Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Supernova spectroscopy"

AbstractThe density distribution of the supernova ejecta and that of the surrounding medium are the most important parameters for the early evolution of supernova remnants. The distribution of the ejecta depends on the detailed hydrodynamics of the explosion, but the outer parts of a supernova can probably be represented by a steep power law density distribution with radius. Self-similar solutions are especially useful for modeling the interaction of a supernova with its surrounding. The supernova first interacts with mass loss from the progenitor star. Evidence for circumstellar interaction is present in a number of extragalactic supernovae, including SN1987a. The explosions of massive stars probably interact with circumstellar gas for a considerable time while Type Ia supernovae interact more directly with the interstellar medium. X-ray spectroscopy is a good diagnostic for the physical conditions in young supernova remnants and for the composition of the supernova gas.

We presented our analysis of a sample of type II supernova (SN) light curves measured by the Caltech Core Collapse Project (CCCP). CCCP is a large observational program which made use of the robotic 60-in and the Hale 200-in telescopes to obtain optical photometry, spectroscopy and IR photometry of 49 nearby core-collapse supernovae (SNe). It provides a fair sample of core-collapse events, with well-defined selection criteria, and uniform, high-quality optical/IR observations. Our goal is to characterize the little-studied properties of core-collapse supernovae as a population. Preliminary data indicate a diverse set of sub-populations including “standard” type IIP supernovæ, declining supernovæ (at different rates) and slowly rising peculiar supernovæ. Work is in progress to map and quantify that diversity better. It is hoped that a single tunable formula will be able to describe most light-curve shapes, thereby helping us attain a better understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying these results.

AbstractIntegral field spectroscopy of nearby supernova sites within ~30 Mpc have been obtained using multiple IFU spectrographs in Hawaii and Chile. This technique enables both spatial and spectral information of the explosion sites to be acquired simultaneously, thus providing the identification of the parent stellar population of the supernova progenitor and the estimates for its physical parameters including age and metallicity via the spectrum. While this work has mainly been done in the optical wavelengths using instruments such as VIMOS, GMOS, and MUSE, a near-infrared approach has also been carried out using the AO-assisted SINFONI. By studying the supernova parent stellar population, we aim to characterize the mass and metallicity of the progenitors of different types of supernovae.

AbstractWe present constraints on core-collapse supernova progenitors through observations of their environments within host galaxies. This is achieved through 2 routes. Firstly, we investigate the spatial correlation of supernovae with host galaxy star formation using pixel statistics. We find that the main supernova types form a sequence of increasing association to star formation. The most logical interpretation is that this implies an increasing progenitor mass sequence going from the supernova type Ia arising from the lowest mass, through the type II, type Ib, and the supernova type Ic arising from the highest mass progenitors. We find the surprising result that the supernova type IIn show a lower association to star formation than type IIPs, implying lower mass progenitors. Secondly, we use host HII region spectroscopy to investigate differences in environment metallicity between different core-collapse types. We find that supernovae of types Ibc arise in slightly higher metallicity environments than type II events. However, this difference is not significant, implying that progenitor metallicity does not play a dominant role in deciding supernova type.

AbstractWe have obtained optical integral field spectroscopy of the explosion sites of more than 25 nearby type-IIP/IIL/Ib/Ic supernovae using UH88/SNIFS, and additionally Gemini/GMOS IFU. This technique enables us to obtain both spatial and spectral information of the immediate environment of the supernovae. Using strong line method we measured the metallicity of the star cluster present at the explosion site, presumably the coeval parent stellar population of the supernova progenitor, and comparison with simple stellar population models gives age estimate of the cluster. With this method we were able to put constraints on the metallicity and age of the progenitor star. The age, i.e. lifetime, of the progenitor corresponds to the initial mass of the star. By far this is the most direct measurement of supernova progenitor metallicity and, if the cluster-progenitor association is confirmed, provides reliable determination of the initial mass of supernova progenitor stars.

An early burst of energetic radiation is expected from a supernova at the time of shock breakout. This emission has not been directly observed but has been inferred from the photoionization around SN 1987A. X-ray emission has been detected from core-collapse supernovae in the days to years after the explosion as they interact with their circumstellar winds. Young Galactic supernova remnants provide the possibility of determining the composition structure of the ejecta through X-ray spectroscopy. An exciting finding for older remnants is that a number of remnants that appear to be interacting with molecular gas may be sources of high-energy γ-ray emission. The clumpy structure of molecular clouds has implications for the structure expected in high-energy emission. Finally, the field of γ-ray-line spectroscopy is beginning to yield results relevant to the explosive nucleosynthesis of radionuclides in supernovae.

We present preliminary results of a follow-up survey which aims to characterise in detail those galaxies which hosted Type Ia supernovae found by the Supernova Cosmology Project. Our survey has two components: Hubble Space Telescope imaging with STIS and Keck spectroscopy with ESI, the goal being to classify each host galaxy into one of three broad morphological/spectral classes and hence to investigate the dependence of supernovae properties on host galaxy type over a large range in redshift. Of particular interest is the supernova Hubble diagram characterised by host galaxy class which suggests that most of the scatter arises from those occurring in late-type irregulars. Supernovae hosted by (presumed dust-free) E/SO galaxies closely follow the adopted SCP cosmological model. Although larger datasets are required, we cannot yet find any significant difference in the light curves of distant supernovae hosted in different galaxy types.

Knowledge of the size and age of the Universe depends on understanding supernovae. The direct geometric measurement of the circumstellar ring of SN 1987A using IUE spectra and HST images provides an independent test of the Cepheid distance scale to the Large Magellanic Cloud. Understanding the details of the mass distribution in the circumstellar matter is important to improving the precision of this distance. Type la supernovae have a narrow distribution in absolute magnitude, and new Cepheid distances to IC 4182 (the site of SN 1937C) and to NGC 5253 (the site of SN 1972E) obtained with HST by Sandage and his collaborators allow that absolute magnitude to be calibrated. Comparison with more distant SNIa gives H0 = 56 ± 8 km s-1 Mpc-1. Recent work in supernova spectroscopy and photometry shows that the apparent homogeneity of SNIa is not quite what it seems, and a deeper understanding of these variations is needed to use the SNIa to best advantage. The Expanding Photosphere Method (EPM) allows direct measurement to each Type II supernova that has adequate photometry and spectroscopy. There are now 18 such objects. The sample of EPM distances from 4.5 Mpc to 180 Mpc indicates H0 = 73±6 (statistical) ±7 (systematic) km s-1 Mpc-1. Better understanding of supernova atmospheres can reduce the systematic error in this approach, which is completely independent of all other astronomical distances.

Type Ia supernovae have been successfully used as standardized candles to study the expansion history of the Universe. In the past few years, these studies led to the exciting result of an accelerated expansion caused by the repelling action of some sort of dark energy. This result has been confirmed by measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation, the large-scale structure, and the dynamics of galaxy clusters. The combination of all these experiments points to a “concordance model” of the Universe with flat large-scale geometry and a dominant component of dark energy.

However, there are several points related to supernova measurements which need careful analysis in order to doubtlessly establish the validity of the concordance model. As the amount and quality of data increases, the need of controlling possible systematic effects which may bias the results becomes crucial. Also important is the improvement of our knowledge of the physics of supernovae events to assure and possibly refine their calibration as standardized candle.

This thesis addresses some of those issues through the quantitative analysis of supernova spectra. The stress is put on a careful treatment of the data and on the definition of spectral measurement methods. The comparison of measurements for a large set of spectra from nearby supernovae is used to study the homogeneity and to search for spectral parameters which may further refine the calibration of the standardized candle. One such parameter is found to reduce the dispersion in the distance estimation of a sample of supernovae to below 6%, a precision which is comparable with the current lightcurve-based calibration, and is obtained in an independent manner. Finally, the comparison of spectral measurements from nearby and distant objects is used to test the possibility of evolution with cosmic time of the intrinsic brightness of type Ia supernovae.

In this thesis, we present the Southern African Large Telescope spectroscopic follow-up programme for supernova candidates discovered by the international Dark Energy Survey, the goals of which are to measure the expansion history of the Universe and shed light on the mysterious nature of dark energy. In total, we took spectra for 36 supernova candidates. These were classified using a new Bayesian Supernova spectra classifier, SuperNovaMC, that we developed to address limitations with existing algorithms. SuperNovaMC simultaneously finds the best fitting supernova and host galaxy using Bayesian model selection, fitting the entire spectrum with Monte Carlo Markov Chain methods which allow estimation of the entire parameter posterior distributions, and hence principled statistical analysis even at low signal-to-noise. After extensive testing of SuperNovaMC against simulations and literature data, we use it to classify 20 of our Dark Energy Survey candidates as Type Ia supernovae. We further performed equivalent width measurements of two Type Ia supernova spectral features: Ca II H&K and Si II 4000, using a sub-sample of the 20 Type Ia supernovae. We compared our results to those of a similar study conducted on a low-redshift (z < 0:1) Type Ia supernova sample and found the two sets of results to be consistent, suggesting no redshift evolution in the equivalent widths of the two spectral features in the redshift range 0:1 < z < 0:3 that we conducted the study in.

Les supernovae de type Ia (SNe Ia) sont de puissants indicateurs de distance cosmologique. Elles sont à l'origine de la découverte de l'énergie noire dans l'univers et restent aujourd'hui la meilleure méthode pour contraindre son équation d'état. Cependant, nous ignorons toujours le phénomène exact donnant naissance à ces supernovae. Notamment, nous ne connaissons pas l'influence de l'évolution des paramètres stellaires avec le redshift sur la luminosité de ces objets et donc sur les ajustements cosmologiques. De récentes études ont mis en évidence évidence des biais environnementaux ayant un impact significatif sur les mesures des paramètres cosmologiques. Cependant, ces études analysent les hôtes des SNe Ia dans leur globalité en négligeant les variations pourtant connues des propriétés stellaires et gazeuses au sein de ces galaxies. ! Dans cette thèse je montre comment les données de spectrographie à champ intégral de la collaboration The Nearby Supernova Factory permettent l'étude de l'environnement immédiat (~kpc) de la SNe Ia. Dans une première partie, j'introduis les bases physiques et le contexte scientifique dans lesquels ma thèse s'inscrit. Dans la seconde partie, je commence par détailler les techniques d'extraction des données environnementales locales et, une fois ces données extraites, je développe la mesure du taux de formation stellaire environnant les SNe Ia à partir du signal Hα. Dans mon analyse, je montre comment les propriétés des SNe Ia, et notamment leur luminosité standardisée, dépendent de la présence de formation stellaire à proximité. Ce biais, duquel découlent les biais environnementaux précédemment évoqués, a un impact significatif sur la cosmologie. En se basant sur les évolutions des propriétés stellaires des galaxies, je construit un modèle d'évolution de la luminosité moyenne des SNe Ia en fonction du redshift pour estimer cet impact; les données de la littérature semblent confirmer mes hypothèses. Ces résultats ont été publiés dans le journal européen Astronomy & Astrophysics (Rigault et al. 2013). Dans une troisième partie, je présente des analyses supplémentaires sur l'environnement local des SNe Ia et je suggère de nouvelles approches. ! Cette thèse a mis en évidence un biais environnemental important sur les propriétés des SNe Ia que seule l'analyse locale permet d'aborder. Cette découverte est une étape importante dans la compréhension de ces objets et dans l'amélioration de leur utilisation cosmologique
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are powerful cosmological distance indicators. They were key tools for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe and today they remain the strongest demonstrated technique for measuring the dark-energy equation of state. However, a major issue remains: despite decades of study, their progenitors are as yet undetermined. Notably, we still ignore the influence of the redshift-evolution of stellar properties on the absolute luminosity of the SNe Ia and therefore on the fitted cosmological parameters. Recent studies have highlighted potential biases correlated with the global properties of their host galaxies, large enough to induce systematic errors into cosmological measurements if not properly treated. However, those studies analyse hosts of Type Ia supernovae globally thus neglecting the known stellar and gas property variations across galaxies. ! In this thesis, I show how integral field spectroscopy data from the Nearby Supernova Factory allow the study of the local environment of the SNe Ia (~kpc). In the first part of this document, I introduce the physical principals and the scientific context of this work. In a second part, I start by detailing the technical extraction tools developed in order to extract the local host properties. Then, I show how one could measure the star formation activity in the SN vicinity from those data. I focus the analysis on this star formation activity and notably I show how the SNe Ia properties -- particularly their standardised Hubble residuals -- depend on the local host environment, which corresponds to a significant cosmological bias. I finish this second part by introducing a simple model based on the known evolution of the galactic star formation activity. This model enables me to estimate the potential influence of the aforementioned environmental bias on cosmology. I also show that this model can be tested using public data and a first analyses tend to confirm our hypotheses. Those results have been published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (Rigault et al. 2013). The third and last part of the document introduces new approaches and future work perspectives. ! In this thesis, I have highlighted significant environmental biases in SNe Ia properties, thanks to the local approach. However, those biases are less an issue for the cosmological analyses using Type Ia supernovae than a new opportunity to improve them as cosmological probes. ! This Document is written in French. The figures are in English

Aquesta tesi engloba el treball fet durant els ultims quatre anys com a estudiant de doctorat a l’Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), emmarcat dins de la col·labaració Sloan Digital Sky Survey II Supernova (SDSS-II/SNe) Survey. Al primer capítol (§1) s’introdueixen els principals conceptes del Model Estàndar de Cosmologia, presentant els seus orígens, les propietats dels seus continguts, i les mesures de distància i brillantor. També es reconstrueix l’història de l’univers des del Big Bang i es resumeixen alguns dels descobriments més excitants que han confirmat les prediccions del Model Estàndar. Seguidament (§2), es dona una explicació detallada de les supernoves (SNe), incloenthi el mecanisme físic que dóna lloc a les explosions, les diferències entre els diferents tipus, i la seva classificació espectral. També es descriuen les propietats fotomètriques i espectroscòpiques de les supernoves de tipus Ia. Tot seguit, es resumeixen les mesures del ritme d’explosions, les propietats de les gal·làxies on resideixen les supernoves, i el seu ús en Cosmologia a través del diagrama de Hubble. Al següent capítol, (§3) es descriu la col·laboració SDSS-II/SNe Survey, una extensió de tres anys (2005-2007) del projecte Sloan (SDSS) que ha detectat i mesurat corbes de llum de centenars de supernoves tot escanejant el cel en repetides ocasions. Vam contribuir al seguiment espectroscòpic de les supernoves de SDSS-II/SNe, obtenint 23 espectres de supernoves durant 4 nits d’Octubre i Novembre (5-6 Oct. i 4-5 Nov.) del 2007, utilitzant el Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) situat a l’Observatorio del Roque de Los Muchachos (ORM) a l’illa de La Palma. Al capítol §4 es descriu tot el procés de reducció de les dades, des de l’adquisició de les imatges fins als espectres calibrats en flux i longitud d’ona. A continuació de la reducció dels espectres, al capítol §5, s’analitza una de les supernoves de tipus Ia menys lluminoses mai conegudes, la peculiar 2007qd, per la qual vam mesurar el primer espectre. Les propietats observades de la 2007qd la situen a la subclasse anomenada 2002cx, com a membre intermig entre la 2002cx i la 2008ha, enllaçant aquetes. Es presenten les observacions espectroscòpiques i fotomètriques de la supernova 2007qd i es comparen les seves propietats peculiars amb un ventall d’altres supernoves. Aquest anàlisi va ser publicat a McClelland et al. (2010). Al capítol §6, s’utilitzen les supernoves Ia descobertes pel SDSS-II/SNe Survey durant els tres anys d’activitat, per buscar dependències entre les propietats fotomètriques de les supernoves Ia i la projecció de la distància fins al centre de la gal·làxia on resideixen, utilitzant la distància com a aproximació a les propietats locals de les gal·làxies (ritme de creació d’estrelles, metalicitat local, etc.). Trobem que l’excés de color de les supernoves, parametritzat per AV a MLCS2k2 i per c a SALT2 decreix amb la distància projectada, en particular per les gal·làxies espirals. A més, amb menys significància, també es troba que l’amplada de la corba de llum, obtinguda amb MLCS2k2, està correlacionada amb la separació entre la supernova i el centre de la gal·làxia per les el·líptiques, així les supernoves amb corbes de llum més estretes, per tant menys lluminoses, s’observen més aviat a més distància del centre gal·làctic. Aquest anàlisi va ser presentat a la conferència Supernovae and their Host Galaxies que es va fer al Juny del 2011 a Sydney, i serà publicat a Galbany et al. (2011). Finalment, al capítol §7, es resumeix i es donen les conclusions d’aquesta tesi.
Esta tesis engloba el trabajo realizado durante los últimos cuatro años como estudiante de doctorado en el Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), enmarcardo en la colabaración Sloan Digital Sky Survey II Supernova (SDSS-II/SNe) Survey. En el primer capítulo (§1) se introducen los principales conceptos del Modelo Estándar de Cosmología, presentando sus orígenes, las propiedades de sus contenidos, y las medidas de distancia y brillo. También se reconstruyen la historia del universo desde el Big Bang y se resumen algunos de los descubrimientos más excitantes que han confirmado las predicciones del Modelo Estándar. Seguidamente (§2), se da una explicación detallada de las supernovas (SNe), incluyendo el mecanismo físico que da lugar a las explosiones, las diferencias entre los diferentes tipos, y su clasificación espectral. También se describen las propiedades fotomètricas y espectroscópicas de las supernovas de tipo Ia. A continuación, se resumen las medidas del ritmo de explosión, las propiedades de las galaxias donde residen las supernovas, y su uso en Cosmología a través del diagrama de Hubble. En el siguiente capítulo, (§3) se describe SDSS-II/SNe Survey, una extensión de tres años (2005-2007) del proyecto Sloan (SDSS) que ha detectado y medido curvas de luz para centenares de supernovas a través de escanear el cielo en repetidas ocasiones. Como parte del seguimiento espectroscópico de las supernova de SDSS-II/SNe, contribuímos obteniendo 23 espectros de supernovas durante 4 noches de Octubre y Noviembre (5-6 Oct. y 4-5 Nov.) del 2007, utilizando el Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) situado en el Observatorio del Roque de Los Muchachos (ORM) en La Palma. En el capítulo §4 se describe toda la reducción de datos, desde la adquisición de las imágenes hasta los espectros calibrados en flujo y longitud de onda. Siguiendo la reducción de los espectros, en el capítulo §5, se describe una de las supernovas de tipo Ia menos luminosa jamàs conocida, la peculiar 2007qd, para la cual medimos el primer espectro. Las propiedades observadas de la 2007qd la sitúan en la subclase llamada 2002cx, como miembro intermedio entre las supernovas 2002cx y 2008ha, enlazándolas. Se presentan las observaciones espectroscópicas y fotométricas de la supernova 2007qd y se comparan su propiedades con un conjunto de otras supernovas. Éste análisis fue publicado en McClelland et al. (2010). En el capítulo §6, se utilizan las supernovas Ia descubiertas por SDSS-II/SNe Survey durante los tres años de actividad, para buscar dependencias entre las propiedades fotométricas de las supernovas Ia y la proyección de la distancia hasta el centro de la galaxia donde residen, utilizando la distancia como aproximación a las propiedades locales de las galaxias (ritmo de creación de estrellas, metalicidad local, etc.). Encontramos que el exceso de color de las supernovas, parametrizado por AV en MLCS2k2 y por c en SALT2 decrece con la distancia, en particular para las galaxias espirales. Además, y con menos significancia, también se encuentra que la amplitud de la curva de luz, obtenida con MLCS2k2, está correlacionada con la separación entre la supernova y el centro de la galaxia para las galaxias elípticas, así las supernovas con curvas de luz más estrechas, y menos luminosas, se observan a más distancia del centro galactico. Este análisis fue presentado en la conferencia Supernovae and their Host Galaxies que tuvo lugar en Junio del 2011 en Sydney, y serà publicado en Galbany et al. (2011). Finalmente, en §7, se resume y se presentan las conclusiones de esta tesis.
This thesis comprises the work I have been doing during the last four years at Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) as a PhD student, and has to be understood within the context of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II Supernova (SDSS-II/SNe) survey. The content of this thesis is ordered as follows. In the next Chapter (§1) I introduce the main concepts of the Standard Model of Cosmology, presenting the origins, the properties of its contents, and the distance and the brightness measurements. I also reconstruct the history of universe since the Big Bang and summarize some of the most exciting discoveries that have confirmed the Standard Model predictions. In §2, a detailed explanation of supernovae (SNe) is given, including the physical mechanism that accounts for their explosions, the differences among the several types of SNe, and their spectral classification. We also describe the spectroscopic and photometric properties of Type-Ia SNe. After that, we review the SNe rate of the explosion measurements, the properties of their host galaxies, and their use in Cosmology through the Hubble diagram. After that, in §3, I describe the SDSS-II/SNe survey, a three-year (2005-2007) extension of SDSS of which I am an external collaborator, which has detected and measured light-curves for several hundred supernovae through repeat scans of the sky. As a part of the spectroscopic follow-up of the SDSS-II/SNe candidates, we contributed to the project taking spectra of 23 SNe during four nights in October and November (5-6 Oct. and 4-5 Nov.) of 2007 using the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) located at the Observatorio del Roque de Los Muchachos (ORM) in La Palma. In §4, the whole reduction procedure, from the acquisition of the raw data by the telescope camera to the final flux-calibrated spectra, is described. Following the spectra reduction, in §5, I describe one of the most subluminous type-Ia events known, the peculiar 2007qd supernova, for which we took the first spectrum. The observed properties of 2007qd place it in the 2002cx subclass of supernovae, specifically as a member intermediate to 2002cx and 2008ha, linking these objects. We present the photometric and spectroscopic observations of 2007qd and compare its unique properties with a range of other SNe. This work was compiled and published in McClelland et al. (2010). Then, in §6, the three-year sample of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the SDSS-II/SNe Survey is used to look for dependencies between photometric SN Ia properties and the projected distance to the host galaxy center, using the distance as a proxy for local galaxy properties (local star-formation rate, local metallicity, etc.). We find that the excess color of the SN, parametrized by AV in MLCS2k2 and by c in SALT2 decreases with the projected distance, in particular for spiral galaxies. At a lower significance we find that the light-curve width, as obtained from MLCS2k2 , is correlated with the SN-galaxy separation for elliptical hosts, so that SNe Ia with narrower light-curves, hence dimmer, are more commonly observed at large distances from the host galaxy core. This analysis was presented in the Supernovae and their Host Galaxies conference which was held at Sydney, Australia in June 2011, and will be published in Galbany et al. (2011). Finally, in §7 we give a summary and the conclusions of this thesis.

Les supernovae de type Ia (SNe Ia) sont aujourd'hui un outil puissant en cosmologie pour étudier l'accélération de l'expansion de l'univers. Utilisées comme chandelles standard, elles permettent de contraindre l'équation d'état de l'énergie noire à travers un diagramme de Hubble. La spectroscopie est une étape essentielle à la construction de ce diagramme à la fois pour s'assurer que les objets sont bien des SNe Ia et déterminer leur décalage vers le rouge, mais également pour mieux comprendre leurs propriétés physiques et ainsi réduire les incertitudes systématiques qui limitent l'utilisation des SNe Ia en cosmologie. Dans ce cadre, je constitue un nouvel échantillon de spectres de SNe Ia mesurés au Very Large Telescope (VLT) pour l'expérience SuperNova Legacy Survey (SNLS). Ce lot de SNe Ia rejoint celui déjà existant pour constituer l'échantillon final de spectres VLT des SNe Ia SNLS. En plus d'être intégré au diagramme de Hubble pour les analyses cosmologiques, ce lot spectroscopique peut tre utilisé pour tester si les propriétés des SNe Ia évoluent avec le décalage vers le rouge. J'aborde cette question fondamentale pour la cosmologie en utilisant à la fois le nouveau lot de spectres VLT de SNe Ia lointaines et celui des objets proches de l'expérience Nearby SuperNova Factory (SNF). Ces deux lots de spectres sont également une riche source d'information pour mieux connaître les SNe Ia et comment les standardiser. Je les confronte pour cela avec divers modèles de formations de SNe Ia afin de déterminer les zones ou paramètres discriminants qui permettraient d'améliorer les modèles pour reproduire les observations et la variabilité des SNe Ia
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are a powerful tool in cosmology today to study the acceleration of the universal expansion. Using as standardisable candles, they allow us to constrain the dark energy equation of state via a Hubble diagram. The spectroscopy is essential to build this diagram, on the one hand to secure the type of SNe Ia and estimate the redhsift, and on the other hand for a better knowledge of their physical properties to reduce the systematic uncertainties which limit the use of SNe Ia for cosmological works. In this context, I build a new sample of SN Ia spectra measured by the Very Large Telescope (VLT) for the SuperNova Legacy Survey (SNLS) experiment. These SN Ia data complete the existing sample to constitute the final VLT spectroscopic dataset of the SNLS. In addition to the inclusion in the Hubble diagram for cosmological analysis, this spectroscopic sample can be used to test if SNe Ia properties evolve with the redshift. I investigate this fundamental question for cosmology using the new VLT spectra sample of distant SNe Ia and the nearby object of the Nearby SuperNova Factory (SNF) experiment. These two samples are also a rich source of physical information for a better knowledge of SNe Ia and a better standardisation. For this purpose, I compare these data with various SNe Ia formation models to identify discriminant spectral area or parameters in order to constrain and improve the models to reproduce the observations and the SNe Ia variability

Les supernovae de type Ia (SNe Ia) sont de puissants indicateurs de distance cosmologique. Elles sont à l'origine de la découverte de l'énergie noire dans l'univers et restent aujourd'hui la meilleure méthode pour contraindre son équation d'état. Cependant, nous ignorons toujours le phénomène exact donnant naissance à ces supernovae. Notamment, nous ne connaissons pas l'influence de l'évolution des paramètres stellaires avec le redshift sur la luminosité de ces objets et donc sur les ajustements cosmologiques. De récentes études ont mis en évidence évidence des biais environnementaux ayant un impact significatif sur les mesures des paramètres cosmologiques. Cependant, ces études analysent les hôtes des SNe Ia dans leur globalité en négligeant les variations pourtant connues des propriétés stellaires et gazeuses au sein de ces galaxies. ! Dans cette thèse je montre comment les données de spectrographie à champ intégral de la collaboration The Nearby Supernova Factory permettent l'étude de l'environnement immédiat (~kpc) de la SNe Ia. Dans une première partie, j'introduis les bases physiques et le contexte scientifique dans lesquels ma thèse s'inscrit. Dans la seconde partie, je commence par détailler les techniques d'extraction des données environnementales locales et, une fois ces données extraites, je développe la mesure du taux de formation stellaire environnant les SNe Ia à partir du signal Hα. Dans mon analyse, je montre comment les propriétés des SNe Ia, et notamment leur luminosité standardisée, dépendent de la présence de formation stellaire à proximité. Ce biais, duquel découlent les biais environnementaux précédemment évoqués, a un impact significatif sur la cosmologie. En se basant sur les évolutions des propriétés stellaires des galaxies, je construit un modèle d'évolution de la luminosité moyenne des SNe Ia en fonction du redshift pour estimer cet impact; les données de la littérature semblent confirmer mes hypothèses. Ces résultats ont été publiés dans le journal européen Astronomy & Astrophysics (Rigault et al. 2013). Dans une troisième partie, je présente des analyses supplémentaires sur l'environnement local des SNe Ia et je suggère de nouvelles approches. ! Cette thèse a mis en évidence un biais environnemental important sur les propriétés des SNe Ia que seule l'analyse locale permet d'aborder. Cette découverte est une étape importante dans la compréhension de ces objets et dans l'amélioration de leur utilisation cosmologique.

Le SuperNova Legacy Survey (SNLS) a observé les supernovae de type ia (SNeHa) pendant 5 ans afin de contraindre les paramètres cosmologiques. Sa procédure de sélection en temps réel repose sur l'identification spectroscopique de chaque supernova. Ce recourt systématique à la spectroscopie nécessite un niveau suffisament élevé de signal sur bruit. Il peut donc engendrer des biais de sélection et ne sera plus possible sur les futurs relevés qui observeront des millions de SNeHa. Cette thèse présente une méthode de réduction des données complémentaire reposant sur une sélection purement photométrique. Cette analyse, plus efficace sur la sélection des événements les plus faibles, double approximativement ainsi l'échantillon de SNeHa du SNLS. Cette méthode met en évidence un net biais de sélection spectroscopique. Les SNeHa les plus brillantes sont systématiquement sélectionnées au delà d'un redshift de 0. 7. En revanche, aucun impact important sur la cosmologie n'a été trouvé. Cela prouve que les corrections tenant compte de la variabilité en luminosité des SNeHa sont robustes. De plus, ces travaux constituent une première étude de faisabilité d'une analyse cosmologique complètement photométrique. La méthode utilisée est prometteuse pour les futurs grands projets
The SuperNova Legacy Survey (SNLS) experiment observed type la supemovae (SNeHa) during 5 years. Its aim is the contraint cosmological parameters. The online reduction pipeline is based on spectroscopic identification for each supernova. Systematically using spectroscopy requires a sufficient signal to noise level. Thus, it could lead to selection biases and would not be possible for future surveys The PhD thesis report a complementary method for data reduction based on a completely photometric selection. This analysis, more efficient to select faint events, approximately double the SNeHa sample of the SNLS. This method show a clear bias in the spectroscopic selection. Brighter SNeHa are systematically selected beyond a redshift of 0. 7. On the other hand, no important impact on cosmology was found. So, corrections on intrinsic variability of SNeHa luminosity are robust. In addition, this work is a first step to study the feasibility of such a purely photometric analysis for cosmology. This is a promising method for future projects