the future communication systems. However such architecture is prone to nonlinearities problems. Therefore, high linearity, high isolation and common mode rejection are needed, mainly for mixers. Moreover, transceivers must operate over a wide bandwidth to allow access to the various services suggested to the users. On the other hand, to avoid oscillator's redundancy and to reduce power consumption, wide tuning range VCOs with low phase noise are needed. It is the study of such devices which is proposed in this PhD thesis. Combination of conventional mixers concepts leaded to variable feedback amplifier topologies which provide high linearity with significant conversion gain. Several mixer circuits designed in CMOS and BiCMOS technologies showed the interest of this topology. Wide tuning range VCOs with good phase noise are achieved by using the double control technique and the push-push oscillator topology
Hamini, Abdallah. "News algorithms for green wired and wireless communications." Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00903356.
Повний текст джерелаPuyal, Vincent. "Conception de circuits intégrés pour les télécommunications optiques en technologie TBdH InP." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20164.
Повний текст джерелаThis work presents various high-speed design results in the InP DHBT technology of the III-V Alcatel Thales laboratory. The main goal is an IC speed improvement to develop optical network capacity and also to reduce (or to control) their cost. This maximum high operation frequency search is based on an improvement of design techniques and on several design innovations for electric diagram to layout. In the first time, basic cells have been realized: a 60-GHz static divider, a 120-GHz frequency doubler and a 40-Gb/s XOR. In the second time, it was capital to validate more complex digital functions, with the aim of transceiver reduced-scale integration. So, in order to implement a CDR, a digital phase detector have been designed and validated at 40 Gb/s. The different designed and measured circuits show state-of-the-art circuit performances. They could be use in 40-Gb/s future optical networks
Pecci, Pascal. "Conception, fabrication et analyse d'une source intégrée laser-modulateur électro-absorbant à ondes progressives pour des transmissions optiques à haut debit à 1. 55 [micro]m sur InP." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-484-485.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPuis, nous nous focalisons sur la conception du composant. Une premiere version est concue numeriquement afin de connaitre les parametres electriques de base du composant (indice de propagation n e, attenuation e, impedance caracteristique z c) et leur influence sur le fonctionnement. Apres analyse, une seconde version est realisee, permettant d'augmenter z c ce qui diminue la tension de commande et limite les pertes. Le chapitre 3 s'interesse a la fabrication des composants qui sont ensuite mesures et analyses (chapitre 4). Nous decouvrons ainsi les cles du monolithe (importance de z c et e, faible influence de n e) et comment les maitriser. En conclusion, les idees sur l'ilmtw ne sont plus preconcues mais concretes : la source integree possede une puissance de sortie optique de 1 mw (0 dbm) avec une monomodalite aussi bien transverse que longitudinale et un taux d'extinction de 20 db pour 2 vpp. Ses performances actuelles en termes de bande-passante et gain en tension sont comparables a celles des sources a electrode discrete, mais une legere modification permettrait un gain en performance de 30%
Ghannoum, Hassan. "Etude conjointe antenne/canal pour les communications Ultra Large Bande en présence du corps humain." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002083.
Повний текст джерелаChami, Ali. "Miniaturisation et intégration d'antennes imprimées pour systèmes communicants ULB pulsés." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4062.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is part of the project MIMOC (Methods for integration and Miniaturization of communicating objects), which was completed in partnership with the laboratory IM2NP of Marseille, the company InsightSip in Sophia Antipolis and Orange Labs La Turbie. The project targets the pulse transmission system over a very wide band frequency spectrum (Ultra Wide Band signals : UWB). Within this project, the work of this thesis is focused on the development miniaturization and integration of antennas for UWB communications systems conform to United States (FCC :. 1-10. 6 GHz) and European standards (ECC : 6-8. 5 GHz); The antenna was developed by adjusting the various parameters which influences its matching and radiation. We led a preliminary study to create a database that was useful later in various phases of the project to modify the antenna to fit in its environment changes. A printed radiating element constituted by several rectangular layers, fed by group coplanar waveguide line (GCPW), matched to the FCC frequency band, served as the basis for this study. This antenna has been studied in two configurations corresponding to two types of applications : credit card and USB key, mainly distinguished by the width of their ground planes. The study began with a large ground plane structure that was miniaturized in a second phase. The miniaturization aimed to reduce the width of the ground planes by changing the geometry of the structure to keep its radio-electrical performances. Several techniques have been studied, including reducing the size by 2D and 3D folding. The most effective technique was the one based on this insertion of slots in the side ground planes as well as in the lower ground planes. A well optimized dimension of these slots has achieved a structure 5 times smaller with a good impedance matching over all the FCC frequency band. These structures were then fabricated and the prototype has been characterized. The characterization of the prototypes was obtained after several measurement campaigns in the LEAT and Orange Labs La Turbie. A test bench has been fully developed and measured in time and frequency domains. It permits us to extract the performances of antennas gain, radiation pattern, impulse response, fidelity factor, etc. The capacity of a transmission through these prototypes was tested in a real environment. High data rate up to 500Mbits/s was obtained. The third phase of the work was to model a UWB chip pulse generator and integrate it together with the antenna in the system. This study was performed in the ECC band. A new printed miniature element with a good matching in this frequency band had to be designed. The chip has been fully modeled and parameterized, so is taken into account in the design of the system. MIMOC project was completed successfully. The good partnership with all members has been very constructive and has achieved the co-design of the antenna and the microelectronics. Following this work, another project aiming to develop UWB communications systems operating in contact with the human body (RUBY) has just started
Deparis, Nicolas. "Liaisons numériques haut débit ultra large bande transposées autour de 60 GHz pour objets mobiles communicants." Lille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL10163.
Повний текст джерелаAlhakim, Rshdee. "Optimisation des performances de réseaux de capteurs dynamiques par le contrôle de synchronisation dans les systèmes ultra large bande." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT101/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe basic concept of Impulse-Radio UWB (IR-UWB) technology is to transmit and receive baseband impulse waveform streams of very low power density and ultra-short duration pulses (typically at nanosecond scale). These properties of UWB give rise to fine time-domain resolution, rich multipath diversity, low power and low cost on-chip implementation facility, high secure and safety, enhanced penetration capability, high user capacity, and potential spectrum compatibility with existing narrowband systems. Due to all these features, UWB technology has been considered as a feasible technology for WSN applications. While UWB has many reasons to make it a useful and exciting technology for wireless sensor networks and many other applications, it also has some challenges which must be overcome for it to become a popular approach, such as interference from other UWB users, accurate modelling of the UWB channel in various environments, wideband RF component (antennas, low noise amplifiers) designs, accurate synchronization, high sampling rate for digital implementations, and so on. In this thesis, we will focus only on one of the most critical issues in ultra wideband systems: Timing Synchronization
Caillaud, Christophe. "Photorécepteur intégré SOA-PIN pour les applications à 100 Gbit/s." Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENST0057.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focuses on the design and fabrication of high speed photodiodes and their integration with a semiconductor optical preamplifier for short reach 100 gbit/s links. The first section of this study is dedicated to the optimization of an utc photodiode for 100 gbit/s links. Due to the implementation of an electric field in the absorption layer, owing to a gradual doping, and the optimization of a multimode waveguide, a high responsivity (0,6 A/W at 1,55 µm), an ultra wide 3-dB bandwidth (>120 ghz) and a high saturation current (20 MA at 50 GHz) are simultaneously achieved. Secondly, the study of shallow ridge soa and their comparison with buried soa show the advantages of BRS soa to realize an integrated SOA-PIN. The design of the integrated component is then presented and its technology is described. Finally, the SOA-PIN characterization demonstrates simultaneously a high responsivity 88 A/W), a low polarization dependence (<1 dB), a low noise factor (8. 5 dB) and a wide 3-dB bandwidth (≈65 ghz), which put our components at the best state of the art level. Simulations show our receivers would present a 40 Gbit/s sensivity improved by 2 dB as compared to competitors which demonstrate receivers with high noise factor soa. At 100 Gbit/s, the soa-pin would reach a high sensitivity of -18 dbm
Dupont, Samuel. "Contribution à l'étude et à la réalisation d'une liaison mixte fibre radio bidirectionnelle haut débit dans la bande des 60 GHz." Lille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIL10189.
Повний текст джерелаCuenot, Benjamin. "Contribution to engineering of WDM Nx160 Gbit/s optical transmission systems : Analysis of optical signal degradation induced by propagation impairments." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/CUENOT_Benjamin_2004.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGarbati, Marco. "Contribution au développement d’un lecteur RFID sans puce basé sur l’approche ultra large bande impulsionnelle." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT034/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe RFID technology is in full development, and is intended to substitute barcode in the next future. Between all the RFID families, the UWB chipless RFID technology is a major topic nowadays. With this thesis we focus on development of UWB chipless RFID readers, based on IR-UWB approach.The international regulations that limit the UWB emission are taken into consideration, and two reader prototypes developed. The first was as a concept car, and therefore used as proof of concept. The second version represents a full optimized reader in all the key aspects. Between them, the reading precision, through sampling noise reduction, the reading time, and cost effectiveness. As part of reader development, a low noise and low cost UWB pulse generator prototype was realized, along with UWB antennas, and RF front-end boards. As prospective, a reading technique based on polarization diversity is shown, with the aim of reading cross-polarized tags independently from their orientation. This approach is valuable because does not give any constraint at the tag design level
Lepage, Anne Claire. "Analyse et optimisation d'antennes tridimensionnelles : applications à la conception d'antennes compactes intégrées dans un système de communication ultra-large bande." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002238.
Повний текст джерелаBouton, Eric Albert. "Algorithmes d'allocation de ressources pour des systèmes à interférence." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005795.
Повний текст джерелаBouton, Eric. "Algorithmes d'allocation de ressources pour des systèmes à interférence." Paris, Télécom ParisTech, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENST0002.
Повний текст джерелаInterference is a phenomenon that is present in many communication systems and is often a serious hindrance to their development. An intelligent management of this phenomenon is thus necessary to limit its negative impact. In this thesis, we addressed three issues related to its presence. In the first part, in order to boost transmission rates in impulse radio ultra-wide band systems, we propose to assign multiple time-hopping codes to the same user. This generates a new type of interference associated with the additional codes allocated to the user of interest. Since the benefit of this type of strategy is not straightforward, we study the impact of our proposition on the system's performance. In the second part, we tackle the problem of optimizing the outage probability of multiple-antenna systems in a slow fading Rician channel. We propose to optimize this probability in the context of N transmit antennas and one single receive antenna, when the signal-to-noise ratio is high, and improve it when there are multiple antennas both at the transmitter and at the receiver. In the last part, we study the problem of power allocation in a Gaussian interference channel. Based on a new approximate expression of this channel's capacity and using an OFDM modulation, we propose to develop a new power allocation algorithm that improves the achievable rates region, compared with a uniform allocation and classic dynamic spectrum management techniques
Najam, Ali Imran. "Multiple-input multiple-output antennas for ultra wideband communications." Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0043.
Повний текст джерелаUWB technology has rapidly emerged in the areas of WPAN and sensors networks featuring high data rate communications. The applications of UWB are limited to very short-range communications due to the extremely low transmitted power. The combination of MIMO techniques with UWB has been considered as a solution to improve the range. However, a fundamental challenge arises for the design of antennas that faces the constraints offered by UWB systems and multi-antennas systems, and the constraints of size and cost. In this context, several new UWB-MIMO antennas are proposed. Their characterization is based on the parameters relevant to conventional antenna design and the specific parameters relevant to the UWB-MIMO antenna design. In particular, a new compact design with high isolation by inserting the inverted-Y shaped stub on the ground plane is proposed. A new method for modelling the mutual coupling, is also introduced which has the advantage of offering new approach to compensate it
Désaulniers, Yannick. "Étude comparative des méthodes de détection à usagers multiples dans les systèmes de communications sans fil MIMO ultra-large bande." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2009. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1371/1/030108475.pdf.
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