Дисертації: "Sustainable Development Finance"

1

Vianelli, Elena <1996&gt. "Sustainable Finance and Sustainable Development: The SDGs and ESG Indicators in Sustainable Investment Evaluation in Italy." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19814.

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La sostenibilità è diventata parte integrante della società attuale, che sta affrontando sfide senza precedenti quali inquinamento e degradazione ambientale. Questa tendenza ha influenzato anche il settore finanziario, il quale ha risposto anche alla crescente richiesta da parte degli investitori di prodotti e strumenti di investimento sostenibile. La presente tesi si propone di analizzare la natura e l'evoluzione della finanza sostenibile, delineando le sue caratteristiche principali e definendo un trend di integrazione degli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile (OSS) e degli indicatori Environmental, Social e Governance (ESG) nelle valutazioni di investimento sostenibile. I dati sono relativi al periodo 2016-2020, con un focus nelle società di gestione del risparmio (SGR) e banche italiane. I dati sono stati raccolti ed analizzati attraverso un sondaggio. Il sondaggio è stato redatto in collaborazione con eAmbiente s.r.l.. La prima parte della tesi presenta una panoramica dei principali aspetti riguardanti la sostenibilità e la finanza sostenibile, includendo i progressi relativi agli Obiettivi di Sviluppo Sostenibile dell'Agenda 2030. La seconda parte descrive la metodologia utilizzata ed analizza i risultati ottenuti dal questionario, con l'obiettivo di definire il progresso, regresso o stabilità delle valutazioni di investimento sostenibile nei cinque anni considerati.

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Verryn, Annette. "Towards sustainable microfinance: The case of Capitec Bank and Grameen Bank." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30219.

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This thesis investigates the level of sustainability of two microfinance institutions (MFIs): Grameen Bank of Bangladesh and Capitec Bank of South Africa. Data from 2004 to 2013 is used in this study employing internationally accepted sustainability criteria, namely, the Small Enterprise Education and Promotion (SEEP) 2010 Microfinance Financial Reporting Standards (MFRS) and the SEEP Framework of 2005. The results of this study indicate that although the operations of both microfinance institutions are sustainable, Capitec Bank exhibits a higher level of sustainability as compared to Grameen Bank. This is evidenced by Capitec Bank’s higher levels of profitability, capital adequacy and solvency, operational self-sufficiency, and healthier asset portfolio. This finding underlines South Africa’s financial sector’s stability, institutional quality, competitive market, and solid regulatory framework. The sustainability criteria suggest that Capitec Bank and other South African MFIs should heed Grameen Bank’s low ROE and insufficient capital adequacy and solvency measures. Ensuring healthy and strategic lending portfolios gives a good ROE for a firm’s shareholders. Furthermore, the capital adequacy and solvency ratios have important implications for an institution’s capital structure. Therefore, Capitec and South African MFIs should maintain healthy ROE, capital adequacy and solvency ratios in order to ensure their long-term sustainability. As future research, it would be useful if data were made available to enable an assessment of a failed South African MFI to obtain clearer insight into the South African microfinance sector. Furthermore, data on Grameen and Capitec’s asset quality and social performance will give additional insight into the social sustainability of these two MFIs.

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Dhlamini, Xolisa. "Sustainable & responsible private equity in Southern Africa: evolutionary strides in a revolution?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29010.

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The study primarily explores whether private equity (PE) and venture capital (VC) firms in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) integrate sustainable and responsible investment (SRI) practices in their investment processes. Also examined were the influences, opportunities and challenges associated with Southern African PE and VC firms adopting and implementing SRI towards sustainable growth and development in the SADC region. A field study conducted with 41 PE & VC firms as well as 6 DFI's operating in the SADC region found that PE & VC firms integrated ESG factors in their investment management processes despite the majority having no formal SRI policies. ESG integration was integrated mainly for risk management and as part of the overall business strategy. Corporate governance was top of agenda followed by social and environmental aspects. Awareness for Codes for Responsible Investing in South Africa (CRISA) was very poor amongst the PE & VC firms. PE & VC firms also found little value in becoming signatories of the UNPRI. The PE & VC firms anticipated minimal or no impact to their respective businesses if ESG were to be integrated formally and consistently. PE & VC firms agreed that ESG risks should be actively managed and that the investment holding periods enable them to manage ESG effectively, however, a number of challenges hinder the integration of ESG in SADC such as difficultly in sourcing standard ESG information, translation of the information into quantitative measures, insufficient skills among professionals to assess or link ESG factors to investment performance and the lack of clear regulatory & legislative guidance in effective ESG integration. A recommendation is for PE & VC firms to formalise SRI policies as the first steps towards consistent integration of ESG in investment making processes. Further recommendations are for remuneration of PE & VC professionals to be aligned directly to ESG performance and for investors such as DFI's to be more proactive in monitoring their appointed PE & VC managers (particularly in auditing of ESG performance reports compiled by the PE & VC firms.

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Bergman, Jenny, Cristina Knudsen, and Kate Seely. "Building Collaborative Relationships for a Sustainable Finance System." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3123.

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Society today faces unprecedented social and environmental challenges that are both complex in nature and require immediate and severe action. The financial system is a complex system that has an important impact on the sustainable development of society. Currently, however, the role of the finance system in sustainability is ambivalent, as it invests both in the causes of the sustainability challenge as well as its potential solutions. As the finance system is a complex system collaboration is needed to make change possible. Relationships are a key component of collaboration, and this research looks closer at how relationship building can enable effective collaboration aimed at finance systems change. Research draws on Literature, and a case study of the Finance Innovation Lab including 19 qualitative interviews. In order to build collaborative relationships for a sustainable finance system the results point to: 1) the importance of the individual being present in the initiative rather than the organization they represent, and the importance of connecting on personal level; 2) the complexity of relationship building, with different processes and key elements interrelating; and 3) collaborative relationships being only one part of systemic transformation, requiring also a diversity of people and a clear structure and common strategy to be effective in achieving their goals.

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5

Chinyamunzore, Ephraim. "Green finance and green growth: towards sustainable development in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30355.

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The economic progress that the world has achieved so far, has come at a steep price to the environment and social justice. There is a general global rise in environmental degradation and social inequality, mainly due to unsustainable habits of production and consumption. Greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from burning fossil fuels, are on the rise; causing global warming, climate change, and the resultant extreme weather conditions. This global trend is also manifesting itself in South Africa; where the current economic model has failed to adequately address unemployment, poverty, and inequality. Several studies have recommended that countries should implement the Green growth strategy as a solution, because it will move economies towards sustainable development. Greening economies require investments in low carbon infrastructures, such as Renewable Energy (RE) technology, and supportive policies. The purpose of this study is to explore South Africa’s RE policy instrument and the country’s progress towards green growth. To this end, correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between green finance and South Africa’s RE policy instrument; descriptive statistical analysis was employed to investigate South Africa’s progress towards green growth. Other BRICS countries as well as Germany were included in order to benchmark South Africa’s progress. The study found a positive correlation between green finance and the RE policy instrument. The implication of this finding is that reductions in tariffs paid to RE producers, due to the auction process, may result in decreased levels of green finance invested in the RE sector. A policy recommendation would be to include other financial incentives to attract investments in the RE sector, such as favourable tax rates for producers and the use of subsidies. Another finding is that there was a tendency for private finance invested in these projects to decrease as the level of public finance increases, suggesting crowding out. Policy recommendations are that public finance should be restricted to small projects; play a subordinated role in big projects; and address investment difficulties faced by private investors. The following are some of the findings with regard to South Africa’s progress towards green growth. South Africa was the second worst CO2 emitter per capita; recorded high levels of air pollution; was one of the least energy-efficient countries; regressed on forests management and had the lowest percentage of RE consumption. The implications are negative for the country’s progress towards green growth. The suggested solutions are to promote energy efficiency and increase RE consumption by accelerating green investments in the RE sector. There is hope though, that South Africa is making good progress towards sustainable development, as depicted by the growth rates of most of the country’s green growth indicators.

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6

Temitope, Ojo. "Infrastructure finance in Africa through the Public Private Partnership (PPP): Is the Lekki-Epe Toll Road (Nigeria) economically sustainable?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29027.

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The aims of the study could be highlighted as follows: 1. To review the existing academic literature on infrastructure finance, particularly in the area of road construction and the economic models adopted in the financing process. 2. To determine whether the accruing benefits from the concession of Lekki-Epe Expressway out-weighed the cost of constructing the purported road. 3. To determine whether the inflows from toll Lekki-Epe expressway can economically sustain the cost over-run on the Lekki-Epe express road concession.

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7

Murambadoro, Betty. "The Role of Development Finance Institutions and Aid Agencies in Zimbabwe’s achievement of Sustainable Development Goals." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28408.

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This research looked at external funding and its role in determining the success rate of the developmental agenda at country specific level. To undertake this investigation, the role of external funding was assessed alongside other factors largely viewed to be also relevant in discussing the success of the development agenda. The research relied on primary data collected from various participants deemed to be relevant stakeholders in development studies and its success drivers. The sample comprised bilaterals, multilaterals, aid agencies, private commercial sector, policy makers, regulators and the UN agencies. Extensive research was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires and also supported by interviews to probe further on the key sub-topics. The other factors explored alongside external funding in terms of their significance in influencing outcome of the development agenda are strong financial institutions, strong legal institutions, economic reform, competent human capital and international trade. While the factors linked to governance were ranked highly in terms of significance in driving Zimbabwe’ s achievement of sustainable development goals, the numeric difference on points scored were not materially significant. The research outcome highlighted the interconnectedness of the factors assessed in augmenting the impact of capital inflows in meeting the development agenda. In addition, it exposed the significance of broader stakeholder consultation and commitment at a national level.

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8

Zhou, Lei. "Achieving Sustainable Development through the Private Finance Initiative Procurement Process in the UK." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515419.

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9

Ducie, Gregory Justin. "Financial viability of sustainable infrastructural development at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015063.

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Sustainable environmental practices need to be integrated into a university's infrastructural operations. Universities are entities that function within financial constraints with varying priorities across both administrative and educational functions. Unfortunately, these financial constraints often imply that a university's potential leadership role can only be realised should the viability (business case) of a proposed intervention be determined. This study focuses on the determination of a relational sustainable indicator and a relational cost factor. A relational sustainable indicator demonstrates how a university can collectively determine the contribution made to sustainability by various sectors of infrastructure. This is developed by means of a secondary study. Two components are important for calculating the relational sustainability indicator, namely, green infrastructure attributes and the basic elements of sustainability systems, namely, the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainability. The determination of a relational cost factor involves the quantification of the costs associated with alternative infrastructure provision. In particular, attention is paid to demand-side management costs, rationalising spatial growth costs, green building development costs, operation and maintenance of existing buildings costs, wastewater infrastructure costs, water infrastructure costs, energy infrastructure costs and transport infrastructure costs. Once the actual costs of each intervention category are determined, a relational sustainable cost factor can be calculated. Utilising the costs in the eight categories identified, a relational sustainable cost factor is determined. A resultant relational cost benefit as per the eight defined categories of sustainable infrastructure provision is derived from the relevant costs of sustainable infrastructure provision, the resultant relational cost factors and, finally, the relational sustainability indicators. It is proposed that that the determination of a budget split between the various interventions based on the resultant relational cost factor occur as follows: - Demand side management interventions: 15.97percent - Rationalising spatial growth: 6.72percent - Construction of green buildings: 24.37percent - Operations and maintenance: 21.85percent - Wastewater: 7.56percent - Water: 1.68percent - Energy: 12.61percent - Transport: 9.24percent. This study provides a platform to guide how and where to invest in sustainable infrastructure and provide direction in determining a budget split between various categories of sustainable infrastructure development.

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10

Tongowona, Admire. "The economic evaluation of aquaculture as a climate change adaptation option in fisher communities of Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26940.

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Due to climate change, fisher households who depend on fishing for their livelihood are faced with a number of challenges that include low productivity. There is now an acknowledgement internationally that fishers cannot depend on hunting fish when all other food producing sectors have adapted. How economic and feasible is it for fishers to consider aquaculture in the face of climate change? This dissertation investigates the economic viability of aquaculture as a climate change adaptation option in rural fisher communities of Zimbabwe. The southern lowveld district of Mwenezi was used as a case study in the economic evaluation of pond culture and cage culture as a climate change adaptation strategy from a baseline position. Data was obtained from secondary sources which include the private sector involved in aquaculture, civil society organisations and the fishers practising aquaculture in both Mwenezi and another district, Kariba. The cost benefit analysis method of economic evaluation was used to assess the economic viability of pond and cage culture forms of aquaculture. The net present value, internal rate of return and benefit cost ratio were used as the decision criteria. Two scenarios were considered depending on the type of funding for the initial investment - scenario one was built on donor funding support while scenario two relied on a bank loan with interest for financing. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine the extent to which different factors affect the economic viability of both pond and cage culture. Both pond and cage culture were found to be economically viable as climate change adaptation options in fisher communities of Zimbabwe. Cage culture was found to have a higher net present value under both scenarios when compared to pond culture. However, under scenario two, pond culture was found to have a higher internal rate of return and benefit cost ratio. The inconsistencies were due to the variations in the scale of upfront investments between pond and cage culture where the latter requires a higher initial investment. Key factors that affect the viability of aquaculture as an adaptation strategy in Zimbabwe include the market price of fish, the cost of fish feeds and the price of fingerlings. While these factors are primarily economic, there are other factors which may affect the viability such as the increasing frequency of natural disasters.

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Mutimba, Egídio Artur Alfredo. "Using micro-finance services to support climate change adaptation among small-scale farmers : identifying opportunities and challenges in southern Mozambique." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20934.

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Microfinance organisations represent a potential opportunity to promote adaptation of smallholder farmers. Without access to credit, this group of farmers has few opportunities to invest in adequate technologies and practices required to respond to climate variability and change. In this context, this study explores how Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) can be capacitated in order to assist smallholder farmers to respond to climate change. The core objective of the study is to identify opportunities and needs to foster smallholders' adaptation through MFIs. The study is informed by a survey involving 13 MFIs operating in Southern Mozambique. This paper finds that although MFIs are aware that climate risks affect their services in regards to a wider rural economy, these organisations do not have explicit policies to deal with climate risks. It also finds that majority of MFIs' managers recognise the potential for mainstreaming climate variability and change into services they provide to smallholders. However, for MFIs to achieve this they will require training of agents in climate related knowledge and adaptation, better access to climate related information, assistance in aspects of planning taking into consideration climate related risks and clear understanding of the benefits of investing in adaptation.

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12

Du, Preez David H. "Alternative sources of finance for sustainable development in South Africa with specific reference to carbon trading." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6557.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world has been engaged in a global ‘development project’ since the late 1940s. This process gained new momentum with the end of colonialism and the emergence of newly independent countries, all of them plagued with high levels of poverty. Traditional models of economic growth based on industrialization and import-substitution did not deliver the expected results to reduce poverty, especially in Africa. New ways of engaging with development emerged; in particular the basic needs approach in the 1970s and later the human development approach. Independently a new environmental movement surfaced in the 1960s, responding to the rallying call of global environmental destruction as a result of economic activities. For the first time a global language on the limitations nature presents to development emerged. The ‘movement’ received particular traction with the emergence of global climate disruption as the single largest global environmental issue. ‘Human needs’, represented by the anthropocentrists, and ‘environmental limitations’, represented by environmentalists were merged in an uncomfortable union to give birth to the notion of sustainable development. Yet, as a result of a large variety of perspectives, no agreement has been reached on what sustainable development means or should achieve. There is agreement though that developmental needs and environmental challenges are both urgent. An important unanswered question is how the world will pay for sustainable development interventions. Some interesting ideas on alternative sources of development finance has been around for a while, yet has not found practical application. Carbon finance, an innovative new source of funding, is an exception. This exploratory research was conducted by reviewing existing relevant literature using the inductive logic technique. It was initiated as a result of specific experiences leading the researcher to some general ‘truths’. The findings revealed that carbon markets, which are primarily focussed on reducing carbon emissions and which in itself makes a positive contribution to sustainability, has over the last few years successfully leveraged billions of dollars for investment in sustainable development projects globally. Some of these have the added advantage of co-benefits for the poor. Its role is set to expand as a source of development finance. South Africa has the potential to earn large amounts from carbon trading, assisting the country to move to a more sustainable development trajectory. The findings concluded that realising this potential will require a more focussed approach, especially from the South African Government. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreld is sedert die 1940s besig met ‘n grootskaalse ‘ontwikkelingsprojek’. Die proses het nuwe momentum gekry teen die einde van die koloniale tydperk. Die nuut onafhanklike state het almal gebuk gegaan onder hoë vlakke van armoede. Tradisionele modelle van ekonomiese groei gebasseer op industrialisasie en invoer vervanging, het nie die verwagte resultate in terme van armoede verligting - veral in Afrika - gehad nie. Nuwe benaderings tot ontwikkeling - spesifiek die ‘basiese behoeftesbenadering’ in die 1970s en later die menslike ontwikkelingsbenadering – is ontwikkel met die hoop dat dit beter resultate sal lewer om armoede hok te slaan. Terselfdertyd het ‘n nuwe omgewingsbeweging in die 1960s ontstaan, in reaksie op die vernietig van die natuur deur die mens se ekonomiese aktiwiteite. Die gevolg was dat daar ‘n internasionale taal onstaan het wat die beperkinge wat die natuur op ontwikkeling plaas kon verwoord. Dit het veral momentum gekry met die bewuswording dat aardverwarming die wêreld se grootste omgewingsuitdaging bied. Mense se behoeftes soos verwoord deur antroposentriste, en omgewingsbeperkings soos verwoord deur omgewingskundiges, het bymekaargekom om die nuwe konsep van volhoubare ontwikkeling te vorm. As gevolg van ‘n groot verskeidenheid van interpretasies is daar geen ooreenstemming oor wat volhoubare ontwikkeling beteken of behoort te bereik nie. Waaroor daar wel ooreenstemming is, is die feit dat die wêreld se behoefte aan ontwikkeling sowel as die omgewingsuitdagings beide dringend is. ‘n Belangrike vraag wat niemand nog kon beantwoord nie, is hoe die wêreld gaan betaal vir volhoubare ontwikkelingsprojekte. Alhoewel daar ‘n paar kreatiewe idees vir alternatiewe bronne van ontwikkelingsfinansiering die rondte doen, het nog nie een daarvan praktiese beslag gekry nie. Die enigste vindingryke nuwe bron van ontwikkelingsfinansiering wat wel geïmplimenteer is, is koolstof finansiering. Dié ondersoekende navorsing is gedoen deur middel van ‘n literatuur studie van bestaande relevante materiaal, deur gebruik te maak van die induktiewe logika tegniek. Die studie is geïnisieer as gevolg van spesifieke ondervindings wat die navorser gelei het na algemene ‘waarhede’. Bevindinge uit die studie het aangedui dat koolstof markte, wat primêr ten doel het om die vrystel van aardverwarmingsgasse te beperk en dus opsigself ‘n positiewe bydrae tot volhoubaarheid lewer, oor die laaste paar jaar daarin geslaag het om miljarde dollars beskikbaar te maak vir volhoubare ontwikkelingsprojekte wêreldwyd. Sommige hiervan het die voordeel dat dit arm gemeenskappe bevoordeel. Die rol van die koolstofmarkte gaan in die toekoms toeneem. Suid Afrika het die potensiaal om groot bedrae te verdien uit koolstof finansiering, wat die land behoort te help om op ‘n meer volhoubare ontwikkelingspad voort te gaan. Die bevindinge sluit af deur aan te dui dat die realisering van dié potensiaal ‘n baie meer gefokusde benadering deur veral die Suid Afrikaanse Regering gaan vereis.

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13

Axelsson, Johan, and Erik Wallqvist. "The Development of the Swedish Corporate Bond Market : A sustainable market with a potential of high future growth?" Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-21780.

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Background: The financial crisis in 2008 has led to a number of consequences for the financial sector. For banks, new stricter regulations with the Basel III accord will be implemented from 2013. The adaption to the new conditions has resulted in stricter lending policies, which means that is tougher for companies to get traditional bank loans. Companies have started to look for other funding alternatives and the corporate bond market has gained more attention and a clear trend of growth for this market has been seen during the last couple of years Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the development of the corporate bond market in Sweden and analyze how this will impact the market participants and how they can adapt and utilize from it. Method: The research method used, in order to meet the purpose of this thesis, is mainly qualitative. The study it is based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews with different market participants that have great knowledge regarding their specific field of expertise. To back this up and, in more detail, understand more exactly the pace of the growth, the interview have been complemented with statistics of the current market situation. Conclusion: The Swedish corporate bond market has experienced a significant growth during the last couple of years and this has affected a lot of actors on the financial markets that have adapted their business to the new prevailing conditions. All market participants agree that this development will continue and they highlight the importance for the development to be qualitative in order to get a sustainable market.

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Lopes, Ana Margarida Simões. "As instituições financeiras de desenvolvimento (IFDS) e a sustentabilidade : o caso da Sofid." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19684.

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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional Esta dissertação pretende explorar o papel das Instituições Financeiras de Desenvolvimento (IFDs) na Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável e perceber como é que estas, através da mobilização de recursos privados, procuram contribuir para se cumprir os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Analisa-se em particular o caso da IFD pública portuguesa, SOFID - Sociedade para o Financiamento do Desenvolvimento, Instituição Financeira de Crédito, S.A criada em 2007 e cujo principal objetivo é apoiar o investimento do sector privado em países em desenvolvimento (PED). Este trabalho procura avaliar o seu impacto em termos de atração de investimento privado de forma a responder às necessidades financeiras para se alcançar os ODS. This dissertation intends to explore the role of Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and understand how they, through the mobilization of private resources, seek to contribute to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In particular is analyzed the case of the Portuguese DFI: SOFID - Sociedade para a Financiamento do Desenvolvimento, a Financial Credit Institution, S.A, that was created in 2007 and whose main objective is to support private sector investment in developing countries. This work seeks to assess its impact in terms of attracting private investment in order to meet the financial needs to achieve the SDGs info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Mulusa, Lucky Mabenga. "The financial sustainability of South Africa's National Development Finance Institutions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6096.

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Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in South Africa can enhance their role as prime vehicles for the Government to achieve the social objectives of meeting the millennium goals. This can be achieved by ensuring that higher ratios of resources available to the DFIs are applied to development lending and that such DFls stay financially sustainable. DFls have served as conduits for channelling credit to priority sectors, often at concession terms, and have directed their strategies towards achieving social and economic goals that are believed to be neglected by market forces. The absence of structured monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for both impact assessment and the application of resources make it impossible to ensure that these DFIs exist to achieve the mandates for which they were created. The perception of market failure, however, justifies the allocations of scarce public resources to DFIs. DFIs are expected to be catalysts in financial intermediation, extending long-term credit and contributing to economic development through the removal of bottlenecks associated with credit shortage within communities of the Historically Disadvantaged Individuals (HDI). The application of scarce resources, however, calls for a financially sustainable DFI sector so that there may be a sustained provision of credit to the targeted sectors, in order to achieve optimum use and allocation of state resources. The government, through the ASGISA initiative, recognises the role the DFIs can play in halving poverty and unemployment by 2014, due to the labour intensive nature of the targeted priority sectors, such as agriculture. The performance of most of these DFIs, in terms of mandate achievement and financial sustainability, has not been well balanced, as evidenced by the past and present prevalence of the use of govemment guarantees including recapitalisation and future anticipated requests for such facilities. This study was initiated in response to the anticipated growth in the number of DFIs likely to seek either government guarantees or recapitalisation or both. At present, no mechanism is in place for the National Treasury (NT) to detect financial distress of any DFI long before it occurs, so that intervention measures can be put in place. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkelingsfinansiering Instellings (OFIs) in Suid Afrika kan hulle rolle versterk as primere voertuie om die sosiale doelwitte van die millennium te bereik. Hierdie doelwitte kan bereik word deur te verseker dat die hoer beskikbare verhouding en middele by die OFIs aangewend word vir ontwikkelingslenings en dat hierdie OFIs finansieel volhoubaar bly. "OFIs het as wee gedien vir die kanalisering van krediet aan prioriteit sektore, dikwels teen konsessionere terme, en het hulle strategies gerig om sosiale en ekonomiese doelwitte te bereik wat geglo is deur markkragte negelaar is. Die nie bestaan van gestruktureede monitering- en evaluasiemeganismes vir beide impak evaluasie en aanwending van hulpbronne maak dit onmoontlik om te verseker dat hierdie OFIs bestaan om die mandate waarvoor hulle geskep is te bereik. Die persepsie van mark versuim regverdig nietemin die allokasie van skaars openbare hulpbronne aan OFIs. Daar word van OFIs verwag om kataliste te wees van finansiele intermediasie, die verskaffing van langtermyn krediet en om by te dra tot ekonomise ontwikkeling deur van bottelnekke weg te neem wat geassosieer word met krediettekorte binne gemeenskappe van Voorheen Benadeelde Individue (VBI). Die aanwending van skaars hulpbronne vra nietemin vir 'n finansiele volhoubare OFI sektor, sodat die volgehoue voorsiening van krediet aan geteikende sektore plaasvind, om die optimum gebruik en allokasie en staatshulpbronne te verseker. Die regering, deur die ASGISA inisatief, erken die rol wat OFIs kan speel in die halvering van armoede en werkloosheid teen 2014, as gevolg van die arbeidsintensiewe aard van die geteikende sektore, soos byvoorbeeld landbou. Die prestasie van hierdie OFIs in terme van die bereiking van mandate en finansiele volhoubaarheid was nie goed gebalanseerd nie, soos bewys word deur die oorgewig van die gebruik in die verlede en huidiglik van regerings waarborge, insluitend herkapitalisasie en toekomstige versoeke vir sodanige fasiliteite. Die studie was geinisieer in reaksie tot die verwagte groei in die getal OFIs wat waarskynlike staastwaarborge of herkapitalisasie of beide gaan vra. Huidiglik is daar geen meganisme in plek vir die Nasionale Tesourie (NT) om die finansiele nood van enige OFI te identifiseer voordat dit plaasvind en om daardeur intervensie maatreels in plek te sit nie.

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16

Jodwana, Thembinkosi Anthony Vincent. "Corporate governance for sustainable development : implications for non-executive directors and the management accounting function." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/807.

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This paper will discuss the role that corporate governance can play in promoting sustainable development. Sustainable development is discussed in relation to three things: • Current development which does not result in the damage and destruction of the environment to the detriment of future inhabitants of this planet. This paper will discuss the role that corporate governance can play in promoting sustainable development. Sustainable development is discussed in relation to three things: • Current development which does not result in the damage and destruction of the environment to the detriment of future inhabitants of this planet.

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17

Nwafor, Apollos Ikechukwu. "Financing Post-2015 Development Goals: Shaping a New Policy Framework for Aid in Liberia." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6852.

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Liberia, Africa's oldest democracy, has made several efforts in becoming a developed economy and ending poverty, but these efforts have been hampered by lack of appropriate financing mechanisms to achieve this goal. The most recent challenge which was the purpose of this study was to understand how Liberia can finance and achieve the sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations in September 2015. Despite substantial external aid, Liberia was only able to meet 3 out of the 8 Millennium Development Goals, and more than 60% of the population remain extremely poor. The main research question was to understand what policy shifts are need for Liberia to finance its post-2015 development goals. Using Kingdon's multiple streams theory as the lens, a qualitative case study design was used to analyze literature, public reports, government reports, and the loosely-structured interviews of 15 purposefully-selected participants. The interview data were coded and categorized for thematic analysis. Results reveal that Liberia needs to make a policy shift in key areas including domestic resource mobilization, natural resource governance, combating corruption, strengthening the justice system, strengthening capacity for policy processes, and improving political leadership. The positive social change implication of this study includes recommendations for policymakers, the Ministry of Finance, and the donor community to strengthen domestic resource mobilization and undertake pro-poor tax reforms in order to reduce aid dependence, support Liberia's long-term plan to eradicate extreme poverty and become a middle-income country by 2030.

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18

Jimoh, Richard Ajayi. "Strategies for sustainable housing co-operatives in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1009500.

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An increasing number of people are in need of housing that would improve long-term tenure for them. Private ownership is a well-known incentive for peoples’ participation in housing programmes. The current difficulties in obtaining credit for housing, following the global economic crisis, show that private individual home-ownership is not effective enough in addressing the housing needs of the low and middle income groups. As a result of this, the need to find an option that will solve the housing needs of the people became intense. However, the implementation of the co-operative housing delivery option in South Africa has not been successfully implemented as a result of the actions or the inactions of the role players. The study sought answer to the causes of the inability to successfully implement the co-operative housing approach through the use of ‘triad model’ that has to do with the ideology of co-operatives, the praxis and the organisational structures of the various housing co-operatives. The study was domiciled in a pragmatic paradigm, using the mixed methods research approach by conducting a three-stage research whereby convergent parallel design was adopted as the methodology. Questionnaires were administered to the chairpersons of the housing co-operatives identified in this stage one of the study. Stage two consisted of conducting interviews with chairpersons of six housing co-operatives using the purposive non-probability sampling method. The final stage was the survey among the members of the housing co-operatives interviewed. It was discovered, inter alia, that the membership of housing co-operatives was not voluntary; policy and legislative documents on social housing were biased against the co-operative housing approach; limited understanding of the co-operative approach exists among officials of government responsible for the implementations and a lack of training to members of the housing co-operatives by agencies of government responsible for propagating the approach was evident. Based on the findings, framework for sustainable housing co-operatives in South Africa was proposed from the strategies identified. The strategies identified were classified into the following factors: Policy and legislation; support services; education, training and information; and governance.

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19

Ranchber, Susan. "Stimulating Green FinTech Innovation for Sustainable Development: An Analysis of the Innovation Process." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-359728.

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Achieving a sustainable development and fighting climate change will require a faster and vaster allocation of financial resources than what has yet been witnessed. Green FinTech innovations have been identified as one potential solution to this challenge. Stimulating and supporting the development of such innovations is thus important, but requires knowledge about what the innovation processes look like, which individual, internal organizational and external societal factors that influence them, and how these factors influence them. The aim of this study is thus to contribute to the conceptual and empirical understanding of the innovation process of green FinTech innovations by conducting a multiple-case study with the three green FinTech innovations bettervest, SDG-Investments and Der Finanzoptimist in the area of Frankfurt, Germany. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings show that the green FinTech innovation process begins with an initiation period which consists of a gestation period during which core innovation ideas and related outcome criteria occur, innovation team members gain new knowledge, new social relationships are made, and most aspects in the external context stay stable. The acquired knowledge and the stable aspects in the external context influence the occurrence of ideas and related outcome criteria. The gestation period ends with a shock and the end of the initiation period is defined by the making of plans and budgets. The development period is defined by several paths of activities. The initial outcome criteria develop and outcomes are continuously assessed. Positive outcomes occur and are influenced by innovation members’ capabilities, their new roles and new legal relationships. Negative outcomes defined as setbacks also occur and are influenced by established legal transactions. Innovation team members work part-time during the development period. Social and legal relationships with actors outside the innovation team expand, influenced by previously made social relationships and the innovation team members’ new roles. The expansion of social relationships is also influenced by positive outcomes. Activities aimed at implementing the innovation occur throughout the development period. Eventually, the innovation process finishes. The findings represent the first contribution to research on the topic of green FinTech innovation processes. Future research should examine additional digital business functions such as digital money or digital payments, the differences and similarities between general and green FinTech innovation processes, and use other research and data collection methods.

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20

Nkomo, Juliana. "Can individuals be influential in driving sustainable and responsible investing?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29045.

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Trust law has hindered beneficiaries from exerting their voice in the administration of their funds. Yet, individuals do have opinions on how they want their funds to be invested and wish to direct the investments to align with their values. For a majority of individuals, this influence is mainly through their retirement fund investments. However, trust law means that the ultimate power to decide on the investment process rests in the hands of trustees to act on behalf of all beneficiaries. And trustees also further delegate most investment decisions to the investment managers. The findings of this research, as other researchers have also found, suggests that individuals who have some knowledge of SRI show a greater willingness to invest in sustainable funds. It also suggests that after choosing the type of funds that they wish to invest in, individuals place a lot of trust in their trustees to act in their best interests by investing responsibly. The research explores the various dynamics that are at play that explain individual behaviour and attitudes towards financial planning with regards to their retirement investments. The implications of my findings may have relevance in understanding what drives individuals to become active in the investment arena and may serve as a harbinger to changes in fiduciary relationships as we know them. Further research can be done in this area that will assist policy makers to consider regulation changes that could lead to the greater inclusion of final beneficiaries in the investment management process.

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21

Bayoumi, Moustafa. "Evaluating the inclusion of sanitation and wastewater in climate policy and finance." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-386061.

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Sanitation is critical for sustainable development. However, the current systems in place are vulnerable to future risks. One of the main risks expected to have severe effects on the earth systems and our societies is climate change. If not dealt with, it threats to hinder or even reverse the progress done in sanitation access so far. On the other hand, countries are lacking the financial capabilities to achieve the sustainable development goals related to sanitation, not to mention the additional costs needed to increase its resilience towards climate variability and extreme weather conditions. Nevertheless, sanitation is not only vulnerable to climate change, it is also a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions which drive climate change. It is therefore important to better understand the linkages between sanitation and climate change. The aim of this study is to evaluate the inclusion of sanitation in climate policy and finance. A secondary content analysis is used to identify interest in sanitation in countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris agreement. Climate-related official development assistance flows and financial elements of approved project proposals by the Green Climate Fund board are analyzed to quantify climate finance flows supporting sanitation projects. The results indicate that sanitation is largely ignored in countries’ climate agendas constituting only 1% of all countries’ activities with very scarce mitigation activities for the sector. Furthermore, sanitation is marginalized in the international climate finance landscape. Very limited climate-related finance from official development assistance was found allocated to projects with the main focus on sanitation. As for the GCF approved project proposals, only 7 projects out of 99 had sanitation or wastewater-related components and only one project of the 7 received GCF funding. These results indicate a knowledge gap of sanitation’s potential contribution to emissions reduction and the risks from climate change towards sanitation systems. Furthermore, it points out the need for better coordination between development and climate finance in order to reduce the finance gap and help achieve the sustainable development goals and the Paris agreement simultaneously.

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22

Bax, Ryan Michael Jonathan. "A regulationist approach to South Africa and a critique of inflation targeting." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004533.

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Since the 1970s, the international economic system has become prone to the volatility and undue effects associated with booms and busts. This forty year period spanning the present has exhibited restrained growth and repressive economic development. Critical changes to the system are presented by the transition from "Fordism" to the post 1970s neoliberal regime and the globalization of world markets. Underpinning this transformation is an ideological shift towards free market capitalism and the adoption of "reduced form" market models. These "reduced form" models appear to hinder economic sustainability as their grounding in economics fails to account for real economic activity. This thesis aims to provide a more holistic perception of sustainability, one that provides a sound basis on which to develop sustainable economic policy. The Regulationist Approach presents the requisite understanding of economic sustainability required within this research. The inclusion of economic, historical and socio-political fields of research proposes a wider understanding of the political economy and sustainability. The application of the Regulation Approach to the South African economy illustrates many problem areas that require attention. The examination found that firstly, aggregate demand in the South African economy was unsustainable due to the debt driven nature of demand under the asset price bubble of the mid to late 2000s. Secondly, aggregate supply also proved unsustainable as government is failing to provide any substantive growth within important sectors of the economy such as education and the provision of general services. Furthermore, the adoption of inflation targeting in South Africa poses a barrier to sustained economic growth as it focuses singularly on price inflation. The "reduced form" model of inflation targeting fails to account for market failures and a number of vital indicators of sustainability most notably, debt levels and asset prices. The inclusion of these indicators, and financial stability more generally, are found to provide a more holistic and sustainable approach to macroeconomic policymaking.

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23

Allemeier, Jodi. "Developing a vulnerability reference framework for Cape Town International Airport in the context of carbon uncertain futures." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80778.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. In recent years there has been a growth in literature from multiple disciplines on the potential effects of climate change and a corresponding growth in literature on potential mitigation and adaptation response strategies, including multiple means of shifting to a low-carbon future. Multiple assessment techniques have been developed to understand the potential vulnerability to, and impacts of climate change. At the same time, there is a lack of methodology to understand the potential vulnerability to, and impacts of, responses to climate change on a micro level. This research report describes the development of a reference framework to be used to monitor the vulnerability of the Cape Town International Airport to changes in carbon pricing and/or a shift to a low-carbon future. A theoretical approach was taken, which reviews existing techniques and proposes an integrated framework approach which was then applied to the case study of Cape Town International Airport. Existing literature on what is understood by a low carbon future shows that there is uncertainty about what mitigation and adaptation approaches will be adopted on various scales, and, similarly, uncertainty on what this means for a low carbon economy. Existing scenario development, vulnerability assessment, risk assessment and impact assessment methodologies were then reviewed, revealing a dearth of integrated approaches and an emphasis on the direct impacts of climate change, with a lack of attention to the impacts of responses to climate change. Finally, an overview of what are considered key driving forces in airport feasibility is provided in order to identify potential areas of vulnerability that require attention in any assessment of an airports’ vulnerability to different futures. Building on the various methodologies reviewed, and the understanding of key airport drivers, a reference framework is developed with special focus on the Cape Town International Airport and its current financial structure and planning framework. The final section of the paper discusses preliminary findings as illustrative of the approach, concluding that the framework can be applied via multidisciplinary collaboration, but that further work would be required both internally and externally in order to better manage uncertainties.

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Saeed, Muhammad Ahmar, and Xiaonan Lv. "Integration of Finance and Supply Chain : Emerging Frontier in Growing Economies (A Case Study of Exporting Companies)." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Institutionen för ekonomi och it, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-3356.

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Financing is necessary for investments in new production processes, in new production equipment, in new innovative products, and for expansion in new markets. Firms operating under cash constraints may not be able to order or produce optimally. Especially for fast-growing firms in emerging countries, money acts as a catalyst if potential demand is high but financial constraints leave them no choice but to order less. In this setting, implications for supply chain can be detrimental where lack of financial resources at one level can plague the performance of the whole supply chain, at least temporarily until restored. In this study for supply chain finance we focused on supply side of the exporting firms and especially length of Accounts Receivables (A/R) and Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) because it’s directly related to the supply chain used by the exporting companies and this can squeeze or prolong the time of A/R. It is obvious that the period of the receivables will be squeezed and the working capital will be required for a shorter period of time and it can save cost of interest. As the period of CCC shortened exporting firms can get benefits from that. We took one exporting firm each from China and India as a case study to know how these firms use logistics for exporting because logistics is the largest single expenditure in the cost of products sold and is a major critical success facto impacting on productivity, profitability, shareholder volume and competitive advantage. It is important to note the key role and impact of logistics in the exporting companies, on the sustainability, competitiveness and profitability as well as in the economy of the country.

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25

Tórtola, Sebastián Carlos J. "Medición del impacto del Grupo Banco Mundial en el desarrollo sostenible." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392135.

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La promoción del desarrollo sostenible es uno de los objetivos corporativos del Grupo Banco Mundial (GBM) en el contexto de la Agenda de Desarrollo 2030. Esta tesis doctoral pretende analizar el éxito del GBM en la consecución de este objetivo. Inicialmente, se evalúa el impacto global del GBM, comparando a continuación la influencia lograda mediante sus operaciones con el sector público y privado. Este análisis se desarrolla mediante dos modelos de inferencia basados en la lógica difusa, que toman en consideración el volumen de financiación concedida por el GBM y la calidad de los proyectos. Por último, se profundiza en las características del impacto logrado con las operaciones de la Corporación Financiera Internacional y el sector privado mediante un modelo econométrico estimado con el método de los momentos generalizados. En todos los casos, se realizan propuestas operativas para incrementar el impacto del GBM sobre el desarrollo sostenible. Promoting sustainable development is one of the corporate goals of the World Bank Group (WBG) in the context of the Development Agenda 2030. This thesis aims to assess the success of the WBG in achieving this goal. Initially, the overall impact of the WBG is evaluated, following by a comparative evaluation of the influence achieved by WBG's operations through the public and private sector. This analysis is developed applying two models of fuzzy logic inference that take into consideration the amount of funding provided by the WBG and quality of projects. Finally, the thesis explores the specifics of the impact achieved by the WBG with the International Finance Corporation's (IFC) projects and the private sector by implementing an econometric model of generalized method of moments. In all cases, operational proposals are made to increase the impact of GBM on sustainable development.

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Babakhani, Victor, and Aalhuizen Christoffer. "Oil Price and Sector Returns : An International Analysis on the role of Oil Dependency in the Financial Sector." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-376483.

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Olja har under det förgångna seklet varit en av industrialiseringens stöttepelare. Idag, med omfattande satsningar inom hållbar utveckling så är inverkan av oljan högt aktuellt och inom en snar framtid kan den se en påtaglig nedbringa även om det har visats att dess relevans kommer kvarstå åtminstone fram till 2040. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att fluktuationer i oljepriset är en bidragsgivare till de systematiska risker företag ställs inför dagligen. Denna studie utvidgade analysområdet genom att välja ut länder med en netto-import av olja och sortera de på den andel relativa oljetillförsel som nationen erhållit gentemot nivån av systematisk risk från oljeprisfluktuationer som företagen ställs inför. Analysen utfördes över 120 Finansiella företag i 12 europeiska länder. Det anträffades utpräglade mönster i studiens resultat som kan antyda en koppling mellan dessa variabler, men resultaten återfinns i majoritet till att inte uppnå statistisk signifikans. Vidare kan studiens modell utgöra en bas för vidare forskning inom området.

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El, Alem Mohamed Vall. "Implémentation de la finance islamique en République Islamique de Mauritanie." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ0013.

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Le but de cette thèse est d'apporter des éléments de réponse à la question : comment la finance islamique peut constituer une réponse endogène et sociétale aux besoins des populations musulmanes pour favoriser efficacement le développement et lutter contre l'exclusion ? Il s'agit de mettre en perspective ses fondements éthiques et de montrer qu'elle ne se réduit pas à une simple réingénierie de la finance conventionnelle avec une conformité discutable aux règles de la Charia sans pour autant être cohérente avec ses principes et idéaux. En particulier, la thèse vise la formulation de recommandations pour le développement de la finance islamique dans un environnement bancaire dual comme celui de la République Islamique de Mauritanie. Cette forme alternative de financement, bien qu'ayant enregistré des taux de croissance importants dans plusieurs pays au cours des dernières années, n'en demeure pas moins face à de nombreux défis. En effet, les institutions de finance islamique opèrent le plus souvent dans des environnements économiques et financiers qui ont été conçus pour la finance conventionnelle. Ce manque de prise en compte explicite, par le système juridique et réglementaire, de l'ensemble des spécificités de cette finance entrave son plein développement et compromet sa compétitivité. Le cas particulier de la Mauritanie occupe une place centrale dans le cadre de cette thèse. En effet, la Banque Centrale de Mauritanie a agréé au cours des dernières années plusieurs banques islamiques dont le nombre à la fin décembre 2021 était de sept sur les dix-huit banques que compte le pays. Aussi, toutes les banques conventionnelles Mauritaniennes disposent de fenêtres islamiques. De même, une nouvelle loi bancaire encadrant explicitement l'activité des banques offrant des services financiers islamiques a été promulguée en juillet 2018. Cette forte croissance du nombre de banques offrant des services financiers islamiques pose la question de comment relever les défis d'un développement harmonieux du secteur bancaire et financier en Mauritanie. En particulier, les banques islamiques auront-elles un environnement économique, juridique et réglementaire propice à leur développement ? La demande est-elle suffisante pour un tel nombre de banques ? Sur quels leviers miser pour la viabilité et la performance des banques islamiques en Mauritanie ? The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of how Islamic finance can constitute an endogenous and societal response to the needs of Muslim populations to effectively promote development and fight exclusion. It's about putting its strong ethical foundations into perspective and showing that it cannot be reduced to a simple reengineering of conventional finance with questionable compliance with the rules of Charia without being consistent with its principles and ideals. In particular, the thesis aims to formulate recommendations for the development of Islamic finance in a dual banking environment tainted with risks like that of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. This alternative form of financing, although having recorded significant growth rates in several countries over the past few years, still faces many challenges that must be met to ensure its sustainability. Indeed, Islamic finance institutions most often operate in economic and financial environments that were designed for conventional finance. This lack of explicit consideration, by the legal and regulatory system, of all the specificities of this finance hinders its full development and compromises its competitiveness. The case of Mauritania occupies a central place in the context of this thesis. Indeed, the Central Bank of Mauritania has approved several Islamic banks in recent years, the number of which at the end of December 2021 was seven out of the eighteen banks in the country. Also, all conventional Mauritanian banks have Islamic windows. Similarly, a new banking law explicitly regulating the activity of banks offering Islamic financial services wasenacted in July 2018. This strong growth in the number of banks offering Islamic financial services raises the question of how to meet the challenges of a harmonious development of the banking and financial sector in Mauritania. Will Islamic banks have an economic, legal and regulatory environment conducive to their development? Is the demand sufficient for such several banks? On what levers to bet for the viability and performance of Islamic banks in Mauritania?

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Coetzer, Casper. "Capacity building through sustainable operations and maintenance : the Zeerust wastewater treatment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97275.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Providing basic access to water and sanitation is critical for poverty alleviation and stimulating economic growth, but at the same time it is putting a huge strain on South Africa’s existing economic infrastructure. Local governments allow their existing wastewater infrastructure to deteriorate to the extent that it no longer functions according to its design, and then apply for capital funding for refurbishment. Capital investment alone will not provide a sustainable solution to meet the increased demand on the ageing wastewater infrastructure, since local governments do not have the financial means and technical capacity to adequately maintain and operate their infrastructure. A paradigm shift is required to develop alternative and innovative business models to ensure a sustainable solution providing continued and consistent capacity as a basis for further expansion. Public-private partnerships (PPP) could provide a feasible solution towards building a sustainable technical capacity at local governments. Engaging the private sector must however not be aimed towards access to private sector finance, but rather the improvement in operational efficiency and increased level in service. Obtaining private sector finances will be the wrong focus for engaging in PPP undertakings in South Africa. Private operation must be combined with public financing. The design-build-operate (DBO) model with public financing would be highly viable. Such an arrangement will hold no financial risk to the private sector entity with revenue collection strictly remaining a local government function. The DBO method of delivery (with public funding) will be an effective way to realize cost savings, achieve efficiencies in construction and operation, utilize expertise, and most importantly, for skills transfers and capacity building at local government level. Ultimate sustainability will only be achieved once local government is able to raise the majority of its own funds for operation and maintenance through tariffs and other instruments, including some towards capital redemption. Grant funding must make provision for maintenance and operation of all capital funded projects. All shareholders must join forces in lobbying this concept at the highest political echelons because in terms of Section 154 of the Bill of Rights, national and provincial governments have a duty towards local governments to support and strengthen their capacity, to effectively perform their functions.

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Halef, Esmeralda. "CSR i finansbranschen : Hållbarhetsrelaterade utmaningar ur tre olika finansiella aktörers perspektiv." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231851.

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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) och hållbarhet i finanssektorn har under de senaste åren blivit en mycket omdiskuterad fråga. I denna studie har jag undersökt vilka hållbarhetsrelaterade utmaningar som finns inför framtiden för den svenska finansmarknaden. Genom att titta på de finansiella aktörerna Swedbank, Folksam och Söderberg & Partners verksamheter samt prata med deras respektive hållbarhetschefer har det framkommit flera utmaningar. En av dem är att kunna hantera de risker som en omställning från en icke hållbar verksamhet till en hållbar verksamhet innebär. En annan utmaning är att förstå den effekten ens handlingar leder till i det långa loppet. Genom en granskning av EU-kommissionens rapport och handlingsplan gällande finanssektorns viktiga roll i att klara klimatmålen för år 2030 har det även framkommit fler utmaningar och möjligheter för den finansiella marknaden att utveckla sina verksamheter.Studien visar också att ordet CSR inte används i finansbranschen längre utan att de använder sig av ordet hållbarhet. Endast i ett avseende pratar företagen om CSR och inte hållbarhet. Det är när företagen tänker på filantropiska aktiviteter. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sustainability in the financial sector has in recent years become a highly discussed issue. In this study I have investigated the sustainability-related challenges facing the future of the Swedish financial market. By looking at the financial actors Swedbank, Folksam and Söderberg & Partners operations as well as talking with their respective sustainability managers, several challenges have been identified. One of them is being able to handle the risks that are involved in a shift from a non-sustainable business into a sustainable business. Another challenge is to understand the effect that one's actions lead to in the long run. A review of the EU Commission's report and action plan on the important role of the financial sector in meeting climate targets by 2030 has also revealed more challenges and opportunities for the financial market to develop its operations.The study also shows that the word CSR is not used in the financial sector anymore. They are using the word sustainability. Only in one perspective, companies talk about CSR and not sustainability. This is when companies talk about their philanthropic activities.

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30

Pancrazio, Lionel. "Parcours résidentiel et transition urbaines à la durabilité : le nœud gordien des coûts de constructions dans le cas de l'immobilier durable. Ou des technologies numériques nécessaire à l'évolution de la chaine de valeur de l'immobilier vers la durabilité." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIML011.

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Alors que la conscience environnementale pourrait être largement compréhensible et partagée par le plus grand nombre, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, de polluants et de déchets ne cessent de croître. Notre habitat et les transports en sont les plus grands contributeurs. Le développement durable tend à fournir les bases d’un modèle de croissance pérenne de notre planète, mais aujourd’hui reste marginalement intégré au logiciel stratégique appliqué par les personnes, les organisations et les décideurs.La baisse des moyens d’État engendre une prégnance de l’intervention des groupes privés dans la fabrique de la ville. Le processus de production par la segmentation des interventions, la complexité, l’asymétrie d’informations et de compétences et son modèle économique sous-jacent rend complexe la prise en compte d’une réelle durabilité, mais notre habitat a une réelle influence sur notre devenir.L’habitat, son lieu, sa forme, sont des vecteurs importants de l’équité au sens de la justice sociale et donc du ‘vivre ensemble’. Mais le développement durable tel que pratiqué par les marchés reste rare et cher. Une évolution de la chaîne de valeur de l’immobilier peut permettre une réduction significative du coût de la construction et du prix pour rendre suffisamment abordable les logements. Nous avons identifié des variables d’ajustement et évalué leur impact. Une approche réellement durable contribue à supporter la démographie en adaptant nos modes de vie, tend favorablement au développement des individus, des entreprises et des institutions par la co-construction de valorisations et de (bonnes) pratiques, lesquelles restent largement à définir Title: Human living and urban transitions to sustainability: the Gordian knot of construction costs in the case of sustainable real estate or Digital technologies necessary for the evolution of the real estate value chain towards sustainability.While environmental awareness could be widely understood and shared by as many people as possible, emissions of greenhouse gases, pollutants and waste continue to grow. Housing and transportation are the biggest contributors. Sustainable development tends to provide the foundation for a sustainable growth model of our planet, but today remains marginally integrated in strategies applied by people, organizations and policy makers.The fall in state resources is giving rise to the intervention of private groups in the fabric of the city. The production process by the segmentation of the interventions, the complexity, the asymmetry of information and skills and its underlying economic model makes complex the taking into account of a real durability, but a house has a real influence on our potential of becoming.Our living, its place, its form, are important vectors of equity in the sense of social justice and thus of a 'living together'. But sustainable development as practiced by the markets is rare and expensive. We have identified adjustment variables that can make the cost of housing accessible. An evolution of the real estate value chain can lead to a significant reduction in the cost of construction and the price to make housing affordable enough. Sustainability can help support demographics by adapting our lifestyles, while positively contributing to the development of individuals, businesses and institutions through the co-construction of (good) practices, particularly in investments that remain largely to be define

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Mthethwa, Zamukuhle William. "Investigating the viability of rural housing finance as a vehicle for the creation of sustainable human settlement in Moletlane village – Lepelle Nkumpi municipality." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86571.

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Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The need for sustainable human settlements, particularly for the poor, is crucial in South Africa (SA). This is because of the apartheid spatial constructs that segregated the black population groups from white minority and denied them equal access to economic opportunities, housing, as well as basic and social services (Smeddle-Thompson, 2012). Many South Africans remain without basic services in the many informal settlements. Even those who have jobs and a consistent salary find it difficult to sustain a decent quality of life, as they fall outside of the subsidy bracket but at the same time are unable to afford and access the mortgage products available from commercial banks (Department of Human Settlement, 2009). Consequently, the South African government is faced with the task of developing sustainable human settlements and improving quality of household life. For this reason, many initiatives such as legislative frameworks, policies and programmes to drive housing delivery have been established since 1994 and millions of rands have been used to implement such initiatives. However, housing delivery remains a challenge. Thus, the researcher sought to investigate the viability of rural housing finance in creating sustainable human settlement in rural areas, with special focus on Moletlane Village as a case study. Like many rural areas in SA, Moletlane village is still faced with a challenge of housing delivery. This study was conducted within the interpretive qualitative paradigm. Techniques to collect data focused on questionnaires and interviews for validity purposes and to counter subjectivity. For the survey, 100 participants were purposefully selected based on their knowledge and their expertise in rural housing finance. The survey was followed by in-depth interviews with key personnel of Moletlane Village and a few ordinary community members to verify and complete some answers. The researcher used data collected to draw findings and made recommendations. The foremost findings revealed that rural housing finance plays a major role in rural development as it provides people with the opportunity of improving their houses and rescues them from living in substandard conditions. The overall sentiments from the respondents are that rural housing finance has led to an increase in the economic activity and job creation which is a solid foundation for the creation of sustainable human settlements. This study has established a link between rural housing finance and rural development. It is clear from the findings that participants believe in rural housing finance and value it. They see it as a good strategy to liberate their lives and of realising sustainable human settlement. However, they all acknowledged that institutions that provide housing finance are not doing much to assist rural households and that there is a gap in as far as rural housing finance is concerned. Almost all of them indicated their wish to see rural housing finance across the country. Moreover, they are of the opinion that a paradigm shift is required to tackle the rural housing finance shortfall. Hence, the study present to policy makers and government a set of recommendations discussed in full in chapter 6. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Volhoubare menslike nedersettings veral vir die armes, is van deurslaggewende belang in Suid-Afrika. Dit is as gevolg die ruimtelike afbakenings van apartheid dat die swart bevolkingsgroepe van die wit minderheid gesegregeer is en hulle gelyke toegang tot ekonomiese geleenthede, behuising, asook basiese en maatskaplike dienste ontneem is (Smeddle-Thompson, 2012). Die meeste huishoudings kan nie bekostig om in ordentlike huise te woon of bekostig om goedgeleë grond te besit nie. Gevolglik staar die taak van behuisingsverskaffing die regering in die gesig. Vele wetgewende raamwerke, beleide en programme om aan behuisingsverskaffing te voldoen, is sedert 1994 in die lewe geroep. Miljoene rand is gebruik om behuisingverskaffing te implementeer, tog bly behuisingsverskaffing ’n uitdaging. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die haalbaarheid van landelike behuisingsfinansiering deur volhoubare menslike nedersettings in landelike gebiede te skep, met spesiale fokus op Moletlane Village as ’n gevalle-studie. Hierdie studie is ’n gevalle-studie wat binne die interpretatiewe kwalitatiewe paradigma uitgevoer is. Tegnieke wat gebruik is om data in te samel het op vraelyste en onderhoude gefokus vir die doel van geldigheid en om subjektiwiteit teen te werk. Vir die opname is 100 deelnemers doelbewus gekies, gebaseer op hulle kennis en sommiges vanweë hulle kundigheid in landelike behuisingsfinansiering. Die opname is gevolg deur deurdringende onderhoude met sleutelpersoneel van Moletlane Village en ’n paar gewone gemeenskapslede te voer om sommige antwoorde te kontroleer en te voltooi. Data wat ingesamel is, is gebruik vir bevindinge en om voorstelle te maak. Bevindinge het openbaar dat daar ’n groot aanvraag vir landelike behuisingsfinansiering is. Dit speel ’n belangrike rol in landelike ontwikkeling, want dit plaas landelike mense op dieselfde vlak as diegene in townships en voorstede. Dit maak dit moontlik vir landelike mense om kwaliteit behuising met spoeltoilette, lopende water, warmwatersilinders, sanitasie en ander geriewe te hê wat as vreemd vir landelike gebiede voorkom. Die algehele sentimente van die respondente is dat landelike behuisingsfinansiering tot ’n toename in ekonomiese aktiwiteit en werkverskaffing gelei het, wat as ’n vaste grondslag dien vir die skepping van volhoubare menslike nedersettings. Oor die algemeen het landelike behuising lewens verander, mense van die vernedering gespaar wat onder gesubstandaardiseerde omstandighede lewe en sodoende die waardigheid van die mense herstel. Dit word bewys dat instellings wat behuisingsfinansiering verskaf, nie veel doen om landelike huishoudings te help nie, maar indien hulle hul daartoe verbind, kan hulle die behuisingsfinansiële mark uitbrei. Deur hierdie navorsing, is ’n skakel tussen landelike behuisingsfinansiering en landelike ontwikkeling teweeggebring. As gevolg hiervan, is ’n aantal aanbevelings in hierdie studie gemaak wat breedvoerig in hoofstuk 6 bespreek word.

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Haines, Kelly. "The Social Bottom Line of Community Development Financial Institutions: What Facilitates or Inhibits the Uptake and Use of Meaningful Social and Community Impact Reporting?" PDXScholar, 2009. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3362.

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Businesses, governments and communities are increasingly interested in measuring the non-financial impacts of their activities and investments. This assessment often takes the form of measurement models that utilize a Triple Bottom Line (TBL) framework, namely looking at the areas ofthe environment, the economy, and the social simultaneously. Despite its many accounting flaws, more and more organizations adopt this philosophy by applying it literally in the form of impact reports. In this framework, the social dimension is the most challenging to measure. Because of its complexities, this aspect of TBL reporting has often been vague and lack rigor. The research question I am addressing is: what facilitates or inhibits the uptake and use of meaningful social bottom line reporting? From conducting case studies that include document analyses and in-depth open-ended interviews with key decision-makers of organizations in the Community Development Financial Institution industry (CDFI), I examined how and why these organizations effectively measure their social and community impact. Given that there are inherent flaws with the logic of the social dimension of Triple Bottom Line reporting but organizations nevertheless are using it, this study looked in-depth at Community Development Financial Institutions that utilize various measurement methods to assess their particular impact on the social dimension of communities. The struggles, experiences, processes and content of social bottom line reporting by CDFls revealed that their uptake and use is facilitated by being mission driven, having a compatible business model, and by demands from their stakeholders, funders, and regulation requirements. It is hindered by a lack of sufficient capacity, unclear social bottom line definitions, and a lack of embedded ness in their day to day operations.

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Velani, Chuma. "Funding and governance of cooperatives: a case study of Magwa and Majola tea estates in the Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14411.

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The purpose of this research study is to assess the funding and governance models utilised in the operations of cooperatives, with specific reference to Magwa and Majola Tea Estates in the Eastern Cape. Luyt (2008) observes that poverty levels in South Africa remain high, and have not been greatly reduced since 1994. There is general agreement amongst Eastern Cape communities that more than two decades after apartheid has ended, nearly half of South Africa’s population continue to live in poverty. A common understanding, is that cooperatives are geared and established to address poverty, address both social and economic development, even though they also emphasise a social focus, they are expected to be operated on sound business principles.

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Lombard, Christoffel. "The development of a methodology to evaluate business plans for land reform projects in the Western Cape with special emphasis on LRAD grant supported projects." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14635.

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Thesis (MDF)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this study was to develop a methodology to evaluate business plans which support governmental grants to emerging farmers in the Winelands area of the Western Cape. The study focuses primarily on two types of emerging farmer groups namely (i) farm equity groups and (ii) individual farmers (less than 10 members per farm). Empowering disadvantaged people is exceedingly complex, therefore it is of paramount importance to compile a detailed and comprehensive business plan based on a proper feasibility study. If a project is not feasible on paper it will rarely succeed in practice. Four LRAD business plans per group were evaluated and have been scored against a contents list, which was compiled from an ideal farm business plan. This was followed up with a questionnaire to evaluate the current situation on the farms and to test the understanding of the business plan and its elements with the beneficiaries. There is a clear distinction in the quality of business plans between the equity scheme land reform models and individual farmer’s business plans. The quality of the equity farmer’s business plan was in most cases around 25 percent better compared to those of the individual farmers. The result of the study shows that there is a direct link between the quality of the business plan and the sustainability of the projects. Lower scored individual farmer projects under review, struggle to stay afloat with a weak cash flow as their main drawback. On the other hand the better scored equity scheme projects are much more sustainable; however more focus needs to be placed on developing the shareholders in the understanding of the financial side and land ownership principals. The author is of the opinion that only feasible projects must receive grant funding and this should be supported by good mentorship policies from government. South Africa can no longer afford “social business plans” in the land reform process; there is a need for sound farm business plans as a very important first step to feasible and sustainable farming ventures. The methodology developed in this study could become a valuable tool for government departments for directly measuring the quality of business plans and thereby indirectly the feasibility of land reform projects. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om 'n metodiek te ontwikkel waarmee plaas besigheidsplanne geёalueer kan word vir die aansoek van skenkings (“grant”) fondse vir opkomende boere in die Kaapse Wynlandarea. Die studie fokus hoofsaaklik op twee tipes groepe, naamlik (i) plaas aandele skema groepe en (ii) individuele boere (minder as 10 lede per plaas). Die bemagtiging van opkomende boere is baie kompleks, daarom is dit baie belangrik om 'n gedetailleerde en omvattende besigheidsplan, gegrond op' n behoorlike ondersoek na die haalbaarheid, daar te stel. As 'n projek op papier nie haalbaar is nie, gaan dit nie sommer suksesvol wees in die praktyk nie. Vier LRAD besigheidsplanne per groep is geëvalueer teen 'n inhoudslys wat vanaf ‘n ideale plaas besigheidsplan saamgestel is. Dit is opgevolg met 'n vraelys om die huidige situasie op die plase te evalueer en die begrip van die besigheidsplan en sy elemente te toets. ‘n Duidelike kwaliteits verskil kan gesien word tussen die aandeel skema boere -en individuele boere se besigheidsplanne. Die gehalte van die aandeel skema boere se planne was in die meeste gevalle ongeveer 25 persent beter as dié van die individuele boere. Die studie kan 'n direkte lyn trek tussen die besigheidsplan inligting en die volhoubaarheid van die projekte. Die individuele boere- projekte onder oorsig sukkel om kop bo water te hou met 'n swak kontantvloei as hulle belangrikste nadeel. Aan die ander kant, is die aandeleskema projekte baie meer volhoubaar, maar meer fokus moet geplaas word op die ontwikkeling van die aandeelhouers se begrip van die finansiële kant van die boerdery asook eienaarskap op die plaas. Die tyd het aangebreek dat slegs haalbare projekte befonds moet word en dat die regering hierdie projekte moet ondersteun met goeie mentorskap beleid. Daar is nie meer plek vir "sosiale besigheids planne" in die Suid-Afrikaanse grondhervormingsproses nie. Goeie werkbare plaas besigheidsplanne is nodig as 'n baie belangrike eerste stap om volhoubare boerdery ondernemings daar te stel. Hierdie studie is 'n waardevolle hulpmiddel in die regering se hand vir die evaluering van besigheidsplanne van grondhervormings projekte.

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Ramanantseheno, Domoina. "La microfinance au service d’une agriculture durable, illusion ou réalité ? : le cas de Madagascar (région de l’Itasy)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA111015.

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Le secteur agricole regroupe non seulement plus de la moitié de la population rurale pauvre des Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA), mais aussi plus de 60 % de la population active. La majorité des ruraux pauvres tire le principal de ses revenus de l’activité agricole. Le développement agricole peut donc être considéré comme un puissant facteur d’atténuation de la pauvreté. Cependant, le problème du financement des petites exploitations familiales dans les PMA reste un problème non résolu.Si l’on considère que la microfinance est un outil de réduction de la pauvreté, quel que soit le secteur d’activité auquel elle s’applique, alors l’effet optimal de sa mise en oeuvre devrait être constaté là où se trouve la plus grande partie de la population pauvre. Le secteur agricole des Pays Moins Avancés devient alors le terrain privilégié de cette expérimentation. Le défi qui s’impose à la microfinance est donc non seulement de fournir le capital aux agriculteurs, leur permettant d’accroître leur productivité, mais aussi de favoriser une agriculture au service de l'environnement.Par conséquent, le rôle spécifique de la microfinance dans l’agriculture, et plus particulièrement pour les petites exploitations familiales des PMA, est donc questionné.La microfinance saura-t-elle se présenter comme une alternative aux problèmes de financement de l’agriculture familiale ou ne restera-t-elle qu’une illusion ? In the Less Advanced Countries, the agricultural sector is constituted not only by more than half of the rural population but also by over 60% of the active population. The majority of the poor rural people obtain their main resource incomes from the agricultural activities. The agricultural development could thus be considered as an attenuation factor of the poverty. However, the problem of the financial support toward the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries still remains an unsolved issue.If microfinance is considered to be a tool for reducing poverty in any activity sector where it is used, then the optimal effect of its implementation should be observed in the area where the majority of poor population is located. So, the agricultural sector of the Less Advanced Countries becomes a privileged field of this experimentation. The challenge that the microfinance has to face is not only to provide financial support to the farmers for allowing them to increase their productivity, but also to promote an agriculture contributing to the environment.As a result, the specific role of the microfinance in the field of agriculture, in particularly for the small family agricultural exploitation in the Less Advanced Countries is questioned.Will the microfinance be able to present itself as an alternative for the issue of the financial support toward the family farms or will it be just an illusion?

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36

Pancrazio, Lionel. "Parcours résidentiel et transition urbaines à la durabilité : le nœud gordien des coûts de constructions dans le cas de l'immobilier durable. Ou des technologies numériques nécessaire à l'évolution de la chaine de valeur de l'immobilier vers la durabilité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIML011.

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Alors que la conscience environnementale pourrait être largement compréhensible et partagée par le plus grand nombre, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, de polluants et de déchets ne cessent de croître. Notre habitat et les transports en sont les plus grands contributeurs. Le développement durable tend à fournir les bases d’un modèle de croissance pérenne de notre planète, mais aujourd’hui reste marginalement intégré au logiciel stratégique appliqué par les personnes, les organisations et les décideurs.La baisse des moyens d’État engendre une prégnance de l’intervention des groupes privés dans la fabrique de la ville. Le processus de production par la segmentation des interventions, la complexité, l’asymétrie d’informations et de compétences et son modèle économique sous-jacent rend complexe la prise en compte d’une réelle durabilité, mais notre habitat a une réelle influence sur notre devenir.L’habitat, son lieu, sa forme, sont des vecteurs importants de l’équité au sens de la justice sociale et donc du ‘vivre ensemble’. Mais le développement durable tel que pratiqué par les marchés reste rare et cher. Une évolution de la chaîne de valeur de l’immobilier peut permettre une réduction significative du coût de la construction et du prix pour rendre suffisamment abordable les logements. Nous avons identifié des variables d’ajustement et évalué leur impact. Une approche réellement durable contribue à supporter la démographie en adaptant nos modes de vie, tend favorablement au développement des individus, des entreprises et des institutions par la co-construction de valorisations et de (bonnes) pratiques, lesquelles restent largement à définir Title: Human living and urban transitions to sustainability: the Gordian knot of construction costs in the case of sustainable real estate or Digital technologies necessary for the evolution of the real estate value chain towards sustainability.While environmental awareness could be widely understood and shared by as many people as possible, emissions of greenhouse gases, pollutants and waste continue to grow. Housing and transportation are the biggest contributors. Sustainable development tends to provide the foundation for a sustainable growth model of our planet, but today remains marginally integrated in strategies applied by people, organizations and policy makers.The fall in state resources is giving rise to the intervention of private groups in the fabric of the city. The production process by the segmentation of the interventions, the complexity, the asymmetry of information and skills and its underlying economic model makes complex the taking into account of a real durability, but a house has a real influence on our potential of becoming.Our living, its place, its form, are important vectors of equity in the sense of social justice and thus of a 'living together'. But sustainable development as practiced by the markets is rare and expensive. We have identified adjustment variables that can make the cost of housing accessible. An evolution of the real estate value chain can lead to a significant reduction in the cost of construction and the price to make housing affordable enough. Sustainability can help support demographics by adapting our lifestyles, while positively contributing to the development of individuals, businesses and institutions through the co-construction of (good) practices, particularly in investments that remain largely to be define

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37

Jublot, Guillaume. "L'attractivité territoriale : rôle des incitations et des institutions et conditions de l'innovation." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR1009/document.

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Face à une succession de crises et une concurrence mondiale, les Etats cherchent des solutions pour s'en sortir. En cette longue période de disette financière à tous les étages territoriaux de la fusée France, il est opportun de regrouper tout ce qui participe à l'attractivité d'un pays, d'une région, d'une métropole. Le manque de communication, observé jusqu'à présent entre des secteurs complémentaires sur un même territoire qui participent pourtant à l'attractivité de celui-ci, rend l'exercice très compliqué. Or, ces ensembles autonomes les uns des autres sur un même territoire, auraient tout intérêt à faire converger leurs efforts en matière d'attractivité économique. Les réformes jusqu'à présent appliquées n'ont pas donné les résultats escomptés. La nécessité et le besoin de réforme structurante n'a jamais été aussi fort et inévitable pour le bon fonctionnement de nos économies. Face à cette crise, la France n'est pas à l'abri au regard des variables macro-économiques : chômages, déficit public, dette Faced with a succession of crisis and global competition, States seek solutions to get out. In this long period of financial scarcity at all stages of the rocket territorial France, it is appropriate to consolidate all that contributes to the attractiveness of a country, a region, a city. The lack of communication, abserved so far between complementary sectors in the same territory involved yet the attrativeness of it, makes the excercise very complicated. However, these independent sets of each other on the same territory, would be well advised to focus their efforts in terms of economic attrativeness. The reforms implemented so far didn't yield the desired results. The need and need strutural reform has never been stronger and unavoidable for the proper functioning of our economies. Faced with this crisis, France is not safe in terms of macro-economic variables: lockouts, deficit, debt

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Meyer, Gilbert. "Finances locales et développement durable." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAA033.

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Les finances locales sont actuellement au centre du débat. A cela il y a plusieurs raisons. La commande publique repose, à plus de 70%, sur les collectivités locales et leurs établissements publics. dans la période de récession économique actuelle, c'est un point essentiel qui mobilise tous, en premier le Président de la République, le Premier ministre et le gouvernement mais aussi tous les exécutifs locaux qu'ils soient de droite ou de gauche.au moment où les finances locales sont absorbées par des priorités, leur reste-t-il des moyens d'intervenir dans le développement durable ? le mille-feuille français, constitue aussi un dispersement de moyens qui coûte très cher. alors, quel constat ? quels moyens et quelle direction prendre ? dans une recherche de moyens, on peut également se trouver dans un partenariat public-privé, qu'il y a lieu d'approfondir The Grenelle on the environment modifies the actions and projects of the local authorities. They have to meet objectives, without having the necessary budgetary means. This thesis sets out the objectives imposed on the local authorities by the law. The previous long-term actions of sustainable development are recalled. Part one deals with sustainable development, the international recommendations and its local implementation, where the local authorities play a leading role. Examples of actions in favor of communities, prior to the Grenelle on the environment, are analyzed. Part two deals with how local finances have been affected by these sustainable development policies. The local authorities have a limited scope of action; between compulsory revenues and expenditures and the reduced State participation in co financing of the actions imposed on the communities. Tools at the disposai of local authorities can help. There are many partners. Finally, the State should not only create laws, it also needs to provide the financial support for the priority actions which are imposed

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Kinda, Harouna. "L'économie politique de la gouvernance des industries extractives et du financement du développement durable : La Transparence est-elle Avantageuse ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0156.

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L'Agenda 2030 issu de la Conférence internationale sur le financement du développement durable d'Addis-Abeba a mis en évidence la priorité de tous les flux de ressources, politiques et accords nationaux et internationaux avec des contraintes économiques, sociales et environnementales. Les pays en développement riches en ressources (PDRR) sont encouragés à se concentrer sur la transparence et la gouvernance dans les industries extractives afin d'améliorer la mobilisation des ressources nationales (DRM). Cette thèse étudie les impacts environnementaux et économiques de l'économie politique de la gouvernance des industries extractives dans les pays en développement riches en ressources. Le chapitre 1 revisite les liens entre le capital naturel et le capital humain dans les pays en développement, en se concentrant sur le cas de la perte de la couverture forestière. Nous utilisons un panel de 52 pays en développement riches en ressources naturelles entre 2001 et 2017. Nos principaux résultats montrent que la rente totale des industries extractives nuit à la forêt. En outre, nous constatons que les recettes fiscales provenant des ressources naturelles contribuent à réduire la perte de couverture forestière.Le chapitre 2 évalue "l'effet de traitement" de la mise en œuvre de la norme de l'Initiative pour la transparence des industries extractives (ITIE) sur la déforestation dans les pays en développement riches en ressources. À partir d'un échantillon de 83 pays en développement riches en ressources naturelles entre 2001 et 2017, nous utilisons des méthodes d'équilibrage de l'entropie pour traiter le biais d'autosélection associé à l'adhésion à l'ITIE. Les résultats montrent que la mise en œuvre de la norme ITIE réduit significativement la perte de couverture forestière d'environ 300 à 760 ha par rapport à un pays non-membre de l'ITIE. Ce résultat soutient la conclusion selon laquelle l'ITIE, sans être une panacée, est un programme politique efficace pour limiter les impacts négatifs sur les forêts causés en partie par les industries extractives.Le chapitre 3 évalue "l'effet de traitement" de l'adhésion à l'Initiative pour la transparence des industries extractives (ITIE) sur les recettes fiscales par le biais de deux canaux principaux. Le premier se traduit par un régime fiscal équitable et transparent sur les ressources. Le second est l'effet indirect de l'ITIE sur les recettes non liées aux ressources, une fois que la transparence renforce la responsabilité et l'allocation des ressources aux dépenses productives. À partir d'un échantillon de 83 pays en développement riches en ressources naturelles entre 2001 et 2017, nous utilisons l'appariement par score de propension (PSM) pour traiter le biais d'autosélection associé à l'adhésion à l'ITIE. Les résultats montrent que l'engagement ou la candidature à l'ITIE ont une incidence significative et positive sur la perception des recettes fiscales par rapport aux pays qui ne sont pas membres de l'ITIE. La conformité à l'ITIE génère un surplus considérable de recettes fiscales par rapport à la non-conformité. Les résultats sont robustes, avec une augmentation substantielle des recettes fiscales non liées aux ressources, de l'impôt sur le revenu et des recettes fiscales liées aux ressources.Le chapitre 4 émet l'hypothèse que l'Initiative pour la transparence des industries extractives, une norme internationale visant à promouvoir la transparence dans la gestion des ressources naturelles, peut atténuer cet impact négatif. Nous soutenons empiriquement cette hypothèse en utilisant les méthodes des effets fixes et de l'équilibrage de l'entropie dans un panel de 71 pays riches en ressources naturelles, dont 30 pays ITIE et 41 pays non ITIE, entre 1995 et 2019. Nos résultats sont robustes à l'utilisation de différents ensembles de contrôles et de mesures alternatives du développement financier The 2030 Agenda from the International Conference on Financing for Sustainable Development in Addis Ababa highlighted the priority of all national and international resource flows, policies, and agreements with economic, social, and environmental stresses. Resource-rich developing countries (RRDCs) are encouraged to focus on transparency and governance in the extractive industries in order to improve domestic resource mobilization (DRM). This thesis investigates the environmental and economic impacts of the political economy of extractive industry governance in resource-rich developing countries.Chapter 1 revisits the links between man-made and natural capital in developing countries, focusing on the case of forest cover loss. Considering a theoretical model of income maximization, we assess through empirical observation the impact of extractive industries on forest cover loss. Based on a panel of 52 resource-rich developing countries from 2001-2017, we adopt a dynamic specification with the two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) system to address the inherent bias. Our main results show that the total rent from the extractive industries harms the forest. In contrast, oil rents contribute to reducing forest cover loss. In addition, we find that natural resource tax revenues contribute to reducing forest cover loss.Chapter 2 assesses the "treatment effect" of implementing the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) standard on deforestation in resource-rich developing countries. Using a sample of 83 resource-rich developing countries from 2001–to 2017, we use entropy balancing methods to address the self-selection bias associated with EITI membership. Compared with the non-EITI country, the results show that implementing the EITI standard significantly reduces the loss of forest cover by approximately 300–760 ha. This result supports the conclusion that EITI, but not a panacea, is an effective policy program for limiting the negative impacts on forests partly caused by extractive industries.Chapter 3 assesses the "treatment effect" of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) membership on tax revenues through two main channels. The first (direct effect) works through an equitable and transparent resource tax regime. The second is the indirect effect EITI has on non-resource revenue once transparency enhances accountability and resource allocation to productive expenditures. Using a sample of 83 resource-rich developing countries from 2001 to 2017, we use propensity score matching (PSM) and a control function approach to address the self-selection bias associated with EITI membership (the dates of countries' commitment, candidacy, and compliance). Results show that EITI commitment or candidates significantly and positively affect tax revenue collection compared to non-EITI. EITI compliance generates a considerable surplus of tax revenues compared to noncompliance. The results are robust, with a substantial increase in non-resource tax revenues, income tax, and resource tax revenue.Chapter 4 hypothesizes that the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, an international norm that aims to promote transparency in natural resources management, may mitigate this negative impact. We empirically support this hypothesis using the Fixed-Effects and Entropy Balancing methods in a panel of 71 resource-rich countries, including 30 EITI and 41 non-EITI countries, between 1995 and 2019. Our results are robust to using different sets of controls and alternative measures of financial development. In addition, we discuss the transmission channels through which the financial resource curse may occur

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40

Ndhleve, Simbarashe. "Agricultural public spending, growth and poverty linkage hypotheses in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/493.

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The adoption of the Millennium Development Goal 1 (MDG1) of reducing the rate of poverty to half of the 1990-level by 2015, the advent of democracy in South Africa, among other things, have raised concerns over the potential role of the agricultural sector. There is a belief that the sector has the capacity to successfully reduce poverty among the rural masses and contribute to addressing the problem of inequality in South Africa. In line with that thinking, South Africa‘s agricultural sector has attracted considerable fiscal policy interest. For instance, South Africa‘s statistics show that public investments in agricultural development programmes have been growing. In spite of this, rural poverty is still a major concern on an overall basis. However, this might not be the case in the Eastern Cape Province and the situation might be different for each district municipality. This study assesses the linkages between public agricultural investment, agricultural growth and poverty reduction in the Eastern Cape Province. The study also addresses the question whether Eastern Cape Province is on course to meet several regional development targets. The study also aims to provide an estimate of the amount of agricultural investment required to attain the agricultural productivity growth rate which is sufficient to meet MDG1. The study reviewed the various theories of public spending, linkages between public investment and agricultural growth and how these components affect the incidence of poverty. The conventional wisdom that public expenditure in agriculture positively affects economic growth and this growth consequently reduces poverty was noted. The reviews also revealed that in many developing countries, the current level of public agricultural investment needs to be increased significantly for countries to meet the MDG1. This study employed the decomposition technique and growth elasticity of poverty concept to estimate the response of poverty to its key determinants. The size of public spending, prioritization of public spending and the intensity in the use of public funds emerged as important in increasing agricultural production. The relationship between government investment in agriculture and agricultural GDP shows iv that public funds were largely behind the province‘s success in increasing agricultural production throughout the period from 1990s to 2010. Agricultural spending went to sustainable resource management, administrative functions and then farmer support programme. Exceptional growth in the size of spending was recorded in respect to agricultural economic function, structured agricultural training, sustainable resource management and veterinary services. Overall output from the agricultural sector fluctuated, and the sector contributed less than 5 per cent to the total provincial GDP. Correlations between growth in agricultural sector and changes in the incidence of poverty in Eastern Cape show that during the period 1995 to 2000, increases in the agricultural GDP per capita may have failed to benefit the poor as poverty increased in all the reported cases.–However, for the period between 2005 and 2010, the situation was different and it was observed that increases in agricultural GDP per capita and were associated with reduction in the incidence of poverty. Growth elasticity of poverty (GEP) estimates reveal that agricultural GDP per capita was more important in reducing poverty in 5 out of the 7 district municipalities. Non-agricultural GDP per capita was only important in two district municipalities. It emerged that most of the district municipalities are not in a position to meet any of the regional set goals. This situation is largely attributable to the province‘s failure to boost agricultural production which is an outcome of low and inefficient public expenditure management, inconsistent and misaligned policies and failure to fully embrace the concept of pro-poor growth. Varied provisional estimates for the required agricultural growth rate and the increase in public spending on agriculture required in order to reach MDG1 were calculated for each district municipalities. All the district municipalities of Eastern Cape will need to increase public investment in agriculture for them to achieve MDG1.

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Silva, Ana Paula Vasconcellos da. "O ICMS ecológico como fator indutor de políticas públicas ambientais municipais no estado do Rio de Janeiro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4632.

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O presente trabalho debate a construção do federalismo fiscal norteado pelo ideal da solidariedade, e de que forma a legislação do ICMS Ecológico fluminense pode se inserir nesse tema. Através da comparação entre legislações estaduais e da análise dos efeitos econômicos das leis do Estado do Rio de Janeiro sobre os seus Municípios, será discutido de que forma a cooperação e a competição atuam nesta forma de partilha de receita tributária, reforçando a autonomia das municipalidades para a construção de políticas ambientais próprias. The present essay discusses the construction of fiscal federalism guided by the ideal of solidarity, and how the law of the Eco-ICMS of Rio de Janeiro State focuses the subject theme. By comparing state laws and analyzing the economic effects of the law of the State of Rio de Janeiro on its municipalities, it will discuss how cooperation and competition work in this form of sharing-in tax revenues, strengthening the autonomy of municipalities to build their own environmental policies.

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42

Maclean, Sindisile. "Assessing financial viability of selected urban and rural municipalities in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007093.

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The purpose of the research is to assess the financial viability of selected urban and rural municipalities in the Eastern Cape. Municipalities that are not financially viable and sustainable will always struggle to deliver basic services to communities. Without sound financial management systems, municipalities will be forced to discontinue their operations. Municipalities, particularly small and rural ones, are not self-sufficient and often rely on grants and transfers to satisfy their immediate short-term goal of providing basic services to satisfy the needs of their communities. Therefore, finance is regarded as an overriding and decisive factor for determining the viability of municipalities. The study seeks to investigate the financial viability of selected urban and rural municipalities in the Eastern Cape. Its key research questions are: Are municipalities able to provide sufficient funds to provide a range of services at an acceptable service level? To what extent do municipalities rely on external funding? Do municipalities have revenue collection capacity and revenue policies? The study asserts that most municipalities lack the required financial resources. They depend mainly on transfers from Provincial Government and equitable share and conditional grants from National Government. Section 152 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 8 of 1996, states, amongst other things, that Local Government should ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner. The constitution further states that a municipality must strive, within its financial and administrative capacity, to achieve its objectives. The Municipal Finance Management Act, Act 56 of 2003, creates a framework for municipalities to borrow money and determine the conditions for short- and long-term borrowing. The Act assigns clear roles and responsibilities to the various role players involved in local government financial management. According to the Act, an annual budget for a municipality may only be funded from realistically anticipated revenues to be collected. As revenue projections in the budget must be realistic, the Municipal Property Rates Act, Act 6 of 2004, facilitates the collection of revenue in municipalities and establishes a uniform property rating system across South Africa. Property tax is the biggest element of local government tax revenue and is central to municipal finance. The Municipal Systems Act, Act 32 of 2000, amongst its objectives, provides for the manner in which municipal powers and functions are exercised as well as establishes a simple framework for the core processes of planning, performance management and resource mobilisation. The Act also provides a framework for public administration and human resource development. Finally, it also empowers the poor and ensures that municipalities put in place service tariffs and credit control policies that take their needs into account. The research contends that, whilst there is legislation and structures to assist and direct municipalities, it has been established that municipalities do not properly collect rates and taxes due to them to augment their revenue. The study has shown nevertheless that metropolitan municipalities have the capacity to collect revenue for municipal services. This is confirmed by their collection rate which ranges between 94 % and 97 %. There is also the culture of non-payment by communities for services rendered by the municipalities. Rural municipalities are exempted from property tax, while other rural municipalities who have an urban component, have to collect. There is also the question of unemployment and poverty. Consequently, municipalities are not self-sufficient and rely on grants and equitable share to survive. As a result of this lack of self-sufficiency, it is difficult to implement service delivery and also difficult to attract skilled personnel. The study has investigated why some municipalities fail to collect revenue and depend on national grants. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of the quantitative paradigm have been presented in the form of graphs and charts. The major findings include: All municipalities have limited borrowing capacity; have not exceeded their budgets in terms of their spending; small municipalities have households as their main contributor of revenue collected; metropolitan municipalities get the big slice of their revenue from business; small and rural municipalities rely on grants and transfers and are therefore not financially viable; metropolitan municipalities are, to a great extent, financially viable but lack skills and capacity to utilize their resources for effective service delivery; and all municipalities under-spend their budgets. The study, after elaborating on the findings, makes recommendations on how municipalities should become financially viable.

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43

Haile, Yohannes. "Sustainable Value And Eco-Communal Management: Systemic Measures For The Outcome Of Renewable Energy Businesses In Developing, Emerging, And Developed Economies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1459369970.

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O'Connor, Feilim. "The Europeanisation of Ireland’s Wind Power Development. How is the EU policy process infleuncing the Irish wind sector?" Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för fysisk planering, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3861.

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Ireland is facing a great challenge in meeting renewable energy requirements, where due to past circumstances and decisions, the nation state is now heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels. Given the contribution of these imported fossil fuels to global climate change, price instability and supply insecurity, Ireland is under a pressing need to face up to the dilemma of an unsustainably fueled economy. This thesis explores how the EU policy process is helping Ireland to achieve the goals it has set with the EU and how these are being incorporated into the drivers of wind power development in Ireland. This research sought to uncover the dynamic of this relationship - the goodness of fit - through an assessment of three mechanisms of change, namely: Discourses, Directives and Finances, which were drawn on from the theoretical approach of Europeanisation. By doing a combined assessment of these three channels and their influence, this thesis provides a greater understanding of the ways in which the development of wind power in Ireland is influenced by the EU level. The thesis finishes with a concluding discussion on the importance of the national level in this process, as well as the importance of social and community engagement, which despite being previously seen as important, has to date largely manifested as a tokenistic gesture in Ireland. This thesis reasserts it as a common and crucial thread of the renewable energy transition that continuously arose as being pre-eminent during this study.

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45

Lepoittevin, Christine. "Financement privé des grandes ONG internationales : quels sont les ressorts du lien entre donateurs privés et grandes ONG internationales au travers de l'argent ?" Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090009.

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La dimension organisationnelle et médiatique prise par certaines ONGI humanitaires et environnementales a modifié leur rôle et leur importance dans la gouvernance mondiale, l’aide au développement et plus largement le Développement durable. Elles sont devenues porteuses d’une autre mondialisation. Leur action s’appuie largement sur le soutien financier d’acteurs individuels qui mettent le sujet personnel au cœur de l’environnement globalisé, émergeant d’une société de masse. Sa fidélité traduit le dépassement d’une solidarité basée sur l’empathie ou la compassion, pour reconnaître une responsabilité individuelle globale dans l’action et le changement. L’argent constitue un élément stratégique mais ambivalent qui peut engloutir un donateur, particulier ou entreprise, dans une identité économique. La sphère du monde marchand envahit celle de la philanthropie, risquant la dépersonnalisation du donateur comme celle de l’organisation, oubliant le lien au profit de valeurs économiques The large environmental and Humanitarian INGOs, since they were born, have developed a significant role in global governance, international aid and sustainable development. They have become a symbol of a path for another globalization. A large number of individual donors have supported them regularly, putting the subject at the heart of the globalization process, emerging out of a mass society. Donor’s loyalty to INGOs goes beyond a solidarity based on empathy and compassion. He recognizes his own individual responsibility when addressing required changes and actions. However money takes a strategic, but ambivalent, place that makes the private donor, whether it is a company or an individual, an economic data. The market world is step by step invading the philanthropic one bringing confusion. It involves a risk of a depersonalization process of together, donors and large INGOs. When focusing on the economic value of the donors, INGOs could forget the link with them

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46

Nguyen, Nhan Thanh. "Programmer le développement soutenable dans un pays en voie de développement: Une optimisation sociale du secteur électrique au Vietnam." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593573.

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Au cœur de cette thèse réside l'application des méthodes d'optimisation et d'études empiriques pour traiter des questions de développement durable dans le secteur de l'électricité du Vietnam pour les 30 prochaines années. On examine les moyens des options énergétiques durables pour le secteur de l'électricité. La thèse s'organise en deux parties. (i) Dans la première partie, nous développons le modèle " bottom-up " de planification intégrée des ressources (IRP) pour fournir une évaluation plus exhaustive de l'état actuel et des perspectives d'avenir pour le secteur de l'électricité du Vietnam dans les trois prochaines décennies. Puis, en utilisant une analyse comparative et une analyse de la vulnérabilité qui est basée sur la simulation IRP, nous analysons les vulnérabilités auxquelles le développement du secteur devra faire face, en termes de dimensions économiques et socio-environnementales. Nous avons en outre développé le modèle IRP, représentant les coûts marginaux de réduction des émissions de carbone de manière réaliste en tenant compte des valeurs non nulles de carbone et de limitation des émissions de carbone, afin de simuler des options d'approvisionnement énergétique soutenables pour le secteur de l'énergie. (ii) Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions les principaux obstacles contre une adoption plus large des énergies soutenables à l'aide d'enquêtes formelles parmi les experts nationaux. Ensuite, nous utilisons une approche d'analyse empirique pour examiner les différents outils politiques appropriés, y compris des instruments d'incitation / régimes et la réforme du secteur pour une telle durabilité du secteur de l'énergie. Pour la fin, nous analysons l'accès aux sources de financement possibles pour le développement durable dans le secteur de l'électricité du Vietnam.

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47

Cretté, Olivier. "L’incidence des facteurs socioculturels dans le reporting financier et le reporting sociétal : Un essai de comparaison entre la France et l’Allemagne." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CNAM0819/document.

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Nos travaux, dans le prolongement de recherches envisageant l’harmonisation comptable internationale (IAS/IFRS) et la mise en place des indicateurs de Responsabilité Sociale de l’Entreprise (RSE) sous un angle processuel et « historico évolutif », tendent à s’en démarquer en recherchant les moyens d’analyser l’information issue du reporting financier (IAS/IFRS) et extra-financier (RSE) dispensée durant la période 2006-2010 par les sociétés cotées composant les indices boursiers français du CAC 40 et du SBF 120, d’une part, et allemands du DAX 30 et du DAX 100, d’autre part, et en substituant à une approche souvent inductive dans ce domaine une démarche hypothético-déductive. Ils mettent en regard, d’une part, les données recueillies et, d’autre part, les intérêts des actionnaires/investisseurs ainsi que de l’ensemble des parties prenantes de part et d’autre du Rhin, sur le fondement théorique de la théorie de l’agence et la théorie des parties prenantes. La méthode employée, à la fois quantitative et qualitative, vise d’abord à utiliser des outils de mesure se fondant sur des moyennes, médianes et analyses de régression combinant plusieurs variables exprimées pour l’essentiel sous la forme de ratios comptables et financiers (IAS/IFRS) ; cette mesure s’étend à un recensement de l’occurrence de mots dans les supports d’information extra-financière (rapports RSE et de développement durable). Puis à interroger les responsables administratifs et financiers en charge de l’application du référentiel IAS/IFRS ainsi que les responsables de la communication RSE et du développement durable des sociétés de notre panel, au moyen de questionnaires se fondant sur les outils de « logique floue ». Nous ne cherchons pas à mesurer l’incidence des normes IAS/IFRS et des indicateurs RSE ni sur la performance financière, ni en taux de retour sur la valeur boursière. Nous observons par nos résultats des nuances de perception des normes IAS/IFRS et des objectifs de RSE dans le reporting financier et extra-financier susceptibles d’être imputées à des facteurs socioculturels, et répondant à une gouvernance plus actionnariale en France qu’en Allemagne This study, in the extension of researches aimed at harmonising accounting internationally (IAS/IFRS) and implementing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) indicators from a processual and “historical evolutional” angle, tends to differ from them by focusing on the means to analyse the information issued from financial (IAS/IFRS) and extra-financial (CSR) reporting released during the 2006-2010 period by the listed companies which compose the French and German stock market indexes respectively CAC40/SBF120 and DAX30/DAX100, and replacing an oftentimes inductive approach in this field with a hypothetical and deductive process. It compares the collected data on the one hand, and the needs of shareholders/investors and third parties as a whole on the other hand, on either side of the Rhine, on the basis of the theoretical frame of the agency theory and the stakeholder theory.The method employed, which is both quantitative and qualitative, aims to do as follows. First use of tools for measuring based on averages, medians and regression studies combining many variables essentially expressed in the form of accounting and financial ratios (IAS/IFRS); this measure extends to the listing of words occurrence in the extra-financial information supports (CSR and sustainability reports). Then question the administrative and financial managers in charge of the application of the IAS/IFRS referential and the managers responsible for the CSR and sustainability communication within these companies we selected with reference to matrixes based on the “fuzzy logic” theory tools. We do not investigate the influence of IAS/IFRS standards/CSR indicators neither on financial performance nor in terms of expected return on the capital asset. We can observe that our results show nuances of perception of IAS/IFRS standards and CSR goals in the financial and extra-financial reporting that are likely to be attributed to socio-cultural factors, and reflecting a governance much more aimed at shareholders in France than in Germany

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48

Trabelsi, Mohamed. "Flux de capitaux étrangers, institutions et croissance soutenable dans les pays en développement." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIME003/document.

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Cette thèse est un ensemble de quatre essais indépendants sur la réforme du compte capital dans les pays en développement. Le premier essai analyse théoriquement les effets de la libéralisation du compte capital sur la croissance à long terme en présence de corruption dans le secteur public. Le résultat principal est que la corruption réduit la croissance, en présence d’ouverture financière, à cause de son effet négatif sur l'épargne étrangère. Le deuxième essai examine le lien entre le développement financier et la libéralisation des flux de capitaux pour un échantillon de 90 pays développés et en développement durant la période 1980-2009. Les résultats mettent en évidence le rôle des institutions et l'importance du secteur privé comme conditions pré-requises pour un effet positif de la réforme du compte capital sur le secteur financier. Le troisième essai s’intéresse à la causalité entre la libéralisation des flux de capitaux et la croissance, en utilisant l'approche de Toda et Yamamoto, pour un échantillon de six pays émergents durant la période 1975-2011. Les résultats indiquent une causalité directe allant de la libéralisation du compte capital à la croissance, surtout dans les pays qui ont mis en œuvre des réformes macroéconomiques profondes. Le dernier essai étudie les effets de la libéralisation financière externe sur les variables macroéconomiques en Turquie au cours de la période 1989-2009, en utilisant des données trimestrielles et un modèle VAR. Les résultats indiquent que les flux de capitaux ont des effets variables sur l'économie turque avant et après la crise de 2001, avec surtout des effets positifs sur l’environnement macroéconomique après la crise This thesis is a set of four independent essays on the reforms of capital accounts in developing countries. The first essay analyses theoretically the effects of capital account liberalization on long run growth in presence of corruption in the public sector. The main result is that corruption lowers growth opportunities, when the capital account is open, because of its negative effect on foreign savings. The second essay investigates empirically the nexus between financial development and free capital flows using a sample of 90 developed and developing countries over the period 1980-2009. The findings highlight the role of institutional framework and the importance of the private sector as pre-requisites for a significant effect of capital account reform on the financial sector. The third essay sheds light on the causal relationship between free capital movements and economic growth, using the Toda and Yamamoto’s approach, for a selected sample of six emerging countries over the period 1975-2011. The results point out a direct causal relationship going from capital account liberalization to economic growth especially in countries that have implemented deep macroeconomic reforms. The last essay investigates the effects of external financial liberalization on macroeconomic variables in Turkey during the period 1989-2009 using quarterly data within a VAR framework. The findings indicate that capital ﬂows have varying effects on the Turkish economy before and after the crisis of 2001. The evidence supports, particularly, significant effects of freeing financial flows on macroeconomic performance, during the post-crisis period

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49

Sonko, Seedou Mukthar. "Le tourisme rural et la réduction de la pauvreté." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965268.

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Cette thèse traite un sujet pointu qui est la contribution du tourisme rural à la réduction de la pauvreté. Théoriquement parlant nous pouvons comprendre que le tourisme en général est un des secteurs qui contribue le plus à l'économie des pays. Ainsi, puisque nous parlons de tourisme rural et de réduction de la pauvreté, voici comment notre travail est constitué. Trois parties composent le travail que nous allons vous présenter. Dans la première partie, nous procédons à une évaluation et une tentative de définition du tourisme et de la réduction de la pauvreté après avoir expliqué brièvement l'historique et l'évolution du tourisme en général. Nous avons aussi abordé la question de la pauvreté dans le monde et plus particulièrement dans les pays sous-développés. La deuxième partie porte sue les fondements du développement touristique en milieu rural. Elle présente alors les différentes théories du développement ainsi que les spécificités touristiques des petites économies rurales. Nous essayons d'y faire une proposition sur le choix de la stratégie de développement touristique rural à opter en mettant l'accent sur les critères et les objectifs du développement durable. Notre troisième partie fait une analyse empirique du rôle du tourisme rural dans la réduction de la pauvreté en Casamance (Sénégal). Tout au long de cette partie, nous présenterons notre méthodologie d'analyse de terrain, notre enquête sur le terrain et ses résultats après avoir fait une analyse globale de la situation de la pauvreté dans la région. Les résultats obtenus nous ont permis de tirer une conclusion qui reste discutable par rapport à la contribution du tourisme à la réduction de la pauvreté.

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Yeh, Chao-Fu. "Intermodalité et coûts des déplacements urbains dans les mégapoles. Les cas de Paris, Shanghai et Taipei." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00424046.

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La recherche d'une mobilité plus durable constitue aujourd'hui un souci partagé chez les responsables des grandes villes du monde, qui doivent alléger la pression des transports sur l'espace (congestion), la qualité de vie (nuisances, accidents), l'environnement (émissions de CO2) en maintenant leur capacité de développement et en préservant ou améliorant leur cohésion sociale. C'est le cas sur nos terrains d'étude, qui sont l'Île-de-France, Shanghai et Taipei. Cette recherche de durabilité s'inscrit dans un contexte historique, géographique et culturel, qui prédétermine l'état de la mobilité et de ses évolutions sur les territoires. Notre première partie est consacrée à l'analyse de la mobilité et de ses dynamiques sur ces trois terrains. Les moyens d'aller vers cette durabilité peuvent reposer sur le progrès technologique, la planification urbaine, la tarification des systèmes et les évolutions d'usage des modes. Des transferts des modes individuels vers le transport public sont généralement considérés comme souhaitables, et le développement de transport intermodal est une des conditions de ce développement. Notre travail distingue fortement le bus et le rail dans les modes collectifs, et le vélo, les deux-roues motorisés et la voiture dans les modes individuels. Il porte sur les perspectives de transfert modal et le rôle potentiel de l'intermodalité. Ces perspectives dépendent de trois types de coûts : les coûts qualifiés d'" externes ", qui motivent le besoin de plus de durabilité ; les coûts pour l'usager, qui déterminent largement ses comportements ; les coûts d'investissement et d'exploitation des systèmes, dont une part souvent importante est financée par les pouvoirs publics et les impôts. La caractérisation théorique, la modélisation et l'évaluation empirique de ces coûts pour les trois terrains d'étude sont l'objet de la partie II. La comparaison des coûts par voyageur-km entre modes individuels et modes collectifs fait apparaître qu'aucun ne peut être meilleur que les autres sur les trois postes de coûts, et que les différences dépendent de plus des types de déplacements (longueurs, origines-destinations, etc.). La partie III est de nature plus prospective. Elle présente d'une part les schémas de développement des territoires et des transports adoptés par les responsables de ces territoires. Elle explore d'autre part les capacités à aller vers une mobilité plus durable à partir des comparaisons issues de nos territoires et des évaluations de coûts menées dans la partie II. Deux politiques importantes sont explorées : les politiques de stationnement et les politiques de tarification des transport publics ; Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse ont pour but de contribuer au développement de ce modèle d'évaluation des coûts de déplacement et d'une méthode de diagnostic permettant de proposer des visions des transports dans le cadre de développement durable et d'orienter les politiques de déplacement vers plus de durabilité et d'intermodalité.

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Дисертації з теми "Sustainable Development Finance"

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