Дисертації з теми "System "scenario - development strategy""
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1
Siketina, Natalya Hennadievna. "Scenario approach to develop machine-building enterprise’s strategy." Thesis, Аналітичний центр "Нова Економіка", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/32893.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the last years maintenance of competitive activity changed and the that subject of management, that creates competitive potential, finds out potential of any value, generates unique ideas and knowledge that can interest the future consumers of his products. For reduction or prevention of risk of acceptance of administrative decisions the enterprises must find out those that influence on its activity, find out the possible level of risk and methods of his calculation .
2
Wang, Wenqing, and wenqing wang@rmit edu au. "Modelling and Simulating Mobile Commerce Diffusion in China Using System Dynamics." RMIT University. Business Information Technology, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080604.115004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current deployments of mobile commerce focus mostly on digital content. However, mobile commerce will grow rapidly with the increased use of portable devices such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants (PDA), increased network bandwidth, and the availability of a wider range of mobile commerce services and transactions. As the revenue generated from mobile commerce is expected to skyrocket in the coming years, strategists are turning their attention to untapped emerging markets in the developing countries. Understanding how mobile commerce will develop in countries like China, where huge market potential exists, is of paramount importance in order to develop effective strategies that will positively affect its course. Modelling the diffusion of mobile commerce in a country is a difficult task due to the non-linear, complex and uncertain nature of its operating environment. A System Dynamics approach is more appropriate to model such a complex system. The main objective of this study is to illustrate the process of developing System Dynamics models for simulating mobile commerce diffusion in China by using a subset of the factors involved. In order to achieve this objective, the Chinese mobile commerce was modelled as the interaction of three subsystems, namely: population evolution in China; mobile commerce diffusion; and the influence from the provision of mobile commerce terminals (MCT) on mobile commerce diffusion. Each subsystem was modelled by identifying the factors influencing its development as well as the interactions between the factors. The subsystems were calibrated using historical and forecasted data whenever they were available. The validation of the subsystems was also performed through extensive sensitivity analysis. The complete model was used for experimenting with some typical Chinese mobile commerce scenarios for the purpose of analysing mobile commerce trends and designing strategies to exert positive influences on those trends. The simulation of the submodels provided useful insights into their respective areas for controlling their development. Simulation of the population development submodel showed that, in addition to family planning policies, urbanisation rates and life quality were important factors that significantly influenced population dynamics in China. Simulation of the mobile commerce diffusion submodel showed that the time when mobile commerce is implemented will significantly influence its market expansion speed i.e. the later mobile commerce is implemented, the quicker the market will expand. The existence of floating populations in China will be a big advantage in starting up the rural market. However, if mobile commerce is implemented too late, the penetration in rural areas will be negligible. Simulation of the MCT provision submodel showed the importance of opening the Chinese market to foreign suppliers and the coordination of strategies regarding the design and supply of MCTs with strategies for the growth of mobile commerce in China. This study is a first attempt to simulate the diffusion of mobile commerce in China using System Dynamics. The results obtained showed that the models developed were useful for understanding and controlling the future diffusion of mobile commerce in China.
3
Itani, Nadine M. "Policy development framework for aviation strategic planning in developing countries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There exists no predefined framework for aviation policy making and
development. While aviation policy planning in most developed countries comes
as a result of institutional and industry coordination and is embedded within
other national policies addressing the welfare and growth of the country, it is
found that in many cases in less developed countries (LDCs), aviation policy
planning is often influenced by political pressures and the interests of fund
donors. The complexity of this situation in the developing countries results in
aviation plans that represent stand alone studies and attempt to find solutions to
specific problems rather than comprehensive aviation plans which fit well the
country‘s competitiveness profile and are properly coordinated with other
national policies for achieving medium and long-term objectives. This study
provides a three-stage policy development framework for aviation strategic
planning based on situational analysis and performance benchmarking
practices in order to assemble policy elements and produce a best-fit aviation
strategy.
The framework builds on study results that indicate an association between air
transport sector performance and aviation policy strategies, arguing that it is not
sufficient to simply describe performance but also to be able to assess it and
understand how policymakers can use strategic planning tools to affect the air
transport industry efficiency levels. This can be achieved by recognizing the
level of the country‘s stage of development and working on enhancing the policy
elements that produce better output and induce more contributions by aviation
to the national economic development and connectivity levels.
The proposed aviation policy development framework is systematic and
continuous. It helps policymakers in LDC to manage uncertainty in complex
situations by allowing them to defend, correct and re-examine the policy actions
based on a forward thinking approach which incorporates the contingency
elements of the policy and tracks the developments that can affect the odds of
its success. The framework‘s elements and its flow of process are explained by
providing an illustrative example applied to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
4
Combier, Robert. "Risk-informed scenario-based technology and manufacturing evaluation of aircraft systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the last half century, the aerospace industry has seen a dramatic paradigm shift from a focus on performance-at-any-cost to product economics and value. The steady increase in product requirements, complexity and global competition has driven aircraft manufacturers to seek broad portfolios of advanced technologies. The development costs and cycle times of these technologies vary widely, and the resulting design environment is one where decisions must be made under substantial uncertainty. Modeling and simulation have recently become the standard practice for addressing these issues; detailed simulations and explorations of candidate future states of these systems help reduce a complex design problem into a comprehensible, manageable form where decision factors are prioritized. While there are still fundamental criticisms about using modeling and simulation, the emerging challenge becomes ``How do you best configure uncertainty analyses and the information they produce to address real world problems?”
One such analysis approach was developed in this thesis by structuring the input, models, and output to answer questions about the risk and economic impact of technology decisions in future aircraft programs. Unlike other methods, this method placed emphasis on the uncertainty in the cumulative cashflow space as the integrator of economic viability. From this perspective, it then focused on exploration of the design and technology space to tailor the business case and its associated risk in the cash flow dimension. The methodology is called CASSANDRA and is intended to be executed by a program manager of a manufacturer working of the development of future concepts. The program manager has the ability to control design elements as well as the new technology allocation on that aircraft. She is also responsible for the elicitation of the uncertainty in those dimensions within control as well as the external scenarios (that are out of program control). The methodology was applied on a future single-aisle 150 passenger aircraft design.
The overall methodology is compared to existing approaches and is shown to identify more economically robust design decisions under a set of at-risk program scenarios. Additionally, a set of metrics in the uncertain cumulative cashflow space were developed to assist the methodology user in the identification, evaluation, and selection of design and technology. These metrics are compared to alternate approaches and are shown to better identify risk efficient design and technology selections.
At the modeling level, an approach is given to estimate the production quantity based on an enhanced Overall Evaluation Criterion method that captures the competitive advantage of the aircraft design. This model was needed as the assumption of production quantity is highly influential to the business case risk. Finally, the research explored the capacity to generate risk mitigation strategies in to two analysis configurations: when available data and simulation capacity are abundant, and when they are sparse or incomplete. The first configuration leverages structured filtration of Monte Carlo simulation results. The allocation of design and technology risk is then identified on the Pareto Frontier. The second configuration identifies the direction of robust risk mitigation based on the available data and limited simulation ability. It leverages a linearized approximation of the cashflow metrics and identifies the direction of allocation using the Jacobian matrix and its inversion.
5
Siketina, Natalya Hennadievna. "Strategies for sustainable development of machine-building enterprise." Thesis, Mieszko I School of Education and Administration, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/36610.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Enterprises must identify those that affect its activities, identify the acceptable level of risk and how to calculate it, in order to reduce or prevent the risk of making managerial decisions. Since in the process of functioning of the enterprise there is a lagging of the values of the actually obtained indicators from the desired, there is not only the need to respond to changes in the environment of the enterprise, as well as their prediction. Consequently, the management of machine-building enterprises should develop a forecast of possible changes (positive and negative deviations) in the dynamics of the main indicators of its activities
6
Puthenveetil, John P. "An Assessment of the Role of Scenario-Based Anticipatory Organizational Learning in Strategy Development---An Organization Development Perspective." Thesis, Benedictine University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10587691.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The only two certainties in life are death and more uncertainty—with change the only constant. Rapidly changing environments require speedier response. We do not know what the future holds. Crafting strategy when the future is unknown and unknowable is challenging. The increasing uncertainty and turbulence has seen the gradual replacement of forecasting with scenario planning. Unfortunately, we are still trapped in the Taylorist paradigm that there is always one optimal strategy for any company to pursue. The global financial crisis of 2007-2009 provided a dramatic demonstration of the risk inherent in any strategic plan that relies on a unidimensional view of the future.
Using this crisis as a Petri dish, this research examined how well scenario planning worked. As the objective of scenario-based strategy development is to improve organizational agility (defined as the speed with which firms sensed and responded to an organizational crisis), the research measured how agile these firms were, measured against an established timeline and a sense and respond model, the Puthenveetil Model.
This study used a qualitative longitudinal case study method using purposive sampling of 14 firms that used scenario planning in strategy development and examined their strategies during the crisis ex post facto, only to find that most firms did not anticipate the crisis. Of those that did, only two—General Electric and Herman Miller, firms steeped in the learning/organization development culture—responded during the pre-crisis period. A surprising finding was that in six of the 14 firms, headcounts increased during this period. As to why so many firms failed to anticipate this crisis, there were three possible explanations: (a) the Cassandra Syndrome, (b) blind confidence in probability, and (c) reactive approach to change. The Puthenveetil Model could be used by individuals and organizations to prepare for the challenges of the VUCA world by hedging against the inevitable surprises that lurk in the background. Uncertainty is not an ally of confidence. Confidence is needed for commitment. Scenario-based thinking should help decision makers think clearly, feel confident, and act decisively.
7
Basirat, Farzad. "CO2 leakage in a Geological Carbon Sequestration system: Scenario development and analysis." Thesis, KTH, Vattendragsteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this project was to study the leakage of CO2 in a Geological Carbon Sequestration (GCS) system. To define the GCS system, a tool that is known as an FEP database was used. FEPs are the features, processes and events that develop scenarios for the goal of the study. Combinations of these FEPs can produce thousands of scenarios. However, among all of these scenarios, some are more important than others for leakage. The FEPs that were used as scenario developers were the formation of the liquid flow, the salinity of the formation liquid, diffusion as a process for gas bubble transport and the depth of the reservoir layer. In this study, the leakage path is considered as the presence of a fracture in sealed caprock. The fractures can be modeled using various approaches. Here, I represented the influence of fracture modeling by applying the Equivalent Continuum Method (ECM) and the Dual-Porosity and Multi-continuum methods to leakage. This study suggests that considering groundwater in the aquifer would reduce the leakage of CO2 and that a shallower formation leads to higher leakage. This study can be expanded to future studies by including external FEPs that are related to the FEPs that were used in this study.
8
Siketina, Natalya Hennadievna. "System-issues of development of hotel business." Thesis, Уманський національний університет садівництва, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/38798.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of a hotel business development strategy should include the following methodological approaches to the sequence of execution of works: the definition of goals and objectives for gaining strategic positions in the market, achieving the necessary technical level and product quality, increasing the efficiency of service delivery; determining the real possibilities of the hotel company for the implementation of the stated goals and objectives; justification of the development strategy, that is, the development of long-term and current measures of economic and financial development of the hotel company in order to provide the above-mentioned tasks; estimation of probable results; the development and adoption of corrective measures to achieve the planned results activity of hotel enterprise.So in deciding to optimize the development of the hotel business, it is necessary to determine the ways of its implementation, that is, to choose the appropriate strategy of activity.
9
Bush, Brian O. "Development of a fuzzy system design strategy using evolutionary computation." Ohio : Ohio University, 1996. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178656308.
Повний текст джерела
10
Gilmore, John Sebastian. "Development of a satellite communications software system and scheduling strategy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Stellenbosch University and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven has a joint undertaking to develop a satellite communications payload. The goals of the project are: to undertake research and expand knowledge in the area of dynamically configurable antenna beam forming, to prove the viability of this research for space purposes and to demonstrate the feasibility of the development in a practical application. The practical application is low Earth orbit satellite communication system for applications in remote monitoring. Sensor data will be uploaded to the satellite, stored and forwarded to a central processing ground station as the satellite passes over these ground stations. The system will utilise many low-cost ground sensor stations to collect data and distribute it to high-end ground stations for processing. Applications of remote monitoring systems are maritime- and climate change monitoring- and tracking. Climate change monitoring allows inter alia, for the monitoring of the effects and causes of global warming. The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven is developing a steerable antenna to be mounted on the satellite. Stellenbosch University is developing the communications payload to steer and use the antenna. The development of the communications protocol stack is part of the project. The focus of this work is to implement the application layer protocol, which handles all file level communications and also implements the communications strategy. The application layer protocol is called the Satellite Communications Software System (SCSS). It handles all high level requests from ground stations, including requests to store data, download data, download log files and upload configuration information. The design is based on a client-server model, with a Station Server and Station Handler. The Station Server schedules ground stations for communication and creates a Station Handler for each ground station to handle all ground station requests. During the design, all file formats were defined for efficient ground station-satellite communications and system administration. All valid ground station requests and handler responses were also defined. It was also found that the system may be made more efficient by scheduling ground stations for communications, rather than polling each ground station until one responds. To be able to schedule ground station communications, the times when ground stations will come into view of the satellite have to be predicted. This is done by calculating the positions of the Satellite and ground stations as functions of time. A simple orbit propagator was developed to predict the satellite distance and to ease testing and integration with the communications system. The times when a ground station will be within range of the satellite were then predicted and a scheduling algorithm developed to minimise the number of ground stations not able to communicate. All systems were implemented and tested. The SCSS executing on the Satellite was developed and tested on the satellite on-board computer. Embedded implementations possess strict resource limitations, which were taken into account during the development process. The SCSS is a multi-threaded system that makes use of thread cancellation to improve responsiveness.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Universiteit van Stellenbosch ontwerp tans ’n satelliet kommunikasieloonvrag in samewerking met die Katolieke Universiteit van Leuven. Die doel van die projek is om navorsing te doen oor die lewensvatbaarheid van dinamies verstelbare antenna bundelvorming vir ruimte toepassings, asook om die haalbaarheid van hierdie navorsing in die praktyk te demonstreer. Die praktiese toepassing is ’n satellietkommunikasiestelsel vir afstandsmonitering, wat in ’n Lae-Aarde wentelbaan verkeer. Soos die satelliet in sy wentelbaan beweeg, sal sensor data na die satelliet toe gestuur, gestoor en weer aangestuur word. Die stelsel gebruik goedkoop sensorgrondstasies om data te versamel en aan te stuur na kragtiger grondstasies vir verwerking. Afstandsmoniteringstelsels kan gebruik word om klimaatsverandering, sowel as die posisie van skepe en voertuie, te monitor. Deur oa. klimaatsveranderinge te dokumenteer, kan gevolge en oorsake van globale verhitting gemonitor word. Die Katholieke Universiteit van Leuven is verantwoordelik vir die ontwerp en vervaardiging van die satelliet antenna, terwyl die Universiteit van Stellenbosch verantwoordelik is vir die ontwerp en bou van die kommunikasie loonvrag. ’n Gedeelte van hierdie ontwikkeling sluit die ontwerp en implementasie van al die protokolle van die kommunikasieprotokolstapel in. Dit fokus op die toepassingsvlak protokol van die protokolstapel, wat alle leêrvlak kommunikasie hanteer en die kommunikasiestrategie implementeer. Die toepassingsvlaksagteware word die Satellietkommunikasie sagtewarestelsel (SKSS) genoem. Die SKSS is daarvoor verantwoordelik om alle navrae vanaf grondstasies te hanteer. Hierdie navrae sluit die oplaai en stoor van data, die aflaai van data, die aflaai van logs en die oplaai van konfigurasie inligting in. Die ontwerp is op die standaard kliënt-bediener model gebasseer, met ’n stasiebediener en ’n stasiehanteerder. Die stasiebediener skeduleer die tye wanneer grondstasies toegelaat sal word om te kommunikeer en skep stasiehanteerders om alle navrae vanaf die stasies te hanteer. Gedurende die ontwerp is alle leêrformate gedefinieer om doeltreffende adminstrasie van die stelsel, asook kommunikasie tussen grondstasies en die satelliet te ondersteun. Alle geldige boodskappe tussen die satelliet en grondstasies is ook gedefnieer. Daar is gevind dat die doeltreffendheid van die stelsel verhoog kan word deur die grondstasies wat wil kommunikeer te skeduleer, eerder as om alle stasies te pols totdat een reageer. Om so ’n skedule op te stel, moet die tye wanneer grondstasies binne bereik van die satelliet gaan wees voorspel word. Hierdie voorspelling is gedoen deur die posisies van die satelliet en die grondstasies as funksies van tyd te voorspel. ’n Eenvoudige satelliet posisievoorspeller is ontwikkel om toetsing en integrasie met die SKSS te vergemaklik. ’n Skeduleringsalgoritme is toe ontwikkel om die hoeveelheid grondstasies wat nie toegelaat word om te kommunikeer nie, te minimeer. Alle stelsels is geimplementeer en getoets. Die SKSS, wat op die satelliet loop, is ontwikkel en getoets op die satelliet se aanboord rekenaar. Die feit dat ingebedde stelsels oor baie min hulpbronne beskik, is in aanmerking geneem gedurende die ontwikkeling en implementasie van die SKSS. Angesien die SKSS ’n multidraadverwerkingsstelsel is, word daar van draadkansellasie gebruik gemaak om die stelsel se reaksietyd te verbeter.
11
Nyasulu, Maganizo Kruger. "Scenario Evaluation of Malawi Energy Policy: LEAP System Modelling Projections from 2008 to 2063." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-371239.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
National access to modern energy is deemed by Malawi government as the driving force to attain social-economic development. To achieve this, optimal decisions in energy planning and investment are considered important. This study evaluates potential pathways that will inform better policy design and investment option in energy sector. The Integrated Assessment Modelling method has been used to integrate social, economic and environmental variables that affect energy systems, and further analyses potential energy pathways in relation to these earth systems. The Long-range Alternatives Energy Planning system (LEAP) has been used to run a continuous time series from 2008 to 2063 of the three energy policy pathways (scenarios) using: (1) the current Malawi National Policy and Strategies on Energy (MwNEP) (2) the United Nation’s Sustainable Energy for All strategy (SE4ALL) and (3) Business as Usual (REF) scenario. The analysis indicates an exponential growth in energy demand for both MwNEP and SE4ALL scenario with a slight higher demand in SEAll over MwNEP Scenario. In both cases Biomass remains an important energy source beyond the 2030. Thus, the SDG 7 will not be achieved by 2030. Similarly, energy demand trends in MwNEP and SE4ALL scenarios continue to grow beyond available energy stocks and generation capacity which will lead to a shortfall in energy supply. Environmentally, the GHGs emissions in MwNEP are higher than the SE4ALL scenario. This is reflected in the pro-environment policy objective pursued by SE4ALL scenario. In the medium-term LEAP analysis favours advancement of alternative renewable energies at household level like solar photovoltaic (PV) for lighting and sustainable biomass energy for cooking. In the long-run, scaling up the adoption of renewable energy in form of solar, wind and hydro-electricity to meet the energy gap. At the same time, designing and adhering to implementation of sustainable energy plans that cuts energy sources from fossil fuels and allow easy accesses to affordable renewable energies will result in a success of Malawi’s energy system.
12
Cross, Patrick Wilson. "System Modeling and Energy Management Strategy Development for Series Hybrid Vehicles." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24785.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A series hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle that is powered by both an engine and a battery pack. An electric motor provides all of the mechanical motive power to the transmission. Engine power is decoupled from the transmission by converting engine power into electricity which powers the electric motor. The mechanical decoupling of the engine from the transmission allows the engine to be run at any operating point (including off) during vehicle operation while the battery back supplies or consumes the remaining power. Therefore, the engine can be operated at its most efficient operating point or in a high-efficiency operating region.
The first objective of this research is to develop a dynamic model of a series hybrid diesel-electric powertrain for implementation in Simulink. The vehicle of interest is a John Deere M-Gator utility vehicle. This model serves primarily to test energy management strategies, but it can also be used for component sizing given known load profiles for a vehicle.
The second objective of this research is to develop and implement multiple energy management strategies of varying complexity from simple thermostat control to an optimal control law derived using dynamic programming. These energy management strategies are then tested and compared over the criteria of overall fuel efficiency, power availability, battery life, and complexity of implementation. Complexity of implementation is a critical metric for control designers and project managers.
The results show that simple point-based control logic can improve upon thermostat control if engine efficiency maps are known. All control method results depend on the load profile being used for a specific application.
13
Oparah, Francis C. "The transportation system of post-colonial Nigeria: A strategy for development." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1994. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3234.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation analyzes the influence of colonialism on the current transportation system in Nigeria, its impact on development and the stringent difficulties experienced in the restructuring of the system for efficient development in the Nigerian economic milieu. These have been accomplished by an analysis of the colonial intentions of the foreign influence under whose auspices the transportation system in Nigeria was initiated and constructed. Also, the post-colonial difficulties in the efforts to restructure the system were critically analyzed. A major assumption made in this dissertation has been that colonialism was the main reason the system was structured the way it stands currently, especially since the system reached its greatest development and expansion during colonialism in Nigeria. All evidences in this study point to the fact that unless the system is completely restructured to better address the developmental needs in Nigeria, development will still be far-fetched and thus negate the importance of transportation as a major vehicle to national development.
14
Manning, Jeffrey (Jeffrey W. ). "Innovation trap : can your innovation strategy cripple your product development?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44691.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2008.Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Innovation is a hot topic; innovation is happening everywhere. Innovation is "romantic", reaching for the stars, against all odds, solving the problem no one thought possible. Most CEOs would not characterize survival as "romantic". Innovate or perish; the mantra, the truth, plain, stark, cold and naked. It gets worse; the environment is rapidly changing. Sophisticated customers are demanding quick responses with low cost, high quality products. What once worked with brilliant success is now failing. If innovation is happening everywhere, it is increasingly not happening here. During the past two years, a multi-vendor government project consisting of two vendors geographically segregated across three regions has seen tremendous success followed by almost total collapse. Initial program status and progress indicate near exponential trajectory: ahead of schedule, under budget and all functionality present. However, collapse was not too far off. The integration effort was a complete failure. Key schedule milestone dates were continuously missed. The gap between functionality believed completed and really completed widened. The story reads like a classic runaway project. Worse, the budget was near exhaustion. The central contribution of the analysis is the identification of the innovation trap. The innovation trap identifies conflicting corporate objectives governing the innovation strategy for new business development and the product development strategy of existing programs in the product pipeline. This study examines the innovation trap by applying System Dynamics techniques to develop a set of heuristics not only to identify collapse conditions but also how to address the problem. The goal of this study is to develop a concept for an improved organization and structure for today's high technology product companies where innovation is crucial for corporate success.
by Jeffrey Manning.
S.M.
15
Sodipo, K. O. "The application of savoir to the decision making process in contract strategy." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380202.
Повний текст джерела
16
Lagunas, Diego, and Björn Hellman. "Organisational Advantages through the development of Information Systems : An Information System Design Strategy." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-1546.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Information systems design was investigated and a model was developed aimed obtaining organisational advantages through quality and participation. This was developed by connecting high quality information assurance in an IS to the needs of the organisation and incorporating the users in the development through participation factors.
The model generates a instruction that connects the impact on the individual and organisation when developing an IS to the organisational benefits. Its purpose is to enable the benefits of motivation, awareness and empowerment.
We applied the model using the case study approach for connecting the model to a real life situation. The results provided a blueprint to implement the IS design strategy and may be investigated later to verify if the advantages were reached.
The work is of great interest to project managers, software developers and programmers
Design av informationssystem var undersökt. En modell togs fram med målet att knyta organisatoriska fördelar från kvalitet och medverkan av organisationen i framtagandet av ett IS. Modellen skapades utifrån två ståndpunkter, hög kvalitet på datasäkerhet och de behov som finns inom organisationen samt en inkorporerad medverkan av användarna i framtagandet av IS.
Modellen fungerar som en instruktion med målet att koppla påverkan på organisationen samt individen av att implementera ett IS till de organisatoriska fördelarna genererade av förändringen. Resultatet möjliggör fördelarna av motivation, medvetenhet och empowerment hos organisationen samt individen.
Vi applicerade modellen i ett verkligt företag. Resultatet blev en beskrivning för realisering av en IS designstrategi. Denna strategi bör senare bli utvärderad för att säkerställa att det önskade målet har uppnåtts.
Detta arbete skulle kunna intressera projektledare, mjukvara utvecklare och programmerare.
17
Beer, Simon. "Managing uncertainty in production system design during early-phase product development : A scenario-based case study within the commercial vehicle industry." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273185.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Production systems of automotive companies are exposed to various change drivers in increasingly volatile market environments. In order to manage the different areas of complexity, time, costs and quality it is necessary to continually adapt and reconsider production systems. Besides other company internal and external change drivers, product development projects initiate such adaption measures in production systems design. Characteristic for production system design activities during early-phase product development is the inadequate data and information basis. Existing methodologies for production system design assume an already existing production system and the optimization towards specific key performance indicators. Other methodologies that accompany the product development process focus solely on specific production process aspects. Consequently, a methodology for holistic determination and consideration of uncertainties in production system design during early-phase production development is needed. Aim The aim of the thesis is therefore to develop, apply and evaluate a framework that enables a structured concretization of uncertainties concerning product development projects and other company external and internal uncertainties. Furthermore, the framework should facilitate identifying which impact those uncertainties could have on the existing production system and how to develop and evaluate countermeasures. Samples The study was conducted within the commercial vehicle industry and in cooperation with ScaniaCV AB located in Södertälje, Sweden as an industrial research partner. Methods Based on a literature review and in consideration of the needs of the industrial research partner, the requirements on the framework were defined. The individual sections of the framework incorporate adaptations of existing methodologies as well as methods purpose-developed in thecourse of the thesis. The application of the framework took place within the department of transmission manufacturing in the course of a new transmission development project. Results The results show that through the application of the framework, uncertainties connected to a new transmission development project were significantly reduced. Affected production system areas were identified and adequate measures in production system design were initiated. Conclusions The developed framework enables managing uncertainties in production system design during early phase product development. Furthermore, the structured way of working and documentationi ncreases the cooperation and communication between product and production development as well as the overall transparency within the development project.Bakgrund Produktionssystem inom fordonsindustrin utsätts för olika förändringsfaktorer i en allt mer flyktig marknadsmiljö. För att hantera de motstridiga områdena komplexitet, tid, kostnad och kvalitet är det nödvändigt att hela tiden anpassa och ompröva produktionssystem. Förutom andra interna och externa förändringsfaktorer initierar produktutvecklingsprojekt sådana anpassningsåtgärder vid design av produktionssystem. Karaktäristisk för utvecklingen av produktionssystem i den tidiga fasen av produktutvecklingen är den otillräckliga data- och informationsbasen. Befintliga metoder för design av produktionssystembaseras på ett befintligt produktionssystem och optimering av vissa viktiga prestandaindikatorer. Andra metoder som följer med produktutvecklingsprocessen fokuserar uteslutande på specifika aspekter av produktionsprocessen. Därför krävs en metod för helhetsbestämning och hänsyn till osäkerheter i utformningen av produktionssystem i den tidiga fasen av produktionsutvecklingen. Mål Syftet med avhandlingen är därför att utveckla, tillämpa och utvärdera en metod som möjliggör en strukturerad specifikation av osäkerheter i produktutvecklingsprojekt och andra externa och interna osäkerheter i företaget. Dessutom bör metodiken göra det lättare att avgöra vilken påverkan dessa osäkerheter kan ha på det befintliga produktionssystemet och hur motåtgärder kan utvecklas och utvärderas. Forskningsomfång Studien genomfördes inom kommersiella fordonsindustrin och i samarbete med Scania CV AB baserat i Södertälje, Sverige, som en industriell forskningspartner. Metoder Baserat på en litteraturöversikt och med beaktande av den industriella forskningspartnerns behov definierades kraven för metodiken. I varje del av ramverket finns det både anpassningar av befintliga metoder och metoder som har utvecklats under arbetets gång. Ramverket användes inom tillverkningsavdelningen för växellådan som en del av ett nytt utvecklingsprojekt. Resultat Resultaten visar att tillämpningen av ramverket avsevärt minskade osäkerheten i samband med ett nytt utvecklingsprojekt. Påverkade områden i produktionssystemet identifierades och lämpliga åtgärder för utformningen av produktionssystemet inleddes. Slutsatser Studien visar att den utvecklade metodiken gör det möjligt att kontrollera osäkerheter i utformningen av produktionssystem i den tidiga fasen av produktutvecklingen. Dessutom förbättrar det strukturerade sättet att arbeta och dokumentera samarbetet och kommunikationen mellan produkt- och produktionsutveckling samt total öppenhet inom utvecklingsprojektet.
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Plakhtynska, V. V. "Economic development strategy of foreign economic activity." Master's thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81374.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У роботі досліджено теоретичні та методологічні засади та розробка практичних рекомендацій щодо вдосконалення системи зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємства. Цілі та основні принципи зовнішньоекономічної діяльності підприємства.The theoretical and methodological principles and develop practical recommendations for improving the system of foreign economic activity of the enterprise. The objectives and basic principles of foreign economic activity of the enterprise.
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Ali, MD Mahfil. "An alternative strategy of sustainable transport system in Hong Kong : restraint of private car /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22284412.
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Hardikar, Uday. "Standardization of network interfaces : a framework for collaborative development and go-to-market strategy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34625.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2006."June 2006."
Includes bibliographical references.
Over the last decade technological innovation in computers and communications industries has resulted in higher penetration of technology intensive products in businesses and homes. In communications industry, the true value of converged networks will be exploited only if the products and services provided end-to-end quality, reliability and consistency of features and functionalities that are offered. However, for this to happen, the products, systems and networks need to be interoperable. Interoperability can be accomplished most effectively and efficiently by use of common standards; but at the same time use of common standards potentially and arguably leads to commoditization of products, and constrains ability of product differentiation. Processes for setting standards, are not only messy but are prolonged, and quite often lead to battles for platform leadership. As incumbent telecommunications service providers transition from the public switched telephone networks to the IP-based data networks, customer expectations are high, challenges are many and failures are costly.
(cont.) Verizon Interoperability Forum has taken on this challenge by attempting to develop standards for interfaces for network elements that are used on Verizon's own network. It is proposed that network interfaces' standards exhibit characteristics of network effects and possess a great potential for becoming a de facto standard.
by Uday Hardikar.
S.M.
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Oakes, David R. "Microsoft operating systems development and strategy : an assessment of the Windows 2000 Server operating system." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA369436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Systems Technology (Scientific and Technical Intelligence)) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1999.Thesis advisor(s): Douglas E. Brinkley. Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153). Also Available online.
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Anagnostopoulos, Jason. "The integration of strategy cause mapping and system dynamics for performance measurement development and management." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502316.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Organizations are working in a changing environment. It is well established that performance measurement plays a critical role in organizations, signaling how well they are succeeding in achieving their objectives and identifying where improvement efforts are required. However, in spite of the remarkable progress in the field of performance measurement development, it is recognized that there are still 'issues' which deserve further research, if performance measurement systems are to receive a better understanding of key objectives, identification of the key "determinants" for organizational performance, performance measures selection and the improvement of the overall validity. Informed by the literature review and empirical evidence, this thesis aims to show that the use of Strategy Cause Mapping and (SCM) and System dynamics (SD) in an integrated way could support the design, implementation and use of more effective performance measurement systems.
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Joshi, Priyanka. "Targeting intrinsically disordered proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases : a strategy towards drug discovery." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709234.
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Yenilmez, Batuhan O. "DEVELOPMENT OF AN RNAi THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AGAINST NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH)." eScholarship@UMMS, 2021. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe liver disorder characterized by triglyceride accumulation, severe inflammation, and fibrosis. With the recent increase in prevalence, NASH is now the leading cause of liver transplantation, with no approved therapeutics available. Despite years of research, the exact molecular mechanism of NASH progression is not well understood, but fat accumulation is believed to be the primary driver of the disease. Therefore, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), a key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, has been explored as a NASH target. RNAi-based therapeutics is revolutionizing the treatment of liver diseases, with recent chemical advances supporting long term gene silencing with single subcutaneous administration. Here we identified a hyper-functional, fully chemically stabilized GalNAc conjugated siRNA targeting DGAT2 (Dgat2-1473) that upon injection elicits up to three months of DGAT2 silencing (>80-90%, p<0.0001) in wild-type and NSG-PiZ “humanized” mice.
Using an obesity-driven mouse model of NASH (ob/ob-GAN), Dgat2-1473 administration prevents and reverses triglyceride accumulation (> 50%, p:0.0008), resulting in significant improvement of the fatty liver phenotype. However, surprisingly, the reduction in liver fat didn’t translate into a similar impact on inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, while Dgat2-1473 is a practical, long-lasting silencing agent for potential therapeutic attenuation of liver steatosis, combinatorial targeting of a second pathway may be necessary for therapeutic efficacy against NASH.
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Adam, Zaeinulabddin Mohamed Ahmed. "Development and Applications of Multi-Objectives Signal Control Strategy during Oversaturated Conditions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28739.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Managing traffic during oversaturated conditions is a current challenge for practitioners due to the lack of adequate tools that can handle such situations. Unlike under-saturated conditions, operation of traffic signal systems during congestion requires careful consideration and analysis of the underlying causes of the congestion before developing mitigation strategies. The objectives of this research are to provide a practical guidance for practitioners to identify oversaturated scenarios and to develop a multi-objective methodology for selecting and evaluating mitigation strategy/ or combinations of strategies based on a guiding principles. The research focused on traffic control strategies that can be implemented by traffic signal systems. The research did not considered strategies that deals with demand reduction or seek to influence departure time choice, or route choice. The proposed timing methodology starts by detecting networkâ s critical routes as a necessary step to identify the traffic patterns and potential problematic scenarios. A wide array of control strategies are defined and categorized to address oversaturation problematic scenarios. A timing procedure was then developed using the principles of oversaturation timing in cycle selection, split allocation, offset design, demand overflow, and queue allocation in non-critical links. Three regimes of operation were defined and considered in oversaturation timing: (1) loading, (2) processing, and (3) recovery. The research also provides a closed-form formula for switching control plans during the oversaturation regimes. The selection of optimal control plan is formulated as linear integer programming problem. Microscopic simulation results of two arterial test cases revealed that traffic control strategies developed using the proposed framework led to tangible performance improvements when compared to signal control strategies designed for operations in under-saturated conditions. The generated control plans successfully manage to allocate queues in network links.Ph. D.
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Rashid, Haroon. "A Broadcasting Model for Afghanistan Based on Its National Development Strategy." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1212183178.
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Fletcher, Peter. "Strategy, solvency and the state : the development of the railway system of northern Scotland, 1844-74." Thesis, University of York, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440804.
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Waldman, Colin A. "Development and Implementation of an Adaptive PMP-based Control Strategy for a Conventional Vehicle Electrical System." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1403726405.
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Mateu, Adrià Garcia i., Zhe Li, and Petronella Tyson. "Co-creating a sustainability strategy in a Product/Service-System value-based network of stakeholders." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis project extends current research on how Product-Service/Systems (PSS) increase the competitiveness of what businesses provide to society. In particular, when the significant stakeholders who create value, structured as a network, are also involved in the co-development of the value proposition. Applying the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD), this study looks at how the early stages of a strategic planning process for sustainability could improve this co-development of PSS. The field research helped to understand the particularities of co-developing PSS and how the planning process could be adapted using the FSSD. As a result, theoretical dimensions, and general guidelines to put these into practice, are recommended in a model. The theoretical dimensions were field tested and refined. It was discovered that when creating the aspirational goals of the network, including other perspectives, in addition to companies and the customer’s, could expand the perception of value available to be provided. To do so is proposed a systematic understanding of the situation, and its socio-ecological context, where the activities of the value-based network of stakeholders are performed.
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Compion, Johannes Christiaan. "A strategy for a mini-education system to support transformational development in a developing community / Compion, J." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The goal of the research was to identify the strategies that a mini–education system of a particular private education enterprise could employ to facilitate transformational development effectively in a developing community, with special reference to Sub–Saharan Africa (SSA).
The research design and methodology follows the qualitative research tradition with an inductive strategy for acquiring in–depth data (information) from knowledgeable respondents, such as parents, teachers, business people and traditional leaders. The empirical part of the study was based on a constructivist epistemology drawing upon the interpretive research paradigm. In this case, the constructivist–interpretive method was combined with a case study focusing upon the extent that the FCE (Foundation for Cross–Cultural Education) mini–education system enables the FCE to meet the challenges in the Masaiti community in Zambia in order to ameliorate the ineffectiveness of African rural education. The fact that the Zambian community, including the Masaiti community, is a developing community accentuated by the characteristics that about 62% of its people live in rural areas and 54% is younger than 15 years. HIV/AIDS has infected about 15% of the adult population and 64% of the population still live below the international poverty line.
The investigation focused on the transformation of developing communities in general, and on the Masaiti community in Zambia in particular. It also focused on the manner in which the FCE mini–education system, as case study, might contribute to the transformation of such a community through life and world view transformation. The study supports the notion that a life and world view transformation be seen as a prerequisite for the developmental transformation of rural communities such as that of the Masaiti. A transformational perspective is, furthermore, required for under–girding an effective and transformed educational strategy. Furthermore, educators/teachers in SSA should provide opportunities for every student to acquire the specialised, additional knowledge, skills and attitudes that would enable them to function effectively in their future roles in developing communities.
The developmental problems of Sub–Saharan Africa communities, as represented by the Masaiti community in Zambia, have through the years been exacerbated by a lack of quality education. This study contends that in order to address the lack in quality education, educators/teachers in such communities should re–orientate themselves with respect to those special or additional educational needs and goals that would enable students to fulfil their future roles in their communities and beyond. It is also argued that the mini–education systems of non–governmental institutions could make a major contribution to solve these problems. In particular, the analysis and discussion of the mini–education system of the Foundation for Cross–Cultural Education, has demonstrated that the mini–education system of a private educational initiative can make a substantial contribution towards the educational upliftment of a community in a particular rural area.
The study provides an instrument to plan and facilitate the mini–education systems of private education initiatives working in developing communities to effect the required transformational development. To confer advice to these private educational initiatives in SSA and to address the current global concern regarding the quality of formal education, the study adapted Steyn et al.’s (2002) framework for strategic education system planning. The adapted framework guidelines can be used to increase the efficiency of all the components and elements of the particular mini–education systems functioning in developing communities. The particular strategic framework was also applied to identify and describe the needs and determinants influencing quality education in developing communities in Sub–Saharan Africa in general.
It was also found that the specific framework for strategic planning was applicable to position the mini–education system, of a particular education private initiative, in such a way that it can effectively provide in the real education needs of a particular developing community. The framework also provides valuable guidelines to educational investors, as private initiatives, and national governments that wish to integrate their education provisioning in order to improve the quality of formal education provision in SSA.Thesis (Ph.D. (Comparative Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Akhegaonkar, Sagar. "Development of a safe and efficient driving assistance system for electric vehicles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLE024/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les progrès dans les domaines des véhicules autonomes, l'hybridation du groupe motopropulseur et les systèmes de transport intelligents (STI) signifient que l'automobile en tant que machine est sur le point d'être réinventée. Les trois domaines technologiques sus-cités ont ouvert des portes sur des avancées possibles au niveau de l'amélioration de la sécurité routière et de l'efficacité énergétique des véhicules qui étaient auparavant limitées en raison de plusieurs facteurs, comme les capacités de détection et de puissance de calcul. Dans ce contexte, un contrôleur de la dynamique longitudinale du véhicule électrique est mis au point et étudié de façon à réaliser un compromis entre sécurité et efficacité du véhicule. Ce système est appelé Smart And Green Adaptive Cruise Control (SAGA).Le développement de cette fonction est basée sur l'optimisation de l'énergie ainsi que sur des stratégies de régénération d'énergie en respectant les contraintes des composants du groupe motopropulseur comme la charge de la batterie, la capacité de freinage du moteur et de la situation courante dans le trafic routier. Dans ce processus, des techniques d'optimisation comme la programmation dynamique et la stratégie de minimisation de la consommation d'énergie équivalente (ECMS) sont utilisés. Utilisant des modèles d'énergie du véhicule et des modèles cinématiques intégrés sur Matlab-Simulink, ce travail de thèse évalue les avantages et les limites de l'utilisation de la fonction SAGA pour diverses topologies de véhicules pour différents scénarios de traficThe progress in the fields of autonomously driven vehicles, powertrain hybridization and Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) means that the automobile as a machine, is on the verge of reinvention. The aforementioned three fields of technologies have opened doors to advanced opportunities in improvement of safety and efficiency of vehicles which were earlier limited due to several factors like sensing capacities and computational power.In this context, a vehicle longitudinal motion controller is developed and investigated which will actively balance vehicle safety and efficiency. It is named as the Smart and Green Adaptive Cruise Control System (SAGA). Development of this function is based on optimization of energy supply as well as energy regeneration strategies with respect to powertrain component constraints like battery charge acceptance, motor braking capacity and traffic situation. In this process, optimization techniques like Dynamic programming and Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS)are used. Using vehicle energy and kinematic models built in Matlab-Simulink platform, this dissertation evaluates the advantages and limitations of using SAGA function for various vehicles topologies and in different traffic scenarios
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Lamichhane, Niraj. "Prediction of Travel Time and Development of Flood Inundation Maps for Flood Warning System Including Ice Jam Scenario. A Case Study of the Grand River, Ohio." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1463789508.
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Janczak, John. "Implementation of a Hardware-in-the-Loop System Using Scale Model Hardware for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Development." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33881.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hardware-in-a-loop (HIL) testing and simulation for components and control strategies can reduce both time and cost of development. HIL testing focuses on one component or control system rather than the entire vehicle. The rest of the system is simulated by computer systems which use real time data acquisition systems to read outputs and respond like the systems in the actual vehicle would respond. The hardware for the system is on a scaled-down level to save both time and money during testing.
The system designed to simulate the REVLSE Equinox split parallel hybrid consists of five direct current (DC) permanent magnet motors. These motors are used in the system to test the controller software of the vehicle. Two of the motors act as power plants simulating the spark ignited Ethanol engine and the rear traction motor. These two motors are controlled by DC variable speed controllers. The other motors are used as generators to simulate the load from the belted alternator starter (BAS) and the road load on each axle. The motors on each axle are joined together mechanically using a belt and pulley system. The front and rear axle of the system are not connected to simulate the actual vehicle where the power plants are gear-reduced before they make contact with the road and therefore do not actually spin at the same speeds.
The computer software and hardware used to run the HIL hybrid system is National Instruments LabView and CompactRIO. LabView provides an easy interface through which programs for the RIO can be written. The RIO gives the user the ability to measure the power into and out of different components in the system to measure the efficiency of the system. The ability to measure system efficiencies using different powertrain inputs and loading schemes is what makes the HIL system a valuable tool in control modeling for the Equinox. LabView and the RIO allow the user to optimize the control strategy with the two power plant inputs and the BAS to make sure the high voltage system stays charged and improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle without the actual vehicle. The HIL system allows other work to be done of the vehicle during the control development.
During a constant axle speed test at 730 RPM with constant generator resistance, the front engine efficiency was 33.8%, the BAS efficiency was 53.0%, the rear load generator efficiency was 51.2% and the overall efficiency of the front axle was 24.0%. These results show that the system can simulate the powertrain of a hybrid vehicle and help create and validate a control scheme.Master of Science
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Paul, Pallab Kumar. "Market structure analysis using managerial judgments: Toward development and validation of an expert system for competitive strategy decisions." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186099.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aims to develop and empirically validate an approach to using managerial judgments as a basis for competitive strategy decisions. Our premise is that by using structured elicitation methods that rely on the underlying logic of competitive market structure analysis (CMSA) models (e.g., perceived competitive similarities (PS) and forced choice (FC)), it may be possible to effectively extract and organize managers' knowledge of competitive relationships. Moreover, these judgments may be primed using competitive criterial cues such as brand image, features and usage situation. Based on psychological theories, we offer hypotheses (about how managerial judgments will be influenced by different elicitation methods and priming cues) which are tested in an experiment where subjects gained experience in a simulated market with a pre-specified structure (based on overall similarity (OS) of the products). We also test for experiential learning of this structure. The findings suggest that unaided judgments did not change as a function of outcome feedback. However, structured judgments showed significant effect of both feedback and elicitation method. Initially, OS-based structure measures received high ratings, suggesting that subjects may have recognized the 'true' structure. However, with feedback, they placed greater emphasis on the usage situation-based measure which were more concrete in their extra-experimental experience. Relative to the PS method, the FC method helped subjects articulate better that the market was partitioned on the basis of OS. Also, subjects who gave FC judgments first, provided concordant judgments when given the PS method thereafter. In contrast, subjects' judgments were more susceptible to change when the method order was reversed. Thus, the FC judgments produced both more veridical and more stable perceptions of market structure. Subject to study limitations, the findings provide a basis for incorporating even partially fallible managerial judgments in CMSA tasks (and toward development of an expert system). It shows how structured methods for eliciting such judgments can be meaningfully implemented and suggests that these methods may elicit both veridical and stable judgments of competitive relationships in a market. Moreover, the study examines the convergent validity of different methods and priming cues on managerial judgment as well as its potential biases and inconsistencies.
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Manning, Peter Christopher. "Development of a Series Parallel Energy Management Strategy for Charge Sustaining PHEV Operation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team of Virginia Tech (HEVT) is participating in the 2012-2014 EcoCAR 2: Plugging in to the Future Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition series organized by Argonne National Lab (ANL), and sponsored by General Motors Corporation (GM) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The goals of the competition are to reduce well-to-wheel (WTW) petroleum energy consumption (PEU), WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria emissions while maintaining vehicle performance, consumer acceptability and safety. Following the EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Development Process (VDP) of designing, building, and refining an advanced technology vehicle over the course of the three year competition using a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu donated by GM as a base vehicle, the selected powertrain is a Series-Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with P2 (between engine and transmission) and P4 (rear axle) motors, a lithium-ion battery pack, an internal combustion engine, and an automatic transmission.
Development of a charge sustaining control strategy for this vehicle involves coordination of controls for each of the main powertrain components through a distributed control strategy. This distributed control strategy includes component controllers for each individual component and a single supervisory controller responsible for interpreting driver demand and determining component commands to meet the driver demand safely and efficiently. For example, the algorithm accounts for a variety of system operating points and will penalize or reward certain operating points for other conditions. These conditions include but are not limited to rewards for discharging the battery when the state of charge (SOC) is above the target value or penalties for operating points with excessive emissions. Development of diagnostics and remedial actions is an important part of controlling the powertrain safely. In order to validate the control strategy prior to in-vehicle operation, simulations are run against a plant model of the vehicle systems. This plant model can be run in both controller Software- and controller Hardware-In-the-Loop (SIL and HIL) simulations.
This paper details the development of the controls for diagnostics, major selection algorithms, and execution of commands and its integration into the Series-Parallel PHEV through the supervisory controller. This paper also covers the plant model development and testing of the control algorithms using controller SIL and HIL methods. This paper details reasons for any changes to the control system, and describes improvements or tradeoffs that had to be made to the control system architecture for the vehicle to run reliably and meet its target specifications. Test results illustrate how changes to the plant model and control code properly affect operation of the control system in the actual vehicle. The VT Malibu is operational and projected to perform well at the final competition.Master of Science
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Kimawati, Lenni. "Modeling consumer insight strategy in product development process : a decision and implementation framework for product managers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113518.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 154-158).
Companies today must constantly innovate to delight consumers and stay ahead of the competition. One way to deliver these is through new product launches. Despite significant investments, product failure rate in consumer products industry is high. Studies attribute failures to lack of quality and lack of integration of consumer insight in the Product Development Process. This thesis is an attempt for improvement, adopting the lens of consumer insight as information in the Product Development Process, and proposes a method to evaluate options more strategically. This thesis first examines available literature on Product Development Processes and consumer insight methodologies. It then uses Design Structure Matrix to identify consumer insight involvement in Product Development Process, and identifies gaps between the theoretical model and industry practice. Thereafter, this thesis proposes a technique to compare the quality of different consumer research methods at a given point in the process. Using this information, this thesis builds a Quantitative model to simulate the propagation effect of individual consumer insights decision on quality of output information, using rate of market change as a secondary factor. Within the constraints of this model, it was found that consumer insight strategy decisions should not be done in an ad-hoc manner, since consumer research method selection at each point in the Product Development Process has direct and propagative effects on the quality of the outcome. To obtain good quality, the selection of a good method is critical; first, because it allows for flexibility of options in subsequent phases, and second, because it is more effective than rework, under Slow and Rapid rate of market change. This thesis proposes decision and implementation frameworks as a guide for Product Managers, who can combine the predicted outcome of consumer insight quality with project management iron triangle, to select the best consumer insight strategy. While this consumer insight systemic model is a step towards a model-based design of consumer insight strategy, future work is needed to validate the quantitative model and resulting decision framework.
by Lenni Kimawati.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Newell, Sean M. (Sean Michael) 1970. "Distortion of "fast clockspeed" product development : using web-based conjoint analysis, clockspeed analysis and technology strategy for an automotive telematics system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91745.
Повний текст джерела
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Castro, Daniel Douglas. "Development of a Model and Optimal Control Strategy for the Cal Poly Central Plant and Thermal Energy Storage System." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1531.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis develops a calibrated model of the Cal Poly Central Chilled Water Plant with Thermal Energy Storage for use in determining an optimal operating control strategy. The model was developed using a transient systems simulation program (TRNSYS) that includes plant performance and manufacturer data for the primary system components, which are comprised of pumps, chillers, cooling towers, and a thermal energy storage tank. The model is calibrated to the actual measured performance of the plant using the current control strategy as a baseline. By observing and quantifying areas for potential improvement in plant performance under conditions of high campus cooling load demands, alternative control strategies for the plant are proposed. Operation of the plant under each of these control strategies is simulated in the model and evaluated for overall energy and demand-usage cost savings. These results are used to recommend improvements in the plant’s current control strategy, as well as to propose an optimal control strategy that may be applied to reduce plant operating costs.
The results of the model identify that the plant can perform more economically by employing more chiller power to charge the Thermal Energy Storage tank to higher capacities during overnight periods when the utility rates are lower. Staging the operation of the different chillers to more precisely follow the tank charges during these off-peak periods can ensure faster tank charging when its capacity may not be sufficient to meet the peak and part-peak cooling load demands. A proposed control strategy to accomplish this breaks the overnight Off-Peak rate period into three periods with separate control setpoints, which are designed to maintain the tank charge capacity at the minimum levels to be able to accommodate the daily campus cooling demands during peak and part-peak hours.
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Marquez, Brunal Eduardo De Jesus. "Model and Control System Development for a Plug-In Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71388.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team (HEVT) of Virginia Tech is participating in the EcoCAR 3 Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition series organized by Argonne National Labs (ANL), and sponsored by General Motors (GM) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). EcoCAR 3 is a 4-year collegiate competition that challenges student with redesigning a 2016 Chevrolet Camaro into a hybrid. The five main goals of EcoCAR 3 are to reduce petroleum energy use (PEU) and green house gas (GHG) emissions while maintaining safety, consumer acceptability, and performance, with an increased focus on cost and innovation. HEVT selected a P3 Plug-in Parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) to meet design goals and competition requirements. This study presents different stages of the vehicle development process (VDP) followed to integrate the HEVT Camaro. This work documents the control system development process up to Year 2 of EcoCAR 3.
The modeling process to select a powertrain is the first stage in this research. Several viable powertrains and the respective vehicle technical specifications (VTS) are evaluated. The P3 parallel configuration with a V8 engine is chosen because it generated the set of VTS that best meet design goals and EcoCAR 3 requirements. The V8 engine also preserves the heritage of the Camaro, which is attractive to the established target market. In addition, E85 is chosen as the fuel for the powertrain because of the increased impact it has on GHG emissions compared to E10 and gasoline. The use of advanced methods and techniques like model based design (MBD), and rapid control prototyping (RCP) allow for faster development of engineering products in industry. Using advanced engineering techniques has a tremendous educational value, and these techniques can assist the development of a functional and safe hybrid control system. HEVT has developed models of the selected hybrid powertrain to test the control code developed in software. The strategy developed is a Fuzzy controller for torque management in charge depleting (CD) and charge sustaining (CS) modes. The developed strategy proves to be functional without having a negative impact of the energy consumption characteristics of the hybrid powertrain. Bench testing activities with the V8 engine, a low voltage (LV) motor, and high voltage (HV) battery facilitated learning about communication, safety, and functionality requirements for the three components. Finally, the process for parallel development of models and control code is presented as a way to implement more effective team dynamics.Master of Science
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Chang, Jui-chi, and 張瑞祺. "Scenario Analysis and Development Strategy of WiMax Industry." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23435280640460816238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士逢甲大學
企業管理所
95
According to the progresses of wireless communication technology, the 3G technology is unable to provide the killer application for the consumers; therefore, the application of 3G services in Taiwan is still in the initial stage, and other substitute technologies appear in this time. “WiMax”，One of the new technologies, shows the newest industrial model with its large bandwidth and the large range of its base station. However, the technology of WiMax is not mature enough. If we want to commercialize it, we have to estimate the difference situation between theoretical and practical characteristic of “WiMax”. Therefore, this study uses industrial analyses and scenario analyses to draw the outline of the development of WiMax 5 years later through expert interview and expert questionnaire. According to the opinions which collect from the experts in educational, investigational and industrial world; the study set up three possible situations of the future industry: “most optimistic”, “most pessimistic” and “most possible”. In the final of this study, we generalized the threat and opportunity of the future industry and give some advices to the enterprises who want to operate a business in WiMax industry.
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Cheng, Hung-Wei, and 鄭弘緯. "The Development of Scenario Database for In-Vehicle Information System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04470582160009977515.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
99
In order to improve driving safety and comfort, more and more countries around the world start to engage in research and development of in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) and intelligent cars in recent years. Automobile manufacturers integrate diverse IVIS functions into vehicle to satisfy drivers’ multiple demands. The development of IVIS offers a great deal of convenience for drivers: however, a poorly designed interface not only takes more drivers’ attention resource but also increases potential driving risks simultaneously. Consequently, vehicle interface design engineers ought to consider interface usability issues in the design process to improve driving safety. The main purpose of this study is to combine “User Scenario” and “Usability Evaluation” to develop scenario database of IVIS. Since all human-computer interfaces have input and output devices, the current study integrates them as “General Scenario Database” to identify the usability issues in interface design. In addition, this study also takes activity-based perspective to develop “System-Specific Scenario Database” for the evaluation of usability on different IVIS functions. The scenario database uses three layers to decompose each user scenario, termed user goals (S1), activity behaviors (S2) and body actions (S3) respectively. Similarly, three layers are also used to describe interface usability evaluation, called measuring items (L1), measuring concepts (L2), and measuring specifications (L3) severally. Using hierarchical layers in scenario database will make interface design engineers easily adjust the layers to fit their practical needs. According to each scenario and usability specification, design engineers can inspect, evaluate and test the interface usability of IVIS to enhance product friendliness and reliability in the future.
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Yu, Chih-Chiang, and 尤智強. "Foresight Scenario Analysis of Motor and Battery System Development of Electric Vehicle." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01266323017667539799.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中央大學
企業管理研究所
99
In order to describe the trend of motor and battery system development of electric vehicle and to figure out the factors that would affect the external drives and the internal resources, the thesis uses scenario analysis method to be the basic framework, adding modified Delphi method to clarify timable transition into five categories: changeless, changeable, disappeared, uncertain states and newborn. More precisely, the five factors is used to construct “Scenario Analysis of Markov Modified Delphi Method”. The thesis focuses on motor and battery system to do the Foresight analysis, using the transition concept of Markov Chain to clarify the key factors of uncertain states into (I) motor system: brushless DC (BLDC) motor, surface permanent magnet synchronous motor and Switched Reluctance In-Wheel Motor. (II) Battery system: lithium-ion polymer battery, LiCoO2 batter, Li4Ti5O12, Multi-Single Crystal Silicon Solar Cell and GaAs Solar Cell. Moreover, the changeless concept of Markov Chain is used to be background, adding the key factors of changeable and uncertain states to clarify seven kinds of scenario portfolio: basic scenario, scenario assumption I, scenario assumption II, future scenario, breakthrough scenario I, breakthrough scenario II and challenge scenario. It could make the government, industries and related departments realize the development trend of key components about electric vehicle by the scenario descriptions. It can increase their willingness to invest in the related researches to achieve future image, also shape the usable engineering technique and integrated system concepts of electric vehicles in 2020 for public.
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Fang, Jia-hao, and 方嘉豪. "The Development of the Scenario for Recording Device in a Saving Energy Management System." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62009969867380564699.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士大葉大學
電機工程學系
102
This thesis is to develop a saving energy records management system, the process follows a kind of contactless way variation for the adjustable power control system with 8051 as the control center, and pulse width modulation (PWM) is applied to achieve energy benefits. The purpose of this thesis focuses on the system voltage, time, status monitoring records. Generally, due to the data memory size of the 8051 only 128bytes, and it is a volatile memory, to adopt a non-volatile memory for recoding the collecting data becomes an important issue. While the system power disappear, the remainder of the data memory contents may change or disappear. This thesis to expand the external memory is also solving the data retention problem, the Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM) of 93C series IC is adopted now. EEPROM memory devices have been widely used in a simple integrated circuit, but this series documented spatial of memory device is not enough. Therefore, in this thesis combines Secure Digital （SD） memory card is to develop the control system. The main factor for using SD card is its transmission speed, small size and portability, to help debug and fix the problem of the control system. Finally, Visual Basic is applied to program some codes for simulation results of SD card scenario.
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Cheng, Yu-Hsuan, and 鄭宇軒. "A Study on the Development Strategy of Information Communication Technology Industries in Taiwan: Application of Scenario Analysis Method." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/q4cuwp.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中興大學
資訊管理學系所
99
The primary objective of this research is to adopt a scenario analysis to analyze information communication technology (ICT) industries development strategy in the next five years from 2011 to 2016. In order to achieve this objective, this research first reviewed current situation of ICT industries in Taiwan. Then, we investigated the location of main three industries in Taiwan, they including the information hardware industries, the network communications industries and mobile device production. As to the research methodology, we adopted scenario analysis method to explore the development forecasts. As a result, managerial strategies for the ICT industries were drawn from an integrated perspective. In the meantime, two expert interviews and two experts meetings were also held for drawing relevant information and viewpoint for the purpose of this research. The framework of this research is structured as follows. The chapter 1 describes the background, motivation, purpose and framework of this research. Then, the chapter 2 presents the development current situation of ICT industries in Taiwan. In the third chapter, the introduction & literature review of research methodology are shown. The chapter 4 shows the results of this research. Finally, the fifth chapter proposes the conclusions and directions of future research of this research.
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Yang, Yu-ching, and 楊侑靜. "A study on the strategies of Eco-city development-A case study with scenario analysis on strategy programming." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14565307940788516639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士立德管理學院
地區發展管理研究所
93
ABSTRACT Along with eco consciousness-raising from the 1970s, sustainable development has become an essential issue in city management and a common value in global development. For the past decade, the movement had led to mass urban novelty and practical experience in different levels, and all the reformation experience, in the pursuit of sustainable development, has been the first priority in the global urban forum. Since eco-city development is one of the sustainable strategies, how to manage a sustainable environment through strategic planning is crucial for urban planners in the 21st century. The study firstly reviews the literature in eco-city, searches for the planning method and environmental condition toward eco-city, then explores through strategic planning process and model, and finally constructs an operational model for eco-city strategies. The earlier planning strategies are mainly applied in military and enterprise； the official and non-profitable organization adopt the same strategies in the later years. Facing multivariable and complicated scenario, the planning strategies clear outer threaten and grasp inner competitiveness for reformation. These qualities meet the needs in the speedy society and changeable environment. Through analysis of strategic planning, the study expects to explore proper strategies of eco-city under sustainable consideration and construct an analysis process for effective and practical management.
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CHIU, Jih-Chen, and 邱日成. "3G Mobile System Development and Operator''s Upgrading Strategy." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28825745806380890595.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國防管理學院
國防資訊研究所
89
The 3G mobile systems, which based on the standard of ITU IMT-2000, shall activate in year of 2000. The systems provide the voice communications, and other advanced services, especially the Internet service and mobile multimedia transmission of worldwide seamless roaming with high speed, high quality, high spectrum efficiency, and low cost. Therefore, the 3G mobile systems will aim at developing the Mobile Package Data transmission besides the traditional voice communications. After the powerful promotion from International Telecommunication Union, ITU), the global leading companies in telecom industry are allying and hold conferences toward reaching the agreement of the 3G standard soonest they can. Meanwhile, the global telecom equipment vendors, Japan and many European countries are upgrading their systems and infrastructure in order to get ready for tomorrow’s 3G mobile service market. The objectives of this essay are to analyze and explore the operation of mobile transmission and core network of 3GPP (W-CDMA) and 3GPP2 (CDMA2000), the dominating standards of future 3G mobile communications. Besides, we analyze the strength and weakness of 3GPP and 3GPP2, describe the technology and standard of 3G mobile systems from the technical perspectives, and explore the strategy for system upgrade, factors of system restriction, and the structure of system and network integration. This essay refers to the upgrade strategies of other countries (such as Japan) and equipment providers in order to summarize the possible strategy and right direction for development and upgrade of 3G mobile system. We wish bring the deeply thought for Taiwan to start 3G mobile system business and technology.
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Wu, Kuan-I., and 吳冠儀. "The development and the strategy of information system migration." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ub2uzt.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士銘傳大學
資訊管理學系碩士在職專班
93
This study uses case study to obtain the real world data. We used the grounded theory to find out the critical factors that influences the strategies of system migration, and to form the information system migration strategic mode. This study finds out to form the information system migration strategy including 3 constructs and 11 critical factors, those are: 1. “Information system characteristics” construct : including ”Uniqueness degree of target system”, ”Importance degree of the target system”, ”System migration influences degree of Business process”, ”Uniqueness degree of system migration”, ”Objects to be migrated”, ”Information strategy”. 2. “Inside resources” construct : including ”Human resources of business flow”, ”Human resources of technique”. 3. “Outside environment” construct : including ”Suitable degree of package”, ”Vendor’s technical maturity”, ”Competition advantage of target system”, ”Competitor’s information ability”. Base on these critical factors, we got the information system migration strategic mode, including four kinds of system migration methodology and phase, those are: ”Big bang-Package”, ”Big bang-Butterfly”, ”Phase in-Package”, ”Phase in-Chicken little”; Four kinds of system migration type for various involvement degree, those are: ”Technological transfer”, ”Overall outsourcing”, ”Research and develop by oneself”, ”Research and develop by investment”.
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Tsang-ChiehChiang and 江倉頡. "Introducing Balanced Scorecard into Product Service System Strategy Development." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95213510763800338416.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立成功大學
創意產業設計研究所
98
This paper is an attempt to develop an applicable product service system(PSS) strategy development methodology for PSS implementation for SMEs in Taiwan with a focus on balanced scorecard(BSC). The PSS is a kind of innovative service model that integrated with physical elements and is also a form of creative industries. The generated PSSs based on the servitization or productization concept can create added-value for enterprises through building intimate consumer relationship. Taiwan government has been promoting the idea to meet the demand of the conventional industries transformation. However, companies need tools to assess the possibilities and adjust operations for entering PSS domains. Therefore this study tried to satisfy these demands of the firms. This paper came up with a PSS strategy development structure and examined it through the case study from which obtained the development experiences in Taiwan. The construction of the structure began with selecting PSS design methods. The chosen methods which were Methodology for product service system innovation and PSS layer method were modified for better suitability. They were combined with BSC afterwards. The PSS strategy development structure produced by this research can provide PSS development and implementation suggestions for companies. The adjustments needed in different phases of the business operation can be measured by this structure. Ultimately, the PSS strategy development structure allows firms to evaluate the potential and feasibility of implementing developed PSS strategy.
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Yuan, Chien Wen, and 簡雯媛. "The Development Strategy for Airline Booking System - Yushan Ticketing System as an Example." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uzcgeh.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士朝陽科技大學
企業管理系高階產業經營碩士在職專班
102
This is a systematic study on the successful internet travel agency Yushan ticketing strategy in the 2000s. Yushan ticketing follows the global trend to use internet as its assistant tool in order to develop the internet ticketing airline reservation systems as a new business model. Yushan ticketing also makes a new generation of business model analysis in order to make the community understand the successful development of new industries require successful background conditions. In addition, the study will also compare and analyze the two active and successful innovation and development internet travel agents such as EZFly and EZtravel. People will understand more about the keys to success are market segmentation and marketing strategies.
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Hsiao, Chih-Chen, and 蕭智宸. "A Research on Development Strategy of Patent Management Information System." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69981463963147431418.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士中原大學
資訊管理研究所
92
In patent management practices, how to set up the patent management strategy is an issue that enterprise managers concern. Some experts suggested that business strategy should be consistent with the management strategy when the enterprise plans the patent management strategy. However, how to utilize the system of patent management to support the business patent management activities and further gain the competitive advantages for the enterprise by patents is an important task that the enterprise business managers have to emphasize as well. This research aims to discuss the development strategy of patent management information system in industries and the influential factors for enterprises to develop and utilize the patent management information system. According to our study, different industries or enterprises probably taking different patent strategies. This research took the way of searching individual case by in-depth interviewing with several managers in domestic companies and proceeded analyzing and discussing with external information gathering. According to the result of this research, for the development strategy in patent management information system, it is suggested dividing the development strategy into the short term, the middle term, and the long term. The short term strategy should emphasize to develop the patent database for supporting the current patent management activities. The patent database should include relative patent information generated from enterprise interior and other information from enterprise exterior. The goal of short term strategy is to enhance the efficiency of utilizing patent information and patent department management of the enterprise. The middle term strategy should develop the patent analysis system of analysis tasks of patent information to analyze, to realize the patent actions of competitors and patent arrangements of relative technology in industries, and to evaluate the development trend of technology. The long term strategy should develop the patent competitive system of business competitive actions. The best way is to take the accumulated patent information and resources from the first two strategies to communicate, interact with each organization of the enterprise, and provide the reference information about making decisions. The relative members of the enterprise can take those patent information and resources for reference. Thus, the real worth of patent information can be presented.