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Дисертації з теми "Surface active électrochimique":
Charles-Blin, Youn. "Technologie de protection active des électrodes par fluoration de surface." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS068.
A shift toward greener technologies has been impulsed by the European authorities and tremendous efforts are now engaged to drastically reduce our carbon footprint, by at least for 40 percent by 2030. The development of safe batteries with higher energy density is part of this shift, since this technology is critical for the commercialization and for the rise of electrical mobility and smart energy grid deployment. To do so, new materials need to be developed or existing materials need to be improved to reach higher specific capacities and working electrochemical potentials. The research prospects new electrode materials, new electrolytes and new ways to protect the electrode/electrolyte interphase within the batteries. Indeed, in secondary batteries, the anode/electrolyte interphase plays a key role in the electrochemical performances and life span. Since the classically used liquid organic electrolytes are not stable in the totality of the working potential window of Li-ion batteries, they undergo degradation on cycling of the battery, hence a Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) is formed. This interphase passivates the negative electrodes from the electrolyte and prevents further aging processes, however as this passivation continues in cycling, it also lowers the coulombic efficiency and causes irreversible capacity loss. Knowing this, any modification of the SEI should be performed with parsimony as it could break the balance between the positive and negative aspect for the SEI. By synthetizing a chemisorbed thin fluorinated layer upon anode material, we managed to improve the passivating power of the SEI on TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) anodes, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance. We also determine that very low quantities of fluorine on the active electrode material surface leads to several beneficial effects. We demonstrated that the fluorination brings as well enhancement for positive electrode materials, such as LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA). Indeed, NCA and NMC suffer structural surface instability, leading to self-heating and loss of performance. Improved cyclability is observed for fluorinated NCA electrodes as the fluorination stabilizes the surface structure.Surface fluorination was carried by a process using XeF2, for the first time applied to electrode materials. We aimed to prospect the influence of the surface fluorination on different aspect of a Li-ion battery, from the active material to the electrolyte interphase, thanks to a multi-scale probing approach. The chemical nature of the surface layer on negative and positive electrode materials was described by the mean of the XPS, as well as the fluorine distribution on the surface with both AES and SAM. The bulk and sub-surface properties of fluorinated LTO (LTO-F) were also investigated by coupling XRD, Raman Spectroscopy and NMR 19F, showing no modifications of the crystallographic structure. The influence of the surface fluorination on the electrochemical performance was investigated by galvanostatic cycling and by coupling XPS and SAM on cycled electrodes. We paid a specific attention to the impact of the fluorination on the SEI thickness and stability in charge and discharge. Indeed, LTO-F exhibits a new reactivity toward the electrolyte, leading to a thinner and stabilized SEI. Finally, the gas generation of the LTO-F electrodes has been investigated by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), as gassing is known to be a roadblock to the commercialization of LTO. We demonstrated that the CO2 outgassing is reduced by the surface fluorination. Overall, the strategy implemented in this work, from synthesis to thorough characterization, offer new solutions to improve both SEI formed on negative electrode material as well as surface structural stability of positive electrode material, leading to improved Li-ion batteries
Bui, Thi Tuyet Van. "Redox active ionic liquids from synthesis to surface modification : grafting and surface polymerization towards functional electrode materials." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC205.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are described as a new class of molten salts consisting entirely of ions having a melting point below 100°C. Ionic liquids constitute a class of materials with many promising applications in very diverse fields. Their properties can be tailored by modifying the combination of ions in their composition. The introduction of the functional group forms "functionalized or task-specific ionic liquids" and allows us to tune the property for a particular application. Taking the advantage of introducing a monomer group to ILs, we can give rise a new family of functional polymer labeled polymeric ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquids) (PILs). ILs or PILs containing redox active groups are interesting because of their different applications such as molecular electronics, (bio)analytical sensor, energy transduction materials, electrochemical actuator, smart surfaces, solar cells, organic memory devices, as well as polymer based batteries. Since 2000, the research on ionic liquid-modified electrodes became intensively developing area. In term of electrochemical approach and considering the above factors, the work in this thesis focused on three points: i) synthesis of redox active ionic liquids, ii) grafting redox active ionic liquids by electrochemical process, iii) immobilization of redox poly(ionic liquids) on electrode surface. This thesis contains six chapters : -Chapter 1 presents an overview of ionic liquids and Poly(ionic liquids), their composition synthesis and use in electrochemical investigations. -Chapter 2 concentrates on the synthesis of ionic liquids (ILs) and report their protocol. - Chapter 3 reports the immobilization of task-specific ionic liquids on carbon electrodes by means of electrochemical grafting. Chapter 4 studies the formation redox Poly(ionic liquids) onto carbon electrode surfaces using four methods: direct electropolymerization, Graft-fast, Surface Electro-initiated Emulsion Polymerization (SEEP) and Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (SI-ATRP). -Chapter 5 envisages the preparation of bi-functional PILs containing both ferrocene and anthraquinone on polymer chain by SI-ATRP method. -Chapter 6 lists the conclusions of this thesis and displays future prospects for the bi-functional materials
Stockhausen, Verena. "Modulation of material properties using Nanoelectrochemistry : from active plasmonic devices and photovoltaic systems to ultrathin electroactive layers." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077071.
Over the last twenty years, a continuous increase in plastic electronics has lead to a revolution in lifestyle. In the first chapter, we will discuss hybrid conducting polymer/plasmonic nanoparticle Systems and demonstrate that optical answers of plasmonic structures can not only be reversibly switched according to conducting polymer electronic state. Furthermore, the polymer type induces distinct optical answers, offering tremendous possibilities for further tailoring of optical properties. The second chapter is dedicated to ultrathin electroactive film generation from diazonium salt electroreduction. The first part presents successful diazonium salt derived film deposition without core benzene unit. The second part is devoted to the influence of the thiophene derivative, attached to the core benzene, on diazonium salt generation and electronic properties of gratted films. The third chapter demonstrates that a bottom-up approach can be used to further elongate oligomer chains by overgrafting monomeric compounds. By that, film properties are modified according to the monomer used, enlarging possibilities of distinct electroactive thin film design. In the fourth chapter, we investigate dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) or Grätzel type cells with regard to the establishment of low cost plasmonic DSSC. By that, we hope to increase efficiencies of the basic System. In a first time, cell setup will be optimized to allow comparison with literature and then, the redox mediator will be replaced in order to optimize the System for subsequent gold incorporation. Finally, several strategies for gold deposition and first tests in cell setup will be demonstrated
Touhami, Salah. "Apparition, détection et propagation des défauts à l'anode des piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0151.
Defects known to shorten the lifetime of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) can appear on different membrane electrode assembly (MEA) components and under different forms due to manufacturing processes or operational aging of the fuel cell. This work concerns the occurrence, detection, and propagation of defects in PEMFC MEA, and more specifically at the anode. To this end, an accelerated stress test (AST) combining potential and humidity cycles -induced by load variations-, and open-circuit hold is applied to standard MEA, and to MEA with initial defects. Those customized MEA were intentionally prepared with a lack of active layer at the anode, the defect being located either near the hydrogen inlet or near the hydrogen outlet. Periodic electrochemical characterizations were carried out using a segmented instrumented linear cell, allowing to monitor the cell performance through the currents, electrode potentials, and local impedance, as well as the evolution of the electrochemical active surface (ECSA) at the anode and cathode during the ageing test, with a spatial resolution along the channels. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study was conducted jointly, using equivalent electrical circuits, and focusing on the detection of the anodic contribution to the global impedance of the cell. Results showed an accelerated degradation of the MEA and the first evidence of defect propagation, in terms of loss of ECSA at the anode. This propagation occurred in the direction of the hydrogen flow. The ECSA at the cathode also appeared to be impacted, although apparently homogeneously. Significant membrane thinning was also observed in the defective segments, with probable propagation to adjacent segments, but over a longer time period
Leroux, Yann. "Electrochimie sur surfaces nanostructurées et nanoélectrochimie : dces dispositifs plasmoniques actifs aux contacts atomiques." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077234.
In this work we were interested in demonstrating some of the potentialities of electrochemistry on nanostructured surfaces in the field of plasmonics and in the realization of atomic contacts. The first chapter of this manuscript describes the creation of active plasmonic devices. It underlines how the redox properties of conducting polymers can modulate and/or commutate localized surface plasmon resonances of gold nanoparticles (network or colloidal solution). In the second part, an engraving System assisted by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was developed. This technique allows the production of varied structures, on sub-micrometric and nanometric scales, for applications in the field of plasmonics and for nanoscale electrochemistry. The last part shows how electrochemistry can be used to obtain atomic contacts. The phenomenon of quantum conductance was studied on contacts obtained with copper nanowires and its variations with molecular adsorption were demonstrated. To protect the contact and to make it more stable, the use of cyclodextrins in the electrolytic growth medium appears to lead to its encapsulation and protects it against molecules interacting strongly with copper
Berthet, Guillaume. "Revêtements diamant pour surfaces actives sur capteurs du domaine pétrolier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066660.
In the field of oil and gas industry, Inconel alloys are largely used for their high strength and good corrosion resilience to H2S, CO2 and carboxylic acids. However, those of despite their excellent properties compare to other alloys, some specific oil and gas parts such as the sensitive areas of some sensors may require a special attention as high pressure high temperature (HPHT) environment, corrosion and abrasion may affect their performances in the long term. Additionally, oil and gas sensors may often be exposed, during the same drilling work, to various drilling fluids containing hydrophilic solid particles or heavy molecules such as asphaltenes, resins or heavy alkanes which tend to aggregate on hydrophilic alloy surfaces. Diamond coatings have thus been identified as attractive candidates to protect sensor used during drilling operations. Indeed, diamond materials due to their excellent hardness and wear, low friction coefficient, corrosion resilience and chemical inertness further to high natural resilience to fouling are especially suitable to be used in harsh environments. However, diamond coating on Ni-alloy such as Inconel could not be done by MP-CVD common processes. The current study has proposed solutions, and namely the development of three different processes aiming at a strong and adherent diamond coating on Inconel718. These three processes differ by their roughness and their difficulties of implementation. Their advantages for density-viscosity sensors have been assessed in various drilling fluids, and two specific approaches have been identified as particularly promising to mitigate fouling, namely (i) to create a diamond superhydrophobic surface through micro-structuration to get the antifouling Lotus properties, and (ii) the optimization of an electrochemical treatment aiming at cleaning in situ the diamond surfaces downhole. This study has led to propose reaction mechanisms and demonstrated the role of degraded water on the electrochemical treatment. The thesis has demonstrated the potentialities and identified the limits of those approaches. Efficiency of the electrochemical process applied to drilling fluids and crude oils fouling have been successively demonstrated
Akkouche, Rym. "Corrosion des aciers dans les sols : mécanismes et cinétiques associés aux périodes transitoires d'humidification-séchage." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS032/document.
In 2014, the pipelines network extended over 3500000 km worldwide. These pipes are passing through various continents, regions, areas and thus different types of soils. They are protected against external corrosion by coatings and cathodic protection. However, there is always a slight risk of carbon steel degradation. In order to evaluate the pipeline failure threat, it is necessary to study the influence of soil corrosion on the uncoated steel which composes this pipe. There are many parameters governing the steel corrosion in soils. We focused on one of the most important parameter “water content”. It is directly linked to other prominent parameters such as oxygen concentration, soil resistance and active area. In this thesis, we addressed the phenomena occurring at transitory periods of drying and remoistening in different types of soils : clayey, silt-loamy and sandy. A multi-coupon electrode was used as well in order to study the phenomena linked to surface heterogeneity (formation of differential aeration cells). For this aim, several steel coupons were buried in different types of soil for long periods (4, 6 and 12 months). The corrosion rates are estimated via electrochemical methods by fitting with a theoretical law the voltammetric curves acquired around the open circuit potential. The active area of the electrode was estimated via the determination of the soil electrolyte resistance by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Afterwards, the coupons were analyzed by micro-spectroscopy Raman, X-rays diffraction and microscopy in order to understand the corrosion mechanisms. Results showed that in case of very high moisture content and deaerated conditions, the corrosion rates were very weak (about 20 to 30 µm.yr-1) but reached 200 to 400 µm.yr-1 in the drying periods. The galvanic current measurements performed with the multi-coupon electrode and the surface analysis of the conventional electrodes both confirmed the presence of differential aeration cells and the localized nature of the corrosion