Статті в журналах: "SVPWM TECHNIQUE"

1

Katyara, Sunny, Ashfaque Hussain Hashmani, and Bhawani Shanker Chowdhry. "Development and Analysis of Pulse Width Modulation Techniques for Induction Motor Control." January 2020 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2001.09.

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Анотація:

SVPWM (Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation) technique is type of traditional PWM method that efficiently utilizes its dc link voltage and generates high voltage pulses with low harmonic content and high modulation index. VSI (Voltage Source Inverter) with SVPWM generates adjustable voltage and frequency signals for VSDs (Variable Speed Drives). This research work presents the simplified SVPWM technique for controlling the speed and torque of induction motor. The performance of developed SVPWM technique is analyzed in terms of its switching losses and harmonic content and compared with SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation). Mathematical modeling for induction motor control through two-level VSI with SVPWM and SPWM is presented. The voltage and current TDHs (Total Harmonic Distortions) of the drive with SVPWM technique are 73.23 and 63.3% respectively as compared to 101.99 and 77.89% with SPWM technique. Similarly, the switching losses with SVPWM technique are 178.79 mW and that of with SPWM are 269.45 mW. Simulink modeling and laboratory setup are developed to testify the efficacy of SVPWM and SPWM techniques. The modulation factor of SVPWM technique is 0.907 which is higher as compared to SPWM technique with 0.785 modulation factor.

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2

Rajasekar, S., M. Supriya, P. Naresh, R. Devaraj, and J. Kavya. "PMSM Speed Control using SVPWM Technique." June 2023 5, no. 2 (June 2023): 65–177. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jei.2023.2.005.

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A simulation analysis of a voltage source inverter using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) to control the speed of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) has been presented in this research. PMSM is an AC drive that widely helps in high power propulsion systems. SVPWM is one of the best PWM techniques. The SVPWM is powered by a voltage source inverter connected to the PMSM. Space vector modulation is responsible for developing pulses to control the switches of the inverter. This research introduces an SVPWM-fed three-phase voltage source inverter for controlling the speed of PMSM drives using MATLAB/Simulink.

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3

Zhu, Jian Guang, Sheng Kun Yan, and Shen Bo Yu. "Application of Random SVPWM Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1405.

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This paper analyses the harmonic distribution of current and voltage of inverter output based on RSVPWM control strategy and compares the result with normal SVPWM strategy. It gives the random strategy and verifiesthe strategys feasibility. Experimental results show that RSVPWM control method makes harmonic energy evenly distributed in wide frequency band, and changes the original discrete harmonic spectrum into a continuous spectrum on the whole frequency band as much as possible. Random switching frequency SVPWM control scheme could reduce the harmonic energy which focuses on the integral multiple of switching frequency, thus reducing electromagnetic noise and mechanical vibration.

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4

Ratib, Mohamed K., and Ahmed Rashwan. "Amplitude Sampled Reference-Based Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation for Control of Voltage Source Converters." Energy Systems Research, no. 2(14) (July 23, 2021): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.38028/esr.2021.02.0005.

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Memory, speed, reliability, and efficiency are the main characteristics of concern in new contemporary control techniques of electric power converters. Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is a widespread digital compute-intensive control technique used in the control of power converters. This study aims to overcome the large number of calculations needed by the SVPWM algorithm, which limits its implementation in many advanced industrial applications. This paper presents a low-cost software implemented simplified SVPWM technique. The proposed strategy generates the inverter switching times in a straightforward manner with no need for complicated and time-consuming sector identification and look-up switching tables. A simulation study has been done using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment for the three-phase voltage source converter (VSC). The results in terms of total harmonic distortion (THD) in the converter line voltage are compared for the proposed technique, conventional SVPWM, and space pulse width modulation (SPWM). The execution time is reduced considerably with a slight increase in the value of THD and about 14.4 percent DC-link voltage utilization over the SPWM.

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5

Singh, Laxmi, and Dr Imran. "Performance Analysis of Three-Phase Inverter Using Different Techniques for the Grid- Connected Pv System." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 06 (June 26, 2021): 1682–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/06458.

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The model of a three-phase voltage source inverter is examined based on space vector theory. SVPWM offers an improved outcome with the inverter as compared to the conservative SPWM technique for the inverter. There is a 15.5% upsurge in the line voltage of the inverter. SVPWM better exploits the available DC-link power with the SVPWM inverter. It has been revealed that the SVPWM method utilizes DC bus voltage extra competently and produces a smaller amount of harmonic distortion and easier digital realization in a three-phase voltage-source inverter. For converter‘s gating signals generation, the space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) strategy lessens the switching losses by restricting the switching to two-thirds of the pulse duty cycle. A hypothetical study regarding the use of the SVPWM the three-level voltage inverter and simulation results are offered to prove the usefulness of the SVPWM in the involvement in the switching power losses lessening, output voltages with fewer harmonics. Nevertheless, despite all the above-cited benefits that SVPWM enjoys over SPWM, the SVPWM technique used in three-level inverters is more difficult on account of a large number of inverter switching states. The attained simulation outcomes were satisfactory. As prospects, future experimental works will authenticate the simulation results. A software simulation model is developed in Matlab/Simulink.

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6

Nagarajan, C., D. Kalidass, S. Renugadevi, M. Poompavai, and P. C. Vignesh Kumar. "Performance Investigation on Buck Boost Conveter with Induction Drive Using SVPWM Controller." Asian Journal of Electrical Sciences 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajes-2022.11.1.3213.

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This article presents a SVPWM technique for inverter with two levels to operate the IM drive (induction motor) with Buck Boost converter. SVPWM are increasingly gained importance in high power industrial drive applications. SVPWM technique is preferred in order to decrease the THD value, switching losses and ripples. If any fault occurs in the main supply, the Buck Boost converter which acts as a battery storage device is used as supply to continuously drive the induction without any interruption. The main advantage of Buck Boost converter is it has continuous flow of input current. In the proposed scheme, the two-level SVPWM technique strategy fed IM has been modeled and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

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7

Abd Ali, Jamal, M. A. Hannan, Azah Mohamed, Hussein Shareef, and Ammar Hussein Mutlag. "Performance Development of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation for Induction Motor Drive Using Artificial Intelligence." Applied Mechanics and Materials 785 (August 2015): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.785.146.

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Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique is an advanced computation-intensive PWM method. It is the best among all PWM techniques for three-phase induction motor (TIM) drive applications because of its superior performance characteristics. In this paper, the use of artificial neural network (ANN) based SVPWM technique avoids the computational complex used in conventional SVM implementation. An ANN scheme structure is suggested to identify and approximate the conventional SVPWM for decrease the computational problem. Moreover, proportional-integral (PI) controller tuning is achieved using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to improve the TIM speed controller’s response performance. By designing an appropriate PSO algorithm, kp and ki of the PI speed controller parameters are tuned for TIM to attain the best parameter values.

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8

Bhukya, Ravikumar, and P. Satish Kumar. "Performance Analysis of Modified SVPWM Strategies for Three Phase Cascaded Multi-level Inverter fed Induction Motor Drive." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i2.pp835-843.

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This paper presents new modified space vector pulse width modulation techniques (Phase disposition-Space vector pulse width modulation, Alternative Phase Opposition disposition- Space vector pulse width modulation and Phase Opposition disposition-Space vector pulse width modulation) are analyzed for three-phase cascaded multi-level inverter fed induction motor from the point of view of the Phase voltages, line voltage, stator current,speed,torque and Total harmonic distortion.in the proposed modified technique the reference signals are generated by adding offset voltage to the reference phase voltages.This modified SVPWM technique does not involve region indentification,sector identification for switching vector determination as are required in the conventional multi level SVPWM technique,it is also reduces the computation time compared to the conventional space vector PWM technique.The necessary calculations for generation of new modified SVPWM for the modulation strategies have presented in detail. It is observed that the modified SVPWM modulation ensures excellent, close to optimized pulse distribution results and THD is compared to for five-level, seven-level, nine-level and eleven-level Cascaded H-Bride Multi-level Inverter fed to Induction motor. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

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9

Matale, Nishant, Mohan Thakre, and Rakesh Shriwastava. "A simplified SVPWM method for cascaded multilevel inverters." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2062, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2062/1/012032.

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Abstract A highly popular alternative in medium voltage and high-power applications is multilevel converters because of their superior performance over conventional two-level converters. The most commonly used control methods in the case of multilevel inverters are sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) methods. Among these two control strategies, SVPWM has superior performance over SPWM in terms of DC bus voltage utilization along with a reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD) of line voltages. The classical SVPWM method has various drawbacks such as computational complexity for identifying the location of reference voltage vector, sector identification, region identification, memory requirement to store lookup tables for switching vectors. The novel simplified SVPWM technique is presented for cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) in this paper. This simplified SVPWM method has overcome the drawbacks of the classical SVPWM method. This new technique has been implemented into a five-level CHBMLI to evaluate performance and also to compare with the SPWM method. The simulation has been performed in MATLAB software.

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10

Kumar, Rajiv, S. P. Singh, and Bhavnesh Kumar. "Performance Comparison of SVPWM and ANN based SVPWM Technique for Power Quality Improvement." Procedia Computer Science 93 (2016): 1024–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.306.

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11

Hussein, Taha A., and Laith A. Mohammed. "Detailed Simulink implementation for induction motor control based on space vector pulse width modulation SVPWM." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i3.pp1251-1262.

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Анотація:

Space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) generates less harmonic distortion in the output voltage or currents, provides more efficient use of supply voltage and better voltage utilization compared with sine pulse width modulation (PWM). In this work, a detailed Simulink implementation for SVPWM for the open loop control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is presented. Results show the output of the blocks that assembles SVPWM besides the PMSM voltages and currents when exposing the motor to different load torques. The technique of SVPWM enables the load to respond to the change in external load torque. This technique also results in lower total harmonic distortion and better utilization of the direct current (DC) supply compared with traditional sinusoidal pulse width modulation sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM).

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12

Shashibhushan, Shashibhushan, and Savita Sonoli. "Starting torque and torque ripple reduction using SVPWM based vector control of induction motor with nine-level cascaded multilevel inverter fed with solar PV power." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i2.pp1123-1132.

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This paper is an attempt to develop an Induction Motor Drive System with Multilevel Inverter topology for reduced torque ripple application. A Nine level-cascaded multilevel inverter is developed for the induction motor drive with SVPWM control powered by boost converter fed using solar PV supply. The SVPWM control based implementation of vector control using a multilevel inverter topology needs a multilevel SVPWM control technique, which is implemented in this paper. The Solar power supplied is applied with the MPPT technique and the supplied DC power is fed to the three phase cascaded 9 level multilevel inverter. The vector control of induction motor is carried out using the SVPWM technique on the multilevel topology. The torque ripple reduction in the output is observed and compared with the vector control of induction motor. Matlab based implementation is carried out and the results are tabulated and inferred.

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13

Acosta-Cambranis, Fernando, Jordi Zaragoza, Luis Romeral, and Néstor Berbel. "Comparative Analysis of SVM Techniques for a Five-Phase VSI Based on SiC Devices." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 6581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246581.

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Multiphase systems provides benefits compared to three-phase systems, such as improved torque per ampere, high power density, better fault tolerance, lower current per phase (due to power-splitting among a higher number of phases), and lower torque ripple, among others. Depending on the application, the system must meet determined requirements, such as the presence of harmonic content, power losses, and common-mode voltage (CMV) generation. This paper presents a comparative analysis of space vector modulation (SVM) techniques applied to a five-phase voltage source inverter with SiC switches to provide an overview of their performance. The performance of five-phase 2L SVPWM (space vector pulse width modulation), 2L+2M SVPWM, 4L SVPWM techniques, and their discontinuous versions, are analyzed by focusing on harmonic content, power losses, and CMV generation using SiC semiconductor devices. Matlab/Simulink and PLECS simulations are performed to achieve the above mentioned goal. The use of different techniques allows (1) reducing the harmonic distortion when 2L+2M SVPWM and 4L SVPWM are applied, and (2) the switching sequence of the modulation techniques can influence the switching losses. Therefore, the use of SiC switches reduces the switching losses. (3) However, CMV dv/dt increases. Therefore, it is possible to minimize the effects of the CMV dv/dt and amplitude by choosing the adequate technique.

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14

Benbouhenni, Habib. "Comparison study between seven-level SVPWM and two-level SVPWM strategy in direct vector control of a DFIG-based wind energy conversion systems." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v9.i1.pp12-21.

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In this paper, we present a comparative study between two-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and seven-level SVPWM strategy in direct vector control (DVC) of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion systems (WECSs). The feasibility and effectiveness of the two strategies are demonstrated by simulation results. The obtained results showed that, the proposed DVC strategy with Seven-level SVPWM technique have stator and rotor current with low harmonic distortion and low active and reactive powers ripples than two-level SVPWM strategy.

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15

Song, Peng Xian, Ping Wang, and Yao Hua Li. "A Fast Digital 3D-SVPWM Algorithm for Four-Leg Converter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 494–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.494.

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The three-phase four-leg converter can be obtained by adding a bridge into the traditional three-phase three-leg converter. The average mathematical model of three-phase four-leg converter is described in this paper. The three-dimensional space vector PWM (3D-SVPWM) is analyzed. For simplifying the modulation, a fast digital SVPWM algorithm which eliminates coordinate transformation and saves calculating time was proposed. The feasibility of the proposed modulation technique is verified by computer simulation. These results show that the proposed fast digital 3D-SVPWM technique can be easily implemented without conventional computational burden.

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16

Kumar, Ponnuri Ajay. "Five level inverter with SVPWM Control Technique." HELIX 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 3107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29042/2018-3107-3111.

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17

Nguyen Duc Minh, Bui Van Huy, Ngo Thi Quan, Nguyen Quang Ninh, and Trinh Trong Chuong. "RESEARCH AND DESIGN OF GRID-CONNECTED INVERTER IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH SVPWM TECHNIQUE." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 6, no. 11 (January 26, 2020): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v6.i11.2019.460.

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This paper presents the design and simulation of three phase grid-connected inverter for photovoltaic systems with power ratings up to 5 kW. In this research, the application of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique for inverter is explored. With the use of SVPWM inverter, synchronization between the inverter and electrical grid follows the Phaselocked Loop (PLL) algorithm. The proposed design is simulated and validated by experimental results.

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18

Usama, Muhammad, and Jaehong Kim. "Vector Control Algorithm Based on Different Current Control Switching Techniques for Ac Motor Drives." E3S Web of Conferences 152 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015203009.

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A comparative analysis of vector control scheme based on different current control switching pulses (HC, SPWM, DPWM and SVPWM) for the speed response of motor drive is analysed in this paper. The control system using different switching techniques, are comparatively simulated and analysed. Ac motor drives are progressively used in high-performance application industries due to small size, efficient performance, robust to torque response and high power to size ratio. A mathematical model of ac motor drives is presented in order to explain the numerical theory of motor drives. The vector control technique is utilized for efficient speed control of ac motor drive based on independent torque and air gap flux control. The study compares the total harmonic distortion contents of phase currents of ac motor drive and speed response in each case. The simulation result shows that total harmonic distortion across the phase current in SVPWM is less as compared to other switching techniques while the rise time in speed response across SVPWM technique is faster as compared to other switching methods. The simulation result of ac motor drives speed control is demonstrated in Matlab/Simulink 2018b.

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19

Kumar, Mallempati Sunil, Gopisetti Satheesh, and Sujatha Peddakotla. "Design of optimal PI controller for torque ripple minimization of SVPWM-DTC of BLDC motor." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp283-293.

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Conventional direct torque control (CDTC) for brushless DC motor (BLDCM) using proportional integral (PI) controller suffers from torque ripple minimization and speed regulation issues. A novel method in fusion with space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) with DTC using optimal PI controller is developed to minimize these issues. In this method, SVPWM replaces switching table and hysteresis controllers in CDTC. To get better performance in steady state, conventional PI controllers are preferred in SVPWM-DTC for BLDCM. However, uncertainty arises due to PI controller tuning as well as load variations. In such a case, optimal PI controller tuned properly can minimize these uncertainties. Here, JAYA algorithm is used to tune controller gain parameters. Simulations of proposed PI controller of SVPWM-DTC for BLDCM are carried away in Simulink. To appreciate the performance of proposed optimal controller of SVPWM-DTC for BLDCM, the simulation results are compared with Conventional PI controller and particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique based tuned PI controller. This proposed technique reduces the toque ripple by 63.1% when compared to conventional PI and 58.5% when compared to PSO-PI controller. It also improves the settling time by 43.9% when compared to conventional PI and 46.79% when compared to PSO-PI controller.

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20

Xue, Yang, Yuan Li, Jia Dong Zhang, Jing Lin, and Jun Tao Yang. "Application and Simulation of SVPWM Control Techniques in Three-Phase PV Grid-Connected Inverter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.81.

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Анотація:

The space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM), as a new kind of vector control technique, has the advantages of high voltage utilization, less distorted output, simple control method, etc. In this paper, the control technique is applied to three-phase photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected inverter system. It uses double loop control method combined with PI control technique. The simulation model of PV grid-connected inverter system is established in Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results show that the application of SVPWM technique effectively improves the dynamic performance of PV grid inverter system and the THD of grid-connected current is low.

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21

Thummala, Shireesha, E. Swarnalatha, B. Uma Suramanjhari, and N. Sudheer kumar. "Microcontroller Based Efficient Multilevel Inverter Using SVPWM Technique." IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 9, no. 3 (2014): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2834-0934127133.

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22

Zhu, Xu Ping. "Analysis of SVPWM with Minimum Switching Losses for Multi-Modular Converter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 1298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.1298.

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Анотація:

The classic voltage space vector PWM (SVPWM) is a kind of symmetrical regular-sampled PWM with zero sequence component added to its modulating wave. The technique of carrier phase shifted SPWM (CPS-PWM), which combines the multilevel with SPWM technique, is characteristic of high equivalent switching frequency of the output wave. A technique named sample time staggered SVPWM which combines SVPWM with CPS-PWM is presented in this paper. In order to reduce the maximum switching current, the zero sequence component added into the individual converter units can be adjusted dynamically according to the phase of the load current. Thus, the non-switching sectors can be arranged close to the period of the maximum load current. So the maximum switching current in each element can be reduced effectively and the minimum switching losses of the multi-modular converter are achieved. Simulation results implemented by PSCAD/EMTDC show the validity of the proposed approach.

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23

Geetha, K., C. Preethy, and P. Thenmozhi. "Simulation Model of Solar Induction Motor Drive System Using SVPWM Technique." Bonfring International Journal of Power Systems and Integrated Circuits 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijpsic.8312.

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24

Zheng, Bo, and Hong Zheng. "The Simulation Research of Two State Markov Chain in the Double Random SVPWM of the Variable Frequency Control System." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 1828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.1828.

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Анотація:

At present the Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique has been widely used in the variable frequency control system,but the technique will make the system produce higher harmonic components at the switching frequency integer multiple times,thus the harmonic produce the high frequency noise.In the face of this problem, this paper adopts double random SVPWM technique which is added two state Markov chain to effectively reduce the high frequency noise.The technique makes the harmonic components amplitude value of the output current reduced effectively in the inverter of the variable frequency control system,so that the more output current is more relatively evenly distributed in the wide frequency range,so as to minimize the electromagnetic noise.

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25

Bharatiraja, C., J. L. Munda, N. Sriramsai, and T. Sai Navaneesh. "Investigation of the Common Mode Voltage for a Neutral-Point-Clamped Multilevel Inverter Drive and its Innovative Elimination through SVPWM Switching-State Redundancy." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i3.pp892-900.

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Анотація:

The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive Investigations and its control on the common mode Voltage (CMV) of the three-phase three-level neutral-point diode-clamped (NPC) multilevel inverter (MLI). A widespread space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique to mitigate the perpetual problem of the NPC-MLI, the CMV, proposed. The proposed scheme is an effectual blend of nearest three vector (NTV) and selected three vector (STV) techniques. This scheme is capable to reduce the CMV without compromise the inverter output voltage and Total harmonics distraction (THD). CMV reduction achieved less than +Vdc/6 using the proposed vector selection procedure. The theoretical Investigations, the MATLAB software based computer simulation and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) supported hardware corroboration have shown the superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional SVPWM schemes.

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26

R. Linga, Swamy, and R. Somanatham. "Reduction of common mode voltage for cascaded 3-level inverter using SVPWM." i-manager’s Journal on Electrical Engineering 15, no. 4 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jee.15.4.18626.

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Анотація:

The common mode voltage (CMV) generated by multilevel inverters can be reduced. This paper presents a Spacevector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) approach for cascaded 3-level inverters to reduce common mode voltage. Conventional 3-level pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters are widely known for producing high-frequency commonmode voltages with high dv/dt. Motor shaft voltages and bearing currents can be caused by common mode voltages. In this work, to reduce common mode voltage, partial CMV elimination technique is used. In this method the redundant states of 3-level inverter having CMV less than or equal to Vdc/6 are only used and the redundant states having CMV greater than Vdc/6 are avoided by implementing SVPWM, where Vdc is the input DC voltage of inverter. A simulation of an dc SVM technique to reduce common mode voltage is implemented. Bearing voltages, bearing currents and total harmonic distortion (THD) are evaluated in the performance analysis. The results will prove the reduction of CMV with the proposed technique compared to conventional SVPWM.

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27

Kumar, Amit, and Gopalakrishna Srungavarapu. "A power quality enhanced grid voltage sensorless predictive direct power control for active front end rectifiers." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 13 (November 9, 2017): 3809–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217732617.

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Анотація:

In this research work, a power quality enhanced grid voltage sensorless deadbeat predictive direct power control (DB-DPC) approach for AC/DC power converters based on latest virtual flux (VF) estimation, DB-DPC and space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is proposed. At first, the grid voltage sensorless technique with switching table based DPC, which is a conventional approach, is discussed and its performance is analyzed under both increase of load as well as decrease of load conditions. Further, the proposed technique performance is also analyzed under the same circumstance and its performance is compared with the traditional method. The proposed technique has numerous advantages over the conventional method such as constant switching frequency, better active and reactive power control, good regulation of dc bus voltage, and enhanced power quality performance. As the proposed approach utilizes VF, DB-PC, and SVPWM techniques, this ensure line voltage sensorless approach, excellent control dynamics and constant switching frequency, respectively. At the end, experimental validation is done to confirm the supremacy of the proposed technique under load varying conditions and has a phenomenal performance under these circumstances.

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28

Habib, Benbouhenni. "Robust Direct Power Control of a DFIG Fed by a Five- Level NPC Inverter Using Neural SVPWM Technique." Tecnica Italiana-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.650118.

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Анотація:

The work presents a new direct power command (DPC) strategy based on a second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC) of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) integrated in a wind energy conversion system (WECS). In the first step we propose to use a five-level inverter based on the neural space vector pulse width modulation (NSVPWM) to supply the DFIG rotor side. This is the harmonic distortion (THD) of the DFIG rotor voltage and then performs provides the power to the grid by the stator side. The traditional DPC with space vector pulse width modulation (DPC-SVPWM) using proportional-integral (PI) controllers has considerable reactive and active power oscillations at a steady-state operation. In order to ensure a robust DFIG DPC-SVPWM technique and minimize the reactive and active power ripples, a SOSMC algorithms is used in the second step. The Simulation results show the efficiency of the designed control scheme especially in terms of the quality of the provided power compared to DPC-SVPWM.

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Saeed, Amer Tayes, Mohammed Qasim Taha, and Abdullah Khalid Ahmed. "Tracking technique for the sudden change of PV inverter load." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i4.pp2076-2083.

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Анотація:

Many power electronics applications require a power calculation in the control system. To get a suitable output, engineers need to control the process and regulate the power exchange with the grid. Since real and reactive power calculations are so crucial a topic, a novel control strategy for a single-phase photovoltaic (PV) inverter has been developed. Therefore, Direct power control (DPC) and a single-phase three-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) combine as a control and modulation system. In this paper, predictive real and reactive power control and SVPWM method are conferred in the inner loop. A voltage controller based on a proportionalintegral (PI) scheme is used in the outer loop to acquire constant output voltage and provide power refers to the DPC. The performance of the proposed method is verified by using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

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30

Lin, Jia Quan, Xu Yu Cheng, and Xin Mu. "A Modeling and Simulation Method for SVPWM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.815.

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Анотація:

The SVPWM technique plays an important role in the DC-AC transform. The modeling and simulation for SVPWM were proposed in this paper. The sector calculating model and basic vector working time model were set up. The effective vector function of time was set up. The triangle wave symmetry modulation was established too. The simulation results show that the model proposed in this paper is effective and has application value.

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31

Benbouhenni, Habib. "ANFIS-sliding mode control of a DFIG supplied by a two-level SVPWM technique for wind energy conversion system." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v9.i1.pp36-47.

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Анотація:

A modified adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system sliding mode control (ANFIS-SMC) by using two-level space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is proposed in this article. ANFIS-SMC with SVPWM strategy improves the basic SMC performances, which features low stator active and reactive power and also minimize the total distortion harmonic (THD) of stator current. The computer simulation results, in Matlab, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy which improves the performance of the DFIG.

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32

M, Vivekanandhan, and Chitra S. "PSO based Solar PV system for SVPWM Controlled Induction Motor for Agricultural Applications." Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 5, no. 1 (March 2023): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2023.1.007.

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Анотація:

Nowadays, renewable energy sources play a major role in agricultural applications. The recommended Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with DC-DC converter supports in refining the output voltage. This is beneficial however since the partial shading condition of PSO technique has high output power with fewer searching steps of MPPT. The objective of this work is to propose a PSO based boost converter using Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) method. PSO has been anticipated to track the Global Maximum Point (GMP) under the partial shading condition. The welfares of the SVPWM technique are fixed switching frequency and lower harmonic content. The centrifugal pump used in agricultural system is obsessed by SVPWM controlled three-phase induction motor. The extent of the motor as well as the photovoltaic array evaluations are certain as the water could be pumped out even at temperature fluctuations and irradiation levels. The efficacy of the proposed design is observed under the MATLAB/SIMULINK.

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Rathore, Vishal, and Krishna Bihari Yadav. "Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Analysis of SPIM Drive Using Modified SVPWM Technique." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 20, no. 2 (June 21, 2022): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2022202.246877.

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Анотація:

This paper presents a modified space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique for a five-level inverter that provides complete control over the multiple space-vector voltages of a six-phase inverter. This technique involves splitting six phases into two three-phase five-level inverters connected in parallel. A six-phase induction motor (SPIM) drive with a distributed neutral is considered as the load. This paper also presents a comparative analysis between the proposed and conventional SVPWM inverter-fed SPIM drives. To investigate the analytical developments and voltage limits, MATLAB/Simulink environment was used in this study. A prototype was developed in the laboratory for analyzing the harmonic components of the phase voltages and currents. The efficacy of the proposed technique was validated by means of comprehensive experiments, and the results discussed herein.

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34

Song, Shu, Ya Jun Zhang, and Wei Lin. "Modeling and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Pure Electric Vehicle Based on Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation." Advanced Materials Research 466-467 (February 2012): 1344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.466-467.1344.

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Анотація:

Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique is one of the best method of PWM variable frequency drive and make the AC motor achieving the performance as good as DC motor. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) has many advantages of small volume, steady operation, high energy efficiency, large output torque, etc. To solve the problems of auto environment and energy sources, study on Pure Electric Vehicles (PEV) driven by PMSM based on SVPWM is an important research direction and has the practical value. On the basis of analyzing the basic models of SVPWM, PMSM and PEV, simulation model of PMSM Control System for PEV can be constructed. The results of the simulation show that the control system has super performance and meet the request of system.

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35

B G, Shivaleelavathi, Chinmayi Srikanth, and Veeramma Yatnalli. "Review on Multi Level Inverter Topologies and Control Strategies for Solar Power Conversion." EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology 8, no. 2 (August 5, 2020): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.24003/emitter.v8i2.500.

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Анотація:

Nowadays solar power has become an alternate method of power generation for standalone systems for both urban and rural electrification. The Power Electronics converters used for the power conversion should provide quality AC output to have near sinusoidal voltage. The inverter topology and the PWM technique of the inverter play a vital role in providing quality output. This paper reviews recent contribution to establish the current status and development of the technology to provide reader with an insightful review of multilevel inverters and its control strategy. A brief overview of Multi Level Inverters (MLI) topology and advantages of Cascaded H-Bridge Multi Level Inverter (CHBMLI) for solar power conversion is presented and the various control strategies for CHBMLI are discussed with view point of quality output. Among the different PWM techniques discussed, the Elliptical Multi Carrier PWM (EMC PWM) control strategy is the new modulation technique which successfully improves the DC bus utilization without over-modulation and without adding third harmonic to fundamental frequency. Also, the technique is successful in reducing the %THD at the output voltage. The control strategy is simple even with increased level of output voltage, which is not possible in SVPWM technique. Hence, the EMC PWM technique is having better performance when compared to Multi Carrier PWM (MCPWM) technique, Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) technique and Third Harmonic Injection PWM (THIPWM) technique.

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Sharma, Adeesh, and Himmat Singh. "MATLAB SIMULATION OF D-STATCOM USING SVPWM." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i5.2018.240.

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Анотація:

In this paper, A Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM) is used for improving the power factor, power quality and to control power flow control in the distribution line. It used to give reactive and active power compensation in the distribution line. The power depends on the power factor of the loads connected to the transmission line. In this paper we have used a new DSTATCOM using modified SVPWM technique. The previous DSTATCOM are basically controlled by PWM, or SPWM technique which produce high harmonics distortion but using SVPWM technique distortion reduces to maximum possible level. In our system we also have examined the losses due to DSTATCOM when connected in the distribution system. To decrease the reactive power and to minimize the undesirable load to require maintains the flow of reactive power. As a result, the power a factor of the load descant, leading to the limitation of the active power flow in the line. The D-STATCOM is a power electronics based on advanced device can be used to control power flow in the distribution line. The construction of system is able to recover the drop-in bus voltage when any loading effect arises, but due to 5th harmonic performance of DSTATCOM reduces somewhere.

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37

Zhao, You Tao, Yan Cheng Liu, and Jun Jie Ren. "Study on Direct Torque Control Applied in the Electrical Propulsion Ship." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 1252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.1252.

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Анотація:

With the development of AC (alternating current )technique, larger power PMSM ( permanent m- agnet synchronous motor ) has been applied in the marine electric propulsion systems. In this paper the imple- mentation of the DTC (direct torque control) systems for a variable-speed 4088kW PMSM in ship electric propulsion systems has been studied. A novel control method using SVPWM (space vector pulse width mo- dulation) was proposed and a SVPWM module was designed. Then a DTC – SVPWM simulation model of PMSM with the load of propeller was found. The simulation results shows that the variable frequency speed regulation system have good response performance in the process of the motor start or speedup and through comparing the simulation results with the experiment data of the PMSM, the validity of the model is verified.

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38

Janiga, Srinivasrao, Sarfaraz Nawaz Syed, Suresh Kumar Tummala, and Srinivasa Varma Pinni. "Speed Control of an Induction Motor Fed by an Inverter Using dSPACE Controller." E3S Web of Conferences 87 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198701002.

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Анотація:

This paper presents the design and implementation of Inverter system for driving three phase Induction motor using DSPACE DS1104 controller with the controlling objective space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique. AC motor drives are commonly used over DC motor drives because of their more advantages. Induction motor is the most commonly used AC motor drive for various industrial and domestic applications. The project will be commenced by a basic understanding of SVPWM inverter, components used in the design and study the mathematical equations of the Induction motor. The performance of SVPWM based Induction motor (IM) in open loop is presented with simulation. Here the hardware implementation of the three phase inverter which is fed to a three phase induction motor driven by DSPACE CP1104 is been implemented.

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39

Lavanya, K. "Performance of PMSM Using SVPWM Technique for 2-Level Inverter." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 4 (April 30, 2018): 4317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.4709.

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40

Aksoz, Ahmet, Yipeng Song, Ali Saygin, Frede Blaabjerg, and Pooya Davari. "Improving Performance of Three-Phase Slim DC-Link Drives Utilizing Virtual Positive Impedance-Based Active Damping Control." Electronics 7, no. 10 (October 4, 2018): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7100234.

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Анотація:

In this paper, a virtual positive impedance (VPI) based active damping control for a slim DC-link motor drive with 24 section space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) is proposed. Utilizing the proposed control and modulation strategy can improve the input of current total harmonic distortion (THD) while maintaining the cogging torque of the motor. The proposed system is expected to reduce the front-end current THD according to international standards, as per IEC 61000 and IEEE-519. It is also expected to achieve lower cost, longer lifetime, and fewer losses. A permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is fed by the inverter, which adopts the 24 section SVPWM technique. The VPI based active damping control for the slim DC-link drive with/without the 24 section SVPWM are compared to confirm the performance of the proposed method. The simulation results based on MATLAB are provided to validate the proposed control strategy.

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41

Ali, Syed Munvar, V. Vijaya Kumar Reddy, and M. Surya Kalavathi. "Coupled random PWM technique for dual inverter fed induction motor drive." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i1.pp58-65.

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Анотація:

Dual inverter fed induction motor drives provide more advantages in contrast with other multilevel inverter drives. Coupled PWM techniques provide good standard of output voltage than the decoupled PWM techniques for dual inverter configuration. In this paper analysis of open end winding induction motor by coupled random PWM signals and decoupled SVPWM signals was carried out. Induction motor by random PWM technique generate low acoustic noise and electromagnetic interference to near by systems. The performance evaluation of the drive wss implemented in MATLAB/simulink and the results were presented.

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42

Wu, Guo Qing, Zhi Jun Chen, Jing Feng Mao, Yu Mei Zhang, Xu Dong Zhang, Kun Yang, Jing Ling Zhou, Yang Cao, and Wei Nan Zhu. "Simulation of Vector Control Strategy of PMSM Based on MATLAB." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 1782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.1782.

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Анотація:

In the fields of numerical control machine, robot etc, vector control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has widely application prospects. Proportion integration (PI) adjustment block, coordinate transformation block, space vector pulse width module (SVPWM) block and the simulation model of the whole system are built in MATLAB/SIMULINK according to the mathematical model, SVPWM technique and vector control theory of PMSM. The simulation results show that stator winding triphase current can run smoothly, speed and output torque can be accurately follow the given value. The results provide the basis for further research of the performance of the PMSM control system.

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43

Durgam, Rajababu, Ramsha Karampuri, Shriram S. Rangarajan, Umashankar Subramaniam, E. Randolph Collins, and Tomonobu Senjyu. "Investigations on the Modulation Strategies for Performance Improvement of a Controlled Wind Energy System." Electronics 11, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 3931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233931.

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Анотація:

The challenges faced in an isolated wind energy conversion system (WECS) are larger transient times, high steady-state error, and larger harmonic content. To overcome these issues, an adaptive voltage controller (AVC) along with the load current observer (LCO) could be the better proposition. However, the AVC and LCO, in conjunction with the conventional space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique to operate the three-phase inverter of WECS, would not be able to further improve these parameters. This paper proposes the use of the unified voltage SVPWM (UVSVPWM) technique along with the AVC and LCO, which could improve the transient behavior by about 30% as well as reduce the harmonic content of the load voltage and current by about 70% and 2%, respectively. This paper considers an isolated WECS connected to the linear load, which is operated under balanced as well as unbalanced load conditions. The proposed control technique is verified for both the balanced and unbalanced cases using MATLAB/Simulink.

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44

Bhukya, Ravi Kumar, and P. Satish Kumar. "Simplified down sampling factor based modified SVPWM technique for cascaded inverter fed induction motor drive." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v9.i1.pp20-26.

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Анотація:

This paper presents a rivew, investigation and performance analysis of novel down samples factor based modified space vector PWM is called clamping SVPWM technique for cascaded Multilevel Invereter fed to Induction motor drive. In this paper the reference sine wave generated as in case of conventional off set injected SVPWM technique is modified by down sampling factor the reference wave by order of 10. The performance analyses of this modulation strategies are analyzed by apply for five level, seven level, nine level and eleven level inverter. The performance analysis of cascaded inverter interms of line voltage, stator current, speed, torque and total harmonic distortion. The results are depicting that PD PWM is more effective among the four proposed PWM technique. It is observed that the CSV Pulse width modulation ensures excellent, close to optimized pulse distribution results compared to SPWM technique and also 11-level inverter beter performance in case of low THD and better foundemental output voltages comapared to 5, 7, 9-level inverter. The proposed technique has been simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. This proposed technique can be applied to N-level multilevel Inverter also.

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45

Patel, Krishna S., and Vijay H. Makwana. "Performance Investigation of Grid-Connected DFIG using Integrated Shunt Active Filtering Capabilities." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401041.

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Анотація:

This paper presents the modified grid side converter control (GSC) technique which enable the GSC to work as a shunt active filter to mitigate the grid current harmonics produced by the nonlinear load, as well as to transfer power from the grid to the rotor of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) or vice versa. The main contribution of this proposed technique is an addition of a shunt active filter with space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) controller in GSC control itself in order to achieve a better grid current %THD profile, and simultaneously to control active power for variable wind speed. The reactive power supply to the DFIG and extraction of maximum power is achieved using RSC. The comparison of the modified GSC control technique using hysteresis current control (HCC), and SVPWM controller used to mitigate the harmonics is presented with different wind speeds. The proposed modified GSC control technique is simulated for grid-connected 2.6 MW DFIG based wind energy conversion system (WECS) in MATLAB Simulink environment.

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46

Almelian, Mohamad Milood, Izzeldin I. Mohd, Abu Zaharin Ahmad, Mohamed Salem, Mohamed A. Omran, Awang Jusoh, and Tole Sutikno. "Enhancing the performance of cascaded three-level VSC STATCOM by ANN controller with SVPWM integegration." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 3880. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i5.pp3880-3890.

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This article presents a cascaded three-level voltage source converter (VSC) based STATCOM employing an artificial neuron network (ANN) controller with a new simple circuit of space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique. The main aim of utilizing ANN controller and SVPWM technique is to minimize response time (RT) of STATCOM and improve its performance regard to PF amplitude, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of VSC output current during the period of lagging/leading PF loads (inductive/capacitive loads). The performance of STATCOM is tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK in IEEE 3-bus system. The simulation results clearly proved that the STATCOM with intelligent controller is more efficient compared to a conventional controller (PI controller), where ANN enables the voltage and current to be in the same phase rapidly (during 1.5 cycles) with THD less than 5%.

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47

Eswararao, Balabomma, and B. Sankara Prasad. "Fuel Cell Fed Induction Motor Speed Control Through Z Source Inverter." Journal of Advance Research in Electrical & Electronics Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2395) 2, no. 5 (May 31, 2015): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nneee.v2i5.207.

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Анотація:

This paper presents the Z- source inverter feeding to an Induction motor (IM). This Z-source inverter is also be used to boost up the available low voltage DC supply from the fuel cell. This paper has been proposed the speed control of fuel cell fed induction motor through z source inverter. The speed control of an induction motor is a highly efficient this can be used in numerous adjustable speed applications. To achieve transient performance, the peak DC link voltage is employed, which improves rejection of disturbance. SVPWM is used in switching algorithm. The closed loop SVPWM control technique of an induction motor is shown. This technique is widely used in industry. The performance of the proposed speed control method is verified through MATLAB/simulation. The simulation results of proposed scheme present good dynamic and steady state performance over the traditional voltage source inverter fed induction motor drive.

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48

Suresh Kumar Annam and N. Yadaiah. "A hysteresis current control PWM for PV tied Z-source NPC-MLI fed induction motor with neutral point balancing." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 7, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.7.2.0339.

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Анотація:

Photo-voltaic (PV) tied Z-source Neutral-point clamped NPC-MLI (Z-NPC-MLI) is used in solar grid connected applications due to its improved performance related to conservative inverters due to its single stage power conversion. Though the Z source inverters adaptation is accepted in grid connected technology, the need for appropriate controller to meet out the grid/standalone requirements is becoming necessary. The space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) strategy is a prominent modulation technique for Z-source NPC-MLIs due to their appropriate voltage vector selection opportunity. The current controller (CC) based SVPWM is not attempted, which is the most essential consideration for the grid connected inverter to provide a low harmonic distortion, high quality current. With all this aim, the paper presents a PV tied Z-NPC-MLI grid connected system with a unique hysteresis current control SVPWM (HSVM) strategy with neutral point (NP) balancing control. The simulation results are confirmed the feasibility and reliability of the proposed CC for the PV tie grid connected Z- Source MLI.

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49

Moungkhum, Nopparat, and Wanchai Subsingha. "Voltage Control by DQ Frame Technique of SVPWM AC- DC Converter." Energy Procedia 34 (2013): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.762.

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50

Garces-Gomez, Y. A., Fredy E. Hoyos, and John E. Candelo-Becerra. "Classic Discrete Control Technique and 3D-SVPWM Applied to a Dual Unified Power Quality Conditioner." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 5087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235087.

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Анотація:

The unified power quality conditioners (UPQCs) are useful to correct distortions in voltage and current waveforms in case of problems related to harmonics, flicker, and power factor. The dual topology of the UPQC allows a loop control in the inverters less demanding in terms of switching functions; however, the control techniques proposed in the literature have some disadvantages as large computation time and some calculation delays. Therefore, this paper presents the application of a classic discrete-time control model for a three-dimensional space vector pulse width modulation (3D-SVPWM) to be used with the dual UPQC, obtaining a fixed commutation frequency and a low computation cost. The results show that the applied method helps to reduce the harmonics in the source, voltage sags and load current and improve the power factor of the electrical circuit tested. Furthermore, the high frequency created by the switching of elements in the UPQC is filtered by the impedance of the power source and it does not represent a problem for the circuit. Due to the simplicity of the model, simulations demonstrate that the application of this classical control technique is enough to achieve good results to compensate harmonics and power factor with the dual UPQC. The development of the controllers is carried out by discretization of the transfer functions of the control in continuous time and their application with the three-dimensional space vector pulse width modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique.

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