Дисертації з теми "Symbolic resource"

This study investigates how the use of a specific symbol, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), assists the alignment of individual and dominant interests within contemporary Germany. Based upon a conception of hegemony as a continuous, negotiated process as the main ordering principle within contemporary society, the study focuses upon the ways in which the GDR is constructed within individual narratives and contemporaneous local press reports as a means of examining specific instances of the hegemonic process. Moreover, the analysis of the discursive construction and instrumentalisation of the GDR is also able to identify and evaluate the power of contemporary dominant ideologies to order discourse, marginalise ideological alternatives and hence control the nature of historical representations. Competing constructions of the GDR are analysed by drawing upon theoretical and methodological approaches within discursive psychology and Critical Discourse Analysis )CDA) which aim to investigate links between linguistic representation and the patternsand sources of knowledge-producing and social power. The discursive dynamics of press coverage and those of individual accounts are compared in order to arrive at an original insight into the context and processes by which individuals orientate themselves to their perceived environment. From the theoretical and methodological standpoints, this study develops previous interdisciplinary approaches to studies of situated symbolic exchange, building upon 'media effects' models through the use of CDA. It also relates its findings to critical perspectives within the field of radical media criticism to show how individual discursive activity relates to dominant interests. Thus the combination of these theoretical approaches and the study's qualitative evidence is used to provide a fresh insight into power dynamics within contemporary Germany through an illustration of the mutually reionforcing relationships between the discursive construction of the GDR, alignment with dominant interests and the ideological cleansing of discourse.

The indigenous of the Amazon region of Ecuador unite against the petroleum industry and destructive resource extraction practices in order to preserve environment and indigenous cultures. Since the 1990s, the indigenous movement of Ecuador has played out in the international arena and become a transnational movement, which includes social actors from the international legal, human rights, and environmental communities. This transnational movement exemplifies identity politics through the projection of ethnicity and essentialized signifiers of indigenousness. Indigenous actors, Ecuadoran nongovernmental organizations, international filmmakers, and US nongovernmental organizations all use ethnic identity and signifiers via documentaries and cyberspace as symbolic resources to represent the movement.

This thesis explores the intersection of external actors (international community of filmmakers and NGOs) and internal actors' (the indigenous themselves and Ecuadoran NGOs) projection of ethnicity as symbolic resource. Utilizing resource mobilization theory and new social movement theory as a syncretic to understand the movement and theoretical contributions of identity and representation to explore the process of mobilization, the study explores the question of ethnic identity as symbolic resource in four documentaries and on fifteen websites. The discourse analysis of the four documentaries and content analysis of the fifteen websites illustrate that there is consistency in the message within the transnational social movement community of actors who strive to work for and on behalf of the indigenous of the Ecuadoran Amazon.
Master of Arts

Healthy ageing is associated with a gradual decline in several cognitive functions, including processing speed, inhibitory control, memory, executive functions, and problem solving. However, the trajectory of ability in numerical cognition in older age remains unclear. Some research investigating exact skills such as arithmetical problem solving have found declined numerical abilities in older age due to reduced access to effective strategies. However, other research has indicated stable or even enhanced mathematical and arithmetical abilities in older age. Furthermore, limited research is available on the impact of ageing on foundational numerical abilities. The effect of cognitive ageing on such foundational abilities poses an interesting question due to the innate, evolutionary nature of foundational numerical skills. It is possible that such automatic, innate and primitive abilities may be spared in ageing, alongside emotional processing, autobiographical memory, and vocabulary and verbal skills. Available studies investigating basic numerical abilities in ageing present contradictory results and methodological variation. Furthermore, although a limited number of studies have investigated foundational non-symbolic abilities in ageing, the effect of older age on foundational symbolic abilities is yet to be directly tested. The thesis therefore explicitly investigated the impact of healthy ageing on foundational non-symbolic and symbolic numerical processing with a series of experiments. Chapter 2 presents the first study to use classic numerosity discrimination paradigms to compare the non-symbolic and symbolic foundational numerical skills of a group of younger and older adults. Chapter 3 served to further investigate enhanced symbolic numerical abilities in older age found in chapter 2 using a number priming paradigm. The impact of life experience using numbers on foundational numerical skills in older age was studied in chapter 4, whereby older adults with a degree in mathematics were compared with those without explicit further mathematical education. The final two experimental chapters of the thesis examine the reliable measurement of the Approximate Number System in ageing, considering the impact of inhibitory control and mathematical achievement on acuity. Chapter 5 compares non-symbolic acuity in younger and older adults when using either spatially separated or intermixed non-symbolic dot displays. Finally, chapter 6 directly studies the impact of perceptual variables on ANS acuity in ageing, specifically focusing on total cumulative area, dot size, and convex hull (perimeter) congruency. The series of experiments presented in the thesis indicate that foundational numerical abilities are preserved in healthy ageing. Specifically, non-symbolic numerical abilities remain stable in older age, whereas foundational symbolic abilities are enhanced, possibly due to lifetime exposure to and experience with symbolic numbers. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates the importance of task design in measuring non-symbolic numerical abilities in ageing, identifying methodological aspects which may lead to poorer acuity in older adults as a result of decline in other cognitive functions (e.g. inhibitory control). The thesis therefore contributes to the literature regarding numerical cognition in ageing, with foundational numerical abilities found to be preserved in healthy ageing. Preservation of such abilities in healthy ageing poses implications for pathological ageing, in that declined foundational numerical skills may serve to indicate pathological processes.

En psychologie, l’expérience de la migration est principalement étudiée sous l’angle des risques qu’elle comporte. Dans le cadre d’une approche socio-culturelle et historique du développement, elle peut être considérée comme une transition psychosociale propice à la personnalisation (Baubion-Broye et al, 2013). Le croisement des modèles de la socialisation et des ressources symboliques respectivement développés par Malrieu (2003) et Zittoun (2007) permet de considérer le rôle étayant des œuvres (Meyerson, 1948) dans le développement des sujets engagés dans une transition telle que la migration. La littérature laisse à penser que la musique/le musiquer (Small, 2020) peut justement soutenir des processus de personnalisation.Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de cette recherche est d’éclairer les fonctions que le musiquer remplit dans le développement des personnes engagées dans la transition psychosociale que constitue l’expérience migratoire via une approche compréhensive, inductive et une méthodologie qualitative.Des entretiens semi-directifs ont été menés avec 60 adultes (30 H, 30 F), âgés de 20 à 70 ans (m = 35 ; σ = 11), de 31 nationalités différentes, ayant immigré en France à l’âge adulte pour des raisons contrastées, y résidant depuis 1 mois à 48 ans (m = 7,5 ans ; σ = 123 mois) et ayant des niveaux de pratique musicale variés. Leurs discours ont fait l’objet de 4 analyses : lexicométrique (Alceste) ; de contenu (Nvivo) ; « dynamique » (frises développementales) ; statistique.Les résultats montrent que : 1) la transition psychosociale migratoire sous-tend effectivement un processus de personnalisation même lorsqu’elle est subie ou porteuse de violences ; 2) les pratiques musicales des sujets ne se restreignent pas à celles de leurs milieux d’origine mais sont singuliers ; 3) parmi d’autres ressources, la musique remplit des fonctions d’ordre : émotionnel, symbolique, temporel et social soutenant l’élaboration des changements dont les sujets font l’expérience
In psychology, the experience of migration is principally studied from the perspective of the risks that it carries. As part of a socio-cultural and historical approach to developmental psychology, migration can be considered as a psychosocial transition which is favourable to personalization (Baubion-Broye et al, 2013). The combination of the socialisation and symbolical resource models, respectively developped by Malrieu (2003) and Zittoun (2007), enable us to consider the supporting role of artefacts (Meyerson, 1948), specifically those that are to do with the development of subjects engaged in a transition such as migration. The litterature suggests that music / musiking (Small, 2020) may indeed assist the process of personalization.Within this context, the objective of this study is to illuminate the functions that musicking fulfills in the development of people undergoing the psychosocial transition that constitutes the migratory experience via a comprenhensive, inductive approach, and a qualitative methodology.Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 adults (30 males; 30 females) ; aged between 20-70 years (m=35 ; σ =11) ; from 31 different nationalities, having migrated to France as adults for various reasons ; and having been resident between 1 month and 48 years (m=7.5 years ; σ = 123 months) and having varying levels of practical musical ability. Their accounts were used in 4 analyses : lexicometric (Alceste) ; from content (Nvivo) ; 'dynamic' (developmental timeline) ; statistical.The results show that : 1) the migratory psychosocial transition effectively underlies a process of personalization, even when it is subjected to, or the cause of violence ; 2) the musical practices of the participants are not restricted to those of their orginal environnement but are unique ; 3) amongst other resources, music fulfills the functions of different natures : emotional, symbolic, temporal and social, supporting the development of the changes undergone by the participants

Critical research in TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language) involves a delicate balance between two paradigms. On the one hand, the researcher strives to unearth and explain processes of systemic inequality and perpetual marginalization, as English language learners worldwide strive to accumulate linguistic and cultural capital. On the other hand, the researcher must recognize that learners have the right to invest in English, imagine future identities, and conceptualize their journeys as language learners as connected to a “better life story” (Barkhuizen, 2010; Darvin & Norton, 2015). This study employs narrative inquiry in an attempt to reconcile the two paradigms and give a holistic account of students’ experiences. The narratives of eight international graduate students in Canada reveal that those who attended international schools and were immersed in Western popular and academic culture prior to their arrival were advantaged in academic, professional, and social contexts. Additionally, while all eight established social networks in Canada, only the one white student from Western Europe who majored in North American civilization had a social network comprised mainly of Canadians. Nevertheless, four students reported being well adjusted in Canada, personally and professionally – as each had used a set of strategies tailored to her/his individual situation to pursue an imagined future. Findings suggest that each international student must draw on her/his specific linguistic repertoire and intellectual resources to effectively navigate real and imagined communities.
Education, Faculty of
Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of
Graduate

It is universally recognised that humans process speech and language in chunks, each meaningful in itself. Any two renditions or assimilations of a given sentence will exhibit similarities and discrepancies in chunking, where speakers and readers use pauses and inflections to mark phrase breaks. This thesis reviews deterministic and stochastic approaches to phrase break prediction, plus datasets, evaluation metrics and feature sets. Early rule-based experimental work with a chunk parser gives rise to motivational insights, namely: the limitations of traditional features (syntax and punctuation) and deficiency of prosody in current phrasing models, and the problem of evaluating performance when the training set only represents one phrasing variant. Such insights inform resource creation in the form of ProPOSEL, a prosody and part-of-speech English lexicon, to create a domain-independent knowledge source, plus prosodic annotation and text analytics tool for corpus-based research, supported by a comprehensive software tutorial. Future applications of ProPOSEL include prosody-motivated speech-to-viseme generation for "talking heads" and expressive avatar creation. Here, ProPOSEL is used to build the ProPOSEC dataset by merging and annotating two versions of the Spoken English Corpus. Linguistic data arrays in this dataset are first mined for prosodic boundary correlates and later re-conceptualised as training instances for supervised machine learning. This thesis contends that native English speakers use certain sound patterns (e.g. diphthongs and triphthongs) as linguistic signs for phrase breaks, having observed these same patterns at rhythmic junctures in poetry. Pre-boundary lexical items bearing these complex vowels and gold-standard boundary annotations are found to be highly correlated via the chi-squared statistic in different genres, including seventeenth century English verse, and for multiple speakers. Complex vowels and other symbolic prosodic features are then implemented in a phrasing model to evaluate efficacy for phrase break prediction. The ultimate challenge is to better understand how sound and rhythm, as components of the linguistic sign, inform psycholinguistic chunking even during silent reading.

The thesis adopts a structural and systematic approach to the study and analysis of colour terms in Flaubert's fiction.The Introduction highlights how Flaubert has come to be regarded as a problematic writer and how much existing work on his colour terms is in some way lacking in clarity. I proceed to fill this gap in Flaubert studies by elaborating a method of analysis of colour terms which clarifies how meaning is produced by the text. The method of analysis comprises eight stages which are systematically worked through as one considers eleven variables, one or several of the latter coming into play at any stage in the method and which may influence the ultimate type and degree of value-charge carried by a colour term. The method and the variables should be thought of as one ensemble or a methodology for the analysis of colour terms in prose fiction. The methodology is highly refined and is without precedent in that I examine the dual exchange of figurative charging which is always operational between a colour term and its associated referent.The thesis is divided into five chapters where each text is studied separately. The Oeuvres de Jeunesse are experimental writings and Flaubert is testing the figurative potential of colour terms. The chromatic codification is mainly traditional, though a nascent private elaboration may be discerned. Madame Bovary represents the peak of literary perfection. All the novel's colours contribute to the overall illusion/reality dichotomy which lies at the heart of the text.

Abstract Title: SFI- individualized? A qualitative study on students who combine SFI with work.   A report published by the Government regarding the individualization of the education of Swedish For Immigrants (SFI) has shown that the individualization of SFI studies is essential for students who combine their studies with work. The report also arises a problem, namely that there are largely SFI students working in parallel with their studies that choose to cancel their SFI studies. This became the starting point for our study. What is requested in the SOU report is individual adaptation to a greater extent, especially when the working SFI students are able to complete the education. With our study we aim to understand how these working students experience individualization and the ability to combine work and study effectively, the starting point being that individualization is necessary for students. To gather empirical material for our study we have done a qualitative research including 14 interviews with SFI students who combine their studies with work. After gathering our empirical material from our interviews, we then presented the results and analyzed them with the help of our theories. The theories used in this study are Herbert Blumer's “symbolic interactionism” and Magnus Persson’s “educational resources”.   Based on the study results it appears from several students that most SFI students feel that individualization is needed, but that it is currently inadequate and perceived as problematic by the students. The lack of individualization is made visible in everyday teaching, where the experiences and the consequences of it mean the following; Through the study we have found that in the SFI classes there are major differences among students' knowledge in the Swedish language and their conditions for learning. Nevertheless, these students are put in the same class and have the same school information to solve, which indicates that an individualization of the studies is missing. We have also come to understand that SFI students family situation has a major influence on how they choose to conduct their SFI studies. However, what influences students more in how they feel that the studies are individualized to their needs, are the SFI students earlier educational resources which becomes an important part in this study.

This thesis accompanies the five electroacoustic compositions of the Bardo series and presents a discussion of symbolism within contexts of Chinese culture and the electroacoustic medium. The work develops a view of interaction between cultures of East and West, considering issues raised in terms of philosophical research and as a substantial creative resource for composers and listeners.

This thesis seeks to understand how public narratives about women facilitate and constrain the achievement of gender and development goals, using South Sudan as a case study. The international community is committed to achieving gender and development goals such as women’s empowerment, education and employment. The gender and development literature suggests that realising such goals requires understanding local cultural contexts. In particular, the literature often views traditional elements of local cultural context as obstacles (although some critical scholars question the idea of a traditional-modern binary). The gender and development literature has conceptualised local cultural context in various ways but has rarely considered public narratives about women – shared narratives larger than the single individual – which frame possibilities for action. Public narratives allow for a comprehensive understanding of culture and account for its temporality. Drawing on focus groups, interviews and radio programmes from rural South Sudan – a country where there is still much to achieve in gender and development terms – this thesis first examines what public narratives about women exist in rural South Sudan and how women use them in their lives. To examine the ways in which they facilitate and constrain the achievement of gender and development goals, it then looks at their use in two symbolic sites: the content broadcast on NGO-funded community radio and the community discussions engendered by such content. Thirteen public narratives about women are identified, which the South Sudanese themselves describe as either “modern” or “traditional”, and which women draw on to deal with a range of life concerns. Interestingly, on community radio, both modern and traditional narratives are used to argue for gender and development goals. Similarly, in discussions among community members, those who argue for gender and development goals use both modern and traditional narratives, while those who argue against use only traditional narratives. These findings suggest that a public narrative approach is well suited to illuminate the complexities and contradictions of local cultural context; they also suggest that a traditional-modern dichotomy should be taken seriously, as it can have meaning for people in certain places. Finally, they show that traditional elements of local cultural context do not necessarily constitute barriers to the achievement of gender and development goals. Rather, they can be used to reimagine gender and development goals in ways that are locally and culturally relevant.

This study is concerned with social semiotic theories of learning and literacy with respect to the development of understandings about the purpose, nature and interpretation of semiotic objects to which children are introduced when very young, and which retain long term educational significance. The focus of the study is on the multimodal nature of children's activity around such texts. A high level of independent control over the interpretative process and the process of learning itself is demonstrated. The hypothesis that this involves an epistemological disposition, a need to mean, underlies the analysis in the thesis. The main data are derived from a video film of a twenty three month old child's interpretative activity as she shares a book, makes a mothers' day card and plays with sorting games in collaboration with her father. Three questions are addressed: the nature of the semiotic resources drawn on and the means by which these are mediated; the process of selecting and combining the resources in order to achieve interpretative effectiveness; and the relationship between resources and social environment. The research is conducted by means of an analysis of sections of the video tape. A structural semiotic analysis is applied to selected episodes, demonstrating the mediation of meaning through the modes of language, vocalisation, gesture, gaze and action; this is followed by a micro level description and discussion of the analysis. It is shown that semiotic resources are derived from material experiences, are multiply constituted, and are selected, combined and transformed to be used for symbolic purposes. The modes of mediation are also shown to be multiply constituted and used in refined, independent and motivated ways to place selected constituents of resources in the right place at the right time for the most effective achievement of meaning.

Many scholars who have studied nations and nationalism have observed that nationalist movements draw upon mythologised narratives of figures from their nations' pasts to build a sense of national identity and to articulate their vision. Drawing upon the ethno-symbolic approach to nations and nationalism, this thesis seeks to identify the major hero myths, as one form of mythologised narrative, drawn upon by the Provisional IRA during the period of conflict in Northern Ireland between 1969 and 1998. In so doing it examines the origins and development of those myths across the history of Ireland, and of the republican strand of Irish nationalism since the turn of the twentieth century. It identifies the pivotal role of the early twentieth century republican, Patrick Pearse, as republicanism's political archaeologist par excellence, and examines the enduring influence of three factors on the form that such myths took: Celtic culture, Roman Catholicism, and socialism. The thesis further situates the narrative chain of the hero myths within the broader context of the Provisional IRA's wider mythological system, and interrogates the purposes that these myths fulfilled for the movement. In so doing, it reveals that not only did the hero myths, as symbolic resources of the Irish nation, fulfil purposes related to the nation itself, but that the strategy employed in pursuit of the national objectives, insurgency, also imposed its own requirements on those purposes. This has profound implications for orthodox understandings of the role of “blood sacrifice” within the ideology and world-view of the Provisional Republican Movement, as this thesis argues that the role of that concept has been misinterpreted to this point. On the theoretical level, this thesis amends and refines the conception of myth within the ethno-symbolic approach to nations and nationalism, bringing it into line with the work of scholars who have studied the theory of myth. Furthermore, it has considered how the means of pursuing the national objective helped to shape the concept of the nation and ideas of national identity.

CSR-rapporter ger företag olika fördelar och kan bland annat förbättra företags legitimitet. Till följd av att allt fler företag vill ta del av CSR-rapporteringens fördelar uppstår fenomenet decoupling. Företagen uppger att de ska göra något och engagerar sig i symboliska handlingar, utan att sedan genomföra några substantiva handlingar. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva och analysera sambanden mellan symboliska och substantiva handlingar, mellan finansiella resurser och substantiva handlingar samt föra en diskussion om skillnader och likheter mellan europeiska och amerikanska företag. Studien omfattade ett urval av 1001 företag i Europa och USA. Tre korrelationsanalyser, tre regressionsanalyser och ett t-test utfördes. Resultatet visar att företagen i studien inte ägnar sig åt decoupling. Däremot visar studien ett samband mellan finansiella resurser och substantiva handlingar. Vissa mindre skillnader visade sig mellan europeiska och amerikanska företag.
CSR-reporting give companies various advantages, it can among other things improve the legitimacy of companies. However, as a result of that more and more companies want to take advantages of the benefits of CSR-reporting, the phenomenon of decoupling arises. The companies state that they must do something and engage in symbolic actions, without implementing the substantive actions. The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the connections between symbolic and substantive actions, between financial resources and substantive actions, and discuss differences and similarities between European and American companies. The study included a sample of 1001 companies in Europe and the United States. Three correlation analyzes, three regression analyzes and one t-test were used. The results show that the companies in the study do not engage in decoupling. However, the study shows a connection between financial resources and substantive actions. Some minor differences emerged between European and American companies.

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The World Health Organization considers obesity as one of the top ten public health problems in the world and classifies it as an epidemic of multiple causes. When it comes to a phenomenon that modifies the body, it is noted that obesity highlights the premise that the subject responds with the body to the pains and frustrations of the lived, however, without neglecting the context of the current consumer society, excesses, in a frenetic daily life that well characterizes fast food chains. For psychoanalysis, the body is pulsional and subject to language. For Ferenczi, the body is the depositary of a sensory inscription when the absence of a psychic inscription. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity and non-symbolized traumatic situations. Therefore, we take the phenomenon of obesity as a symptom, in which the excess of meat can be the demonstration of what was directed to the body for lack of a psychic elaboration. We use narrative as a means of accessing life history and obesity. Five subjects of both sexes, between 25 and 50 years old, participated in the study. The narratives collected in an interview were analyzed in light of the psychoanalytic framework and the conception of trauma for Freud and Ferenczi. From this, a relationship between obesity and trauma became evident, since in the reports presented there were always suffering-generating experiences in which it was not possible to make sense. In addition, it has been demonstrated that betting on the word, giving voice to the subject, is a possible way for the treatment of obesity as a symptom that refers to unconscious processes.
A Organização Mundial de Saúde considera a obesidade como um dos dez principais problemas de saúde pública do mundo e a classifica como epidemia de causas múltiplas. Em se tratando de um fenômeno que modifica o corpo, nota-se que a obesidade põe em evidência a premissa de o sujeito responder com o corpo às dores e frustrações do vivido, contudo, sem negligenciar o contexto da atual sociedade de consumo, de excessos, em um cotidiano frenético que bem caracteriza as redes de fast-food. Para a psicanálise, o corpo é pulsional e está submetido à linguagem. Para Ferenczi, o corpo é depositário de uma inscrição sensorial quando da ausência de uma inscrição psíquica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi Investigar a relação da obesidade com situações traumáticas não simbolizadas. Logo, tomamos o fenômeno da obesidade como sintoma, no qual o excesso de carne pode ser a mostração daquilo que se dirigiu para o corpo por falta de uma elaboração psíquica. Utilizamos a narrativa como meio de acessar a história de vida e da obesidade. Participaram da pesquisa cinco sujeitos, de ambos os sexos, entre 25 e 50 anos. As narrativas colhidas em uma entrevista foram analisadas à luz do referencial psicanalítico e da concepção de trauma para Freud e Ferenczi. A partir disso, tornou-se evidente uma relação entre obesidade e trauma, visto que nos relatos apresentados havia sempre experiências geradoras de sofrimento, em que não foi possível dar sentido. Ademais, demonstrou-se que apostar na palavra, dando voz ao sujeito, é um caminho possível para o tratamento da obesidade como sintoma que remete a processos inconscientes.

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As pesquisas, no campo de estudos organizacionais, têm mostrado limitada capacidade para a compreensão e análise do complexo tema 'fraudes corporativas', pois negligenciam o fenômeno como um processo (sequência de atos), tratando-o como um evento (ASHFORTH et al., 2008), menosprezando que cada tipo de fraude requer um conjunto de recursos, esquemas cognitivos e contextos (BAUCUS, 1994; MACLEAN, 2008; MISANGYI; WEAVER; ELMS, 2008). Eles não permitem responder à pergunta ‘Como a fraude ocorre nas corporações?’. Para tal é necessário identificar e analisar os fatores que permitem a fraude surgir e se sustentar. O presente trabalho, com intuito de identificar os elementos característicos do fenômeno da fraude e como se criou um contexto favorável para ela, estudou dois casos emblemáticos ocorridos no Brasil (Boi Gordo e Banco Santos). A análise, feita com uma abordagem de pesquisa baseada na grounded theory, com análise de documentos e de discursos, consubstanciou-se em um arcabouço teórico substantivo para o contexto de fraudes corporativas financeiras contra terceiros. O trabalho analisou o movimento do fenômeno, suas origens, seu desenvolvimento e consolidação e sua crise, identificando as variáveis antecedentes (de predisposição e oportunidade), bem como os recursos substantivos e simbólicos usados no desenvolvimento da fraude; evidenciando a forma como os recursos se relacionaram para criar a lógica institucional fraudulenta e; integrando os fatores antecedentes à operacionalização da fraude, de forma apreender os elementos constitutivos do processo. O esforço teórico e empírico aqui desenvolvido, resultou numa proposta inicial de modelo interpretativo, com a identificação de novos elementos teóricos. Evidenciou 'o negócio baseado na confiança' como categoria central e mostrou de que modo esse elemento interage com outras categorias e propriedades. Entre os novos elementos estão os aspectos da vítima, a dialética centralização do comando e descentralização do negócio em várias empresas (com uso de 'laranjas') e o uso de aspectos culturais como oportunidade para a fraude. Evidenciou ainda de que maneira os recursos substantivos usados por empresas idôneas ganharam novos significados, por meio de esquemas cognitivos e, permitiu a identificação de três momentos no processo: 'origem', 'pseudo sintonia' e 'espiral'. A dimensão multifacetada da fraude corporativa foi evidenciada, inclusive fazendo a ligação com a dimensão social (DEBORD, 1997; BOORSTIN, 1992; GOFFMAN, 1959; BAUDRILLARD, 1991; BOURDIEU, 2007). A tese constitui uma contribuição para a compreensão ampliada do fenômeno, numa perspectiva integrativa, interacionista e processual, que pode ser replicada em futuras pesquisas para construir um arcabouço robusto e generalizável em outros contextos substantivos ou ainda para a teoria formal de fraudes corporativas.
Current management literature about corporate fraud usually is too fragmented considering the phenomena as an event. This fragmentation on organization study field has been cited as a limitation for comprehension and analysis of the complex theme (ASHFORTH et al., 2008), as neglecting that each type of fraud requires different set of resources, cognitive frames and contexts (BAUCUS, 1994; MACLEAN, 2008; MISANGYI; WEAVER; ELMS, 2008). This study aims to contribute to literature considering corporate fraud as a process, in an integrative (among levels of analysis) and interacionism (substantive and symbolic aspects) model. Adopting a research approach based on grounded theory, this study analyzed two emblematic cases of financial corporate fraud in Brazil in different segment: Boi Gordo (agrobusiness) and Banco Santos (banking). This resulted on a substantive knowledge on intentional financial corporate fraud context. Through document and discourses analysis this work studied the movement of the phenomenon, its origin, development, consolidation and crisis, what allowed identifying the characteristics (antecedents, substantive and symbolic aspects) of this type of fraud; how these elements are integrated (including the link between antecedents and modus operandi) and how the context was prepared for it (how resources gained new meanings). These procedures allowed apprehending the constitutive elements of this fraud process. These elements were also linked to social dimension aspects (DEBORD, 1997; BOORSTIN, 1992; GOFFMAN, 1959; BAUDRILLARD, 1991; BOURDIEU, 2007). It resulted on new theoretical elements applied to substantive context of intentional financial corporate fraud as the central one: ‘trust-based business’. This category integrates other aspects as the use of culture social values to access target public. It was also possible to identify how behavior changes along the process of fraud, identifying three moments: ‘origin’, ‘pseudo-coherence’, when business growth; and ‘spiral’, when business advance to bankruptcy. These results can be applied in future researches on other substantive contexts of fraud to construct more general theory and even to reformulate formal fraud corporate current theories.

A administração de pessoas pode ser compreendida como uma área do saber, interna às ciências humanas, onde teorias e técnicas são criadas, destruídas e recriadas tendo em vista a reprodução do capital. Com efeito, verifica-se nesta pesquisa que as práticas dos pesquisadores, dos profissionais de recursos humanos e dos agentes pertencentes às entidades e às diversas mídias representativas dessa área sintetizam as produções simbólicas estruturadas histórico-materialmente nesse campo. Nessa perspectiva, observam-se vicissitudes nas relações de trabalho desde o surgimento da Grande Indústria até hoje, havendo a necessidade, inicialmente, da legitimação intelectual do novo sistema de produção pelos autores clássicos das ciências sociais, para, em seguida, a técnica de administração de pessoas assumir a mediação entre o trabalhador e o trabalho executado, garantindo a produção e o retorno financeiro. Para tanto, diversas teorias são constantemente lançadas, bem como diferentes escolas são criadas, a partir de experimentos, exames e estudos das práticas laborais, a fim de que os agentes dominantes nesse campo social possam entender o comportamento humano no trabalho e nele interferir para um incremento da produtividade. Entendemos que tais pesquisas, baseadas na psicologia, na sociologia, na antropologia, na politicologia, entre outras, possuem raízes, não tão distantes de sua origem, fincadas num certo tipo de pensamento: o conservador. Assim, o presente estudo investiga criticamente o sentido construído no campo da administração de pessoas, tendo como foco as produções simbólicas e as ações dos administradores de pessoas, que, para ampliar o seu espaço de atuação, portanto, o seu poder, aproximam-se da linguagem do mercado ao mesmo tempo em que se distanciam das pessoas. Portanto, administrar ou gerenciar pessoas significa, pelas diversas análises ora realizadas, criar as condições simbólicas e objetivas para que os objetivos organizacionais sejam alcançados. Sentido esse possível pela autonomização da área em relação às teorias da administração, pela adoção da linguagem dos negócios, e menos das pessoas, pelo auxílio das mídias e associações e pelas constantes reestruturações administrativas, especificamente, as terceirizações.
The administration of people can be understood as an area of knowing, intern to sciences human beings, where theories and techniques are servants, destroyed and recreated in view of the reproduction of the capital. In fact, one can verify in this research that the practices of the researchers, professionals of human resources and pertaining agents to the entities and the diverse representative medias of this area synthesize the symbolic productions structuralized historic-materially in this field. In this perspective, vicissitudes in the work relations are observed since the sprouting of the Great Industry until today, having the necessity, initially, of the intellectual legitimating of the new system of production for the classic authors of social sciences, for, after that, the technique of administration of people to assume the mediation between the worker and the executed work, guaranteeing the production and the financial return. For in such a way, diverse theories constantly are launched, as well as different schools are servants, from experiments, examinations and practical studies of the labor ones, so that the dominant agents in this social field can understand the human behavior in the work and in it to interfere for an increment of the productivity. Thus, the present study critically investigates the meaning constructed in the field of the administration of people, having as focus the symbolic productions and the actions of the administrators of people, who, to extend its space of performance, therefore, its power, come close themselves to the language of the market at the same time they move way from people. Therefore, to manage or to manage people means, for the diverse carried through analyses however, to create the symbolic and objective conditions so that the organization objectives can be reached. This sense is possible due to the autonomization of the area in relation to the theories of the administration, for the adoption of the language of the businesses, and less of the people, for the aid of the medias and associations and for the constant administrative reorganizations, specifically, the outsourcing.

It is 30 years after Post-Mao reforms, 20 years after Tiananmen Square demonstrations, and the next generation of “comrades” are emerging in China. They are called the Balinghou or “Post- 80s” generation, referring to the cohort born between 1980 and 1989. This study addresses an empirical gap by exploring the narrative resources Shanghai’s Post-80s young adults call on to construct their identities, given the historical situation in which they live. This exploration is achieved through qualitative empirical data by employing a combination of narrative analysis and ethnography. Data analysis uncovers narrative resources clustered around three common themes: generational identity, structural resources, and personal lives. Further refection reveals that the extent to which identity is narratively expressed can be culturally constrained. Although the Balinghou encounter unique external factors such as the One Child Policy and rapid economic growth and reform in China, their narrative identity resources are more related to their perceptions of life stages than unprecedented historical circumstance. Keywords: narrative, identity, life course, symbolic interactionism, China, Shanghai, Balinghou, Post-80s generation

Au Canada et au Québec, au cours des années 2000, la migration des travailleurs qualifiés originaires d’Amérique du Sud a connu une croissance très rapide. Pourtant, ce flux migratoire et sa composante féminine ne semblent pas avoir fait l’objet d’une lecture sociologique. Ce travail vise à combler quelques lacunes dans ce domaine des connaissances, en examinant le processus d’intégration économique d’immigrantes d’origine sud-américaine arrivées durant cette décennie. L’étude comprend l’analyse de 16 cas de femmes originaires de divers pays d’Amérique du Sud qui ont un diplôme universitaire ou l’équivalent, qui avaient déjà une expérience de travail dans leur pays d’origine et qui possèdent une bonne maîtrise de la langue française. Les questions qui guident cette recherche dépassent l’aspect statistique ou sociodémographique d’un groupe non étudié dans le contexte canadien. Le but principal de ce mémoire consiste à examiner l’importance d’une variété de ressources culturelles et symboliques qui sont déployées tout au long du processus d’intégration socioéconomique par des immigrantes sud-américaines de la catégorie des « travailleurs qualifiés » dans le contexte montréalais. Dans ce but, l’étude analyse comment les ressources acquises dans la société d’origine ont des impacts sur le parcours professionnel de ces femmes, en leur permettant de définir des stratégies d’intégration sur le marché du travail dans la société réceptrice. L’analyse se déploie à partir de la problématisation des facteurs construits socioculturellement comme catégories de structuration et de hiérarchisation qui, selon le contexte, définissent la position sociale et qui, à travers l’expérience, expliquent la position situationnelle des immigrantes sud-américaines. L’accès, l’utilisation et la mobilisation des ressources pour définir des stratégies d’intégration socioprofessionnelle sont analysés à partir de quatre axes : l’expérience, la dimension intersubjective, le contexte institutionnel et organisationnel, et finalement, la dimension représentationnelle.
During the beginning of the 21st century the migration of skilled workers from South America to Canada and Quebec has grown very fast. However, this migration and its female component do not appear to have been the subject of a sociological reading. This work aims to fill some gaps in this subject by examining the process of economic integration of South American female immigrants who have arrived in Canada in this last decade. The study includes the analysis of 16 cases of women from various South American countries, specifically women who have a university degree or equivalent, who have working experience in their country of origin and who have a good knowledge of French. The questions guiding this research go beyond the statistical or socio-demographics analysis of a group not studied before in the Canadian context. The central aim of this work is to examine the importance of a range of cultural and symbolic resources that are deployed in the process of the socio-economic integration of South American female immigrants in Montreal who arrived into the category of "skilled workers.” With this aim, the study analyzes how the cultural and symbolic resources acquired in the society of origin can affect the success of these women by allowing them to define strategies of labour market integration in the receiving society. In considering the original and host societies as the social referents, this study offers an understanding of the importance of both the context and the personal experience that will impact directly on the career paths of female skilled immigrants in the post-migratory context. The analysis extends from the study of factors constructed as socio-cultural and hierarchical categories which, depending on the context, defines the social position and through experience, defines the situational position of immigrants. The access, use and mobilization of resources to develop strategies of socio-professional integration are analyzed from four axes : the experiential, the inter-subjective, the organizational and the representational dimensions.