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Статті в журналах з теми "Swale"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 21 лютого 2023

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1

Bäckström, M. "Sediment transport in grassed swales during simulated runoff events." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0115.

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Particle trapping in nine different grassed swales was measured successfully with a standardised runoff event simulation procedure. The percentage of total suspended solids removed ranged from 79 to 98%. It was found that sedimentation processes, rather than grass filtration governed the overall particle trapping efficiency. The highest particle trapping efficiency was observed in the field swales with dense, fully developed turf. A high infiltration rate was beneficial for the particle trapping and an increased swale length made it possible for smaller particles to be captured. A densely vegetated, ten metre long swale, receiving a stormwater flow of 1.0 litres per second, may capture a majority of the waterborne particles with settling velocities larger than 0.1 metres per hour. A simple model of particle trapping efficiency in grassed swales was developed and tested. It was found that mean swale residence time could be used as a design parameter for particle removal in grassed swales. The suggested exponential relationship between mean swale residence time and particle settling velocity associated with a certain trapping efficiency is so far only valid for a limited range of swale designs and residence times.

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2

Bäckström, M. "Grassed swales for stormwater pollution control during rain and snowmelt." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 9 (November 1, 2003): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0508.

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The retention of suspended solids, particles and heavy metals in different grassed swales during rain events and snowmelt is discussed. The experimental results derived from investigations performed in existing grassed swales in the Luleå region, Northern Sweden. During high pollutant loading rates, grassed swales retain significant amounts of pollutants, mainly due to sedimentation of particulate matter. Low to moderate removal efficiencies could be expected for heavy metals, especially metals in solution (i.e. the dissolved phase). When grassed swales receive urban runoff with low pollutant concentrations, they may release rather than retain pollutants. Swales are important snow deposit areas in the city and particle bound pollutants do to a large extent remain in the swale after snowmelt. However, dissolved pollutants (i.e. dissolved heavy metals) are likely to escape the swale with the melt water. Grassed swales may be regarded as facilities that even out the peaks in pollutant loads without being capable of producing consistent high removal rates. This suggests that swales should be considered as primary treatment devices. Possible design parameters for grassed swales are mean hydraulic detention time, surface loading rate or specific swale area.

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3

Hutchcraft, Allison. "Swale." Missouri Review 42, no. 2 (2019): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.2019.0031.

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4

Andrés-Valeri, Valerio C., Luis A. Sañudo-Fontaneda, Carlos Rey-Mahía, Stephen J. Coupe, and Felipe P. Alvarez-Rabanal. "Thermal Performance of Wet Swales Designed as Multifunctional Green Infrastructure Systems for Water Management and Energy Saving." Proceedings 2, no. 23 (November 5, 2018): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231433.

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Lack of city space and conventional drainage systems failures have derived in the need to implement Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) techniques which provide multifunctional areas capable of managing stormwater, treating the pollutants present in the runoff, bringing back biodiversity to the urban environment, and providing amenity whilst improving livability. In this context, swales were studied as a potential multifunctional GSI for water management and energy saving. This research successfully proposed the combination of a wet swale with a Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system. The materials used within the cross section of a standard wet swale provided good isolation properties within the temperature performance ranges (20–50 °C), showing great potential for a swale to be developed together with GSHP elements, opening a new research area for water management and energy saving.

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5

Rech, Aline, Elisa Pacheco, Jakcemara Caprario, Julio Cesar Rech, and Alexandra Rodrigues Finotti. "Low-Impact Development (LID) in Coastal Watersheds: Infiltration Swale Pollutant Transfer in Transitional Tropical/Subtropical Climates." Water 14, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14020238.

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The control of runoff pollution is one of the advantages of low-impact development (LID) or sustainable drainage systems (SUDs), such as infiltration swales. Coastal areas may have characteristics that make the implementation of drainage systems difficult, such as sandy soils, shallow aquifers and flat terrains. The presence of contaminants was investigated through sampling and analysis of runoff, soil, and groundwater from a coastal region served by an infiltration swale located in southern Brazil. The swale proved to be very efficient in controlling the site’s urban drainage volumes even under intense tropical rainfall. Contaminants of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni were identified at concentrations above the Brazilian regulatory limit (BRL) in both runoff and groundwater. Soil concentrations were low and within the regulatory limits, except for Cd. The soil was predominantly sandy, with neutral pH and low ionic exchange capacity, characteristic of coastal regions and not very suitable for contaminant retention. Thus, this kind of structure requires improvements for its use in similar environments, such as the use of adsorbents in soil swale to increase its retention capacity.

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6

Fach, Stefan, Carolina Engelhard, Nina Wittke, and Wolfgang Rauch. "Performance of infiltration swales with regard to operation in winter times in an Alpine region." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 11 (June 1, 2011): 2658–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.153.

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In cold climate regions winter conditions significantly influence the performance of stormwater infiltration devices. Frozen soil and water storage by snow changes their operation. In this paper winter operation of a grassed infiltration swale was investigated using on-site and laboratory measurements. The field investigation of a grassed swale at a parking place in an Alpine region showed that the swale fulfilled its function properly. Although the top layer was frozen for some time, the storage capacity of the swale was sufficient to store the precipitation until the conditions improved. The soil attenuated the air temperature, at 20 cm below ground surface the soil was only frozen for one week. Winter maintenance proved to be a problem, together with the snow from the parking place a lot of gravel and fine particles were deposited at one end of the swale. This decreased the hydraulic conductivity at that point significantly. The laboratory tests with soil columns showed an increase of flow time through the soil column with decreasing soil moisture content. For soil temperatures below 0 °C the hydraulic conductivity was reduced for increasing initial soil moisture contents. All in all the hydraulic conductivity was best around 0 °C for all soil water contents. However, also at minus 5 °C the coefficient of hydraulic conductivity was always at least above 10−6 m/s, thus within the range of tolerated hydraulic conductivity specified in the national guidelines. Nevertheless, the handling of the soil was found to have high influence on the results. The results indicate that in the Alpine region infiltration swales operate sufficiently under winter conditions although with decreased performance.

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7

Liu, An, Prasanna Egodawatta, and Ashantha Goonetilleke. "Ranking Three Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) Practices Based on Hydraulic and Water Quality Treatment Performance: Implications for Effective Stormwater Treatment Design." Water 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081296.

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Bioretention basins, constructed wetlands and roadside swales are among the most common Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) or stormwater quality treatment systems. Although these systems can reduce stormwater quantity and improve quality, their hydraulic and water quality treatment performances are different. The aim of this study was to investigate the hydraulic and water quality performance of a bioretention basin, a constructed wetland and a roadside swale by analyzing monitored water quantity and quality data from a range of rainfall events using a ranking approach. The study outcomes showed that a bioretention basin performed better in relation to peak flow and runoff volume reduction while the constructed wetland tended to produce better outflow water quality. The roadside swale had a relatively lower capacity for treating stormwater. These results suggest that a bioretention basin could be the preferred option when the primary requirement is water quantity improvement. However, if water quality improvement is the primary consideration, a constructed wetland could be more efficient. Additionally, when designing a treatment train, it appears to be preferable to place a bioretention basin prior to a constructed wetland. Further, a swale appears to be more appropriate for use as a pretreatment device. The research study outcomes will contribute to effective stormwater treatment design.

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8

Fardel, Alexandre, Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau, Béatrice Béchet, Abdelkader Lakel, and Fabrice Rodriguez. "Analysis of swale factors implicated in pollutant removal efficiency using a swale database." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 1287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3522-9.

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9

Li, James, Robert Orland, and Tom Hogenbirk. "Environmental road and lot drainage designs: alternatives to the curb-gutter-sewer system." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-044.

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Traditionally, road and lot drainage systems have been designed to convey storm runoff away as quickly as possible to reduce localized ponding. This drainage concept, using curb-gutter-sewer systems, has led to downstream flooding, erosion, water-quality degradation, reduced groundwater recharge and stream baseflow, and aquatic habitat destruction. This paper examines the pros and cons of curb-gutter-sewer systems and qualitatively compares various forms of open ditch - swale drainage alternatives with the conventional curb-gutter-sewer drainage system. These open ditch - swale drainage alternatives not only provide drainage functions but also promote infiltration, trap sediments, and reduce flow velocity along the drainage path. Thus, they can reduce erosion, enhance runoff quality, and increase groundwater recharge. However, they usually require a wider right-of-way than the conventional curb-gutter-sewer systems and may not be suitable for sites with steep topography or erosive soils. For sites that are suitable for the application of these alternative drainage systems, their environment functions make them more attractive than the conventional curb-gutter-sewer system.Key words: drainage systems, storm water, curbs, gutters, sewers, ditches, swales.

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10

Swale, Simon. "Fashion Design Process - Simon Swale." Scope: Contemporary Research Topics (Art and Design), no. 21 (2021): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/scop.1021007.

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11

Craig, Heidi. "Nell Gwynn by Jessica Swale." Early Modern Women 14, no. 1 (2019): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/emw.2019.0071.

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12

Ahmad, Noor Aliza, Nurhazirah Mustaffa, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Azra Munirah Mat Daud, Sabariah Musa, and Nurfarehan Zamanhuri. "The Study on Effectiveness and Flow Characteristic of Grassed Swale Drainage System in UTHM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1251.

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The drainage system is an infrastructure that requires systematic planning of construction which can function properly to reduce the risk of flooding. Flooding occurs due to the rapid development resulting in lack of permeable surfaces. This will lead to increase the surface runoff, where the flow velocity and flow discharge also will be increased. Therefore, grassed swale is one of the sustainable drainage systems that can be applied to solve this problem. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of the grassed swale drainage system at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), to determine the hydraulic characteristics and the effectiveness of vegetation used in the swale drainage system. Through this approach, the solution of past studies, related journals, and Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA) [1] are used as a reference for this study. Data collection was conducted on grassed swale with total length 60 meters. To obtain an accurate data, measurements of flow velocity have been taken three times, and for three days after raining. Data was observed by 81 times and analyzed using the Manning’s equation. Manning’s equation was adopted to determine the value of hydraulic coefficients for the grass swale channel. The results obtained, demonstrates that the value of Manning’s n for all sections is stated in a range of 0.015 to 0.030. The results also showed a difference in the size of the design, the flow velocity, the water depth, and the flow discharge of the grassed swale drainage system.

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13

Smith, Lauren A., David M. Eissenstat, and Margot W. Kaye. "Variability in aboveground carbon driven by slope aspect and curvature in an eastern deciduous forest, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 2 (February 2017): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0147.

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In forested ecosystems, topography and tree species contribute to spatial variability in carbon (C) dynamics through differential rates of C uptake and storage; therefore, estimates of species-specific and spatial variability in C can strengthen ecosystem budgets. To produce such estimates, we deconstructed watershed-scale C and component pools (e.g., wood biomass, litter) and fluxes at a fine scale using a small mixed deciduous forest catchment to determine the variation due to topographic position and species. Factors affecting fluxes included aspect, slope curvature, tree species contributions, and litter production. Annual C uptake into wood varied across the catchment from 0 to 34 kg C·year−1 and was 20% greater on southern aspects than northern ones and 33% greater in swales than non-swale slopes. Of the more than 20 tree species found in the forest canopy of the catchment, highest C uptake in woody biomass was measured in Quercus rubra L. growing in swales, followed by Quercus prinus L. syn. growing on the southern aspect, with the lowest aboveground wood increment measured in Pinus at higher elevations on non-swale slopes. Quercus leaf litter moved from where it dropped into litter traps to where it settled on the forest floor, shifting the location of litter C inputs to the soil. Local variation in aboveground C rivals regional variation across regions and has the potential to introduce error when scaling C measures from points to landscapes.

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14

Peng, Jing, Xiang Zhong, Lei Yu, and Qianqian Wang. "Simulating rainfall runoff and assessing low impact development (LID) facilities in sponge airport." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 5 (August 24, 2020): 918–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.400.

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Abstract The appearance of extreme weather causes frequent airport flooding, which has a serious impact on the normal operation of an airport. In this study, three simulation scenarios are set in order to study the effect of low impact development (LID) facilities (green roof and vegetative swale) on the water depth of overflow junctions and total inflow to the study area outlet in an airport at different rainfall return periods (2 a, 5 a, 20 a and 50 a). Vegetative swale has better reduction effect on water depth of overflow junctions than has green roof. The reduction rate of vegetative swale is about 25–52% at different rainfall return periods, but the effect of green roof is not obvious. For the double peak rainstorm, the reduction effect on the water depth of overflow junctions after setting vegetative swale for the first rain peak is better than that for the second rain peak. Under the condition of 2 a, 5 a, and 20 a, the total inflow reduction rates of study area outlet after applied green roof and vegetative swale are 16.85%, 20% and 22.17% respectively, and the effect is poor (only 2.26%) at low-frequency return period (50 a). This study can provide theoretical guidance for the design of LID facilities of a sponge airport.

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15

Sieker, F. "On-site stormwater management as an alternative to conventional sewer systems: a new concept spreading in Germany." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0378.

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In Germany a new stormwater management system is spreading across the country – the so called “Mulden-Rigolen-System” (MR-System), which may be translated as the ‘Swale-Infiltration Trench System’. The overall applicable system consists of on-site located swale-trench-elements which are connected by throttled sewers to a decentralized stormwater management system. The elements are designed and dimensioned in order to allow the highest possible infiltration of stormwater runoff. This is obtained by a short-term storage in the grassed swale and a long-term storage provided by the trench. The latter is formed by highly porous material such as gravel or lava granules, wrapped in geotextile. By infiltration through the active soil layer along the swale bottom, stormwater quality is enhanced up to the quality of drinking water. The MR-System has been applied in many German projects, not only in new developments, but also as a retrofit measure in the existing urban developments.

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16

Fardel, Alexandre, Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau, Béatrice Béchet, Abdelkader Lakel, and Fabrice Rodriguez. "Correction to: Analysis of swale factors implicated in pollutant removal efficiency using a swale database." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3846-5.

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17

Flanagan, Kelsey, Philippe Branchu, David Ramier, and Marie-Christine Gromaire. "Evaluation of the relative roles of a vegetative filter strip and a biofiltration swale in a treatment train for road runoff." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 4 (December 14, 2016): 987–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.578.

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In order to determine the relative importance of a vegetative filter strip and a biofiltration swale in a treatment train for road runoff, US EPA Storm Water Management Model was used to model infiltration and runoff from the filter strip. The model consisted of a series of subcatchments representing the road, the filter strip and the side-slopes of the swale. Simulations were carried out for different rain scenarios representing a variety of climatic conditions. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for the model's different parameters (soil characteristics and initial humidity, roughness, geometry, etc.). This exercise showed that for the system studied, the majority of road runoff is treated by the filter strip rather than the biofiltration swale, an effect observed especially during periods of low-intensity rainfall. Additionally, it was observed that the combination of infiltration of road runoff in the filter strip and direct rainfall on the system leads to a significant and variable dilution of the runoff reaching the swale. This result has important implications for evaluating the treatment efficiency of the system.

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18

Adamson, Julia. "Afforestation: Ecology in the West Swale." Blue Jay 78, no. 2 (August 25, 2020): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/bluejay6292.

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19

Wicke, D., P. Rouault, B. Krause Camilo, C. Pagotto, M. Dechesne, and E. Soyeux. "Nitrate reduction in reactive swales at low temperatures: full-size field system vs. technical scale." Water Supply 15, no. 3 (February 6, 2015): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.008.

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Diffuse nitrate (NO3) contamination from intense agriculture adversely impacts freshwater ecosystems, and can also result in nitrate concentrations exceeding limits set in drinking water regulation, when receiving surface waters are used for drinking water production. Implementation of near-natural mitigation zones such as reactive swales or wetlands have been proven to be promising measures to reduce nitrate loads in agricultural drainage waters. However, the behavior of these systems at low temperatures and its dependence on system design has not been well known until now. In this study, the behavior of a full-scale (length: 45 m) reactive swale treating drainage water from an agricultural watershed in Brittany (France), with high nitrate concentrations in the receiving river, was monitored for one season (6 months). As flow in this full-size field system is usually restricted to winter and spring months (December–May), it usually operates at low water temperatures of 5–10 °C. Tracer tests revealed shorter than designed retention times due to high inflows and preferential flow in the swale. Results show a correlation between residence time and nitrate reduction with low removal (<10%) for short residence times (<0.1 day), increasing to >25% at residence times >10 h (0.4 day). Performance was compared to results of two technical-scale reactive swales (length: 8 m) operated for 1.5 years with two different residence times (0.4 and 2.5 days), situated at a test site of the German Federal Environmental Agency in Berlin (Germany). Similar nitrate reduction was observed for comparable temperature and residence time, showing that up-scaling is a suitable approach to transferring knowledge gathered from technical-scale experiments to field conditions. For the design of new mitigation systems, one recommendation is to investigate carefully the expected inflow volumes in advance to ensure a sufficient residence time for effective nitrate reduction at low temperatures.

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20

Sañudo-Fontaneda, Luis A., Jorge Roces-García, Stephen J. Coupe, Esther Barrios-Crespo, Carlos Rey-Mahía, Felipe P. Álvarez-Rabanal, and Craig Lashford. "Descriptive Analysis of the Performance of a Vegetated Swale through Long-Term Hydrological Monitoring: A Case Study from Coventry, UK." Water 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 2781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102781.

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Vegetated swales are a popular sustainable drainage system (SuDS) used in a wide range of environments from urban areas and transport infrastructure, to rural environments, sub-urban and natural catchments. Despite the fact that vegetated swales, also known as grassed swales, have received scientific attention over recent years, especially from a hydrological perspective, there is a need for further research in the field, with long-term monitoring. In addition, vegetated swales introduce further difficulties, such as the biological growth occurring in their surface layer, as well as the biological evolution taking place in them. New developments, such as the implementation of thermal devices within the cross-section of green SuDS for energy saving purposes, require a better understanding of the long-term performance of the surface temperature of swales. This research aims to contribute to a better understanding of these knowledge gaps through a descriptive analysis of a vegetated swale in Ryton, Coventry, UK, under a Cfb Köppen climatic classification and a mixed rural and peri-urban scenario. Precipitation and temperature patterns associated with seasonality effects were identified. Furthermore, a level of biological evolution was described due to the lack of periodical and planned maintenance activities, reporting the presence of both plant species and pollinators. Only one event of flooding was identified during the three hydrological years monitored in this research study, showing a robust performance.

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21

Kachchu Mohamed, M. A., T. Lucke, and F. Boogaard. "Preliminary investigation into the pollution reduction performance of swales used in a stormwater treatment train." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 5 (December 30, 2013): 1014–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.822.

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Permeable pavements have been shown to be effective stormwater treatment devices that can greatly reduce surface runoff and significantly improve the quality of stormwater runoff in urban areas. However, the potential problems with sediment clogging and consequent maintenance requirements have been identified as the main barriers to more widespread adoption of permeable pavements in urban developments. This Australian study investigates the effectiveness of using grass swales as pre-treatment devices for permeable pavements in order to reduce clogging and extend the life span of these systems. The results of simulated runoff experiments demonstrated that between 50 and 75% of the total suspended sediment (TSS) was removed within the first 10 m of the swale length. This suggests swales of this length could potentially increase the effective life of permeable pavement systems by reducing clogging, and therefore maintenance. Nutrient removal was also tested in the study and the results indicated the tested swales were of limited effectiveness in the removal of these pollutants. However, in real runoff situations, reduction of TSS will have a direct influence on removing nutrients because a significant proportion of nutrients (and other pollutants) are attached to the sediments.

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22

AlYousif, Ahmad, Arnoldo Valle-Levinson, Peter N. Adams, and Jorge A. Laurel-Castillo. "Tidal and subtidal hydrodynamics over ridge-swale bathymetry." Continental Shelf Research 219 (April 2021): 104392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104392.

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23

Abida, H., and J. F. Sabourin. "Grass Swale-Perforated Pipe Systems for Stormwater Management." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 132, no. 1 (February 2006): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2006)132:1(55).

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24

Demchenko, E. N., and G. G. Lilitskaya. "Green flagellate alga Myochloris J.H.Belcher & Swale: prey or predator?" Algologia 30, no. 3 (September 2020): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/alg30.03.233.

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25

Coelho, Arnaldo T., Gustavo B. Menezes, Terezinha C. de Brito Galvão, and Joaquim F. T. Coelho. "Performance of Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) as Bioswale Revetments." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 11, 2021): 7731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147731.

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Vegetated swales, or bioswales, are among the most commonly used type of green infrastructure (GI) for managing stormwater in temperate climate regions. However, performance data on bioswale drainage technology applied to highly weathered soils (low fertility, high acidity, and erosion prone) in tropical and subtropical climates are still limited. Aimed at closing this gap, this research investigated the performance—assessed in terms of vegetation biomass, biodiversity and coverage of swale, the structural integrity of revetments, and erosion control potential—and cost effectiveness of five rolled erosion control products (RECPs) currently available on the market, in combination with herbaceous vegetation as the revetment of drainage swales, in tropical soils. Additionally, the research project evaluated the performance of a new preseeded RECP, the Preseeded Reinforcement Mat, for drainage in areas that are difficult to access. The performances of all six RECPs were generally adequate as bioswale revetments in the conditions investigated, with performance index values ranging from 6 to 10 in a 0 to 10 scale. At the same time, some RECPs were more conducive to the growth of regional herbaceous vegetation species, measured in terms of biodiversity, which ranged from 2 to 14 species in the different bioswales, and some were more cost effective than others, with costs ranging from 19% to 106% of the cost of concrete lined swales.

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26

Steinberger, Yosef, and Walter G. Whitford. "Microarthropods of a Desert Tabosa Grass (Hilaria mutica) Swale." American Midland Naturalist 114, no. 2 (October 1985): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2425598.

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27

Paek, Seoungbong, and Kyungik Gil. "Analysis of Factors Affecting Retention Time in Grassed Swale." Journal of Wetlands Research 17, no. 3 (August 31, 2015): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17663/jwr.2015.17.3.303.

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28

Bäckström, M., M. Viklander, and P. A. Malmqvist. "Transport of stormwater pollutants through a roadside grassed swale." Urban Water Journal 3, no. 2 (June 2006): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730620600855985.

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29

HOUSE, W., and M. WARWICK. "Intensive measurements of nutrient dynamics in the River Swale." Science of The Total Environment 210-211 (March 24, 1998): 111–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00046-1.

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30

Wheaton, S. R., and W. J. Rice. "Siting, design and operational controls for snow disposal sites." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 9 (November 1, 2003): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0498.

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The Municipality of Anchorage (MOA), at 61° north latitude, ploughs and hauls snow from urban streets throughout the winter, incorporating grit and chloride applied to street surfaces for traffic safety. Hauled snow is stored at snow disposal facilities, where it melts at ambient spring temperatures. MOA studies performed from 1998 through 2001 show that disposal site melt processes can be manipulated, through site design and operation practices, to control chloride and turbidity in meltwater. An experimental passive “V-swale” pad configuration tested by MOA investigators reduced site meltwater turbidity by an order of magnitude (to about 50 NTU from the 500 NTU typical of more conventional planar pad geometry). The MOA has developed new siting, design and operational criteria for snow disposal facilities to conform to the tested V-swale pad configuration.

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31

Yusoff, Mohd Azlan B. Mohd, Adel Al Gheethi, and Daniel Aizat B. Dzain. "Assessment of Storm Water Quality in Grass Swale by Using Sand Filter Media: a Case Study at UTHM Campus." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.30 (November 30, 2018): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22105.

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Urbanization in Malaysia has contributed to the increased of volume runoff to the drainage system. SUDS (Sustainable Urban Drainage System) / MSMA (Manual Saliran Mesra Alam) has been implement in Malaysia within several of components. Hence, swale is one of the designed and suggested by SUDS or MSMA in order to control the quantity and quality storm water runoff. The present study aimed to determine the quality of storm water runoff in swale and to analyse storm water runoff treatment using sand column as a part of filtration process. Water quality parameters tested included COD, BOD5, DO and TSS. The samples was test with sand column on D30, D60, D90 and DMIX. The results revealed that sand column improved the water quality by 4% to 80%. In conclusion, the sand column can be used to improve the storm water quality and can enhance the natural habitat.

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32

Young, Bailee, Jon Hathaway, Whitney Lisenbee, and Qiang He. "Assessing the Runoff Reduction Potential of Highway Swales and WinSLAMM as a Predictive Tool." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 2871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082871.

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Across the United States, the impacts of stormwater runoff are being managed through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) in an effort to restore and/or maintain the quality of surface waters. State transportation authorities fall within this regulatory framework, being tasked with managing runoff leaving their impervious surfaces. Opportunely, the highway environment also has substantial amounts of green space that may be leveraged for this purpose. However, there are questions as to how much runoff reduction is provided by these spaces, a question that may have a dramatic impact on stormwater management strategies across the country. A highway median swale, located on Asheville Highway, Knoxville, Tennessee, was monitored for hydrology over an 11-month period. The total catchment was 0.64 ha, with 0.26 ha of roadway draining to 0.38 ha of a vegetated median. The results of this study indicated that 87.2% of runoff volume was sequestered by the swale. The Source Loading and Management Model for Windows (WinSLAMM) was used to model the swale runoff reduction performance to determine how well this model may perform in such an application. To calibrate the model, adjustments were made to measured on-site infiltration rates, which was identified as a sensitive parameter in the model that also had substantial measurement uncertainty in the field. The calibrated model performed reasonably with a Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency of 0.46. WinSLAMM proved to be a beneficial resource to assess green space performance; however, the sensitivity of the infiltration parameter suggests that field measurements of this characteristic may be needed to achieve accurate results.

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33

Demchenko, E. N., and G. G. Lilitskaya. "Green Flagellate Alga Myochloris J.H.Belcher & Swale: Prey or Predator?" International Journal on Algae 22, no. 3 (2020): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjalgae.v22.i3.10.

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34

Kang, Taeuk, Youngmin Koo, and Sangjin Lee. "Design of Stormwater Pipe Considering Vegetative Swale with Water Conveyance." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2015.15.1.335.

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35

Mustaffa, Nurhazirah, Noor Aliza Ahmad, and Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi. "Evaluation on Flow Discharge of Grassed Swale in Lowland Area." MATEC Web of Conferences 103 (2017): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710304017.

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36

Mustaffa, N., N. A. Ahmad, and M. A. M. Razi. "Variations of Roughness Coefficients with Flow Depth of Grassed Swale." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 136 (July 2016): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/136/1/012082.

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37

STOCKLEY, R., G. OXFORD, and R. ORMOND. "Do invertebrates matter? Detrital processing in the River Swale–Ouse." Science of The Total Environment 210-211 (March 24, 1998): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00029-1.

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38

Winston, Ryan J., Jacob T. Powell, and William F. Hunt. "Retrofitting a grass swale with rock check dams: hydrologic impacts." Urban Water Journal 16, no. 6 (May 3, 2018): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2018.1455881.

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39

Yu, Shaw L., Jan-Tai Kuo, Elizabeth A. Fassman, and Henry Pan. "Field Test of Grassed-Swale Performance in Removing Runoff Pollution." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 127, no. 3 (June 2001): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2001)127:3(168).

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40

Lee, Eun Yeob, Kyoung hak Hyun, and Jong Suk Jung. "Analysis on Appropriate Plants of Infiltration Swale for Road Runoff." Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 19, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2016.19.5.19.

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41

Moseby, K. E., S. De Jong, N. Munro, and A. Pieck. "Home range, activity and habitat use of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in arid Australia: implications for control." Wildlife Research 32, no. 4 (2005): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04013.

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The home range, activity and habitat use of wild European rabbits in northern South Australia were compared during winter and summer, and results used to suggest improvements to control techniques. Average home range was significantly smaller in summer (2.1 ha) than winter (4.2 ha) and there was no significant difference between the sexes. Rabbits used both dune and swale habitat but most warrens and more surface fixes were recorded in dune habitat in both seasons. Proportionally more surface fixes were found in swale habitat at night than during the day. The proportion of diurnal fixes on the surface was not significantly influenced by season, averaging 47% in winter and 62% in summer. Only 30% of radio-collared rabbits flushed by humans retreated to warrens. Comparable levels of diurnal surface activity in both winter and summer suggest that the death rate from fumigation or warren destruction may be similar in both seasons. High levels of diurnal surface activity suggest that warren fumigation may be ineffective unless rabbits can first be flushed to their warrens. The use of dogs to flush rabbits before fumigation or ripping should increase the efficacy of control. Activity data suggest that fumigation or ripping should be conducted between 0900 and 1600 hours in winter and 1100 and 1800 hours in summer when radio-collared rabbits were most likely to be down their warrens. Home-range data suggest that the effectiveness of poison baiting may be increased by placing bait lines closer together in summer and, although bait lines should be concentrated in dune habitat, some poison should also be placed in swale feeding areas remote from warrens. The most successful control method for radio-collared rabbits was fumigation with phosphine gas tablets, with 10 of 11 rabbits successfully killed. Pressure fumigation with chloropicrin was also successful but 1080 poisoning and warren destruction using shovels were all relatively unsuccessful.

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42

Williams, AJ, and CR Dickman. "The ecology of insectivorous bats in the Simpson Desert central Australia: habitat use." Australian Mammalogy 26, no. 2 (2004): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04205.

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Seven species of insectivorous bats were positively identified within a regional study area in the Simpson Desert in south-western Queensland. This paper describes habitat use by this bat assemblage and the degree to which presence of water, food availability and roosting potential impact on bat activity. Bats predominantly utilised water sources, rock outcrops, dune/swale areas near woodland, dry creek lines and coolibah woodland habitats. However, they rarely used open habitats (open plain and dune/swale), acacia scrub and gidgee woodland. The bats foraged most often over water and on calmer nights, when insects were more active. Although highly active over water in some areas, bats may survive in the Simpson Desert without access to permanent water. Food availability in terms of flying insect abundance and biomass did not appear to significantly determine the use of different habitats. However, activity over the entire study area was concentrated in areas with a higher roosting potential. Consequently both tree and cave roost sites may be a limiting resource, resulting in bat activity being restricted predominantly to oases in the Simpson Desert study area.

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43

Bosede, Ariyo Adenike, and Obire Omokaro. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Heavy Metal content of Abattoir Wastewater in Bayelsa and Rivers States." International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 05, no. 05 (2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2022.5503.

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The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in wastewater generated from abattoir were analyzed. Wastewater samples were collected from four abattoirs in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State and an abattoir in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, respectively using standard methods. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined using Gas chromatographic method, while the heavy metals were determined using spectrophotometer. Results showed that Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene and Naphthalene recorded its highest value of 123.77µg/ml, 199.64µg/ml and 6.82µg/ml, respectively in wastewater samples from Opolo, while they were not detected in Rumuokoro samples (0.00µg/ml). Anthracene recorded the highest value in sample from Opolo (4.59 µg/ml) and the least value was in samples from Swale (0.00 µg/ml). Values of Benzo(a)pyrene recorded value of 0.86 µg/ml in Opolo sample. Chrysene value was 66.19µg/ml in Rumuokoro wastewater, 0.03µg/ml in Igbogene wastewater and 0.24 µg/ml in the control while the value was 0.00µg/ml in other abattoir locations. Benzo(b)flouranthene recorded the highest value of 38.79µg/ml at Igbogene and 1.93µg/ml in Tombia while other sampling location recorded 0.00µg/ml. Indenol(1,2,3cd) pyrene highest value of 4.38µg/kg was obtained at Igbogene, Swale, and the control, recorded zero value. Flourene was present in all the abattoir samples but with the highest concentration at Opolo (42.96µg/ml) and the least concentration in Swale (0.17µg/ml). The highest value of 2-methylnaphthalene recorded was 52.65µg/ml at Opolo which was followed by 11.2 µg/ml at Tombia while it was not detected in other locations (0.00µg/ml). Flouranthene recorded its highest concentration of 55.01µg/ml (Rumuokoro) and the least were 0.00µg/ml at Tombia. Rumuokoro and Igbogene had Benzo (k) fluoranthene concentrations of 14.90g/ml and 0.02g/ml, respectively, whereas other locations had zero. Except for Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Chrysene and Benzo(g,h,i)perylene, all the other PAHs were not detected in the control. The decreasing order of total PAHs in wastewater samples is as: Opolo > Tombia > Rumuokoro > Igbogene > Swale > Control. Chromium (Cr) was detected in wastewater from all abattoir locations, while all other heavy metals were undetected. Results from this study shows that the abattoir wastewaters had high pollution strength and thus should be treated before being discharged into the environment. The presence of PAHs that are known carcinogens poses a serious threat to the health and well-being of humans.

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44

SHUMWAY, SCOTT W., and CATHERINE R. BANKS. "Species Distributions in Interdunal Swale Communities: The Effects of Soil Waterlogging." American Midland Naturalist 145, no. 1 (January 2001): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0137:sdiisc]2.0.co;2.

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45

Abida, Habib, Jean Francois Sabourin, and Manel Ellouze. "ANSWAPPS: Model for the Analysis of Grass Swale-Perforated Pipe Systems." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 133, no. 3 (June 2007): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2007)133:3(211).

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46

Paek, Seoungbong, and Kyungik Gil. "Effect of Retention Time on the Removal Efficiency in Grassed Swale." Journal of Wetlands Research 16, no. 3 (August 31, 2014): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17663/jwr.2014.16.3.371.

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47

García-Ruiz, R., S. N. Pattinson, and B. A. Whitton. "Nitrous oxide production in the river Swale–Ouse, North–East England." Water Research 33, no. 5 (April 1999): 1231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00324-8.

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48

Eatherall, A., M. S. Warwick, and S. Tolchard. "Identifying sources of dissolved organic carbon on the River Swale, Yorkshire." Science of The Total Environment 251-252 (May 2000): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00381-8.

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49

Dines, R. A., and J. R. Wharfe. "The environmental impact of paper mill waste discharges to the Swale." Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological 38, no. 3 (January 1985): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(85)90130-8.

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50

Rujner, Hendrik, Günther Leonhardt, Jiri Marsalek, Anna-Maria Perttu, and Maria Viklander. "The effects of initial soil moisture conditions on swale flow hydrographs." Hydrological Processes 32, no. 5 (February 12, 2018): 644–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11446.

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