Дисертації з теми "System of management of foreign economic policy"

Магістерська дисертація Юденко Аліни Віталіївни на тему: «Організаційне забезпечення міжнародної діяльності підприємства виконана з метою підвищення стабільності його діяльності, 073 напрям підготовки «Менеджмент міжнародного бізнесу», Національний технічний університет України «КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського», 2019, Київ. Дипломна робота складається зі вступу, 3 розділів, загальних висновків, додатків. Робота виконана в обсязі 128 сторінок, містить 34 рисунків, 24 таблиць та 11 додатків. Метою дипломнї роботи є обґрунтування організаційного забезпечення міжнародної діяльності підприємства ТОВ «Агротехсоюз» з метою підвищення стабільності його діяльності. Об’єктом дослідження є процеси планування, організації, координації, контролю формування і реалізації управління міжнародної діяльності на підприємстві. Предметом дослідження є сукупність теоретичних, методичних і практичних підходів до розробки та реалізації ефективного управління міжнародної діяльності на ТОВ «Агротехсоюз». Для проведення дослідження, напрямів вдосконалення та обґрунтування шляхів удосконалення управління міжнародною діяльністю ТОВ «Агротехсоюз» в роботі використані діалектичний, статистичний методи, метод графічного та логічного аналізу, розрахунково–аналітичний, порівняльний, економіко– математичного моделювання та прогнозування, методи сучасних комп’ютерних технологій обробки економічної інформації, зокрема, пакет прикладних програм Microsoft Excel, Statistica. Розроблені в магістерській дисертації на здобуття ступеня магістра рекомендації та пропозиції щодо забезпечення розвитку міжнародної діяльності підприємства були представлені на розгляд ради директорів ТОВ «Агротехсоюз», де було визнано можливість практичного застосування в майбутньому окремих заходів та пропозицій щодо вдосконалення процесу управління міжнародною діяльністю ТОВ «Агротехсоюз» шляхом створення відділу ЗЕД на підприємстві; створення власного митного ліцензійного складу та долучення до програми фінансування «Coface» .
Master's Thesis of Yudenko Alina Vitaliivna on the theme: "Organizational support of the international activity of the enterprise is made in order to increase the stability of its activity, 073 direction of preparation" Management of International Business ", National Technical University of Ukraine" KPI them. Igor Sikorsky ”, 2019, Kyiv. The thesis consists of introduction, 3 sections, general conclusions, applications. The work is done in a volume of 128 pages, contains 34 figures, 24 tables and 11 applications. The purpose of the diploma thesis is to substantiate the organizational support of the international activity of the enterprise of Agrotechsoyuz LLC in order to increase the stability of its activity. The object of study is the processes of planning, organizing, coordinating, controlling the formation and implementation of management of international activity in the enterprise. The subject of the research is a set of theoretical, methodical and practical approaches to the development and implementation of effective management of international activities at Agrotechsoyuz LLC. Dialectical, statistical methods, method of graphical and logical analysis, calculation and analytical, comparative, economic and mathematical modeling were used in the research, directions of improvement and substantiation of ways of improvement of management of international activity of Agrotechsoyuz LLC. economic information processing, in particular, Microsoft Excel application software, Statistica. The paper proposes to improve the process of managing the international activities of Agrotechsoyuz LLC by establishing a foreign economic activity department at the enterprise; creation of its own customs license warehouse and joining the Hermes financing program.

This dissertation studies the role of sterling during the Bretton Woods period (1944-1971). The Bretton Woods system has often been described as a dollar system with sterling having lost its relevance as reserve currency. However, despite being a secondary reserve currency and having lost importance, sterling was the 'first line of defence for the dollar' as contemporaries put it. They frequently stressed the fact that a sterling crisis would have consequences on the stability of the Bretton Woods system but economic historians have never tested this empirically. This dissertation argues that sterling played an important role in the stability of the international monetary system. Foreign exchange market participants globally monitored sterling and US policymaker stepped in to avoid devaluation of the British currency. US support to sterling was mainly due to the fear of a British devaluation, which could trigger a run on the dollar. When the UK finally devalued the pound in 1967, it marked the beginning of an instable period for the international monetary system. The Gold Pool, a syndicate to defend the US gold parity, collapsed in 1968 and this prefigured the end of the Bretton Woods system. This dissertation presents new data along with novel archival material from seven archives across continents to demonstrate how contagion from sterling to the dollar occurred. Modern econometric methods are used to analyse a new dataset with over 80,000 observations of offshore exchange rates, central bank intervention and reserves. This evidence shows that a secondary reserve currency can still play a key role in the stability of the international monetary system.

The present thesis evaluates the responses of the contemporary Greek foreign policy structures and processes, conceptualised as the Greek foreign policy system, in the face of the transformation of world politics. This transformation, precipitated by the concurrent complex processes of globalisation and regionalisation, pose empirical and analytical challenges to the national management of foreign policy. Consequently, government departments and agencies assigned with responsibility for the conduct of what has been traditionally termed foreign policy, namely the national foreign policy machinery with the foreign ministry and the diplomatic network at its core, find themselves challenged as roles and responsibilities are relocated. Such change underpins the machinery s institutional responses and the need to rethink its role and structure. The thesis synthesises several literatures, primarily those identified with international relations, transformational foreign policy analysis, and new approaches to diplomatic studies informed by insights from institutionalist approaches. This is combined with extensive fieldwork within the Greek bureaucracy and the diplomatic network, and seeks to cast light on a relatively understudied area: namely the organisation and nature of the Greek foreign policy system in an era of considerable change. The thesis draws a dual image of the contemporary Greek foreign policy system which displays elements of both continuity and change. According to the first image, the Greek foreign policy machinery embraces contemporary foreign policy developments, and is enmeshed in a process of change and adaptation as a response to its changing operational environment. The second image depicts the foreign policy system as traditionalist conforming to geopolitical approaches, which are linked to compartmentalisation in the organisation of foreign policy. This image is supported by evidence which suggests that the Greek foreign policy machinery is infused with elements of hierarchy, centralisation and verticality in its organisation, which prevent the adoption of integrated and horizontal models prescribed by globalist approaches to the management of foreign policy.

The role that South Africa has played in international affairs has grown immensely since the first democratic elections that were held in April 2004. The country’s commitments in international affairs are guided by its foreign policy which is based on ensuring an equitable share of global decision-making between the countries of the north and south, and the economic and social development of the African continent. These foreign policy objectives have created a lot of capacity challenges on the South African Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) which is mandated to guide the formulation and implementation of South Africa’s foreign policy. In this study, the South African’s foreign policy objectives and its institutions responsible for implementing its foreign policy are discussed. Furthermore, the challenges that the country’s diplomats encounter in the global context in the implementation of the country’s foreign policy objectives are explored, especially the capacity required to successfully execute their mandate. The Foreign Service Institute (FSI), which is tasked with providing training to public administrators identified for Foreign Service, especially the content of its training programmes are the focus of this study. The data presented in this thesis are mainly derived from interview responses to a questionnaire that was developed for the purpose of this research study. The questionnaire was completed by individuals in the country’s Foreign Service (FS) who attended the FSI training programme and have been assigned to their first posting. Findings of this study indicate that the FSI training programme, in its current format, fall short of achieving its intended objective of equipping South African diplomats with the relevant diplomatic skills that are necessary for the effective and efficient execution of the country’s foreign policy. It is, therefore, recommended that FSI training programme be remodelled to address the actual challenges that the country’s diplomats face and thus emphasise the development of a uniquely South African training programme. This study concludes with recommendations for the DFA action on the future development of a remodelled FSI training programme for the FS, with the aim of enabling the institution to address public administration skills required for the successful implementation of the country’s foreign policy objectives.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
unrestricted

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: China has experienced phenomenal economic growth over the past 20 years and has developed from a pure socialist economy into a market driven economy_ However the transfonnation process is not yet complete. China has a pegged currency system (this was the case up until 2110712005) that is coupled to the US dollar. The result of this was that their currency fluctuated much less than other developing country currencies and hence became a very attractive investment destination. In addition to this labour in China is very cheap and access to economies of scale is available. But despite the many positive aspects of the Chinese economy there are also a number of elements that have very negative consequences for the economy and need to be addressed if China wishes to create prosperity for all its citizens. The value of the yuan has been a topic of great contention, and there are very different opinions as to what the currency value should be. After careful consideration of the various options available to China it was assessed that it would be highly detrimental for China to suddenly free float its currency. However it is essential for China to gradually liberate their monetary system so as to create more monetary autonomy. To ensure that liberalization is done in an orderly and non~djsruptjve way, it is important that China refonns other aspects of its economy (such as its banking system, its unprofitable state owned enterprises, its need for energy, income inequality, the protection of intellectual property, its legal system, worker rights and growing unemployment). South Africa, as an emerging economy, also faces a number of challenges to create more opportunities for its people (of whom many are still living in poverty). Obstacles to economic growth include the effects of HN and AIDS, low productivity, discrepancy between the available and the needed skills, unemployment, crime and so forth. A number of positive aspects also exist that need to be harnessed more creatively to ensure that South Africans reap the rewards of sustained economic development. However, it is important that all the people in the economy (i.e. government, business, communities and NGOs) work together to create a positive business environment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: China het indrukwekkende ekonomiese groei oor die afgelope 20 jaar ervaar en het ontwikkel van 'n sosiale ekonomie tot 'n markgedrewe ekonomie. Die transforrnasie proses is egter nog nie voltooi nie. China het 'n gekoppelde geldeenheid (dit was die geval tot en met 21107/2005) wat aan die Amerikaanse dollar gekoppel was. Die resultaat was dat hulle geldeenheid minder gefluktueer het as ander ontwikkelende ekonomiee, en China het dus 'n gesogte beleggingsoord geword. Daarmee saam is die koste van arbeid in China baie goedkoop en kan daar van skaalvoordele gebruik gemaak word. Maar ten spyte van die positiewe aspekte. is daar ook 'n aantal elemente wat baie negatiewe gevolge vir die ekonomie inhou en wat aangespreek moet word as China voorspoed vir al sy landsburgers wil verseker. Die waarde van die Chinese yuan is die afgelope paar jaar 'n onderwerp van omstredenheid gewees wat baie verskillende opinies oor die werklike waarde van die eenheid tot gevolg gehad het. Na die oorweging van die verskeie opsies wat beskikbaar is vir China, is bevind dat 'n skielike vrystelling van die yuan baie negatiewe effekte op die ekonomie sal hê. Maar dit is belangrik dat China weI hul geldeenheid geleidelik liberaliseer sodat die regering meer outonomiteit kan hê (in terme van monetere besluitneming). Om te verseker dat die liberalisering op 'n ordelike en nie-ontwrigtende manier sal plaasvind nie, is dit belangrik dat daar ook liberalisering plaasvind in ander areas van die ekonomie (soos die bankstelsel, die nie-winsgewende staatsbeheerde besighede, die gebruik van energie, inkomste ongelykheid, die beskenning van intellektuele eiendom, die regstelsel, werkersregte en die groeiende werkloosheid). Suid-Afrika, as 'n ontluikende ekonomie, het ook 'n aantal uitdagings wat oorkorn moet word indien volhoubare ekonomiese groei behaal wil word. Hindemisse tot ekonomiese groei sluit in MIV en VIGS, lae produktiwiteit, die wanverhouding tussen benodigde en beskikbare vaardighede, werkloosheid, misdaad en ander sosiale probleme. Daarteenoor is daar wel baie positiewe aspekte wat meer effektief benut moet word om groei te dryf. Dit is ook baie belangrik dat al die kernpelers in die ekonomie hul kant bring (dus die regering, georganiseerde besigheid, werkers, werkloses en gemeenskapsorganisasies).

This paper work analyses the foreign policy of Italy from its foundation in 1861 until nowadays. Its main aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the Italian actions and its position within the international system as well as to examine core objectives, means and factors of the Italian foreign policy making. The country went through different stages during its 154-year existence and experienced various types of state organisation and ideologies which were all reflect in its foreign policy making. The analysis verifies that the approach to the foreign policy making, targets and means to achieve them in Italy differed in each phase. These phases were the Kingdom of Italy, the First Republic and the Second Republic. Hence, the foreign policy of Italy is examined in the framework of these stages and each chapter thus corresponds to one of them. A theoretical chapter is also incorporated into this paper work in order to facilitate the understanding of the forthcoming analysis further in the text.

Thesis (MAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study is devoted to the determination of an appropriate financial management and budgeting system to support a transforming South Africa. Given the challenges and opportunities presented by the new political dispensation, both locally and abroad, the evolution of financial management and budgeting systems is analysed. Specifically, elements of each budgetary system that stood the test of time to the present, are studied. International case studies of countries that have undergone (or are undergoing) the transformation process successfully, or otherwise, are fully discussed to serve as invaluable lessons and experience for South Africa on its quest for a smooth and swift transformation, to prevent it from ending up as just another unsuccessful transformation. This then serves as a broad foundation for an appropriate financial management and budgeting system which is proactive in the transformation process. South Africa will not reinvent the wheel. Unlike other countries that waited for transformation problems to fall upon them, the South African financial management and budgeting system manipulates the financial management policies. It achieves this by broadly defining the objectives to be achieved through prioritisation and reprioritisation, formulate clear strategies for shortterm, medium-term and long-term plans, goals, processes, functions and activities. It applies all the positive elements of input-orientated systems, activity/ performance measuring systems, objective/goal-orientated system, medium term expenditure framework and multi-year budgets studied and drawn from lessons and experience of other countries. South Africa's appropriate financial management and budgeting system is a broad crosswalk model vacillating between all systems from a broad definition of objectives, goals, processes and activities ending up with a strong financial management tool.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dié studie word gewy aan die daarstelling van 'n Geskikte Finansiële Bestuur en Begrotingstelsel om 'n veranderende Suid-Afrika te ondersteun. Teen die agtergrond van die uitdagings daargestel deur die nuwe politieke bestel word die revolusie van finansiële bestuur- en begrotingstelsels plaaslik en in die buiteland ontleed en in perspektief geplaas. Meer spesifiek is die elemente van elke begrotingstelsel wat die toets van die tyd deurstaan het, bestudeer. Internasionale studies van lande wat die veranderingsproses suksesvol ondergaan het (of tans daarmee besig is), of andersins, word volledig bespreek om as 'n onskatbare les en ondervinding vir Suid-Afrika in sy soektog na 'n gladde en vinnige transformasie te dien en om te verhoed dat dit op net nog 'n onsuksesvolle transformasie uitloop. Dit dien dan as 'n breë grondslag vir 'n Geskikte Finansiële Bestuur- en Begrotingstelsel wat proaktief in die Suid-Afrikaanse transformasieproses is. Suid-Afrika sal nie die wiel kan heruitvind nie. Anders as in ander lande wat op transformasieprobleme gewag het om hulle te tref, kan die Suid- Afrikaanse Finansiële Bestuur- en Begrotingstelsels finansiële bestuursbeleid pro-aktief ondersteun. Dit word bewerkstellig deur 'n omvattende bepaling van die mikpunte wat bereik moet word deur priorisering en herpriorisering van planne, doelwitte, prosesse, funksies en aktiwiteite op die kort, medium en lang termyn. Dit is moontlik indien al die positiewe elemente van verskillende finansiële bestuur- en begrotingsteiseis, soos bestudeer in en geleer uit ander lande se ondervindings toegepas word. Suid-Afrika se Finansiële Bestuur- en Begrotingstelsel behels 'n breë omvattende model wat put uit al die stelsels wat 'n bepaling van doelstellings, mikpunte, prosesse en aktiwiteite bevat ten einde te eindig met 'n sterk Finansiële Bestuurswerktuig.

Livestock-based agriculture plays an important role in the development of sub-saharan Africa, especially those countries whose livestock industry contributes significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In Kenya, agriculture alone accounts for 21% of the GDP and provides employment directly or indirectly to over 75% of the total labour force. The livestock industry, mainly arid rangelands, contributes 50% of the agricultural productivity. However, these Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) are exposed to a myriad of risks affecting the environment which is the pastoral core asset. These risks arise from climatic change and variability, growth in human population and expanding settlements, changes in the land use systems, poor infrastructure, diseases, wildlife predation, and inter-ethnic conflicts. The consequences of these pastoral risks include: (1) declining per capita asset value, (2) increased health problems, (3) increased poverty, and (4) declining GDP generated from pastoralism. While a lot of resources have been invested in responding to the pastoral crisis associated with droughts, there is still inadequate understanding of the policy measures to put in place as mitigation strategies. The aims of this research are (1) identify the main pastoral risks and community response strategies, (2) assess the impact the identified risks on the wellbeing of pastoralists based on financial, human, physical, natural and social capital measurements (5 C‘s), and (3) develop a System Dynamics (SD) model to assess the holistic impact of community and government response strategies on pastoral wellbeing. Samburu district, in northern Kenya, was chosen as a study area because it is classified as 100% ASAL and experiences frequent droughts and changing land use systems. The research process involved literature synthesis, analysis of both cross-sectional and a 5-year panel data, and the development of a System Dynamics model. Cross-section data was primarily collected for the purposes of identifying the extent to which risks affect households, while the 5-year panel data was sourced from the Arid Lands Resource Management Project (ALRMP). Descriptive and empirical analysis showed that droughts, land use system and human population were considered as the main cause of shrinking rangeland productivity and as a result declining per capita livestock. This was further confirmed from the panel data analysis indicating climate variability as the main driver of pastoral wellbeing. Droughts affect rangeland pasture productivity, market prices, livestock assets, and households‘ nutritional status and poverty levels. These results imply a multifaceted nature of pastoral system with compound affects. The SD simulation result, which was run over the period January 2006 to December 2030, provided insights on policy evaluation and the state of pastoral wellbeing. Baseline scenario indicated reducing livestock ownership, causing high malnutrition and poverty rates. Strategies which incorporated rangeland rehabilitation, planned settlements, livestock disease control, insurance against droughts, reducing inter-ethnic conflicts, and timely destocking offered better policy options. These strategies resulted in reduced malnutrition, increased pasture productivity, reduced livestock losses and ultimately reducing poverty rates among the pastoral communities.

A central theme in the comparative political economy of the welfare state is the complementaries between political institutions, social policy, and labour markets. Yet little has been written to uncover this political-economic nexus in China, the world’s second largest economy. This thesis partly addresses this gap by studying the country’s public pension arrangement, the most expensive component of the Chinese welfare state. It reveals the working of the political-economic nexus in contemporary China by showing how it leads to two puzzling characteristics of the Chinese pension system, namely the rapid expansion in the absence of electoral pressures and the persistent regional fragmentation despite an authoritarian central government. It argues that the decentralised authoritarianism, in which China’s authoritarian central state delegates to regional governments and motivates them to achieve its developmental goals, drives municipal authorities to compete with each other in generating economic growth. In the inter-municipal economic competition, local leaders adopt an expansionary yet localising pension policy. This facilitates the formation of specific industrial skills, which are productive for particular local industries, and the retention of skilled industrial workers. All of this is important to local economic development in a context of industrial upgrading and labour market tightening. It is argued this is the political-economic logic of China’s pension system.

Study project (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The African Growth and Opportunity Act was signed into law in May 2000 to allow qualifying SSA countries to export eligible products duty free to the US. The act is a non-reciprocal "agreement" designed solely by the US, with the objective of promoting increased trade and investment between the US and SSA. The US insist that trade will lead to development on the African continent if SSA countries liberalise their markets and become integrated into the global economy. The theory behind trade liberalisation is that it promotes allocative efficiency by exploiting comparative advantage. I however argue that trade liberalisation can realise its potential only if the US start dismantling the protectionist barriers that have been described in this report. The AGOA does reduce tariff barriers for a number of African products. However new non-tariff barriers have been erected which are less transparent, but just as effective as tariff barriers. The report documents the significance of existing trade barriers that seek to protect the US industries from harm, and evaluates the problems that are created in spite of the intentions of the AGOA. A number of specific issues that will be significant for the future outcomes of the Act were also dealt with. These included: the anti-dumping steel duties, US Farm Bill, NEPAD and the textiles and apparel debate. The problems found with the AGOA included: • Protectionism that is sector specific, involving the cases of the antidumping steel duties and the Farm Bill. • The unfavourable terms of trade associated with the Act, caused by the non-negotiable, non-reciprocal and temporary nature of the AGOA. • The eligibility conditions of the Act, which serve to bind African countries to the rules of the World Trade Organisation and exclude some countries on the African continent from obtaining benefits. • Internal reform problems within the SSA countries involving government departments, infrastructure and the macroeconomic environment. The evidence over the short time since it was enacted reveals that the SSA countries will not gain much from the extended trade benefits of the AGOA, unless their capacity to produce and supply the US market is enhanced. Furthermore, most of the AGOA benefits have gone to oil exporting countries and SA, who is the only non-oil country benefiting from a number of sectors at present. The Act has failed to increase trade flows from eligible countries to the US, as most of the SSA countries are not at the economic development to take advantage of the preferences that have been provided under the AGOA. Furthermore the liberalisation of many of the African economies has not been reciprocated by the US. The actions of many interest groups in the US indicate that they are "yes" to free trade but "not" at the expense of jobs and profits. This is evident, as the AGOA provides no exceptions to any of the US retaliatory measures and the fact that interest groups in the US influence many of the product decisions when domestic market share is threatened. One of the positive outcomes of the AGOA is the joint US Africa Trade and Economic Co-operation Forum that will provide future avenues for beneficial US-Africa trade relations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: geen opsomming

This study examines the nature of the relationship which exists between mining sector production and development of the financial systems in South Africa. This is particularly important in that the mining sector is considered to be one of the major contributors to the country’s overall economic growth. South Africa is also considered to have a very well developed financial system, to the point where the dominance of one over the other is difficult to identify. Therefore offering insight into the nature of this relationship will assist policy makers in identifying the most effective policies in order to ensure that the developments within the financial systems impact appropriately on the mining sector, and ultimately on the economy. In addition to using the conventional proxies of financial system development, this study utilises the principal component analysis (PCA) to construct an index for the entire financial system. The multivariate cointegration approach as proposed by Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) was then used to estimate the relationship between the development of the financial systems and the mining sector production for the period 1988-2008. The study reveals mixed results for different measures of financial system development. Those involving the banking system show that a negative relationship exists between total mining production and total credit extended to the private sector, while liquid liabilities has a positive relationship. Similarly, with the stock market system, mixed results are also obtained which reveal a negative relationship between total mining production and stock market capitalisation, while a positive relationship is found with secondary market turnover. Of all the financial system variables, only that of stock market capitalisation was found to be significant. The result with the financial development index reveals that a significant negative relationship exists between financial system development and total mining sector production. Results on the other variables controlled in the estimation show that positive and significant relationships exist between total mining production and both nominal exchange rate and political stability respectively. Increased mining production therefore takes place in periods of appreciating exchange rates, and similarly in the post-apartheid era. On the other hand, negative relationships were found for both trade openness and inflation control variables. The impulse response and variance decomposition analyses showed that total mining production explains the largest amount of shocks within itself. Overall, the study reveals that the mining sector might not have benefited much from the development in the South African financial system.

The recent political conflict in Zimbabwe has attracted the attention of policymakers, academics and the media alike in the neighbouring countries of the region, across the African continent and internationally. While the story of an ageing African liberation hero turned dictator who, through autocratic rule, has governed his country and his people to the ground in order to maintain power is captivating, a key element of the fascination is the critical diplomatic role played by South Africa from 2000 onward. Foreign policy in post-apartheid South Africa on paper is driven by human rights and democracy, conflict prevention and conflict resolution through peaceful means, and the promotion of African interests in world affairs. However, after observing South Africa’s involvement in the Zimbabwe conflict between 2000 and 2009, South Africa’s foreign policy appears to be propelled more by African solidarity and sovereignty, anti-imperialism, and a softer interpretation of preventive diplomacy than its international counterparts. Thabo Mbeki’s preventive diplomacy toward Zimbabwe during his presidency was slow to produce results, lacked transparency and frustrated many, yet, when examined under a preventive diplomacy theoretical lens, Mbeki’s policy did eventually garner success through the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA) and the formation of an inclusive government in Zimbabwe. This dissertation examines the role of preventive diplomacy in South Africa’s foreign policy toward Zimbabwe under Mbeki’s leadership and determines the point at which South Africa switched from an approach of preventive diplomacy to one of conflict resolution and conflict management. The concept of ‘preventive diplomacy’ is often focused on government-to-government relations or the high level diplomacy of intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations (UN). Multi-track diplomacy expands on this traditional interpretation and considers the preventive diplomacy contributions of a variety of non-state actors to the practice of conflict prevention. This dissertation uniquely moulds the preventive diplomacy theoretical framework of Michael Lund with Kumar Rupesinghe’s concept of multi-track diplomacy to form a more comprehensive illustration of the role of preventive diplomacy in the approach of multiple actors towards the Zimbabwe conflict. The more inclusive preventive diplomacy theoretical framework is then applied to the conflict in Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2009. Through the application of a preventive diplomacy framework which incorporates the concept of multi-track diplomacy it is then possible to observe the South African government’s preventive diplomacy approach toward Zimbabwe first between 2000 and 2007 and then as mandated by SADC between 2007 and 2009 and finally compare it with the diplomacy of multi-track actors such as the UN, Zimbabwe-based and South African-based civil society organizations, the Zimbabwean Diaspora, religious groups, and financial institutions. The examination of the larger role of preventive diplomacy in the Zimbabwe conflict situation leads to the understanding that each diplomatic effort is interlinked. Therefore the culminating event of the South African government’s preventive diplomacy approach in the Global Political Agreement could not have been achieved without the preventive diplomacy efforts of a multitude of actors who were also committed to preventing violence and finding a lasting solution to the conflict in Zimbabwe.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Political Sciences
unrestricted

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) creates competitive challenges and opportunities, labour and capital will seek the highest returns, dri ving out less efficient performances while bolstering more efficient enterprises and industries. This dynamic process of adjustments will continue throughout the implementation of this agreement. The South African government sees the agreement with the European Union as a step towards restructuring the country's economy and making it part of the rapidly changing world economy. This policy view of the South African government will result in those sectors of the economy that are not internationally competitive, receiving no support from government. Consequently these sectors will decrease in time. Of the three agricultural profiles studied, fresh fruit (deciduous fruit) will benefit the most from the TDCA. The most obvious effect the agreement will have on the sector is the saving on customs duties payable on exports to the EU. An estimate on 1997 trade figures revealed that in the short term the deciduous fruit industry will save approximately RI00 million. Over the implementation period of 10 years, the industry will save about Rl billion. After that, savings amounting to approximately R125 million per annum should be possible. The canned fruit sector is an export-driven industry that exports about 90 per cent of its products, 50 per cent of which is exported to the EU. The export tariffs to the EU are very high. As non-EU member, South Africa is the biggest provider of canned fruit to the EU. Some analyses revealed that the total savings in tariffs for the first year of implementation will be R25 million. The industry stands to save approximately R100 million over the implementation period. At the EU's request, South Africa agreed to negotiate a separate Wine and Spirits Agreement. The EU believes that South Africa's continued use of certain "geographical indications" or terms is in breach of Article 23 of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement. The quotas granted by the EU on wine and sparkling wine cover 79 per cent of South African exports to the EU. South Africa granted the EU a 0.26 million litre quota for sparkling wine and a 1 million-litre quota for bottled wine. SA will phase out the use of the terms "port", "sherry", "grappa", ouzo", "korn" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" over agreed time periods. The issue will be taken to the WTO for a ruling in this regard. The EU has agreed to grant SA a duty-free tariff quota for wine but has suspended the tariff quota until the Wine and Spirits agreement has been signed. The EU will also provide financial assistance of 15 million ECU to help restructure the SA wine and spirits sector. The South African agricultural industry should take note of the constantly changing international marketing environment. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed with the European Union opens up new markets and enhances existing ones that must be exploited. It is imperative that every role player should evaluate the level of competitiveness of his or her enterprise. Thus the message is very clear: Agricultural production with an international trading view is the only sustainable road to follow.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die Handel, Ontwikkelings en Samewerkingsooreenkoms kompeterende geleenthede en uitdagings skep, sal arbeid en kapitaal verskuif na die hoogste opbrengste beskikbaar. In hierdie proses sal daar wegbeweeg word van onvoldoende prestasies en sal effektiewe ondememings en industriee floreer. Hierdie dinarniese proses van herstruktuering sal voortduur regdeur die implementeringsperiode van hierdie handelsooreenkoms. Die Suid Afrikaanse regering beskou die ooreenkoms met die Europese Unie as 'n belangrike stap in die proses om die land se ekonomie te herstrukltureer en so deel te maak van die vinnig veranderende wereld ekonomie. Hierdie regerings beleid sal daartoe lei dat sektore wat nie intemasionaal mededingend is nie, geen ondersteuning vanaf die regering sal ontvang nie. Met tyd sal hierdie sektore verdwyn. Van die drie landbousektore wat bestudeer is, sal vars vrugte (sagte vrugte) die meeste voordeel trek uit die ooreenkoms. Die besparing van aksynsbelasting op die uitvoere na die Europese Unie is die mees kenmerkendste voordeel vir die sektor. 'n Beraming gebaseer op 1997 handels syfers toon 'n jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R100 miljoen. Deur die hele implementeringsperiode, sal die besparing plus minus Rl biljoen beloop. Na afloop van die implementeringsperiode, sal jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R125 miljoen moontlik wees. Die inmaak vrugte sektor is 'n uitvoer gedrewe industrie wat gemiddeld 90 persent van hul prod uk uitvoer. Van hierdie uitvoere is 50 persent bestem vir die Europese Unie. Die uitvoertariewe na die Europese Unie is baie hoog. As nie-lidland, is Suid Afrika die grootste verskaffer van geblikte vrugte aan die Europese Unie. Beramings voorsien dat die sektor 'n totale besparing vir die eerste jaar van implemetering van plus minus R25 miljoen kan beloop. Die industrie kan soveel as R100 rniljoen oor die implementeringsperiode bespaar. Op die Europese Unie se versoek, het Suid Afrika ingestem om 'n afsonderlike Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms te onderhandel. Die Europese Unie beweer dat Suid Afrika se gebruik van sekere "geografiese aanduidings" of terme, In verbreking is van Artikel 23 van die Handelsverwante Aspekte van die Intellektuele Eiendomsregte Ooreenkoms. Wyn en vonkelwyn kwotas wat deur die Europese Unie aan Suid Afrika toegestaan is, beloop 79 persent van die uitvoere na die Europese Unie. Suid Afrika het die Europese Unie In kwota van 0.26 miljoen liter vir vonkelwyn en 1 miljoen kwota vir gebottelde wyn toegestaan. Voorts sal Suid Afrika die terme "port", "sherry", "grappa", "ouzo", "kom" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" met die ooreengekome peri odes uitfaseer. Die aspek sal egter na die WHO geneem word vir In finale beslissing. Die Europese Unie het ooreengekom om aan Suid Afrika In tarief vrye kwota vir wyn toe te staan, maar het dit opgehef tot tyd en wyl die Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms onderteken is. Die Europese Unie sal ook finansiele ondersteuning van 15 miljoen ECU skenk om die Suid Afrikaanse Wyn en Spiritualiee industrie te help hestruktureer. Suid Afrikaanse Landbou sal notisie moet neem van die konstante verandering in die intemasionale bemarkingsomgewing. Die Vrye Handelsooreenkoms wat geteken is met die Europese Unie, open nuwe markte en sal bestaande markte bevorder. Hierdie geleenthede moet benut word. Dit is baie belangrik dat elke rolspeler sy vlak van kompeterende vermoe moet evalueer, om so sy eie siening oor die ooreenkoms te kan uitspreek. Hieruit is die boodskap dus baie duidelik: Landbou produksie met In intemasionale handels uitkyk, is die enigste volhoubare pad om te volg.

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This thesis explores the causes of Russian foreign policy towards Georgia. It argues that the Russian Federation continues to pursue a policy which weakens the sovereignty of the Caucasus. The main priority of this thesis is to identify why the Russian Federation seems to be pursuing a set of policies that economically and politically weaken the sovereignty of Georgia. Therefore, this thesis examines the forces and factors of Russian domestic politics that drive Russian national interests towards the Caucasus. The analysis focuses on one particular issue-area: the role of the economic elite in shaping Russia's domestic and foreign policies vis-a-vis the state in the electricity sector. In focusing on the energy policies of the Russian Federation, this thesis reveals the negative consequences for Georgia's sovereignty that result from a strong Russian influence in the region. This thesis analyzes how Russian national interests towards Georgia challenge the latter to establish autonomous decisionmaking with regard to its foreign policy and to exercise its own authority through an exclusive competence in internal affairs of the state. In conclusion, this thesis offers policy prescriptions on how Georgia might best preserve its sovereignty with respect to the Russian Federation in terms of energy dependency.
Civilian, Ministry of Defense, Georgia

Creating an effective management system for the enterprise ensures attainment of the current level of economic development and stability. The EMS standards are based on ISO 9000 and ISO 14000. Environmental Management System is the- part of the organization's management system used to develop and implement the environmental policy. Gap-analysis used to identify major successes and focus on the priority issues of leadership in order to adjust future plans to implement an environmental management system. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36203

Die Dissertation untersucht am Beispiel des Volkskommissariates für Außenhandel die Entstehung der frühen Sowjetbürokratie und analysiert administrative und politische Prozesse, die der Herausbildung des Stalinismus vorangingen. Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind die Probleme des staatlich organisierten Außenhandels sowie die Schwierigkeiten bei der Anknüpfung von Handelsbeziehungen zu den kapitalistischen Staaten in der Zeit nach der Revolution. Außenpolitische Faktoren und weltwirtschaftliche Voraussetzungen werden in diesem Zusammenhang ebenso berücksichtigt wie die zum Teil widersprüchlichen Interessen des sowjetischen Außenhandels einerseits und der sowjetschen Diplomatie anderseits. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage nach dem Verhältnis zwischen Parteiapparat und Regierungsbürokratie sowie die Rolle der Volkskommissariate im politischen Entscheidungsprozeß. Die Verfasserin konzentriert sich in diesem Zusammenhang auf drei Themenkomplexe: die Kaderpolitik der KPR(b) gegenüber dem Volkskommissariat für Außenhandel, den organisatorischen Wandel in dieser Behörde während der Neuen Ökonomischen Politik sowie das Zusammenspiel einzelner Partei- und Wirtschaftsbehörden bei der Entscheidung konkreter handelspolitischer Fragen.
This dissertation examines the People´s Comissariat of Foreign Trade as an example of the development of early Soviet bureaucracy and analyses administrative and political processes, proceeding the rise of stalinism. The study deals with the problems of centrally planned foreign trade and the difficulties of establishing trading connections to the capitalistic states in the post-revolutionary period. In this context international factors and conditions, dictated by world economy, are considered as well as the contradictory interests of Soviet foreign trade on one hand and soviet diplomacy on the other hand. The focus is set on decision-making concerning the relationship between party apparatus and the People´s Comissariats. In this context the author concentrates on three aspects: the influence of CK´s Policy of Cadre selection on People´s Comissariat of Foreign Trade, the organizational change in this institution during the New Economic Policy and the cooperation between the various economic and party institutions, concerning the decision on concrete questions of foreign trade.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This report is an evaluation of the impact of the quotas imposed on clothing and textiles imported from China on the clothing and textile manufacturing industry in South Africa. On 28 August 2006 the Government of the Republic of South Africa and the Government of the People’s Republic of China concluded a memorandum in terms of which the export of certain tariff lines of the Chinese textile products to South Africa would be administered in accordance with the volumes specified in the memorandum for a period of two years. The fundamental objective of these import quotas was to provide South African clothing and textile firms the space in which to operate, with the aim of improving competitiveness in domestic and export markets in the long run. The Chinese market-share of South African global clothing imports has risen steadily to the mid-2006 level of just under 75 percent. It was claimed that because of the significant growth in imports from China between 63 000 to 67 000 jobs were lost in the domestic clothing and textile industry from March 2003 to September 2006. The effect of the imposition of the quotas is evaluated by comparing the state of the clothing and textile industry in South Africa prior to 2006, that is pre-quota imposition to the state of the industry up to two years after imposition of the quotas. Reference is made to employment in the clothing and textile industry in South Africa, the size of the industry in South Africa, the position of clothing retailers, labour costs and productivity, as well as the competitiveness of the local clothing and textile industry. The comparison shows that the import quotas did not solve the industry’s woes and that the trends prior to the imposition of the quotas continued. It further shows that the imposition of quotas had a detrimental effect on the welfare of consumers in the country. A change of tack for the industry’s policy makers and businesses is proposed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verslag is ‘n evaluering van die impak van kwotas ingestel op die invoer van klerasie en tekstiele vanuit China op die Suid Afrikaanse klerasie- en tekstiel-bedryf. Op 28 Augustus 2006 het die regerings van Suid-Afrika en China ‘n memorandum onderteken ingevolge waarvan die uitvoer van sekere Chinese tekstiel-tarieflyne na Suid-Afrika vir ‘n tydperk van twee jaar beperk sou word tot volumes gespesifiseer in die memorandum. Die doel van hierdie kwotas was om aan Suid Afrikaanse klerasie- en tekstiel-ondernemings die ruimte te skep om handel te dryf en sodoende hul mededingendheid in beide die plaaslike- en uitvoermarkte te verbeter. Die Chinese markaandeel van Suid-Afrikaanse klere-invoere het geleidelik gestyg tot net onder 75 persent in die middel van 2006. Arbeids-organisasies het aangevoer dat die aansienlike toename in invoere van China daartoe gelei het dat tussen 63 000 en 67 000 werksgeleenthede verlore gegaan het in die plaaslike klerasie- en tekstiel-bedryf vanaf Maart 2003 tot September 2006. Die effek van die kwota-instelling word geëvalueer deur die stand van die Suid-Afrikaanse klerasie- en tekstiel-bedryf voor 2006 - dit wil sê voor die instelling van die kwotas - te vergelyk met die stand van die bedryf vir ‘n tydperk van twee jaar ná die instelling van die kwotas. Verwysings word gemaak na die vlak van indiensneming in die Suid Afrikaanse klerasie- en tekstiel-bedryf, die grootte van die plaaslike bedryf, die posisie van klere-kleinhandelaars, arbeidskoste en produktiwiteit, asook die mededingendheid van die plaaslike bedryf. Die vergelyking toon dat die invoer-kwotas nie die bedryf verbeter het nie en dat tendense aanwesig voor die instelling van die kwotas steeds voortduur. Bowendien toon dit dat die instelling van die kwotas ‘n nadelige invloed gehad het op die welvaart van Suid-Afrikaanse verbuikers. ‘n Koersverandering vir die bedryf se beleidmakers en besighede word voorgestel.

O tema principal desta tese é o das relações Brasil-Estados Unidos, enfocado a partir de uma perspectiva dual que articula a história contemporânea deste vínculo com o seu sentido político para a inserção internacional de nosso país. O corpo desta tese está subdivido em três partes principais: 1) Evolução contemporânea das relações Brasil-Estados Unidos desde o início do século XX. 2) Relacionamento Brasil-Estados Unidos na pós-Guerra Fria. 3) Novo enquadramento das relações Brasil-EUA depois do 11 de setembro. A tese procura mostrar que Brasil se encontra num momento crucial para re-equacionar o lugar e o sentido das relações com Estados Unidos para a inserção externa do país. A perda de sua centralidade obriga uma reavaliação profunda que certamente virá a influenciar a produção acadêmica em Relações Internacionais no futuro.
This dissertation focus on Brazil-US relations with a twofold perspective: one that emphasizes the contemporary history of this relationship and another that underlines its political implications for the international insertion of our country. This dissertation is subdivided in three units: 1) Contemporary evolution of Brazil-United States relations since early XXth century. 2) Relation Brazil-United States after the Cold War. 3) New alliance of Brazil-United States after the 9-11 period. This dissertation wishes to point out that Brazil nowadays faces a crucial moment to re-think the place and importance of the relations with the US in this foreign policy. The loss of its previous centrality imposes an re-evaluation, this which will certainly influence the future of International Relations studies in Brazil.

Chinese presence in Africa has been rapidly increasing in the past few years and has been speculated to be mainly due to China seeking Africa’s political alliance and access to Africa’s natural resources and growing consumer markets. The growing presence of Chinese organisations in Africa, however, has not been without its challenges. In particular, Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs) in search of consumer markets in Africa have been cited as facing human resource (HR) challenges which may affect their organisational performance. In this regard, literature on human resource management has already established the important role of organisational culture, HR practices and organisational commitment in enabling organisations to achieve superior organisational performance. Given the fact that there is currently little research knowledge of Chinese presence in Africa at the organisational level, this research aimed to contribute empirical knowledge to the growing body of research in this area. Specifically, the main purpose of this research was to examine how the organisational culture of a Chinese MNC’s South African subsidiary has shaped the nature of its high commitment work system (HCWS) and to assess the consequences thereof on organisational commitment. In alignment with the phenomenological paradigm, the research applied a descriptive and explanatory case study methodology in order to generate rich, qualitative data which was required for in-depth descriptions and to uncover the underlying interactions of the researched phenomena at the subsidiary. The selected case for the research was, therefore, a Chinese MNC operating in the personal computer (PC) industry, which had expanded its operations to South Africa in order to reach Africa’s growing consumer markets. In particular, the South African subsidiary served as a PC sales and distribution organisation for the Chinese MNC. There were about 40 employees at the subsidiary who were all South African employees. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with twelve employees from different job functions and across different job levels. Data collection was guided by the theoretical frameworks by Cameron and Freeman (1991) for organisational culture and Xiao and Bjorkman (2006) for the HCWS and organisational commitment. The data collected from interviews was then analysed through a qualitative, content analysis process. The findings of the research thus pointed to the market culture as the dominant organisational culture type at the South African subsidiary of the Chinese MNC; characteristics of the adhocracy and clan cultures were also discovered. The externally oriented market culture was found to be the most relevant for the high performance and market leadership aspirations of the subsidiary. The market culture also appears to be the most appropriate organisational culture that would enable the subsidiary to deal with the competitive nature of the PC industry. Furthermore, it was found that certain cultural values emphasised by the Confucian and Ubuntu value systems could have had a part to play in the formation of the subsidiary’s organisational culture. The market culture was also found to have had the greatest influence in shaping the primarily performance oriented HCWS practices. Of the investigated HR practices at the subsidiary, all were found to be consistent with HCWS practices, with the exception of ownership practices and the performance appraisal system. Finally, although there were generally high levels of organisational commitment reported at the subsidiary, other job and organisational context factors besides the HCWS practices were found to be the major contributors to those feelings of organisational commitment. By investigating the organisational culture, HCWS and organisational commitment of a Chinese MNC in South Africa, this research has added to the body of knowledge concerning the growing presence of Chinese organisations in Africa. Based on the empirical findings of this study, several recommendations have been made in an attempt to assist the Chinese MNC manage the organisational commitment of its South African employees towards superior organisational performance.

Malaysia is a transition economic country that aims to be a developed country by 2020. In realising this mission (Vision 2020), the cluster concept has been an interest and adopted by the central authorities. There are few years ahead to reach the targeted year and it interest of this study to investigate the relevant development on its own engineered cluster of the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) that was put forward on the success of Silicon Valley in the US. This thesis focuses on the development of the MSC cluster in the Malaysia context. It examines and measures the state of the cluster, the role played by its core actors (from Triple Helix perspective) and their relationship in the MSC. The role of collaboration has been used to measure the relationship among actors with the key determinants of cluster formation. A mixed data collection method was used to answer the research question and objectives involved. A conceptual model for analysing the MSC cluster is proposed, bringing together insights from the literature on clusters, role of actors, collaborative relationship and the complex systems of innovation approach. This conceptual model uncover the weaknesses of social dimension (social infrastructure) in Porter’s diamond model and the general approach of Triple Helix model in the cluster development. The cluster lifecycle model is used to add the depth to the analysis on the condition of cluster development.

Le patriotisme économique relève davantage du discours politique que d’un concept juridique. Il fait référence aux comportements des citoyens, des entreprises et des États. Celui des États peut en substance être défini comme la défense par ces derniers de leurs entreprises stratégiques. Ainsi précisée, cette notion se traduit en pratique par l’institution de dispositifs nationaux de contrôle des investissements étrangers, par la stabilisation de l’actionnariat des entreprises stratégiques au travers des prises de participations des fonds stratégiques d’investissement, ou encore, par l’octroi de droits exclusifs ou spéciaux. De tels comportements peuvent contrarier les principes de la libre circulation - capitaux, établissement - et de la libre concurrence. Ces principes souffrent cependant de tempéraments qui laissent une certaine marge de manœuvre aux États, laquelle est cependant étroite. Cette étroitesse conduit ces derniers à être sans cesse inventifs pour défendre leurs entreprises. Le droit des sociétés offre de ce point de vue des outils pertinents pouvant servir ce dessein. Mais, la protection des entreprises stratégiques en dehors des exceptions ou dérogations prévues par le traité, qui traduit la persistance des replis nationaux, n’est pas sans relever les limites de l’opposition systématique aux patriotismes économiques nationaux. De plus, une telle faculté risque de fragiliser l’achèvement du marché intérieur. Pour ces raisons, il importe pour les autorités de l’Union européenne, d’engager une dynamique permettant de mieux prendre en compte les préoccupations patriotiques des États. Agrégée à un concept cohérent, à savoir le patriotisme économique européen, une telle démarche consisterait à instaurer une politique d’investissement commune qui sache conjuguer ouverture aux capitaux étrangers et préservation des secteurs stratégiques. Mais, l’efficacité d’une telle politique est relative. C’est pourquoi, on doit lui adjoindre un cadre autonome de contrôle des investissements en provenance des pays tiers
Economic patriotism is more a political speech than a legal concept. It refers to behaviors of citizens, companies and governments. Concerning States, this concept can essentially be defined as defense of strategic companies. In practice, this notion is reflected by the institution of national systems of foreign investments control, by stabilizing the shareholding of companies through strategic investment funds, or by granting exclusive or special rights. These behaviors can antagonize the European Union law. However, this law allows exceptions that offer opportunities to States. But the flexibility of States is close. This narrowness leds them to be constantly inventive to defend their strategic companies. Business law allows such an approach. But the protection of strategic companies without the exceptions or derogations permitted by the treaty, which reflects the persistence of domestic markets partitioning, is not without showing the limits of systematic opposition to national economic patriotisms. In addition, such a power may weaken the completion of the internal market. For these reasons, it is important for the authorities of the European Union, to initiate a dynamic that can permit to take better account of the States patriotic concerns. Aggregate to a coherent concept, namely the european economic patriotism, such an approach will permit to establish a common investment policy that can combine openness to foreign investments and preservation of strategic sectors. But, the effectiveness of such a policy is relative. That’s why, it’s crucial to add to it an autonomous control framework for investments coming from non-member countries

by Yao Fang.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-55).
ABSTRACT --- p.3
CHAPTERS
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.4
Chapter II. --- CHINA'S STATE ENTERPRISES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT --- p.8
Chapter 2.1. --- The operation of the state enterprise system --- p.8
Chapter 2.2. --- Agent problems in the management of state enterprises --- p.10
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Managers as agents of the government --- p.11
Chapter 2.3. --- Soft budget constraints --- p.13
Chapter 2.3.1. --- Implication --- p.14
Chapter III. --- PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE INEFFICIENCY --- p.17
Chapter 3.1. --- Enterprises and government apparatus --- p.17
Chapter 3.2. --- Specification of property rights --- p.19
Chapter 3.3. --- Institutional arrangement --- p.21
Chapter IV. --- A REVIEW ON PRC'S ENTERPRISE REFORM --- p.24
Chapter 4.1. --- The reconstruction of labour ownership --- p.24
Chapter 4.2. --- The manager reform --- p.26
Chapter 4.3. --- Some outcomes of the delegation --- p.27
Chapter V. --- SHARE SYSTEM : A PROSPECT FUTURE --- p.29
Chapter 5.1. --- To liberalize the economic foundation --- p.29
Chapter 5.2. --- Share ownership system --- p.30
Chapter 5.2.1. --- Purposes of share system reform --- p.31
Chapter 5.2.2. --- Important factors in the application --- p.33
Chapter 5.2.3. --- Some steps of share system reform --- p.34
Chapter VI. --- CASE STUDY : SHANGHAI FEILO COMPANY LIMITED --- p.38
Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.38
Chapter 6.2. --- The process of transforming the share system --- p.40
Chapter 6.3. --- Financial outcomes of the company --- p.43
Chapter 6.4. --- Problems of the new system --- p.43
Chapter VII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.46
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.51

Following the trends of the Globalization, the principles of Nondiscrimination, Transparency and Rule of Law, are all becoming the core principles of globalized norms of economic regulation, which have always known to be associated with GATT and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Following the accession of the People's Republic of China to the WTO, it is well understood that the requirements for the conformity of laws and regulations inside and outside of China to WTO are high, especially in terms of the conformity of China's regulatory system of economic regulations to WTO's Principles of national treatment, transparency, and rule of law. This paper will examine the conformity of WTO's Principles of National Treatment, Transparency, and Rule of Law with China's regulatory system of economic regulation, especially with a focus on the compliance of globalized norms of economic regulation with China's local norms and local values, and the legal and political culture. At the same time, this paper aims to discover the institutional approaches that protect and facilitate judicial independence. Attention is also paid to the influences of the institutions system on impartiality and accountability of judicial practice through facilitating judicial independence.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
89
In this newly developed knowledge-based economic era, the innovation and accumulation of knowledge has already been a significant index to evaluate the extent of national economic development and competitiveness. While confronting the impact of information technology, domestic businesses ought to perform consistent innovation and be provided an equally competitive environment by government to enhance business competitiveness. Therefore, the government should strengthen present software and hardware infrastructure and positively scrutinize governmental policy to possess adequate capability to meet oncoming challenges while not losing track of the ultimate objective of economic growth in this knowledge-based era. In the last 80s, renowned economist Romer (1986, 1990) present the endogenous growth theory to argue that the positive externality and scale economy of human capital has empirical evidence to make out the potential discrepancy between research result and actual data within the neoclassical economic growth model. In 1996 and 1997, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) present research paper pinpointed in the topic of “knowledge for development”. In this paper, it put much emphasis on the phenomenon of high economic growth. Therefore, all governments should drastically reevaluate and reestablish necessary official procedure and governmental policy from the perspective of knowledge-based economy. Within the perspective of economics, the positive externality of knowledge not only provides the opportunity to facilitate governments to operate in the market economy system, but also play an important role in the process of knowledge production, circulation and accumulation. Before embarking on feasible consideration of governmental policy, we have to comprehend all properties of knowledge products within the telecommunication and information technology fields in this highly developed world. On the other hand, we need to reconsider reasonable countermeasures to maintain the phenomenon of equal competition and avoid the occurrence of market failure (system failure). Thus, the research tries to elucidate the appropriate role of government from knowledge management perspective in this knowledge-based economic era.

W pracy doktorskiej omówiono problem znaczenia i wpływu partii regionalnych na proces tworzenia polityki zagranicznej na przykładzie analizy studium przypadku Indii. Indie jako państwo demokratyczne o strukturze federacyjnej oraz mocarstwo wschodzące, dostarcza informacji o funkcjonowaniu współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych. Indie są najbardziej zróżnicowanym etnicznie, językowo i religijnie państwem w Azji Południowej oraz jednym z najbardziej zróżnicowanych na świecie. Uwarunkowania te wpływają zarówno na politykę wewnętrzną jak i zagraniczną. Dlatego kluczowe jest zbadanie współzależności między systemem wewnętrznym i polityką zagraniczną, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem znaczenia partii regionalnych w kształtowaniu polityki zagranicznej. Przegląd stanu badań nad partiami regionalnymi w Indiach dowodzi, że koncentrują się one nad mechanizmem ich rozwoju i funkcjonowania oraz roli w systemie politycznym Indii. Ma miejsce luka w badaniach o znaczeniu tych partii w formułowaniu i realizacji polityki zagranicznej Indii. Ponadto brak jest prac naukowych, które w całościowy sposób analizowałyby programy polityczne partii regionalnych oraz wystąpienia ich liderów, z uwzględnieniem polityki zagranicznej wobec państw sąsiadujących. Praca doktorska ma wypełnić tą lukę w literaturze przedmiotu. Mając na uwadze przedstawiony cel pracy, stan badań oraz uwzględniając przegląd litera-tury, można postawić następujące pytania badawcze: 1. Jakie czynniki miały wpływ na rosnące zainteresowanie problematyką polityki zagranicznej przez partie regionalne? Jak ta zmiana uwidacznia się w programach wyborczych, wypowiedziach liderów i dokumentach publikowanych przez te partie? 2. Czy ewolucja systemu partyjnego i liberalizacja gospodarki umożliwiły partiom regionalnym uzyskanie większego wpływu na kształtowanie polityki zagranicznej Indii? 3. Jakie są przejawy formalnych i nieformalnych mechanizmów oddziaływania partii regionalnych na decydowanie w polityce zagranicznej Indii? 4. Jakie jest znaczenie partii regionalnych w kształtowaniu polityki zagranicznej Indii od 1991 roku? W rozprawie przyjęto następującą hipotezę badawczą: Partie regionalne po 1991 roku stawały się coraz ważniejszym uczestnikiem procesu decyzyjnego polityki zagranicznej Indii, będąc wyrazicielem interesów lokalnych na szczeblu ogólnokrajowym. Hipoteza została sformułowana na podstawie obserwacji zmian jakie zachodziły w indyjskim systemie partyjnym, gospodarczym, polityce zagranicznej oraz dzięki analizie programów wyborczych partii regionalnych w kontekście tworzenia polityki zagranicznej. Celem udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytania badawcze oraz weryfikację hipotezy została przyjęta strategia indukcyjno – dedukcyjna. Badacz, poprzez wykorzystanie podejścia indukcyjnego, interpretuje zgormadzony materiał empiryczny. Wówczas możliwe jest uogólnienie wniosków oraz konstrukcja ogólnych założeń o charakterze teoretycznym. Oznacza to, że badania o charakterze indukcyjnym stanowią wstępną hipotezę. Hipoteza ta może zostać zweryfikowana poprzez prowadzone badania o charakterze dedukcyjnym. Jest to możliwe dzięki zbadaniu empirycznemu materiału zgromadzonego w toku prowadzonego badania. Ponadto odwołanie się do liberalnej teorii polityki zagranicznej umożliwiło podkreślenie faktu, że działania podejmowane przez państwa w polityce zagranicznej są funkcją działań aktorów wewnętrznych. Teoria ta została wybrana ze względu na założenia ontologiczne i epistemologiczne. Istotne z punktu badanego problemu jest założenie, że aktorzy wewnętrzni, tacy jak: jednostki, partie polityczne, grupy interesu, organizacje pozarządowe, opinia publiczna odgrywają coraz istotniejszą rolę w kreowaniu polityki zagranicznej państw.
The doctoral dissertation discusses the problem of the role of regional parties on the process of foreign policy making - case study: India. India as a democratic state with a federal structure and as emerging power provides information on the functioning of contemporary international relations. India is the most ethnically, linguistically and religiously diverse country in South Asia and one of the most diverse in the world. These conditions affect both domestic and foreign policy. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the interdependence between the internal system, domestic politics and foreign policy, with particular emphasis on the importance of regional parties in the process of foreign policy making. A literature review on regional parties in India shows that scholars focus on the mechanism of parties development and functioning, and on their role in the Indian political system. There is a gap in research about the importance of regional parties in the formulation and implementation of India's foreign policy. Moreover, there are no scientific papers that would comprehensively analyze the political programs of regional parties and the speeches of their leaders, taking into account foreign policy towards neighboring countries. The doctoral dissertation is to fill this gap in the literature on the subject. Bearing in mind presented purpose of the work, the state of research and taking into account the literature review, the following research questions can be asked: 1. What factors influenced the growing interest of regional parties in foreign policy issues? How is this change reflected in election programs, statements by leaders and documents published by these parties? 2. Have the evolution of the party system and the liberalization of the economy allowed the regional parties to gain greater influence in shaping foreign policy? 3. What are the manifestations of formal and informal mechanisms of influence of regional parties on decision-making in Indian foreign policy? 4. What is the importance of regional parties in shaping India's foreign policy since 1991? With regard to the research goal of the dissertation and the formulated research questions, the following research hypothesis was adopted: From 1991 regional parties became an increasingly important participant in the decision-making process of India's foreign policy, expressing local interests at the national level. The hypothesis was formulated on the basis of observation of changes that took place in the Indian party system, economy, foreign policy and thanks to the analysis of the election programs of regional parties in the context of creating foreign policy. In order to answer the research questions and verify the hypothesis, an inductive-deductive strategy was adopted. The researcher, by using the inductive approach, interprets the collected empirical material. Then it is possible to generalize conclusions and construct general theoretical assumptions. This means that inductive research is a preliminary hypothesis. This hypothesis can be verified by conducting deductive research. It is possible thanks to empirical examination of the material collected during the research. Moreover, the reference to the liberal theory of foreign policy as a theoretical tool, made it possible to emphasize the fact that actions taken by states in foreign policy are a function of actions taken by internal actors. This theory was chosen due to its ontological and epistemological assumptions. From the point of view of the problem under study, it is important to assume that internal actors, such as individuals, political parties, interest groups, non-governmental organizations, and the public, play an increasingly important role in shaping the foreign policy of states.

The tragic events within the South African Development Community (SADC) countries e.g. Civil war and conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), evoked a rethinking on the pivotal role assigned to the United Nations (UN) and the international community in African conflict resolution. Subsequently, there emerged clarion calls for African solutions to African conflict,. with foreign intervention only playing a complementary role. This unfolding of events put a democratic South Africa in a good stead to take this initiative in the SADC region. In this study, the nature of South Africa's involvement in conflict resolution within SADC region. is outlined. The main objective is to outline reasons which have moulded South African intervention in Lesotho, and its impacts on her perceptions about prospects for future African initiatives in the twenty first century. South Africa adopted a remarkably ambivalent foreign policy towards the region and indeed the rest of the continent. It is however, in the light of that development that a democratic South Africa became a dominant member state within SADC to enable her the capabilities of bringing African solutions (SADC in particular) to African conflicts. It is on this note that South Africa has intervened successfully towards resolving the Lesotho conflicts. South African foreign policy objective of enhancing international peace and security by maintaining efforts towards a lasting resolution of conflicts, stability and security situation in Lesotho achieved, and the general elections were ultimately held. It is however, acknowledged that South African government has made a firm commitment to developing its role as a voice for the global South. In supporting this statement, South Africa should seriously develop a reputation, culture and capacity as a patron of peace promotion which means continuing with investing political will and resources in mediation and human resources, and also engage in a concerted campaign to improve the peace-keeping ability and security mechanisms of the SADC through a commitment of technical and human resources.
(M.Soc.Sc.) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2005

The problem of low domestic savings is inherent in most Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries. This has motivated most of the SADC countries to institute policies that seek to attract foreign capital to cover the investment deficit that arises from low domestic savings rates. This study gives robust conclusions on the effectiveness of individual tax incentives commonly used by SADC countries in attracting foreign mobile capital. This study has broadened the dimensions research can take in analysing the contribution of tax incentives to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows into developing countries. In separating individual tax incentives mainly used in the SADC region the study gives a robust analysis on the impact of each tax incentive on FDI inflows into SADC countries. The tax incentives used in this study are: tax holidays, corporate income tax (CIT), reduced CIT in specific sectors and losses carried forward. The study also derives data indices for governance, infrastructure and economic policy variables which gives the study clean and reliable data for efficient regression results. These macroeconomic data derivations assist in giving the FDI attraction analysis more variables and well behaved data in drawing conclusions. Through an analysis and comparison of trends in FDI inflows and stock data in different African regions the study draws important conclusions on the impact of the socio-economic environment in FDI attraction. The study, in consultation with data from the period 2004 to 2013 separates the SADC countries into four panels based on resource richness. Panel 1 includes the resources-rich countries, Panel 2 the resources-poor countries, Panel 3 all SADC countries, except South Africa and Panel 4 all the SADC countries. Each of the estimate models in this study, use individual tax incentives variables to avoid the effects of collinearity between different tax incentives variables and to improve the predictive power of the panel data models. This study derived tax incentives data for individual SADC countries, from Ernst and Young’s worldwide tax data. Regular tax incentives in the SADC are derived from tax holidays, corporate income tax (CIT); losses carried forward and reduced CIT in specific sectors. This study seeks to achieve two major objectives: firstly, to establish the effectiveness of tax incentives in attracting FDI inflows into SADC countries, and, secondly, to establish other variables that influence FDI inflows into SADC countries. The study estimated four panels for SADC countries, separated according to resource richness. This was done because different types of FDI are dependent on the available resources in developing countries and thus factors that influence the FDI inflows differ according to resource richness. Resource-seeking FDI moves to resources-rich economies, market-seeking FDI goes to economies that have access to larger markets and efficiency-seeking and strategic-asset-seeking FDI move to economies that ensure efficient use of their capital resources. Thus, as expected, factors that attract FDI to countries in the separate panels differ in direction of causality and magnitude of impact. The study adopts a system Generalised Method of Moments (SYS GMM) methodology to address the problem of endogeneity associated with dynamic panel data models. The estimated results established that tax holidays positively explain FDI inflows in Panel 2. CIT was found to negatively affect FDI inflows into all SADC countries despite their particular category of resource-richness. Losses carried forward are insignificant in all panels and reduced CIT in specific sectors negatively influences FDI inflows in Panel 1 and surprisingly positively influences FDI inflows in Panel 2. The lagged FDI variable shows a positive relationship with current year FDI inflows. The governance index is significant and positively affects FDI inflows in panels 1, 3 and 4. Panel 2 shows a negative relationship between governance and FDI inflows. Market potential measured by GDP growth rate is insignificantly different from zero in all the four panels in the study and negatively signed, except in models A and C of Panel 2. The stock of infrastructure is significant and negatively signed in all the panels. The log natural resources variable though insignificant in some models, mainly, exhibit a significant and negative effect in most models of the study’s panel estimations. The trade openness variable is positively related to FDI inflows in Panel 1. Panel 2 show negative effects of trade openness to FDI inflows. Financial globalisation significantly impacts positive FDI inflows in all the four panels. The economic policy variable is insignificant in all the four panels of the study, except, in model B of Panel 1 where it is weakly significant at 10% level and negatively signed. The study concludes that tax incentives are important in FDI attraction in the SADC countries; therefore, an effective tax mix that ensures efficient use of tax incentives is important to ensure sustainable FDI inflows into the region. Good governance is important in the region for FDI inflows to increase. Increasing government rents from natural resources reduces FDI inflows in the SADC. Previous year flows of FDI are positively related to current year inflows, thus consistent FDI attraction policies in the SADC are important. Infrastructure in the SADC should be consistently improved to ensure suitability with the dynamic nature of foreign investment. Financial markets should be developed to ensure effective flow of capital and growth in economies through more investment.
Economics
D. Com.. (Economics)

Маляренко М. Л. Удосконалення фінансового забезпечення інноваційної діяльності ПАТ «Мотор Січ» : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 072 "Фінанси, банківська справа та страхування" / наук. керівник В. М. Гельман. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2019. 133 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота викладена на 133 сторінках друкованого тексту, містить 29 таблиць, 4 рисунки, 7 додатків. Перелік посилань включає 50 джерел. Об’єкт дослідження – система діагностики фінансового стану інноваційної діяльності на промисловому підприємстві міста Запоріжжя ПАТ «Мотор Січ». Предмет дослідження – теоретичні та методичні підходи до діагностики фінансово-економічного стану інноваційної діяльності промислового підприємства. Мета роботи – поглиблення, систематизація, закріплення і перевірка теоретичних знань, отриманих в процесі навчання; поглиблене вивчення конкретної проблеми і більш ґрунтовне оволодіння навичками самостійної науково-дослідницької роботи; дослідження та узагальнення практики і одержання нових результатів у вигляді узагальнень, висновків та рекомендацій з конкретної проблеми, розробка теоретикометодичних засад та практичних рекомендацій щодо вдосконалення підходу до діагностики фінансово-економічного стану інноваційної діяльності промислового підприємства. Задачі роботи – дослідження теоретичних основ управління інноваційною діяльністю суб’єктів господарювання; аналіз інноваційної активності промислового підприємства; визначення шляхів вдосконалення управління інноваційною діяльністю.
EN : The work is presented on 133 pages of printed text, contains 29 tables, 4 figures, 7 annex. The list of refernces includes 50 sources. Object of study – financial support for innovative activities of PJSC «Motor Sich». The purpose of the work is to deepen, systematize, secure and verify theoretical knowledge gained in the learning process; Indepth study a specific problem and a more thorough mastery of the skills of the self research work; research and generalization of practice and obtaining new results in the form of generalizations, conclusions and recommendations for a specific problem. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: – identify the factors that affect the financial state of the enterprise – to conduct an analysis of the property condition of PJSC «Motor Sich»; – Investigate financial sustainability, liquidity and capability of PJSC «Motor Sich». The tasks of the work are research of theoretical bases managing the innovation activity of business entities; analysis innovative activity of industrial enterprise; defining ways improving innovation management. Research methods – generalization and analysis of literature on this topic, aswell also the rationale and conclusions based on the work done, comparative analysis, synthesis, description, systematization and systematic approach. The main provisions of the work. Theoretical principles of diagnostics are investigated financial and economic condition of the enterprise. The basic ones are analyzed indicators of financial and economic condition of an industrial enterprise. Measures to improve the system of diagnostics of financial economic condition of an industrial enterprise.

The object of this study is good governance, the context for its consideration is the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), and the disciplinary perspective from which it is considered is Public Administration. Good governance is a conceptual problematique. It is multi-dimensional, value-laden, trans-contextual and nebulous. The question of what good governance means is a subject of contestation. Good governance is used in NEPAD as a principle without the attempt to clarify its meaning at the conceptual level. Much of the existing body of scholarship on NEPAD also considers good governance largely as a principle rather than a concept. This erroneously presupposes unanimity on its meaning. The African leadership is divided on what good governance means in the context of NEPAD. In this regard scholarship largely fails to provide an intellectual solution. The extent of complexity of the concept in the study lies in the fact that the context of its consideration [NEPAD] is itself a subject of contestation whereas the disciplinary perspective [Public Administration] from which it is considered has not yet reached a consensus with itself about its theoretical base. Against this background the question that the study asks is, what does the concept good governance in the context of NEPAD mean for Public Administration? The study examines this question to make a contribution towards a better insight into, and broadening of, the body of scientific knowledge by engaging in conceptual, theoretical and philosophical studies to understand good governance in the context of NEPAD and determine its meaning for Public Administration. The study finds that the paradigm of engagement in the existing body of literature is framed in the binary logic, which is rooted in realist epistemology or positivism. This approach to scientific discourse is limited in dealing with complex conceptual, theoretical and philosophical questions. The study develops, as a contribution to science, an alternative epistemological framework from which good governance in the context of NEPAD could be understood. Such epistemological framework is, for the purpose of this study, termed the contingent co-existence of opposites. It is used to conceptualise good governance in the context of NEPAD and determine its meaning for Public Administration.
Public Administration
D.Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

W toku prowadzonej w rozprawie analizy próbowano wypełnić następujące zadania badawcze: (1) scharakteryzować determinanty i kierunki polityki zagranicznej Republiki Białoruś; (2) zbadać miejsce Unii Europejskiej wśród kierunków i priorytetów białoruskiej polityki zagranicznej; (3) zbadać przyczyny zmienności w relacjach Białorusi z Unią Europejską, (4) ocenić istnienie zbieżności interesów obu podmiotów; (5) ocenić perspektywy współpracy obu podmiotów. Główna hipoteza rozprawy brzmi: Unia Europejska nie odgrywa w praktycznym działaniu znaczącej roli w polityce zagranicznej Republiki Białoruś, choć stanowi jeden z ważniejszych wektorów w założeniach i koncepcjach jej polityki. W sferze funkcjonalnej polityka zagraniczna Republiki Białoruś przekłada się na intensywny rozwój wschodniego kierunku działań zewnętrznych państwa białoruskiego. Istotny w tym kontekście jest fakt, że dotychczasowa polityka Unii Europejskiej w relacjach z Republiką Białoruś, oparta na krytycznym dialogu nie przyniosła zakładanych rezultatów a jedynie zniechęciła państwo białoruskie do pogłębiania współpracy. Polityka wielowektorowości Republiki Białoruś ogranicza się do próby kształtowania suwerenności przy znaczącej asymetrii pomiędzy potencjałem państwa białoruskiego w wymiarze politycznym, gospodarczym i wojskowym, a jego możliwościami. Ponadto przynależność Białorusi do wschodnich struktur integracyjnych ma decydujący wpływ na jej relacje z Unią Europejską. W pracy sformułowano również cztery hipotezy dodatkowe, stanowiące uszczegółowienie hipotezy głównej: Hipoteza 1. Niewielkie znaczenie Unii Europejskiej w polityce zagranicznej Republiki Białoruś jest uwarunkowane interesami narodowymi państwa białoruskiego, ukształtowanymi przez historię, czynnik ustrojowy, geopolityczny i ekonomiczny; Hipoteza 2. Odmienne postrzeganie podstaw współpracy przez Białoruś i Unię Europejską w znaczącym stopniu determinuje cykliczność ich wzajemnych relacji; Hipoteza 3. Białoruś poprzez uczestnictwo w programie Partnerstwa Wschodniego stwarza możliwość realizacji europejskiej drogi rozwoju w wymiarze ekonomicznym, co może mieć istotny wpływ na kształtowanie stabilności, bezpieczeństwa i rozwoju w regionie Europy Wschodniej; Hipoteza 4. Przyszły stan stosunków Unii Europejskiej i Republiki Białoruś będzie zależny nie tylko od wyboru strategii rozwoju państwa białoruskiego oraz kierunku jego przemian ustrojowych, ale także od oddziaływania środowiska międzynarodowego, w którym znaczącą rolę odgrywają Federacja Rosyjska i NATO. Weryfikacji powyższych hipotez dokonano na przestrzeni pięciu rozdziałów. W rozdziale pierwszym, analizie poddano: uwarunkowania historyczne, ustrojowe, geopolityczne oraz ekonomiczne. Istotnym elementem był również kontekst Rosji w działaniach zewnętrznych Białorusi. W drugim rozdziale przedstawiono prawno-polityczny i ekonomiczny wymiar stosunków Republiki Białoruś z Unią Europejską. Przeanalizowano programy unijnych działań zewnętrznych, adresowane do państw Europy Wschodniej (w tym Białorusi) oraz przedstawiono ewolucję stosunków białorusko-unijnych od początku lat 90. do bieżących wydarzeń w XXI wieku. Całość rozważań dopełnił ekonomiczny wymiar dwustronnych relacji obu podmiotów. Rozdział trzeci poświęcony został roli i miejscu Białorusi w programie Partnerstwa Wschodniego. Przeanalizowano w nim aktywność państwa białoruskiego w multilateralnym i bilateralnym wymiarze programu oraz podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie w jakim zakresie obecność Białorusi w Partnerstwie Wschodnim wpływa na możliwość realizacji przez nią europejskiej drogi rozwoju. W rozdziale czwartym zaprezentowano praktyczny wymiar stosunków białorusko-unijnych, wyrażający się w realizacji konkretnych projektów, finansowanych z unijnego budżetu w ramach programów przewidzianych w Europejskiej Polityce Sąsiedztwa i Partnerstwie Wschodnim. W rozdziale piątym zaprezentowano trzy scenariusze przyszłych relacji Białorusi z Unią Europejską: stagnacyjny, regresywny i progresywny.
During the analysis, the following research tasks were attempted: (1) to characterize the determinants and directions of the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus; (2) examine the European Union's position among the directions and priorities of Belarusian foreign policy; (3) identify the causes of variation in Belarusian relations with the European Union, (4) assess the existence of convergence of the interests of both entities; (5) assess the future prospects for cooperation between this two entities.The main hypothesis of the dissertation is: The European Union does not play a significant role in the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus, although it is one of the most important vectors in its policy assumptions. In the functional sphere, the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus translates into the intensive development of the eastern direction of external actions of the Belarusian state. It is important, that the current policy of the European Union on the Republic of Belarus based on critical dialogue, did not bring the expected results, but only discouraged the Belarusian state from deepening cooperation. Multi-vector policy of the Republic of Belarus is limited to attempt to establish sovereignty during significant asymmetry between the political, economic and military potential of the Belarusian state and its capabilities. Moreover, Belarusian membership in the integration structures of Eastern Europe has a decisive influence on its relations with the European Union.In the dissertation have been formulated four additional hypotheses, to clarify the main hypothesis: Hypothesis 1. The minor importance of the European Union in the foreign policy of the Republic of Belarus is conditioned by the national interests of the Belarusian state, influenced by history, political, geopolitical and economic factors; Hypothesis 2. The different perception of the basis for cooperation of Belarus and the European Union significantly determines the cyclicality of their relations; Hypothesis 3. By participating in the Eastern Partnership program, Belarus is able to realize the European economic development path, which can have a significant influence on building stability, security and development in Eastern Europe; Hypothesis 4. The future state of relations between the European Union and the Republic of Belarus will depend not only on the state development strategy, chosen by the Belarusian authorities and on direction of political transformation of the state, but also on the international environment, where the Russian Federation and NATO play a significant role.The dissertation is divided to five chapters. The first chapter focused on historical determinants, legal and constitutional conditions, geopolitical determinants and the economic conditions. An important element was also the context of Russia in external actions of Belarus. The second chapter focused on the legal, political and economic dimension of the relations between Belarus and the EU. The analysis included: EU external action programs addressed to Eastern European countries, the evolution of political Belarusian-EU relations from the early 1990s to current events in the 21st century and the main aspects of bilateral economic cooperation between this two actors. The analysis in the third chapter included: the presence and activity of the Belarusian state in the multilateral and bilateral dimension of the program and an attempt to answer the question how the participation of Belarus in the Eastern Partnership programme, enables realizing by this country the European development path. The analysis in the fourth chapter included realization of concrete projects financed by the EU budget under the programmes of the European Neighborhood Policy and Eastern Partnership. The fifth chapter focused on perspectives of future relations between Belarus and European Union. The analysis included three scenarios: stagnant, regressive and progressive.