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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

KUMAR, MANISH, SANJAY GURJAR, and JAI NARAYAN YADAV. "Antenna Array Synthesis using The Optimization Technique." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 6 (October 1, 2011): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2014/56.

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2

Kadhum, Samah Abd, and Zainab Raheem Muslim. "Synthesis and Characterization of Li2MnO3 Using Sol-gel Technique." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22238.

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Li2MnO3 nanoparticles were prepared using the Sol-Gel method and characterized by XRD, AFM, SEM, TGA and DSC with major peaks (18.81°), (37.10°) and (44.76°) using AfM, the average diameter of the nanoparticles was (45.71 nm). SEM was used to assess the surface morphology; The micropicture showed homogeneous spherical formations with particle sizes ranging from 2 to 4 meters. Thermal analysis was determined by TGA and DSC results showed a thermal stability from 500 to 750, indicating development of the phase. Li2MnO3 nanoparticles display excellent properties and are suitable as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries.

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3

Joshi, A., Pushpa Kumari, and M. L. Sharma. "Synthesis of Strong Ground Motion Using Modified Semi-Empirical Technique." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 4 (2012): 424–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2012.v4.401.

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4

Frank, Ronald. "The SPOT-synthesis technique." Journal of Immunological Methods 267, no. 1 (September 2002): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00137-0.

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5

Kwak, Changsoo, Manseok Uhm, and Inbok Yom. "Lossy microwave filter synthesis technique." Electronics Letters 48, no. 4 (2012): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2011.3224.

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6

Ibrahim, Sundus S., and Ziad T. Khodair. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Cd2SnO4 Nanoparticles Prepared by Sol-Gel Technique." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.2.nq22081.

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In this study, Cd2SnO4 nanoparticles were produced using a sol-gel technique. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the Cd2SnO4 nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) with Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), FE-SEM images show that manufactured Cd2SnO4 nanoparticles have cubic structures with some irregular cubic shaped nanoparticles. XRD patterns of the prepared thin films showed that the nanoparticles have a polycrystalline structure. The wide bands between 551 and 854 cm-1 are attributable to the framework vibrations of the Sn-O bond in SnO2, and the band at 551 cm-1 is also due to cadmium and oxygen in this area, according to the FTIR analysis. The TEM result shows the presence of cubic shaped nanoparticles. The interaction between the cadmium nanoparticles and the cellular contents of the fungi may be the reason for the antifungal effectiveness of Cd2SnO4 nanocomposites.

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7

Sadiq, Muhammad, Amir Naveed, Muhammad Arif, Saima Hassan, Shaista Afridi, Muhammad Asif, Sabeeh Sultana, et al. "Geopolymerization: a promising technique for membrane synthesis." Materials Research Express 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 112002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac30e4.

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Abstract Ceramic membranes are considered superior over their polymeric counterparts for applications at high temperature, pressure, and in aggressive environments with additional advantages of cleaning at high temperature. Preparation of porous ceramic membrane is expensive because the ceramic materials cannot be processed in a liquid state as polymers. Ceramic membrane synthesis involved solid powder preparation, consolidation, suspension formation, calcination, and sintering temperature which makes its synthesis very expensive. Geopolymerization is a heterogeneous reaction of aluminosilicate materials and chemical activators to form a three-dimensional structure having high mechanical strength without sintering. The overall percent energy and cost-saving of geopolymeric membranes were compared with conventional ceramic membranes. Recently, the geopolymerization technique has been used for membrane synthesis to replace conventional ceramic membrane synthesis. The objective of this review article is to discuss the potential opportunities and challenges in the synthesis and application of geopolymeric membranes.

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8

Son, Se-Gu, Ji-Hyeon Lee, Jeong-Mi Lee, and Young-Do Kim. "Synthesis of Mullite Powders by the Geopolymer Technique." Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society 45, no. 5 (May 31, 2008): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4191/kcers.2008.45.5.303.

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9

Sundar, Sasikala, and Shakkthivel Piraman. "Nanospheres of Fe3O4 Synthesis through Sol-gel Technique and Their Structural & Magnetic Characterization." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 7 (October 1, 2011): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/july2013/33.

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10

Chujai, Pasapitch, Kedkarn Chaiyakhan, Nittaya Kerdprasop, and Kittisak Kerdprasop. "The One-Versus-One Classification Technique Based on Data Synthesis with Appropriate Distant Neighbors." International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering 9, no. 2 (June 2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijiee.2019.9.2.703.

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11

Du, Jun, Honglun Chang, and Hongwei Liu. "Progresses in Fluid Inclusion Synthesis in Quartz." Geofluids 2022 (July 19, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1900411.

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High-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) fluids are one of the most extensive participants in geological events. The representative in situ sampling of the HTHP fluids, which is an essential prerequisite for precisely characterizing the HTHP fluids (including compositional and volumetric properties), has been a vital challenge. The technique of fluid inclusion synthesis (FIS) in quartz is one of the only options. It has experienced an almost 40-year development since the standard fracture healing method was invented. Considerable advances in our understanding of physicochemical properties of geological fluids and their roles in many geological processes have been achieved by the use of the FIS techniques. A set of methodologies for fluid inclusion synthesis have been established. Great progresses have also been made, which includes the various pretreatment FIS techniques, the in situ fracturing FIS technique closely associated with the HTHP apparatus, the in situ fracturing refilled FIS technique for large fluid inclusion synthesis at controlled time under unfavorable conditions, and the novel fluid inclusion synthesis by fused silica capillary. Such great many progresses of the quartz FIS techniques have been scattered in the geochemists’ individual research work, and systematic collection and objective evaluation are missing. Consequently, we synthesize existing research, describe and identify the basic operations, discuss the methodological issues like pros and cons, and highlight the problems and prospects of the quartz FIS techniques. Furthermore, it is suggested that in situ and (or) large volume fluid inclusion synthesis will be an important future direction in view of the growing applications of the FIS techniques in combination with microanalytical techniques, especially the Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Our review would provide technical guidance to those who wish to investigate HTHP fluids and be beneficial to the future development and applications of the FIS techniques.

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12

Heald, George. "The Faraday rotation measure synthesis technique." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S259 (November 2008): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921309031421.

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AbstractWe discuss practical aspects of the novel Faraday Rotation Measure Synthesis technique, first described by Burn (1966), and recently extended and implemented by Brentjens & de Bruyn (2005). The method takes advantage of the excellent spectral coverage provided by modern radio telescopes to reconstruct the intrinsic polarization properties along a line of sight, using a Fourier relationship between the observed polarization products and a function describing the intrinsic polarization (the Faraday dispersion function). An important consequence of the Fourier relationship and discrete frequency sampling is the need, in some cases, to deconvolve the sampling response from the reconstructed Faraday dispersion function. Practical aspects of the deconvolution procedure are discussed. We illustrate the use of the technique by summarizing a recent investigation carried out with the WSRT. We conclude by briefly describing the applicability to future programs which will be carried out with the next generation of radio telescopes such as LOFAR.

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13

Lebl, Michal. "New technique for high-throughput synthesis." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 9, no. 9 (May 1999): 1305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00176-6.

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14

Ichikawa, Kiyoshi. "Rheocast Process and Stirring Synthesis Technique." Bulletin of the Japan Institute of Metals 32, no. 12 (1993): 868–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia1962.32.868.

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15

Pickett, Galen T. "DNA Nanotechnology Technique for Monodisperse Synthesis." Macromolecules 39, no. 26 (December 2006): 9557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma061405s.

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16

Greenaway, A. H. "Terrestrial optical aperture synthesis technique (TOAST)." Optics Communications 58, no. 3 (June 1986): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(86)90180-x.

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17

El-Sheikh, Manal A. "New technique in starch nanoparticles synthesis." Carbohydrate Polymers 176 (November 2017): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.033.

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18

Reza Ghorbani, Hamid, Hossein Pazoki, and Ali Shokuhi Rad. "Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles by Biological Technique." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 631–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2488.

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ABSTRACT: The development of synthesis routes for oxide nanoparticles is a matter of considerable topical attention. Green synthesis of nanoparticles with the help of microorganisms as reducing agents is an efficient, cost effective, fast and eco-friendly in nature. This paper presents a simple technique to synthesize magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. In this routine, an aqueous solution of ferrous and ferric salts was mixed with Magnetospirillum and heated for 10 minutes at 70℃. UV–vis absorption spectra, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to illustrate the form process and explain the structure of the magnetite nanoparticles. UV–Vis absorption spectrum showed surface plasmon resonance absorption bands about 240 nm that confirmed magnetite nanoparticles existence. We obtain magnetite nanoparticles of size 42±20 nm after separation and washing procedures by dynamic light scattering (DLS).

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19

ASHIBUDIKE, Odili Endurance, and Benjamin Ufuoma OREKO. "BIOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF COBALT NANOPARTICLES." European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ejmse.2023.08.02.086.

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There is a need for competitive techniques for the synthesis of nanomaterials in the materials science research industry. Nanomaterials have significant relevance in the emerging technologies and cobalt nanoparticle being a modern nanomaterial is in high demand in this regard. In this research, cobalt nanoparticles have been synthesised through a simplified combined chemical-plant based technique which is non-toxic to the environment and most importantly less time consuming. The obtained cobalt nanoparticles were crystalline with uniformly distributed sizes, spherical in shape with little pores along the particles. The technique was simple and it can be replicated in the synthesis of other metal nanoparticles.

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20

Tarutin, Artem P., Stanislav A. Baratov та Dmitry A. Medvedev. "Modernized Synthesis Technique of Pr2NiO4+δ-Based Complex Oxides Using Low-Temperature Salt Melts". Materials 15, № 17 (5 вересня 2022): 6148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15176148.

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Phases based on layered lanthanide nickelates are considered as promising electrode materials for various electrochemical devices, including solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysis cells. While such compounds may be prepared using either solid state or solution-assisted syntheses, each of these approaches entails certain problems. In the present work, we propose a novel approach for the simple and straightforward preparation of Pr2NiO4+δ-based materials. This approach involves co-melting of initial nitrate components, followed by high-temperature decomposition of the obtained mixture. The developed synthesis method exhibits a number of advantages over conventional techniques, enabling highly dispersed and single-phase powders to be obtained at a reduced synthesis temperature of 1050 °C. Therefore, the results of this work open new possibilities for the cost-effective preparation of Ruddlesden–Popper oxide phases.

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21

Mayoral, Alvaro, Alma Vazquez-Duran, Stefan G. Heinze, and Miguel José-Yacamán. "Synthesis and Characterization of Branched Gold Nanoparticles." Materials Science Forum 644 (March 2010): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.644.57.

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In this work we present the synthesis of branched gold nanoparticles based on the seed mediated growth technique. The materials have been characterized by advanced electron microscopy techniques in order to elucidate morphology, size and internal structure.

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22

Tontisirin, Supak, Chantaraporn Phalakornkule, Worawat Sa-ngawong, and Supachai Sirisawat. "Magnetic Induction Assisted Heating Technique in Hydrothermal Zeolite Synthesis." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020689.

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The magnetic induction assisted technique is an alternative heating method for hydrothermal zeolite synthesis with a higher heat-transfer rate than that of the conventional convection oil bath technique. The research demonstrates, for the first time, the application of the magnetic induction heating technique with direct surface contact for zeolite synthesis. The magnetic induction enables direct contact between the heat source and the reactor, thereby bypassing the resistance of the heating medium layer. A comparative heat-transfer analysis between the two methods shows the higher heat-transfer rate by the magnetic induction heating technique is due to (1) eight-time higher overall heat-transfer coefficient, attributed to the absence of the resistance of the heating medium layer and (2) the higher temperature difference between the heating source and the zeolite gel. Thereby, this heating technique shows promise for application in the large-scale synthesis of zeolites due to its associated efficient heat transfer. Thus, it can provide more flexibility to the synthesis method under the non-stirred condition, which can create possibilities for the successful large-scale synthesis of a broad range of zeolites.

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23

Aumann, Herbert M. "A Pattern Synthesis Technique for Multiplicative Arrays." PIERS Online 6, no. 6 (2010): 551–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2529/piers091216085724.

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24

NAKAGAWA, YOSHIAKI. "New Bioassay Technique for Chitin Synthesis Regulators." RADIOISOTOPES 42, no. 11 (1993): 665–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.42.11_665.

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25

M. El-Saies, M., Ibrahim Hassan, M. T. El-Wakad, and A. H. El-Shazly. "Synthesis titanium foam by space holder technique." International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Innovation 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ijasri.2022.228575.

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26

Qiu, Ji-Bao, Zu-Guang Ying, and L. H. Yam. "New Modal Synthesis Technique Using Mixed Modes." AIAA Journal 35, no. 12 (December 1997): 1869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.46.

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27

Washizuka, Isamu. "Audio output device with speech synthesis technique." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, no. 6 (June 1991): 3026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.400772.

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28

Hsu-Wei Huang, Cheng-Yeh Wang, and Jing-Yang Jou. "An efficient heterogeneous tree multiplexer synthesis technique." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 24, no. 10 (October 2005): 1622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2005.852032.

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29

Geffe, P. R. "On numerical technique in analog filter synthesis." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing 44, no. 4 (April 1997): 336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/82.566653.

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30

Benz, S. P., C. J. Burroughs, and P. D. Dresselhaus. "AC coupling technique for Josephson waveform synthesis." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 11, no. 1 (March 2001): 612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.919419.

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31

Jong-Soon Jung, Jeong-Jin Kim, and Myung-Jin Bae. "Pitch alteration technique in speech synthesis system." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 47, no. 1 (2001): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.920435.

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32

Bennett, B. J. "A new filter synthesis technique-the hourglass." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 35, no. 12 (1988): 1469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/31.9910.

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33

Helan, M., and L. John Berchmans. "Synthesis of LiSm0.01Mn1.99O4 by molten salt technique." Journal of Rare Earths 28, no. 2 (April 2010): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0721(09)60091-0.

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34

Chang, Kai-hui, Igor L. Markov, and Valeria Bertacco. "SafeResynth: A new technique for physical synthesis." Integration 41, no. 4 (July 2008): 544–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2008.01.004.

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35

Kadhem, Wasan J. "Obtaining doublet magnetic lenses by synthesis technique." Optik 126, no. 23 (December 2015): 4066–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.07.204.

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36

Helan, M., L. John Berchmans, and A. Zahir Hussain. "Synthesis of LiMn2O4 by molten salt technique." Ionics 16, no. 3 (September 2, 2009): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-009-0379-4.

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37

Atias Adrian, I. C., G. A. Ortigoza Villalba, F. A. Deorsola, and B. DeBenedetti. "Synthesis of Mg2Ni nanostructured by MASHS technique." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 466, no. 1-2 (October 2008): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.11.079.

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38

Zhang, Rongguo, Qiong Li, Anfu Zhang, Yong Liu, and Jiaheng Lei. "The synthesis technique of polyacrylic acid superplasticizer." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 23, no. 6 (December 2008): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-008-6830-y.

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39

Qiu, Ji-Bao, Zu-Guang Ying, and L. H. Yam. "New modal synthesis technique using mixed modes." AIAA Journal 35 (January 1997): 1869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.13763.

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40

Rajawat, Shweta, and M. S. Qureshi. "Synthesis Technique and Characterizations of Silver Nanostructures." International Journal of Nanoscience 14, no. 04 (July 28, 2015): 1550012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x1550012x.

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In this work, we report synthesis of nanostructures of silver nanoparticles using X-ray films. Exposed X-ray films, which consist of silver nanoparticles, are cut into small pieces of size 1 cm × 1 cm. These pieces were heated in distilled water at temperature 70°C. These nanoparticles, separated from heated films, are simultaneously collected through electrolytic deposition using copper and carbon rods. The carbon rod is wrapped over by Low density polyethylene (LDPE) sheet for easy extraction. This process was carried in two different environments (1) in broad daylight and (2) on a cloudy day. Characterization of the two samples was done using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD of the particles gave peaks well in accordance with JCPDS file 04-. This result confirms formation of highly pure silver nanoparticles. TEM revealed that the interaction of silver nanoparticles with sunlight gave chain like structures whereas in the absence of interaction with sunlight, cloudy day, nanoflowers were formed. Nanostructures were more prominent for bigger particles.

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41

Pollok, Dennis, and Siegfried R. Waldvogel. "Electro-organic synthesis – a 21st century technique." Chemical Science 11, no. 46 (2020): 12386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc01848a.

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42

Iliescu, Smaranda, Ecaterina Avram, Aurelia Visa, Nicoleta Plesu, Adriana Popa, and Gheorghe Ilia. "New technique for the synthesis of polyphosphoesters." Macromolecular Research 19, no. 11 (October 1, 2011): 1186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13233-011-1111-6.

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43

Chao, Daniel Y., and David T. Wang. "A synthesis technique of general petri nets." Journal of Systems Integration 4, no. 1 (February 1994): 67–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01975673.

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44

S. khashan, Khawla. "Synthesis of Si Nanoparticles by Milling Technique." Engineering and Technology Journal 31, no. 7B (May 1, 2013): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.31.7b.3.

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45

Popova, E. V., N. S. Domnina, I. M. Zorin, A. A. Lezov, I. I. Novikova, and I. L. Krasnobaeva. "Nanostructured Chitosan: Synthesis Technique and Biological Activity." Nanobiotechnology Reports 18, no. 2 (April 2023): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2635167623700088.

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46

KHWAJA, AMIR A., and JOSEPH E. URBAN. "A SYNTHESIS OF EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATION TECHNIQUES." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 12, no. 05 (October 2002): 581–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194002001062.

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Анотація:

Several evaluation criteria exist in the literature for both specification and specification techniques. These evaluation criteria identify a list of desired properties in specifications and specification techniques for judging their goodness. This paper presents a detailed analysis of several specification and specification technique evaluation criteria. Detailed analysis of these criteria identified that there is a lack of consistency in the property definition among criteria. The implication of this lack of differentiation between the two concepts is that the criteria for both specification and specification techniques are intermingled. Since the concept of specification is different from specification technique, the criteria used for one might not be applicable for the other. For example, "completeness" and "consistency" are specification criteria. A specification can be complete and consistent regardless of the medium used to represent the specification, the process used in its construction, the degree/extent of tools and automation used, or whether it is formal or informal. However, there is meaning to denote that a technique can be used to produce "consistent" or "complete" specifications. Hence, for proper applicability of these criteria, this paper separates specification criteria from that of the specification technique criteria. This paper also presents a unified criteria terminology and uses a table to list each criterion property from various researchers mapped to the unified terminology. The paper also identifies and presents a mapping from technique criteria to the specification criteria that shows which technique criteria satisfies specification criteria. The applicability of the mapping is then demonstrated by applying the mapping to a specification language and its support environment.

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47

Bano, Sofiya, and Sandhya Pillai. "Green synthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles at different calcination temperatures." World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 17, no. 3 (May 19, 2020): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-12-2019-0087.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles by green synthesis technique and study its structural, morphological and optical properties. The prepared samples were calcined at, 200°C, 300°C and 500°C, and the variation in the properties at different temperatures were investigated.Design/methodology/approachGreen approach has been used in the present work to synthesise the CaO nanoparticles using Murraya Koenigii leaf (curry leaves) extract as a capping agent. This technique involves the use of nontoxic reagents and natural products derived from various parts of plants.FindingsStudies reveal that CaO nanoparticles with good optical properties can be synthesized successfully by green approach. The optical absorbance spectra show a broad absorption peak around 400–500 nm. FTIR studies confirm the presence of different functional groups that help in the stabilization of CaO nanoparticles. PL emission spectra show a high intensity emission peak at around 231 nm in addition to peaks at 375 nm and 400 nm. XRD studies show planes of CaO cubic phase. SEM images show a nonuniform distribution of spherical particles along with some clusters. EDX spectra confirm the presence of calcium and oxygen.Practical implicationsCaO nanoparticles have wide applications in optical devices as well as in phototherapy. It is thus interesting to devise new and eco-friendly techniques to synthesise these nanoparticles to suit these applications.Originality/valueThis work would provide a new insight into the preparation of different metal oxide nanoparticles by a very simple and cost-effective green technique without the use of toxic reagents.

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48

Singh, Rajeev, and Anuradha Yadav. "A Review on the Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructurd Metal Oxides." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47451.

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Abstract: Materials reduced to the nanoscale can suddenly show very different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications. Nanomaterials can be metals, ceramics, polymeric materials, or composite materials. Their defining characteristic is a very small feature size in the range of 1-100 nanometers (nm). Synthesis Methods play very important role to control the size and surface area of nanomaterials. Inert gas evaporation technique and sputtering technique are most widely used techniques to produce NSMs. In the Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) method, the solid is deposited on a heated surface via a chemical reaction from the vapor or gas phase. The chemical process offer over other methods is good chemical homogeneity, as chemical synthesis offers mixing at molecular level. Several synthesis methods are available for the same. Few of them have been described in this article. The understanding of the characterization techniques is equally important. Some of the characterization techniques such as Scaaning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX or EDXRF) etc have been discussed in the present article.

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Li, Wentao, Yongqiang Hei, Jing Yang, and Xiaowei Shi. "Fractal-Based Thinned Planar-Array Design Utilizing Iterative FFT Technique." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/329648.

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This paper investigated the synthesis problem of fractal-based thinned planar arrays by using the iterative Fourier technique (IFT). Since an inverse discrete Fourier transform relationship exists between the array factor and the element excitations for a periodic array antenna, an iterative Fourier technique is introduced to derive the array element excitation from the prescribed array factor based on this peculiar property. However, considering the IFT technique is sensitive to the initial values, the fractal-thinned array technique is employed and combined in the synthesis process to exploit the advantages of these two techniques. Moreover, the DRR of the excitation amplitude is controlled to achieve a reduction of the cost of the feeding network. Numerical examples have been carried out to validate the proposed approach.

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BURKETT, BRENDAN A. "SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS: FROM REVOLUTION TO EVOLUTION." COSMOS 04, no. 01 (May 2008): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607708000275.

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Solid-phase synthesis is a technique of synthesizing compounds that was first reported by R. Bruce Merrifield in 1963. This revolutionary way of performing chemical synthesis has changed the face of synthesis — yet few people outside the halls of chemical research will ever hear about it. So, what is this technique and why is it useful? How has the technique of solid-phase synthesis changed the world? How has the solid-phase synthesis changed over time? This article aims to give a background of the area of solid-phase synthesis and answer these questions.

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