Статті в журналах: "Switched Mode Converters"

1

Zaid, Mohammad, Chang-Hua Lin, Shahrukh Khan, Javed Ahmad, Mohd Tariq, Arshad Mahmood, Adil Sarwar, Basem Alamri, and Ahmad Alahmadi. "A Family of Transformerless Quadratic Boost High Gain DC-DC Converters." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144372.

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This paper presents three new and improved non-isolated topologies of quadratic boost converters (QBC). Reduced voltage stress across switching devices and high voltage gain with single switch operation are the main advantages of the proposed topologies. These topologies utilize voltage multiplier cells (VMC) made of switched capacitors and switched inductors to increase the converter’s voltage gain. The analysis in continuous conduction mode is discussed in detail. The proposed converter’s voltage gain is higher than the conventional quadratic boost converter, and other recently introduced boost converters. The proposed topologies utilize only a single switch and have continuous input current and low voltage stress across switch, capacitors, and diodes, which leads to the selection of low voltage rating components. The converter’s non-ideal voltage gain is also determined by considering the parasitic capacitance and ON state resistances of switch and diodes. The efficiency analysis incorporating switching and conduction losses of the switching and passive elements is done using PLECS software (Plexim, Zurich, Switzerland). The hardware prototype of the proposed converters is developed and tested for verification.

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2

Luo, Fang Lin. "Switched-Capacitorized DC/DC Converters." Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (February 2013): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.453.

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Switched capacitor DC/DC converters are new prototype of DC/DC conversion technology. Since switched capacitor can be integrated into a power IC chip, consequently, these converters have small size and high power density. Switched capacitor can be used in voltage-lift technique to construct DC/DC converters. The clue is that for the converters operating in discontinuous input current mode (DICM) the switched capacitors can be charged during the input current discontinuous period. The switched capacitors are charged to the source voltage during the switch-off period. They will join the conversion operation during switch-on period, and the stored energy in them will be delivered through further elements to the load. These converters are called switched-capacitorized DC/DC converters. Simulation and experimental results are provided for verification of this design.

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3

Amelin, Sergey, Marina Arkad'evna Amelina, Sergey Vladimirovich Drozdetsky, and Igor Vladimirovich Yakimenko. "MODEL OF SWITCH-CONTROLLED PWM STRUCTURE FOR ANALYSIS OF PULSE VOLTAGE CONVERTERS WITH ARBITRARY TOPOLOGY." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2021, no. 4 (October 29, 2021): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2021-4-45-57.

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The article considers the problems of analyzing DC-DC voltage converters and analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, as well as the scope of full switched and averaged continuous models of the converters. The feasibility of using the complex of two models (full switch model and averaged continuous model) for analyzing their operation is proved. The general approach to the construction of continuous models of DC-DC voltage converters based on state-space averaging method is considered. Disadvantages of the averaged models using a classic approach are shown. The relevance of the development of universal continuous models of DC-DC converters is substantiated. The possibility of creating such models using averaged models of PWM switching structure included in the DC-DC voltage converter is shown. Analyzed the typical structure of the switch-mode power supply with feedback. An averaged model of the switching structure is proposed, basing on which continuous models of DC-DC converters with any topology can be built. The processes occurring in this switching structure in the mode of continuous and discontinuous choke current are analyzed. A method for constructing continuous models of the main types of DC-DC voltage converters based on switching structure averaged model is proposed. The adequacy of continuous models obtained by this method has been proven. The results of modeling transients on the continuous and full switch models for inverting voltage regulator are demonstrated. The possibility of accounting in the model of active resistances of switches and cumulative choke is shown. The possibility of using the proposed model to obtain the open loop transfer functions is demonstrated, in particular, the characteristics of the duty factor - output voltage. These transfer functions can be used to synthesize control system compensating circuits of the switch-mode power supply. The possibility of using a single generalized averaged model of the switching structure to build continuous models of converters with complex topology using both the Voltage Mode and Current Mode is shown. This creates prerequisites for developing a universal averaged continuous model for DC-DC converter based on this principle

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4

Sagar Bhaskar, Mahajan, and Dhafer Almakhles. "New Multi-Leg Converter for DC Microgrid with Two Duty Cycles." Processes 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 2520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122520.

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In recent times, important contributions and the incorporation of renewable sources, such as photovoltaic, fuel cells, etc., are the main reasons for the popularity of DC microgrids. Integrating renewable sources into the microgrid requires high-voltage, high-efficiency DC-to-DC converters. Without modification, traditional converters are not suitable for achieving the required voltage in microgrid applications, due to the requirement for a large duty cycle, inductor resistance, voltage rating of switches, reverse recovery of the diode, high current rating inductors, etc. Various converters based on the circuitry of voltage multipliers, switched inductors/capacitors, coupled inductors, transformers, etc., have been proposed in the literature and have their drawbacks. In this paper, to realize significant voltage gain with two duty cycle controls, a new multi-leg (ML) converter is recommended as a solution for use in DC microgrids. The converter is designed by incorporating multiple legs into the boost converter. The implications of the proposed converter are reduced device voltage stress, small inductors and capacitors, two-duty cycle control, triple mode operation, single-stage conversion, etc. The proposed converter’s power circuits, mode of operation, and design equations of the converter are presented. The non-ideal model of the proposed converter is discussed, and efficiency is analyzed. The effect of unequal insurance on the operation of the converter is discussed. Comparative studies of converters are provided to draw attention to the benefits of the converter. The results of the experiments are shown to prove that the analysis and performance of the converter are correct. The discontinuous mode of operation and unequal inductance case of the converter are studied with the help of a simulation model.

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5

Siddharthan, Niranjana, and Baskaran Balasubramanian. "Performance evaluation of SEPIC, Luo and ZETA converter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i1.pp374-380.

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DC-DC converters are devices which convert direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another by changing the duty cycle of the main switches in the circuits. These converters are widely used in switched mode power supplies and it is important to supply a constant output voltage, regardless of disturbances on the input voltage. In this work, the performance of three different converters such as Single-Ended Primary-Inductance Converter (SEPIC), Luo converter and ZETA converter have been analyzed. Further, the parameters values such as ripple voltage, switching losses and efficiency of the proposed three different converters were compared with each other. Also, the simulation work has been carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. From the comparison of obtained results, it is observed that the ZETA converter has high significance than the SEPIC and Luo converter.

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6

C K, Suman. "Design Optimization of Synchronous Buck Converter (SBC)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46562.

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Abstract: Nowadays Switched-mode power converters are playing a significant role in the industries by providing higher efficiency for various applications. There are various applications that implement power supply and battery charge circuits for devices like smartphones, TVs, and various electronic devices When it comes to DC-DC Converters the most popular among the industries are buck converters and the efficient version of the buck converter is the Synchronous buck converter. The SBC steps down the voltage from higher to lower levels. Efficiency is a crucial parameter as the industry’s focus is on delivering greater performance devices. The power converter's design must be optimized to maximize performance to achieve customer expectations. As a result, a thorough understanding of the synchronous buck converter and how to properly select the circuit components is critical. The proposed work aims at optimizing the Synchronous Buck Converter components such as Inductors, Capacitors, and Resistors. The idea of this optimization study is to improve the performance of the converter and reduce power losses and cost-cutting. In this paper, the control mode considered is peak current mode control.

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7

Zaid, Mohammad, Ifham H. Malick, Imtiaz Ashraf, Mohd Tariq, Basem Alamri, and Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues. "A Nonisolated Transformerless High-Gain DC–DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications." Electronics 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11132014.

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Dc–dc converters with a high gain, continuous input current, and common ground are usually employed in renewable energy applications to boost the generated output voltage of renewable energy sources. In this paper, a high-gain dc–dc converter comprising a voltage multiplier cell (VMC) and a common ground with continuous input current and low-voltage stress across semiconductor devices is proposed. The converter produces a voltage gain of about ten times compared to the conventional boost converter at a duty ratio of 50% by utilizing switched capacitors and switched inductors. The simultaneous operation of both the switches with the same gate pulse offers easy and simple control of the proposed converter with a wide range of operations. The boundary operation of the converter is analyzed and presented in both modes, i.e., continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Ideal and nonideal analysis of the converter is carried out by integrating real models of passive elements and semiconductor devices by using PLECS software. The simulation is also used to calculate the losses and hence the working efficiency of the converter. The performance of the converter analyzed in the steady state is compared with various similar converters based on the voltage boosting capability and switching stresses. A hardware prototype is also developed to confirm and validate the theoretical analysis and simulation of the proposed converter.

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8

Grant, Duncan Andrew, Yann Darroman, and James Suter. "Synthesis of Tapped-Inductor Switched-Mode Converters." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 22, no. 5 (September 2007): 1964–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2007.904215.

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9

Chan, C. C., and Kwok-Tong Chau. "Spectral modeling of switched-mode power converters." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 41, no. 4 (1994): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/41.303795.

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10

Mannam, Rayudu, Srinivasa Rao Gorantla, and Nagesh Vangala. "A 500 Watts Single Stage Single Switch Soft Switched CCM PFC Flyback Converter with BCM Control." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.24 (November 27, 2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.24.21871.

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Single stage isolated AC to DC converters find prominence due to simplicity and efficiency in addition to economics. Boundary control Mode BCM Flyback converters are widely used for such applications up to power levels of 200 watts. For higher power levels, average current control mode PFCs are used and two stage conversion is incorporated. In this paper, a novel technique for building a single stage PFC with a Continuous Conduction Mode CCM Flyback AC DC converter is proposed for 500 watts power. A practicalsingle stage converter is built with power factor correction and input output isolation. The unique feature of the new configuration lies in having only one primary MOSFET switch and adapting BCM control in a CCM Flyback configuration and achieving ZVS and ZCS while in CCM operation. Proposed configuration is best suited for battery charger applications. Also, the absence of high voltage bulk capacitor at the mains input adds lot of advantages in terms of eliminating inrush current and saving PCB area. A working model of 130 V Dc output and 4.0A is built and the test data are presented depicting the complete soft switching of all power devices and exhibiting the efficiencies in excess of 95%.

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11

Patel, Hardik, and Ankit Shah. "Boundary-Based Hybrid Control Algorithm for Switched Boost Converter Operating in CCM and DCM." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.110129.

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It is essential to have enhanced efficiency for the DC-DC converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). This requires a hybrid controller designed using pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse frequency modulation (PFM) schemes. This paper fixates on a boundary-based hybrid control algorithm for the second-order DC-DC converter - the switched boost converter. The proposed algorithm works in PWM control scheme for CCM operation, whereas DCM operation uses PFM control scheme. The boundary conditions are defined by the load current, output voltage, and switching frequency. Here, an attempt is carried out to have the advantages of both the control schemes. The boost converter is represented by the switched system operating in three modes. Violating transition guards condition orchestrates the switching among these modes. A supervisor detects the CCM and DCM operations, and subsequently switches between PWM and PFM control scheme. Extensive circuit-level simulations are carried out in MATLAB to show the efficacy of the suggested algorithm under the fluctuating line, load, and set-point.

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12

HUA, GUICHAO, and FRED C. LEE. "SOFT-SWITCHING PWM CONVERTER TECHNOLOGIES." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 05, no. 04 (December 1995): 531–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126695000333.

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The switched-mode power conversion technologies have evolved from the basic PWM converters to resonant converters, quasi-resonant converters, multi-resonant converters, and most recently, to soft-switching PWM converters. In this paper, several typical resonant techniques and several soft-switching PWM techniques are reviewed, and their merits and limitations are assessed. The resonant techniques reviewed include the quasi-resonant converters, multi-resonant converters, Class-E converters, and resonant dc link converters; and the soft-switching PWM techniques reviewed include the zero-voltage-switched (ZVS) quasi-square-wave converters, ZVS-PWM converters, zero-current-switched PWM converters, zero-voltage- transition PWM converters, and zero-current-transition PWM converters.

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13

Xu, Jianming, Bo Qian, and Muhammad Humayun. "A Novel Single-Stage Tandem Soft-Switching Converter with Low Input Current Distortion." Inventions 3, no. 4 (October 17, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions3040070.

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In order to improve the power factor and reduce the input current harmonics, power factor correction (PFC) converters are utilized. This paper introduces a single-stage continuous conduction mode (CCM) soft-switched power factor correction (PFC) converter with a tandem topology. The proposed topology has two operating modes, namely resonant operation mode and boost operation mode. Such a design and control realizes the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS) of the power switches. The proposed topology has been introduced to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the input current further in the boost PFC converter under lower power and higher output voltage conditions. The simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the performance of the proposed design and its control.

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14

Baha, B. "Modelling of resonant switched-mode converters using SIMULINK." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 145, no. 3 (1998): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:19981805.

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15

Cheng, K. W. E. "Storage energy for classical switched mode power converters." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 150, no. 4 (2003): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20030286.

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16

Buvana, D., and R. Jayashree. "ANFIS Controller-Based Cascaded Nonisolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 01 (October 15, 2018): 1950001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619500014.

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The development of bidirectional DC–DC converters has become important because of their requirement in energy-storage systems. The simple structure of nonisolated bidirectional DC–DC converter types includes multilevel, switched-capacitor, buck-boost, and coupled inductor type. In multilevel and switched-capacitor types, if large voltage gain must be provided, more switches and capacitors are required. Since the leakage inductor energy cannot be recycled, voltage stresses on the switches are present. Therefore, the control strategy is easily implemented in the system operation. This paper presents a cascaded nonisolated dc–dc switched coupled converter for enhancement of the switching operation. For the optimal switching performances, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique is utilized. The AI technique is the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for generating the optimal control pulses to enhance the performance of boost and buck switch. In addition, the proposed technique is utilized in cascaded nonisolated DC–DC switched coupled converter to reduce the losses. In the ANFIS technique, the error voltage and change in error voltage are given as inputs. At the same time, the ANFIS controller is employed to reduce the error value and produce the optimized gain pulses. In the buck and boost switch mode of operation, it is enhanced with the help of the proposed technique. Moreover, the operating principle and voltage conversion ratio are discussed. It is seen that the implementation of the proposed controller improves the efficiency of the system and also reduces the voltage drop across the switching operation. Then the proposed ANFIS technique with bidirectional converter topology was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink working platform and the output performance is analyzed. Then the proposed circuit performance is compared to the existing circuit such as proportional integral derivative (PID), artificial neural network (ANN) and Fuzzy, respectively.

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17

Almer, Stefan, Sebastien Mariethoz, and Manfred Morari. "Dynamic Phasor Model Predictive Control of Switched Mode Power Converters." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 23, no. 1 (January 2015): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2014.2317775.

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18

Xu, Cuidong, and Ka Wai Eric Cheng. "Topology and Formation of Current Source Step Down Resonant Switched Inductor Converters." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051697.

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This paper presents a current converter that uses an inductor based approach for interim energy storage. A family of the circuits for step down conversion is examined for both non-inverting and inverting operations. The paper has disclosed the method of the generation, so that any order of 1/n conversion ratio can be made. One of the features is to use two transistors only in the common half-bridge style. The main contribution is its special current conversion capability and soft-switching, because it eliminates switching loss and the spike in the devices using a resonant capacitor with the switched-inductor. The performance has been proved to work well for current bucking. This is a new concept for the power converter and is an advanced development of the conventional switched-inductor converter, switched-capacitor, and resonant converter; it is a duality of the switched-capacitor converter. The paper provides a theoretical approach for the current source topology and its formation. It prepares for vast applications in the current source photovoltaic system and current mode system. Experiment verification and loss analysis have proven the preferable characteristics. Benchmarking comparison with similar converters has been made and advanced features have been described. The proposed converter presents current mode research for increasing application in the coming decade.

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19

Ahmad, Javed, Mohammad Zaid, Adil Sarwar, Chang-Hua Lin, Mohammed Asim, Raj Kumar Yadav, Mohd Tariq, Kuntal Satpathi, and Basem Alamri. "A New High-Gain DC-DC Converter with Continuous Input Current for DC Microgrid Applications." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092629.

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The growth of renewable energy in the last two decades has led to the development of new power electronic converters. The DC microgrid can operate in standalone mode, or it can be grid-connected. A DC microgrid consists of various distributed generation (DG) units like solar PV arrays, fuel cells, ultracapacitors, and microturbines. The DC-DC converter plays an important role in boosting the output voltage in DC microgrids. DC-DC converters are needed to boost the output voltage so that a common voltage from different sources is available at the DC link. A conventional boost converter (CBC) suffers from the problem of limited voltage gain, and the stress across the switch is usually equal to the output voltage. The output from DG sources is low and requires high-gain boost converters to enhance the output voltage. In this paper, a new high-gain DC-DC converter with quadratic voltage gain and reduced voltage stress across switching devices was proposed. The proposed converter was an improvement over the CBC and quadratic boost converter (QBC). The converter utilized only two switched inductors, two capacitors, and two switches to achieve the gain. The converter was compared with other recently developed topologies in terms of stress, the number of passive components, and voltage stress across switching devices. The loss analysis also was done using the Piecewise Linear Electrical Circuit Simulation (PLCES). The experimental and theoretical analyses closely agreed with each other.

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20

Waradzyn, Zbigniew, Robert Stala, Andrzej Mondzik, Aleksander Skała, and Adam Penczek. "GaN-Based DC-DC Resonant Boost Converter with Very High Efficiency and Voltage Gain Control." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 6403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236403.

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This paper presents a concept for the operation of a resonant DC–DC switched-capacitor converter with very high efficiency and output voltage regulation. In its basic concept, such a converter operates as a switched-capacitor voltage doubler (SCVD) in the Zero Current Switching (ZCS) mode with a constant output voltage. The proposed methods of switching allow for the switched-capacitor (SC) converter output voltage regulation, and improve its efficiency by the operation with Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS). In this paper, various switching patterns are proposed to achieve high efficiency and the output voltage control by frequency or duty cycle regulation. Some examples of the application of the proposed switching patterns are presented: in current control at the start-up of the converter, in a bi-directional converter, and in a modular cascaded system. The paper also presents an analytical model as well as the relationships between the switching frequency, voltage ratio and efficiency. Further, it demonstrates the experimental verification of the waveforms, voltage ratios, as well as efficiency. The proposed experimental setup achieved a maximum efficiency of 99.228%. The implementation of the proposed switching patterns with the ZVS operation along with the GaN-based (Gallium Nitride) design, with a planar choke, leads to a high-efficiency and low-volume solution for the SCVD converter and is competitive with the switch-mode step-up converters.

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21

Szuba, Stefan. "Selecting the Optimum Switching Frequency for Switcher Design." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 23, no. 4 (October 1986): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072098602300412.

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A method for design optimization of switched-mode dc-dc power converters using bipolar transistors is formulated. Using the concept of multicriterion optimization, the optimum switching frequency is found on the basis of design tradeoffs amongst converter's efficiency, size, weight and cost.

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22

Sai Charishma Pathala, Venkata, and V. Y. Jayasree Pappu. "Elimination of CM Noise from SMPS Circuit using EMI Filter." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 14, no. 4 (April 26, 2023): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.14.4.10.

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The electronic devices are exposed to external electromagnetic signals that produce an unwanted signal called noise in the circuit, which causes electromagnetic interference [EMI] problems. It occurs in two modes: radiated mode and conducted mode. In the radiation mode, the shielding technique is used for radiation mode, in conduction mode filtering technique is used. The design of an EMI filter depends upon the type of noise generated by the Switched Mode Power supply circuit [SMPS]. The SMPS circuit used in this paper is a DC-DC power converter, the Boost converter is a step-up converter and Buck converter is step down converter are considered as equipment for generation of noise, the Line Impedance Stabilization Network [LISN]is used for generating the common output impedance to the power converters, the EMI filters are designed to eliminate noise generated by the circuits. There noise generated by this power converters is Common Mode [CM] noise and Differential Mode [DM] noise. The separation of noise from the equipment is done by using a noise separator. In this paper, CM noise generated by these power converters is eliminated by designing an EMI filter called an inductor filter and a PI filter. The comparison between the LC inductor filter and the PI filter for the boost and buck converters is observed. The PI filter has better performance characteristics when compared to the inductor filter for both SMPS circuits as per the Comité International Special des Perturbations Radioélectriques [CISPR] standards. This standard gives the conducted emission range for different electronic devices.

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23

Babaei, Ebrahim, Mohsen Hasan Babayi Nozadian, and Elias Shokati Asl. "Basic and Quasi Structures of Step-Up Switched Based dc/dc Converter: Steady-State Analysis and Design in Different Operating Modes." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 05 (February 6, 2018): 1850069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661850069x.

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In this paper, basic step-up switched dc/dc converters and its quasi structures are proposed. In dc/dc converters, the operation of the converters can be changed by changing the values of the elements and other parameters such as duty cycle, so the complete analysis of the basic step-up switched dc/dc converter (SSC) in different operating modes is presented. It is shown that, SSC has three different operating modes, which include synchronous operation of diodes (SOD), asynchronous operation of diodes (AOD), and boundary mode (BM). These operating modes are related to the diodes ON and OFF time. Critical inductors are calculated in BM and their values are investigated under various conditions. Inductors current ripple and the output voltage ripple are also calculated. The precise power losses analysis and small signal (SS) analysis for SSC are presented. The high voltage gain quasi structures are introduced and all of the proposed structures are compared with conventional structures. Finally, in order to verify the accuracy of the claims, the experimental results are presented.

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24

Khan, I. A. "Synthesis of switched-mode converters suitable for magnetic integration." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 31, no. 3 (July 1995): 998–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7.395240.

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25

Jiang, Junmin, Xun Liu, Cheng Huang, Wing-Hung Ki, Philip K. T. Mok, and Yan Lu. "Subtraction-Mode Switched-Capacitor Converters With Parasitic Loss Reduction." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 35, no. 2 (February 2020): 1200–1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2019.2933623.

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26

WU, TZONG S., IQBAL HUSAIN, and MEHRDAD EHSANI. "Switched-mode converters for high-power DC-DC applications." International Journal of Electronics 77, no. 5 (November 1994): 583–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207219408926088.

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27

Umarikar, A. C., and L. Umanand. "Modelling of switched mode power converters using bond graph." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 152, no. 1 (2005): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20040828.

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28

Nicolas, B., M. Fadel, and Y. Cheron. "Robust control of switched power converters via sliding mode." European Transactions on Electrical Power 6, no. 6 (September 7, 2007): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.4450060611.

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29

Almalaq, Y., and M. Matin. "Two-Switch High Gain Non-Isolated Cuk Converter." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 5 (October 26, 2020): 6362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3826.

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This paper introduces a two-switch high gain non-isolated Cuk converter which can be used as a high gain DC-DC converter in renewable energy, such as photovoltaic and fuel cell, applications because their output is low. As the conventional, the proposed Cuk converter provides negative output voltage but with a higher voltage in magnitude. The main advantage of the proposed converter is having lower voltage stress with the ability to maintain a higher voltage gain. By combining a switched-inductor and a switched-capacitor into the conventional Cuk converter, the proposed Cuk converter has the ability to reach 13 times the input voltage for a duty cycle D of 0.75. Also, by attaching more switched-inductors to the proposed Cuk converter, more voltage gain can be achieved. A complete theoretical analysis of the Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) of the proposed Cuk converter is presented and the key aspects of the circuit design have been derived. Also, a comparison in terms of voltage gain and voltage stress between the proposed Cuk converter and Cuk converters using other techniques is presented. The proposed Cuk converter has been designed for 100W rated power, -152V output voltage, 50kHz switching frequency, and 75% duty cycle. The presented converter is simulated in Matlab/Simulink and the results are discussed.

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30

Zhang, Shaoru, Huixian Li, Shuchun Duan, Xiuju Du, Shengli Liu, Pingjun Wang, and Jielu Zhang. "A High-Gain DC-DC Converter with a Wide Range of Output Voltage." Electronics 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2023): 3498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12163498.

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In fuel-cell-powered electric vehicles, the output characteristics of the fuel cell are relatively soft, and the output voltage is unstable. Therefore, a DC-DC converter is required between the fuel cell and the inverter to transform the output voltage of the fuel cell into a suitable voltage for the motor drive. Existing non-isolated DC-DC converters cannot meet the requirements of high voltage gain, high efficiency and a wide range of output voltage simultaneously. To improve these performances, a high-gain DC-DC converter with a wide range of output voltage, based on a switched capacitor structure, is proposed in this paper. The converter supplies power to the load by connecting multiple capacitors with the input source in series in switch-on states, while the input source charges the capacitors through a series connection with an inductor in switch-off states. In comparison to existing converters, the proposed converter maintains high voltage gain at lower duty ratios and offers a wide range of output voltage. The operating principles, key waveforms and parameter design of the topology in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) are described and analyzed in detail, and the voltage gain of the proposed converter is compared with some other DC-DC converters. Finally, the results of simulations using Simulink and hardware experiments that were conducted to validate the theoretical analysis are described.

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31

Mihalič, Franc. "Improved EMC of Switched-Mode Power Converters with Randomized Modulation." Automatika 53, no. 2 (January 2012): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7305/automatika.53-2.166.

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32

SIRA-RAMIREZ, HEBERTT, and MARIJA ILIC-SPONG. "Exact linearization in switched-mode DC-to-DC power converters." International Journal of Control 50, no. 2 (August 1989): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207178908953380.

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33

McRae, Tim, Thomas Souvignet, Basil Eleftheriades, Aleksandar Prodic, and Bruno Allard. "Flying Capacitor Voltage Programed Mode Control for Switched-Capacitor Converters." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 8, no. 3 (September 2020): 2082–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2019.2953909.

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34

Jeltsema, D., and J. M. A. Scherpen. "Tuning of Passivity-Preserving Controllers for Switched-Mode Power Converters." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 49, no. 8 (August 2004): 1333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.2004.832236.

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35

Olalla, Carlos, Ramon Leyva, Isabelle Queinnec, and Dragan Maksimovic. "Robust Gain-Scheduled Control of Switched-Mode DC–DC Converters." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 27, no. 6 (June 2012): 3006–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2011.2178271.

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36

Khayatian, A., and D. G. Taylor. "Multirate modeling and control design for switched-mode power converters." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 39, no. 9 (1994): 1848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/9.317110.

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37

Tse, C. K., and K. M. Adams. "On the steady state analysis of switched mode power converters." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 20, no. 1 (January 1992): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.4490200109.

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38

Adlakha, Richa, Anita Khosla, and Dheeraj Joshi. "Comparative analysis of positive output super lift DC-DC luo converters." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i2.pp707-716.

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Due to the advancement in the semiconductor technologies, DC-DC converters are gaining the importance in several industrial applications. They form the core of the switched mode power supplies which are used in real time applications. The performance of the conventional converter is affected by the parasitic elements and their voltage gain is also limited. To improve upon this, Super lift converters converter were developed by Luo. Voltage lift technique increases the voltage in geometric progression .These super lift converter are classified as positive output and negative output which are further classified into different series. In this paper series of Positive output Super lift converter topologies are analyzed. The proportional –integral controller is employed to theses converter in the paper. These converters boost the voltage up to three times the input voltage and gaining importance in Electric vehicles and Solar powered applications. The simulations are carried in PSIM.

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39

Zhu, Gao-Zhong, Shu-Lin Liu, and Bin Wang. "Analysis of Inductor Peak Current Based on the Quadratic Buck-Boost Converter with Switched Inductor Network in the Entire Dynamic Range." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3109.

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According to the working principle of the proposed quadratic Buck-Boost Converter with Switched Inductor Network, the converter is divided into continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) according to whether the minimum current flowing through the inductor L3 is equal to zero. Subsequently, the inductor peak current in the two modes are derived. Based on the quadratic Buck-Boost Converters with Switched Inductor Network, a entire dynamic range inductor peak current analysis method is proposed within a given input voltage and load range. Meanwhile, In terms of different value ranges of the inductor L3, the working area of the converter is divided into three parts, and the maximum inductor peak current in the three working conditions are compared. By analyzing the relationship between the maximum inductor peak current and the value of the inductor L3, it is concluded that L3 = L3CA is the critical inductance at which the maximum inductor peak current of the converter reaches the minimum in the entire dynamic range. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate the reasonability and correctness of the proposed theoretical analysis.

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40

Quenzer-Hohmuth, Samuel, Thoralf Rosahl, Steffen Ritzmann, and Bernhard Wicht. "Challenges and implementation aspects of switched-mode power supplies with digital control for automotive applications." Advances in Radio Science 14 (September 28, 2016): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-14-85-2016.

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Abstract. Switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) convert an input DC-voltage into a higher or lower output voltage. In automotive, analog control is mostly used in order to keep the required output voltages constant and resistant to disturbances. The design of robust analog control for SMPS faces parameter variations of integrated and external passive components. Using digital control, parameter variations can be eliminated and the required area for the integrated circuit can be reduced at the same time. Digital control design bears challenges like the prevention of limit cycle oscillations and controller-wind-up. This paper reviews how to prevent these effects. Digital control loops introduce new sources for dead times in the control loop, for example the latency of the analog-to-digital-converter (ADC). Dead times have negative influence on the stability of the control loop, because they lead to phase delays. Consequently, low latency is one of the key requirements for analog-to-digital-converters in digitally controlled SMPS. Exploiting the example of a 500 kHz-buck converter with a crossover frequency of 70 kHz, this paper shows that the 5 µs-latency of a ΔΣ-analog-to-digital-converter leads to a reduction in phase margin of 126°. The latency is less critical for boost converters because of their inherent lower crossover frequencies. Finally, the paper shows a comparison between analog and digital control of SMPS with regard to chip area and test costs.

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41

SAITO, TOSHIMICHI, TAKAHIRO KABE, YUKI ISHIKAWA, YUSUKE MATSUOKA, and HIROYUKI TORIKAI. "PIECEWISE CONSTANT SWITCHED DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS IN POWER ELECTRONICS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 17, no. 10 (October 2007): 3373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812740701910x.

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This paper overviews nonlinear dynamics of switching power converters which are common objects in dynamical system theory and power electronics. First, complex dynamics of single switching power converters is discussed. Their nonlinear switching can cause rich chaotic and bifurcation phenomena including complicated superstable periodic behavior in discontinuous conduction mode. Second, paralleled converters with winner-take-all switching is discussed. This system can realize multiphase synchronization relating to current sharing with smaller ripple for low-voltage high-current capabilities. Analysis of the dynamics is performed through simple models having piecewise constant vector field and piecewise linear trajectories. Third, simple hardware implementation method is shown and typical phenomena are confirmed experimentally. Finally some future problems are discussed.

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42

Dimitrov, Borislav, Khaled Hayatleh, Steve Barker, Gordana Collier, Suleiman Sharkh, and Andrew Cruden. "A Buck-Boost Transformerless DC–DC Converter Based on IGBT Modules for Fast Charge of Electric Vehicles." Electronics 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030397.

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A transformer-less Buck-Boost direct current–direct current (DC–DC) converter in use for the fast charge of electric vehicles, based on powerful high-voltage isolated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules is analyzed, designed and experimentally verified. The main advantages of this topology are: simple structure on the converter’s power stage; a wide range of the output voltage, capable of supporting contemporary vehicles’ on-board battery packs; efficiency; and power density accepted to be high enough for such a class of hard-switched converters. A precise estimation of the loss, dissipated in the converter’s basic modes of operation Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost is presented. The analysis shows an approach of loss minimization, based on switching frequency reduction during the Buck-Boost operation mode. Such a technique guarantees stable thermal characteristics during the entire operation, i.e., battery charge cycle. As the Buck-Boost mode takes place when Buck and Boost modes cannot support the output voltage, operating as a combination of them, it can be considered as critically dependent on the characteristics of the semiconductors. With this, the necessary duty cycle and voltage range, determined with respect to the input-output voltages and power losses, require an additional study to be conducted. Additionally, the tolerance of the applied switching frequencies for the most versatile silicon-based powerful IGBT modules is analyzed and experimentally verified. Finally, several important characteristics, such as transients during switch-on and switch-off, IGBTs’ voltage tails, critical duty cycles, etc., are depicted experimentally with oscillograms, obtained by an experimental model.

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43

Kader H.A. Al-Shara and Ahmed Q.A. Al- Oraibi. "Computer Aided Design, Simulation and Implementation of Multi Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) Controlled by One Microprocessor." Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i1.52.

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In this paper an approach of computer design, simulation and implementation of multi switched mode power supplies (SMPS) controlled by one microprocessor is investigated. The design of three switch mode power supplies based on flyback DC-DC converters with different power 20,24 and 6 Watt and output voltages rated +5V,+12V/ and -12V are achieved. The design power stage is based on the bipolar as the main switching device with protection network used to ensure safe operation. The microprocessor and its supervisory board are used with slight software program to control the output of the multi switched mode power supplies (SMPS ) even though they have different switching frequency, output voltage, output power. The system performance is simulated and examined under many desired conditions. From the obtained result it was found that, it is efficiently and easily to use one microprocessor to control of multi switched mode power supplies reducing the complexity of the system

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44

Liu, Hai Lang, Rui Bin Zhang, and Ping Yang. "Generation, Analysis of Switched Mode Dc to Dc Converters by the Use of Converters Cells." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 931–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.931.

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The conventional PWM converter topologies limit the operation to lower switching frequencies because of the minimum ON-time of the transistor switch. The quadratic feature is interesting for application where a wide voltage range is necessary, a quadratic buck-boost converter is presented. The converter cell is showed, the quadratic buck converter with the converter cell can convert to the quadratic buck-boost converter without increasing elements.

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45

Zhu, GuangYong, and Adrian Ioinovici. "Steady-State Characteristics of Switched-Capacitor Electronic Converters." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 07, no. 02 (April 1997): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126697000061.

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By performing a detailed analysis of switching-mode power supplies based on swithed-capacitor circuits, their fundamental steady-state characteristics are found. A few basic step-down and step-up converters are considered. No approximations, such a averaging techniques are required. The on-resistances of the transistors, forward voltages of the diodes and equivalent-series resistances of capacitors are taken into account. Design-oriented formulas of the DC voltage ratio, trade-offs allowing for the best possible efficiency, the smallest possible ripple and the best possible line and load regulation give the design values of the number of capacitors in the switched-capacitor circuit, of their capacitances and of the switching frequency.

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46

EGUCHI, KEI. "DESIGN OF A DUAL-INPUT SERIAL DC–DC CONVERTER REALIZING INDIVIDUAL SWITCHING MODES." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 06 (October 2011): 1075–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126611007773.

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To drive a white light-emitting diode (LED) in portable devices, a dual-input serial DC–DC converter realizing individual switching modes is proposed in this paper. Unlike conventional single-input converters, the proposed converter provides output voltage by converting not only battery energy but also solar energy. Therefore, the proposed converter can suppress energy consumption of a battery. Furthermore, in the proposed converter, the -1/m× stepped-down voltage (m = 1,2,…,N) is generated to drive LED's cathode only when the voltage of solar-cells is insufficient to drive 1 × transfer mode. In other words, when the voltage of solar-cells is sufficient to drive LEDs, the proposed converter is in standby mode. For this reason, the proposed converter can realize high power efficiency, because energy loss caused by the power conversion is suppressed. The properties of the proposed converter are clarified by theoretical analyses. Furthermore, SPICE simulations and experiments show the validity of circuit design, where theoretical results correspond well with SPICE simulated results. For this reason, derived theoretical formulas can provide basic information to design negative switched capacitors (SC) DC–DC converters. The proposed converter will be useful as a driver circuit of white LEDs for display backlighting.

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47

Purna Chandra Rao, Podila, Radhakrishnan Anandhakumar, and L. Shanmukha Rao. "Analysis of a novel soft switching bidirectional DC-DC converter for electric vehicle." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 5 (October 1, 2023): 2665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i5.4505.

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A bidirectional converter (BDC) designed with high voltage gain and it is incorporated with the soft-switching operations to the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The main dual operating characteristics of this converter are boost and buck modes respectively. In order to achieve the reduced switching losses and improved efficiency, the main IGBTs are operated at zero current (ZC) while the IGBTs commutating from turn-on to turn-off state. The ZC turn-off operation is obtained with the aid of soft- switched cell, which consists of resonant inductor (Lr), capacitor and additional IGBTs. In this work, the design simulation analysis for high-gain BDC was performed by 70/300 V power system with the maximum 800 W output power under the operating frequency of 50 kHz. The efficiency for the high-gain soft-switched BDC was obtained as 96.5% when it is operating in boost mode and efficiency of 97% was achieved for the buck mode operation. The simulation evaluations of the above said converters were performed by using MATLAB/Simulink.

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48

Navamani, Divya, K. Vijayakumar, and Jason Manoraj. "Reliability Analysis of High Gain Integrated DC–DC Topologies for Xenon Lamp Applications." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 10 (September 2019): 1950168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619501688.

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Emerging switched-mode power supplies incorporated applications demand reliable, less volume and high efficient dc–dc converters. The persistent usage of the dc–dc converters in various applications makes their reliability a significant concern. Hence, this paper deals with a family of non-isolated high gain integrated dc–dc converter topologies derived from a quadratic converter. The reliability analysis is carried out using electronic equipment reliability handbook, MIL-HDBK-217F. For the first time, reliability prediction is done based on the working environment of the power electronic equipments. We developed the reliability prediction for the converters used in the lighting application such as automotive headlamp and aircraft landing lights. The mean time to failure for both the environment is calculated. The reliability comparison is carried out for the proposed topologies and the most reliable converter is chosen. Also, all the converter topologies are simulated using nL5 simulator to confirm their theoretical results. Finally, a laboratory prototype for 40 W with input voltage of 12 V is implemented for the most reliable topology to validate the steady-state analysis.

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49

Solis, Carlos J., and Gabriel A. Rincón-Mora. "Stability and Design Limits of Hysteretic Current-mode Switched-inductor Converters." JOURNAL OF SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE 19, no. 4 (August 31, 2019): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5573/jsts.2019.19.4.321.

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50

Cui, Keer, Victor Adrian, Bah-Hwee Gwee, and Joseph S. Chang. "A Noise-Shaped Randomized Modulation for Switched-Mode DC-DC Converters." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 65, no. 1 (January 2018): 394–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2017.2719700.

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