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1
Tong, Zheng Ming, and Shu Jun Liang. "Aluminum Hydrogen Energy Industry in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The real solution to the emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen and sulfur oxides is obvious: China needs to break its addiction to fossil fuels. The perfect alternative fuel will be hydrogen. The reaction of water with aluminum and its alloys can generate hydrogen. This paper introduces the concept of aluminum hydrogen energy industry and discusses the development of aluminum hydrogen energy industry in China.
2
Yasnygina, T. A., S. V. Rasskazov, E. P. Chebykin, T. S. Fileva, E. V. Saranina, and Yi-min Sun. "Lithogeochemical signatures of high-sulfur therapeutic mud from Nuhu-Nur Lake (Irkutsk region): comparison with the therapeutic mud of the world." Geology and Environment 2, no. 1 (2022): 84–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2541-9641.2022.1.84.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
IIn therapeutic mud (peloids) of Lake Nuhu Nur, major oxides, trace elements, and mineral phases are determined from sedimentary columns taken in the central and near-coastal parts of the lake. In the center of the lake, layers with high and low contents of total sulfur (Stot) and S2− alternate. Sulfur is part of sulfates: gypsum, tenardite, and hexahydrite. The distribution of S is generally correlated with Na2O, CaO, Sr, and U with a strong negative correlation with other major oxides and trace elements. In near-coastal parts of the lake, there are layers enriched and depleted with CaO, which strongly correlates with Sr. Lithogeochemical signatures of peloids show concentration of therapeutic components in the bottom sediments of the lake due to processes similar to weathering of rocks of silicic composition in arid climate. In terms of major oxides and trace elements, peloids from Lake Nuhu Nur are generally comparable to those from Wudalianchi (Northeast China), coastal regions of Brazil, as well as Georgia and Spain, but are closest to therapeutic high-sulfur sulfate mud of Kopahue in Argentina.
3
Zhang, F., Y. Chen, C. Tian, J. Li, G. Zhang, and V. Matthias. "Emissions factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 17 (September 1, 2015): 23507–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-23507-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Shipping emissions have significant influence on atmospheric environment as well as human health, especially in coastal areas and the harbor districts. However, the contribution of shipping emissions on the environment in China still need to be clarified especially based on measurement data, with the large number ownership of vessels and the rapid developments of ports, international trade and shipbuilding industry. Pollutants in the gaseous phase (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds) and particle phase (particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfates, nitrate, ammonia, metals) in the exhaust from three different diesel engine power offshore vessels in China were measured in this study. Concentrations, fuel-based and power-based emissions factors for various operating modes as well as the impact of engine speed on emissions were determined. Observed concentrations and emissions factors for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter were higher for the low engine power vessel than for the two higher engine power vessels. Fuel-based average emissions factors for all pollutants except sulfur dioxide in the low engine power engineering vessel were significantly higher than that of the previous studies, while for the two higher engine power vessels, the fuel-based average emissions factors for all pollutants were comparable to the results of the previous studies. The fuel-based average emissions factor for nitrogen oxides for the small engine power vessel was more than twice the International Maritime Organization standard, while those for the other two vessels were below the standard. Emissions factors for all three vessels were significantly different during different operating modes. Organic carbon and elemental carbon were the main components of particulate matter, while water-soluble ions and elements were present in trace amounts. Best-fit engine speeds during actual operation should be based on both emissions factors and economic costs.
4
Zhao, Lizheng, Yanfei Du, Yusen Zeng, Zhizhong Kang, and Baomin Sun. "Sulfur Conversion of Mixed Coal and Gangue during Combustion in a CFB Boiler." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The construction of a power plant using a 660 MWe supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler with co-combustion of coal and gangue has been proposed in China. Therefore, this study simulated the distribution law and transformation mechanism of sulfur-containing phases using three low-calorific samples of gangue and coal mixtures under different conditions, based on the thermodynamic simulation software HSC Chemistry. The results showed that sulfur low in calorific value coal is mainly converted into gas phase SO2, solid phase alkali metal sulfate (Na2SO4 and K2SO4), and alkaline earth metal sulfate (CaSO4 and MgSO4) in an oxidizing atmosphere. Under a reductive atmosphere, sulfur in coal is mainly converted into gaseous H2S, COS (Carbon oxysulfide), and solid FeSx. With an increase in the O/C ratio, the distribution curve of sulfur-containing substances contracted to lower temperatures. It was established that the sulfur fixation capacity of coal ash depends on the relative amounts of basic oxides and sulfur present in it. Relevant conclusions were also verified and compared to those of the laboratory small-fluidized bed test bench and the 3 MWth CFB combustion test bench.
5
Wang, Y., Q. Q. Zhang, K. He, Q. Zhang, and L. Chai. "Sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols over China: response to 2000–2015 emission changes of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2013): 2635–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2635-2013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. We use a chemical transport model to examine the change of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA) aerosols over China due to anthropogenic emission changes of their precursors (SO2, NOx and NH3) from 2000 to 2015. From 2000 to 2006, annual mean SNA concentrations increased by about 60% over China as a result of the 60% and 80% increases in SO2 and NOx emissions. During this period, sulfate is the dominant component of SNA over South China (SC) and Sichuan Basin (SCB), while nitrate and sulfate contribute equally over North China (NC). Based on emission reduction targets in the 12th (2011–2015) Five-Year Plan (FYP), China's total SO2 and NOx emissions are projected to change by −16% and +16% from 2006 to 2015, respectively. The amount of NH3 emissions in 2015 is uncertain, given the lack of sufficient information on the past and present levels of NH3 emissions in China. With no change in NH3 emissions, SNA mass concentrations in 2015 will decrease over SCB and SC compared to their 2006 levels, but increase over NC where the magnitude of nitrate increase exceeds that of sulfate reduction. This suggests that the SO2 emission reduction target set by the 12th FYP, although effective in reducing SNA over SC and SCB, will not be successful over NC, for which NOx emission control needs to be strengthened. If NH3 emissions are allowed to keep their recent growth rate and increase by +16% from 2006 to 2015, the benefit of SO2 reduction will be completely offset over all of China due to the significant increase of nitrate, demonstrating the critical role of NH3 in regulating nitrate. The effective strategy to control SNA and hence PM2.5 pollution over China should thus be based on improving understanding of current NH3 emissions and putting more emphasis on controlling NH3 emissions in the future.
6
Liu, Yongjie, Fupeng He, Donglai Ma, Qingqing Hu, and Zhixiong You. "Novel Process of Reduction Roasting Manganese Ore with Sulfur Waste and Extraction of Mn by Acid Leaching." Metals 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030384.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Manganese dioxide is typically reduced to a bivalent state before being extracted; here, sulfur is considered an efficient reductant and sulfur–based reduction has been industrialized in China. In this study, the reaction mechanism between MnO2 and gaseous sulfur was investigated. Thermodynamically, the reduction of MnO2 by gaseous sulfur is feasible. The predominant phase diagram as functions of temperature and input S2(g) fraction in the S2–MnO2 system was calculated. Experimental validation showed that MnO2 was reduced stepwise to low-valence manganese oxides and manganese sulfate. The phase composition of the roasted products was complex, and MnS was inevitably formed. The valence state as well as microstructure of manganese dioxide during reduction roasting were also investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). The reaction process could be described by an unreacted nuclear model. Manganese was extracted by sulfuric acid solution after reduction by sulfur waste. In sulfuric acid, 95.2 wt% Mn extraction was achieved, using a roasting temperature of 450 °C, roasting time of 30 min, and S2/MnO2 molar ratio of 0.40. With the same conditions, low Fe extraction was achieved. On the other hand, in deionized water, 24.3 wt% Mn extraction was achieved, confirming the formation of MnSO4.
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Hu, Jianbo, Mengtao Deng, Shitao Peng, and Zhaoyu Qi. "UAV Inspection of Compliance of Fuel Sulfur Content of Sailing Ships in the Pearl River Delta, China." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111894.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Air pollutants emitted by ships are one of the major causes of global environmental and human health problems, especially for sulfur oxides (SO2). In this study, a mini-sniffing sensor was mounted on the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to monitor the concentration relationship between CO2 and SO2 in the exhaust gas of sailing ships, then the sulfur content of the ship’s fuel oil was estimated to evaluate the compliance of the fuel sulfur content (FSC) with IMO regulations. In the experiment, the measurement results of the exhaust gas of sailing ships in the Pearl River Delta were presented, the data set from February to April 2022 was provided, and 445 ships were comprehensively analyzed from the perspectives of ship length and ship type. From the experimental results, considering the error of the sensor, the compliance rate of the FSC of sailing ships entering and leaving the Pearl River reached 93.7%. To some extent, the current situation for meeting the 0.5% (m/m) limit is basically optimistic. The results represent the effectiveness of DECA policy implementation. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of the UAV monitoring method in monitoring emissions from ships, and in more effectively monitoring the impact of shipping on air quality. Furthermore, an accurate and non-contact monitoring method is proposed, which can allow law enforcement officers to judge in advance whether the ships sailing is suspected of illegally using high-sulfur fuels. It can improve the efficiency of law enforcement and reduce the cost of supervision.
8
Cui, Shu Yin, and Jiang Lin Li. "Policies of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction for the Thermal Power Enterprises in China." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.371.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thermal power enterprises are not only a major energy consumer, but also a significant emission source of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Due to the imbalance between costs and benefits, thermal power enterprises in China are not very active in energy conservation and emission reduction. Therefore, it is imperative to establish a market mechanism and enact more incentive policies related to energy conservation and emission reduction for the thermal power enterprises. The paper summarizes the policies for energy conservation and emission reduction in the thermal power enterprises. Also, based on a few leading indicators, the paper analyzes the progress that China has made during the 11th Five-Year-Plan period. Finally, some suggestions for future work are provided.
9
Wang, Y., Q. Q. Zhang, K. He, Q. Zhang, and L. Chai. "Sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols over China: response to 2000–2015 emission changes of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2012): 24243–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-24243-2012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. We use a chemical transport model to examine the change of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA) aerosols over China due to anthropogenic emission changes of their precursors (SO2, NOx and NH3) from 2000 to 2015. From 2000 to 2006, annual mean SNA concentrations increased by about 60% over China as a result of the 60%~80% increases in SO2 and NOx emissions. During this period, sulfate is the dominant component of SNA over South China (SC) and Sichuan Basin (SCB), while nitrate makes equal contribution as sulfate over North China (NC). Based on emission reduction targets in the 12th (2011–2015) Five Year Plan (FYP), China's total SO2 and NOx emissions are projected to change by −16% and +16% from 2006 to 2015, respectively. However, the amount of NH3 emissions in 2015 is uncertain, given our finding that bottom-up inventories tend to overestimate China's ammonia emissions during the 2000–2006 period. With no change in NH3 emissions, SNA mass concentrations in 2015 will decrease over SCB and SC compared to their levels in 2006, but increase over NC where the magnitude of nitrate increase exceeds that of sulfate reduction. This suggests that the SO2 emission reduction target set by the 12th FYP, although effective in reducing SNA over SC and SCB, will not be successful over NC for which NOx emission control needs to be strengthened. If NH3 emissions are allowed to keep their recent growth rate and increase by +16% from 2006 to 2015, the benefit of SO2 reduction will be completely offset over all of China due to the significant increase of nitrate, demonstrating the critical role of NH3 in regulating nitrate. The effective strategy to control SNA and hence PM2.5 pollution over China should thus be based on improving understanding of current NH3 emissions and putting more emphasis on controlling NH3 emissions in the future.
10
Yong Ung, Yu, Park Sung Ho, Jung Dong Ho, and Lee Chang Hee. "Improving Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering in Korea through the Chinese and Japanese Experiences." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 17, 2020): 9585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229585.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The International Maritime Organization has strengthened global environmental regulations related to sulfur and nitrogen oxides contained in ship fuel oil since the beginning of 2020. One strategy to comply with the regulations is to fuel ships with liquefied natural gas (LNG) rather than with traditional heavy fuel oil. China and Japan are both developing a business structure for the bunkering of LNG through public–private partnerships to expand their leadership in the field in Northeast Asia and secure a competitive advantage. Compared to China and Japan, Korea has relatively inadequate laws, policy support, and best practices for safe and efficient LNG bunkering for ships. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the LNG bunkering regulation systems in China and Japan and addresses how these systems can be mirrored by Korea to improve the Korean system. It compares the legislative and normative rules of China and Japan regarding the complex global scenario of maritime transportation. The results show that Korea must revise its guidelines and create the advanced institutional framework required for the LNG bunkering market to support an eco-friendly shipping industry and maintain a competitive edge against China and Japan.
11
Anatoliy, Shevchenko, Volodymyr Kislyakov, Borys Dvoskin, Ivan Manachyn, and Kostyantin Chubin. "STUDY OF CHANGES OF THE SULFUR CONTENT IN CAST IRON AND THE COMPOSITION OF SLAG IN TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSING DURING THE PREPARATION OF CAST IRON FOR THE CONVERTER MELTER." Modern Problems of Metalurgy, no. 25 (April 8, 2022): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1991-7848.2022.01.17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the change in the sulfur content of cast iron and the composition of slag in the technological chain of preparing cast iron for converter smelting. On the basis of the results of the conducted research, technical solutions and technological techniques aimed at eliminating cast iron resulfurization were developed and recommended. Spot probe scanning of bucket slag samples showed that in the slag phase, along with CaO∙SiO2∙Al2O3 type systems with different ratios of components containing 0.2–3.5% sulfur, CaxSiyAlz type systems containing up to 1% sulfur were found; in "beads" the sulfur content varies no more than 0.1 - 0.85% and in the form of sulfides of the (Fe, Mn)S type, mainly MnS, and in the non-metallic inclusions of "beads" the sulfur content is no more than 15 - 30%. Studies of the compositions of dry, friable and liquid glassy ladle slags after desulfurization showed that they do not change the phase composition, but unlike the original ladle slags, in the slag phase of such slags there are mainly CaO·SiO2·Al2O3·MgO type systems, enriched with magnesium oxides with variable ratio of components. At the same time, sulfur in the slag phase of dry slags is mainly in the form of (Ca, Mn, Mg, Al, Si)S complexes, and in the slag phase of liquid slags it is mainly in the form of MnS and less often in the form of (Ca, Mn)S complexes. According to the results of industrial experiments carried out at a number of enterprises in Ukraine and China, it was established that in order to limit the introduction of sulfur into converter steel with slag at the level of ≤0.002%, the remaining ladle slag after desulfurization should not exceed 0.5-0.7 kg/t of cast iron.
12
He, Xianhui, Yung-ho Chiu, Tzu-Han Chang, Tai-Yu Lin, and Zebin Wang. "The Energy Efficiency and the Impact of Air Pollution on Health in China." Healthcare 8, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8010029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rapid growth of China’s economy in recent years has greatly improved its citizens’ living standards, but economic growth consumes many various energy sources as well as produces harmful air pollution. Nitrogen oxides, SO2 (sulfur dioxide), and other polluting gases are damaging the environment and people’s health, with a particular spike in incidences of many air pollution-related diseases in recent years. While there have been many documents discussing China’s energy and environmental issues in the past, few of them analyze economic development, air pollution, and residents’ health together. Therefore, this study uses the modified undesirable dynamic two-stage DEA (data envelopment analysis) model to explore the economic, environmental, and health efficiencies of 30 provinces in China. The empirical results show the following: (1) Most provinces have lower efficiency values in the health stage than in the production stage. (2) Among the provinces with annual efficiency values below 1, their energy consumption, CO2 (carbon dioxide), and NOx (nitrogen oxide) efficiency values have mostly declined from 2013 to 2016, while their SO2 efficiency values have increased (less SO2 emissions). (3) The growth rate of SO2 efficiency in 2016 for 10 provinces is much higher than in previous years. (4) The health expenditure efficiencies of most provinces are at a lower level and show room for improvement. (5) In most provinces, the mortality rate is higher, but on a decreasing trend. (6) Finally, as representative for a typical respiratory infection, most provinces have a high level of tuberculosis efficiency, indicating that most areas of China are highly effective at respiratory disease governance.
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Xie, Rui, Daidai Wu, Jie Liu, Tiantian Sun, Lihua Liu, and Nengyou Wu. "Geochemical Evidence of Metal-Driven Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane in the Shenhu Area, the South China Sea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 23, 2019): 3559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193559.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a common biochemical process in the ocean and it plays an important role in global climate change, elemental circulation, and atmospheric evolution over geological time. In this paper, we analyzed of δ34S, Fe, Mn, Ca/Ti, and Sr/Ti ratios, and the date of carbon and sulfur from the site SH3 of Shenhu area. Result showed that (1) 0–6 mbsf (meter blow the sea floor) was mainly affected by OSR (anaerobic oxidation of organic matters) and 7–15 mbsf was a paleo-SMTZ (sulfate–methane transition zone) position. The modern SMTZ was mainly distributed at 19–25 mbsf. The barium sulfate precipitation above the modern SMTZ indicating that the current methane leakage was stable and lasted longer during geological history. (2) By studying the change of magnetic and the different carbonate minerals, results showed that there were two AOM stages. During the early stage, Fe2+ were mainly produced by sulfide abiotic reductive dissolution. During the later stage, Fe2+ were mainly produced by the metal-AOM. (3) Study of the mineral characteristics of the paleo-SMTZ and the modern SMTZ showed that the modern SMTZ carbonate minerals were mainly low-Mg calcite and aragonite, while the paleo-SMTZ carbon minerals were mainly high Mg minerals. The reason for this difference is that the modern SMTZ layer was only experienced the first stage of anaerobic oxidation of methane. In the paleo-SMTZ layer, it has experienced two stage of anaerobic oxidation of methane. During the last stage of metal-AOM, the low Mg carbonate minerals were converted into high Mg carbonate minerals. This research confirms the presence of metal-driven methane anaerobic oxidation at the bottom of sulfate-driven methane anaerobic oxidation and during the metal-driven methane anaerobic oxidation, methane and metal oxides or hydroxides would couple to convert the in situ metal oxides or hydroxides into metal ions, meanwhile the phosphorus adsorbed on the surface of the metal oxides is released into adjacent pore water, and convert to new P-bearing minerals under suitable conditions.
14
Zhang, Fan, Yingjun Chen, Chongguo Tian, Diming Lou, Jun Li, Gan Zhang, and Volker Matthias. "Emission factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 10 (May 24, 2016): 6319–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6319-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Shipping emissions have significant influence on atmospheric environment as well as human health, especially in coastal areas and the harbour districts. However, the contribution of shipping emissions on the environment in China still need to be clarified especially based on measurement data, with the large number ownership of vessels and the rapid developments of ports, international trade and shipbuilding industry. Pollutants in the gaseous phase (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds) and particle phase (particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfates, nitrate, ammonia, metals) in the exhaust from three different diesel-engine-powered offshore vessels in China (350, 600 and 1600 kW) were measured in this study. Concentrations, fuel-based and power-based emission factors for various operating modes as well as the impact of engine speed on emissions were determined. Observed concentrations and emission factors for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter were higher for the low-engine-power vessel (HH) than for the two higher-engine-power vessels (XYH and DFH); for instance, HH had NOx EF (emission factor) of 25.8 g kWh−1 compared to 7.14 and 6.97 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH, and PM EF of 2.09 g kWh−1 compared to 0.14 and 0.04 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH. Average emission factors for all pollutants except sulfur dioxide in the low-engine-power engineering vessel (HH) were significantly higher than that of the previous studies (such as 30.2 g kg−1 fuel of CO EF compared to 2.17 to 19.5 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies, 115 g kg−1 fuel of NOx EF compared to 22.3 to 87 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies and 9.40 g kg−1 fuel of PM EF compared to 1.2 to 7.6 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies), while for the two higher-engine-power vessels (DFH and XYH), most of the average emission factors for pollutants were comparable to the results of the previous studies, engine type was one of the most important influence factors for the differences. Emission factors for all three vessels were significantly different during different operating modes. Organic carbon and elemental carbon were the main components of particulate matter, while water-soluble ions and elements were present in trace amounts. The test inland ships and some test offshore vessels in China always had higher EFs for CO, NOx, and PM than previous studies. Besides, due to the significant influence of engine type on shipping emissions and that no accurate local EFs could be used in inventory calculation, much more measurement data for different vessels in China are still in urgent need. Best-fit engine speeds during actual operation should be based on both emission factors and economic costs.
15
Kong, Wei Zheng, Bi Bin Huang, Qiong Hui Li, and Xiao Lu Wang. "Study on Development Path of Electric Vehicle in China from a View of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.355.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, the change of fossil energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) and pollutant emissions are calculated when petroleum based vehicles (PBVs) are taken place by EVs based upon the full-cycle energy efficiency theory with the energy efficiency measured from well to wheel.. Calculation results show that the fossil energy consumption, CO2, monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions can be reduced with the substitution of EVs for vehicles that burn gasoline (GVs), but nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions increase. When vehicles that burn diesel (DVs) are replaced by EVs, the emissions of pollutants except SO2 will be reduced, but the emissions of CO2 and SO2 will increase. Considering the proportion of coal-fired power generation to the total power generation in China, the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction cannot be perfectly achieved by the substitution of PBVs by EVs. Therefore, the proportion of clean energy generation should be increased in China and technological updating of coal-fired power plants for reducing CO2 and pollutant emissions are necessary as well. Besides, GVs, other than DVs, should be replaced by EVs from the perspective of energy conservation and CO2 emission.
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Westervelt, Daniel M., Arlene M. Fiore, Colleen B. Baublitz, and Gustavo Correa. "Impact of regional Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions on local and remote tropospheric oxidants." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 6799–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6799-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The unintended consequences of reductions in regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions implemented to protect human health are poorly understood. SO2 decreases began in the 1970s in the US and Europe and are expected to continue into the future, while recent emissions decreases in China are also projected to continue. In addition to the well-documented climate effects (warming) from reducing aerosols, tropospheric oxidation is impacted via aerosol modification of photolysis rates and radical sinks. Impacts on the hydroxyl radical and other trace constituents directly affect climate and air quality metrics such as surface ozone levels. We use the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmospheric Model version 3 nudged towards National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis wind velocities to estimate the impact of SO2 emissions from the US, Europe, and China by differencing a control simulation with an otherwise identical simulation in which 2015 anthropogenic SO2 emissions are set to zero over one of the regions. Springtime sulfate aerosol changes occur both locally to the emission region and also throughout the Northern Hemispheric troposphere, including remote oceanic regions and the Arctic. Hydroperoxy (HO2) radicals are directly removed via heterogeneous chemistry on aerosol surfaces, including sulfate, in the model, and we find that sulfate aerosol produced by SO2 emissions from the three individual northern mid-latitude regions strongly reduces both HO2 and hydroxyl (OH) by up to 10 % year-round throughout most of the troposphere north of 30∘ N latitude. Regional SO2 emissions significantly increase nitrogen oxides (NOx) by about 5 %–8 % throughout most of the free troposphere in the Northern Hemisphere by increasing the NOx lifetime as the heterogeneous sink of HO2 on sulfate aerosol declines. Despite the NOx increases, tropospheric ozone decreases at northern mid-latitudes by 1 %–4 % zonally averaged and by up to 5 ppbv in summertime surface air over China, where the decreases in HO2 and OH suppress O3 production. Since 2015 anthropogenic SO2 emissions in China exceed those in the US or Europe, the oxidative response is greatest for the China perturbation simulation. Chemical effects of aerosols on oxidation (reactive uptake) dominate over radiative effects (photolysis rates), the latter of which are only statistically significant locally for the large perturbation over China. We find that the SO2 emissions decrease in China, which has yet to be fully realized, will have the largest impact on oxidants and related species in the Northern Hemisphere free troposphere compared to future decreases in Europe or the US. Our results bolster previous calls for a multipollutant strategy for air pollution mitigation to avoid the unintended consequence of aerosol removal leading to surface ozone increases that offset or mask surface ozone gains achieved by regulation of other pollutants, especially in countries where current usage of high-sulfur emitting fuels may be phased out in the future.
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Xu, Miao, Li, Zhou, Ma, He, Zhao, and Wang. "What Factors Drive Air Pollutants in China? An Analysis from the Perspective of Regional Difference Using a Combined Method of Production Decomposition Analysis and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 26, 2019): 4650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174650.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Air pollution in China attracts the world’s attention, so it is important to study its driving factors for air pollutants. The combined Production Decomposition Analysis and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (PDA–LMDI) model is applied to construct a regional contribution index in this study to explore the regional differences in factors affecting sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter with diameter not greater than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) from 2005 to 2015 in China. The regional emission coefficient had a great inhibitory effect, which reduced SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 by 25,364.9, 10,449.3, and 11,295.3 kilotons (kt) from 2005 to 2015, respectively. For this inhibitory effect, the degree to emission reduction was great for North and East China, followed by South and Central China, and small for Southwest. Northwest. and Northeast China. The regional technical efficiency, technology improvement, capital-energy substitution and labor-energy substitution effects each reduced SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 by about 3500, 3100, and 1500 kt from 2005 to 2015, respectively. For the regional technical efficiency and technology improvement effects, the degree to emission reduction was great in East and Central China, and small in South Northwest and Northeast China. For the regional capital- and labor-energy substitution effects, the degree of emission reduction was great for North East and Central China, and small for Northwest and South China. The regional output proportion effect increased SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 by 1211.2, 320.1, and 277.8 kt from 2005 to 2015, respectively. The national economic growth had a relatively great promoting effect and increased SO2, NOx, and PM2.5 by 26,445.5, 23,827.5, and 11,925.5 kt from 2005 to 2015, respectively. Each region should formulate relevant policies and measures for emission reduction according to local conditions.
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Ye, Penghao, Senmao Xia, Yu Xiong, Chaoyang Liu, Fei Li, Jiamin Liang, and Huarong Zhang. "Did an Ultra-Low Emissions Policy on Coal-Fueled Thermal Power Reduce the Harmful Emissions? Evidence from Three Typical Air Pollutants Abatement in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 8555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228555.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thermal power generation based on coal-fired power plants has the advantages of stability and controllability and has been the largest source of electricity supply in China. Coal-fired power plants, however, are also accompanied by high carbon emissions and the release of harmful substances (mainly including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and smoke dust), and are even regarded as the “chief criminal” in terms of air pollution. However, thermal power is also a pioneering industry involved in several environmental regulations and cleaner production techniques before other industries. Evidence of this is China’s ultra-low emissions (ULE) policy on coal-fired power plants, implemented in 2015. To verify this policy’s effect, this study treats ULE as an exogenous impact variable, examining its emissions reduction effect on SO2, NOx, and smoke dust in Eastern and Central China using the difference-in-difference method (DID). The results show that the total emissions of the three pollutants were abated by 0.133%, 0.057% and 0.036% in Eastern, and by 0.120%, 0.035% and 0.043% in Central China at every 1% rise of thermal power generated after ULE. In addition, several other factors can also argue for the promotion of thermal power. Other industries, such as steel or chemical, have proven that they can contribute significant SO2 and NOx emissions. Based on these results, we provide suggestions on synergistic emissions reduction among multiple industries, as well as a discussion on the necessity of implementing ULE in Western China.
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He, Kebin, Hong Huo, and Qiang Zhang. "Urban Air Pollution in China: Current Status, Characteristics, and Progress." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 27, no. 1 (November 2002): 397–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083421.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
▪ Abstract China is rapidly developing as evidenced by enhanced urbanization and industrialization and greatly increased energy consumption. However, these have brought Chinese cities a variety of urban air pollution problems in recent decades. During the 1970s, black smoke from stacks became the characteristic of Chinese industrial cities; in the 1980s, many southern cities began to suffer serious acid rain pollution; and recently, the air quality in large cities has deteriorated due to nitrous oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and photochemical smog, which are typical of vehicle pollution. Some cities now have a mixture of these. Urban air pollution influences both the health of citizens and the development of cities. To control air pollution and protect the atmospheric environment, the Chinese government has implemented a variety of programs. This paper first reviews the current status of air quality in Chinese cities, especially key cities, then describes the characteristics of some major urban air pollutants, including total suspended particles (TSP), respirable particles 10 microns or less in diameter (PM10), very fine particles 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), acid rain, NOx, and photochemical smog. Two specific topics, SO2 and acid rain control and vehicle emission control, are used to illustrate the actions that the government has taken and future plans. Finally, a case study of the Chinese capital, Beijing, is presented with a discussion of its main air pollution problems, recently implemented control measures and their effects, and future strategies for urban air quality improvement.
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Li, Mingze, Yuan Huang, and Mingdan Han. "How to Maintain a Sustainable Environment? A Spatial Evolution of Urban Atmospheric Pollution and Impact Factors in China." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 13, 2019): 4376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164376.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Urban pollution has significantly contributed to the spread of diseases and global warming. The analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of atmospheric pollutants is crucial for making sustainable industrial policy, and environmentally friendly urban planning. In this paper, GeoDa software is used to analyze how sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and smoke dust (DUS) are spatially distributed in various provinces of China. Then, global spatial correlation test and cluster analysis are carried out to obtain the spatial evolution characteristics of three pollutants. Afterward, the spatial panel data model is applied to explore the factors that affect the spatial evolution of SO2, NOx and smoke dust (DUS) nationwide. MATLAB is used to estimate the Spatial Lag Model (SLM) and the Spatial Error Model (SEM) of the three pollutants, respectively. According to our analysis, SEM is more applicable for SO2 and NOx, whereas SLM is optimal for smoke dust (DUS). The results show that foreign direct investment (FDI), industrial structure, and urbanization aggravate environmental pollution, while per capita gross domestic products (per capita GDP) has a negative relationship with the cluster of pollutants. The study concludes by informing public policy makers on environment friendly policies for a more sustainable development.
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Dai, Haitao, Dawei Ma, Renbin Zhu, Bowen Sun, and Jun He. "Impact of Control Measures on Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate Matter Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants in Anhui Province, China." Atmosphere 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10010035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Anhui is one of the highest provincial emitters of air pollutants in China due to its large coal consumption in coal-fired plants. In this study, the total emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) from coal-fired power plants in Anhui were investigated to assess the impact of control measures on the atmospheric emissions based upon continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). The total NOx, SO2 and PM emissions significantly decreased from 2013 to 2017 and they were estimated at 24.5 kt, 14.8 kt and 3.0 kt in 2017, respectively. The emission reductions of approximately 79.0%, 70.1% and 81.2% were achieved in 2017 compared with a 2013 baseline, respectively, due to the application of high-efficiency emission control measures, including the desulfurization, denitration and dust-removing devices and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). The NOx, SO2 and PM emission intensities were 0.125 g kWh−1, 0.076 g kWh−1 and 0.015 g kWh−1 in 2017, respectively, which were lower than the average of national coal-fired units. The coal-fired units with ≥600 MW generated 80.6% of the total electricity amount while they were estimated to account for 70.5% of total NOx, 70.1% of total SO2 and 71.9% of total PM. Their seasonal emissions showed a significant correlation to the power generation with the maximum correlation found in summer (July and August) and winter (January and December). The major regional contributors are the cities along the Huai River Basin and Yangtze River Basin, such as Huainan, Huaibei, Tongling, Maanshan and Wuhu, and the highest emission occurred in Huainan, accounting for approximately 26–40% of total emission from all the power plants. Our results indicated that the application of desulfurization, denitration and dust-removing devices has played an important role in controlling air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants.
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Saikawa, Eri, Hankyul Kim, Min Zhong, Alexander Avramov, Yu Zhao, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Jun-ichi Kurokawa, et al. "Comparison of emissions inventories of anthropogenic air pollutants and greenhouse gases in China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 10 (May 30, 2017): 6393–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6393-2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Anthropogenic air pollutant emissions have been increasing rapidly in China, leading to worsening air quality. Modelers use emissions inventories to represent the temporal and spatial distribution of these emissions needed to estimate their impacts on regional and global air quality. However, large uncertainties exist in emissions estimates. Thus, assessing differences in these inventories is essential for the better understanding of air pollution over China. We compare five different emissions inventories estimating emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10) from China. The emissions inventories analyzed in this paper include the Regional Emission inventory in ASia v2.1 (REAS), the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research v4.2 (EDGAR), the inventory by Yu Zhao (ZHAO), and the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS). We focus on the period between 2000 and 2008, during which Chinese economic activities more than doubled. In addition to national totals, we also analyzed emissions from four source sectors (industry, transport, power, and residential) and within seven regions in China (East, North, Northeast, Central, Southwest, Northwest, and South) and found that large disagreements exist among the five inventories at disaggregated levels. These disagreements lead to differences of 67 µg m−3, 15 ppbv, and 470 ppbv for monthly mean PM10, O3, and CO, respectively, in modeled regional concentrations in China. We also find that all the inventory emissions estimates create a volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited environment and MEIC emissions lead to much lower O3 mixing ratio in East and Central China compared to the simulations using REAS and EDGAR estimates, due to their low VOC emissions. Our results illustrate that a better understanding of Chinese emissions at more disaggregated levels is essential for finding effective mitigation measures for reducing national and regional air pollution in China.
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Cui, Shuang, Zhi Ping Xue, Qing Yu Liu, Ying Yu Zhu, and Bao Quan Zhao. "Application of Biomass Burning Stove in the Greenhouse Environment." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 990–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.990.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
According to the demands of greenhouse environmental conditions, this paper examines a solid fuel burning stove applied to compression molding of biomass in order to solve the issues which temperature is too low in greenhouses in winter north of China and carbon dioxide concentration is too low caused by insufficient ventilation number. The burning stove designed with big furnace, no grate and recalculated secondary air. Fuel utilization was improved in the largest degree in this design. Feed amount, feed rate and time are controlled by the PLC system which is adopted to make fuel fully burning, low pollution emissions and more automation. The temperature field and gas flow field changes is simulated by the FLUENT. The temperature of various sections and the formation of nitrogen oxides is reduced by the special design when burning. Experiment shows that sulfur dioxide concentration is about 0.41mg/m3, nitrogen dioxide is about 0.498mg/m3 which have no effect in growth and development of crops. This paper provides theoretic guidance for improving greenhouse conditions.
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Liu, Mingxu, Xin Huang, Yu Song, Jie Tang, Junji Cao, Xiaoye Zhang, Qiang Zhang, et al. "Ammonia emission control in China would mitigate haze pollution and nitrogen deposition, but worsen acid rain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (April 1, 2019): 7760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814880116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
China has been experiencing fine particle (i.e., aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 µm; PM2.5) pollution and acid rain in recent decades, which exert adverse impacts on human health and the ecosystem. Recently, ammonia (i.e., NH3) emission reduction has been proposed as a strategic option to mitigate haze pollution. However, atmospheric NH3 is also closely bound to nitrogen deposition and acid rain, and comprehensive impacts of NH3 emission control are still poorly understood in China. In this study, by integrating a chemical transport model with a high-resolution NH3 emission inventory, we find that NH3 emission abatement can mitigate PM2.5 pollution and nitrogen deposition but would worsen acid rain in China. Quantitatively, a 50% reduction in NH3 emissions achievable by improving agricultural management, along with a targeted emission reduction (15%) for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, can alleviate PM2.5 pollution by 11−17% primarily by suppressing ammonium nitrate formation. Meanwhile, nitrogen deposition is estimated to decrease by 34%, with the area exceeding the critical load shrinking from 17% to 9% of China’s terrestrial land. Nevertheless, this NH3 reduction would significantly aggravate precipitation acidification, with a decrease of as much as 1.0 unit in rainfall pH and a corresponding substantial increase in areas with heavy acid rain. An economic evaluation demonstrates that the worsened acid rain would partly offset the total economic benefit from improved air quality and less nitrogen deposition. After considering the costs of abatement options, we propose a region-specific strategy for multipollutant controls that will benefit human and ecosystem health.
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Chen, Youfan, Lin Zhang, Daven K. Henze, Yuanhong Zhao, Xiao Lu, Wilfried Winiwarter, Yixin Guo, et al. "Interannual variation of reactive nitrogen emissions and their impacts on PM2.5 air pollution in China during 2005–2015." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 12 (November 19, 2021): 125004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Emissions of reactive nitrogen as ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ), together with sulfur dioxide (SO2), contribute to formation of secondary PM2.5 in the atmosphere. Satellite observations of atmospheric NH3, NO2, and SO2 levels since the 2000s provide valuable information to constrain the spatial and temporal variability of their emissions. Here we present a bottom-up Chinese NH3 emission inventory combined with top-down estimates of Chinese NO x and SO2 emissions using ozone monitoring instrument satellite observations, aiming to quantify the interannual variations of reactive nitrogen emissions in China and their contributions to PM2.5 air pollution over 2005–2015. We find small interannual changes in the total Chinese anthropogenic NH3 emissions during 2005–2016 (12.0–13.3 Tg with over 85% from agricultural sources), but large interannual change in top-down Chinese NO x and SO2 emissions. Chinese NO x emissions peaked around 2011 and declined by 22% during 2011–2015, and Chinese SO2 emissions declined by 55% in 2015 relative to that in 2007. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model simulations, we find that rising atmospheric NH3 levels in eastern China since 2011 as observed by infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer and atmospheric infrared sounder satellites are mainly driven by rapid reductions in SO2 emissions. The 2011–2015 Chinese NO x emission reductions have decreased regional annual mean PM2.5 by 2.3–3.8 μg m−3. Interannual PM2.5 changes due to NH3 emission changes are relatively small, but further control of agricultural NH3 emissions can be effective for PM2.5 pollution mitigation in eastern China.
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Xu, Bin, Xiangyu You, Yaoyu Zhou, Chunhao Dai, Zhan Liu, Shaojian Huang, Datong Luo, and Hui Peng. "The Study of Emission Inventory on Anthropogenic Air Pollutants and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Changzhutan Urban Agglomeration, China." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2020): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070739.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As one of China’s emerging urban agglomerations, the Changzhutan urban area is suffering from regional composite air pollution. Previous studies mainly focus on single cities or world-class urban agglomerations, which cannot provide a scientific basis for air pollution in emerging urban agglomerations. This paper proposes the latest high-resolution emission inventory through the emission factor method and compares the results with the rest of the urban agglomeration. The emission inventory shows that the estimates for sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter 10 (PM10), particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and ammonia (NH3) emission are 132.5, 148.9, 111.6, 56.5, 119.0, and 72.0 kt, respectively. From the 3 × 3 km emission grid, the spatial difference of air pollutant emissions in the Changzhutan urban agglomeration was more obvious, but the overall trend of monthly pollutant discharge was relatively stable. Depending on the source apportionment, SO42−, OC, and NO3− are the main chemical constituents of PM2.5, accounting for 13.06, 8.24, and 4.84 μg/m3, respectively. Simultaneously, industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and dust are still three main sources that cannot be ignored. With the support of these data, the results of this study may provide a reference for other emerging urban agglomerations in air quality.
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Zhang, Xiaodong, Tao Huang, Leiming Zhang, Hong Gao, Yanjie Shen, and Jianmin Ma. "Trends of deposition fluxes and loadings of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the artificial Three Northern Regions Shelter Forest across northern China." Environmental Pollution 207 (December 2015): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.022.
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Mu, Zheng, Yao Cheng, Qiang Huang, Mingming Hu, Wei Dong, Jingjing Fan, and Yuchun Wang. "Synchronous Cycle of Available Phosphorus, Iron, and Sulfur in the Sediment of Lancang River Reservoirs." Water 13, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 2691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192691.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Large-scale deep reservoirs associated with hydropower cascade development are known to influence the cycle of phosphorus (P). However, there is scarce information on the fractions and availability of P in sediments of large-scale deep reservoirs constructed due to hydropower cascade development. In this study, we researched the fractions and release mechanism of P in the sediments of large-scale deep reservoirs by analyzing the fractions and availability of P in the sediments of the Xiaowan (XW) and Nuozhadu (NZD) reservoirs in the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River (China). According to the results, there is a significant difference in the P fractions in the sediments of the XW and NZD reservoirs, but not for the available P in the sediments. Compared to the NZD reservoir, there was less solid bioavailable phosphorus (BAP) in the sediments of the XW reservoir, but the replenishment degree of active solid phase P into pore water was higher in the XW. There was a significant positive correlation between the available P and the BAP; the Fe/P ratio measured by the diffusive gradients in thin films reflects the control of active iron (oxyhydr) oxides over labile P in the sediments. In addition to the reductive dissolution of iron-bound P, the release of P into the large deep reservoirs may be related to factors such as the sulfate reduction and the degradation of organic materials. The P cycling in deep reservoir sediments is mainly controlled by the Fe, and there is a clear spatial distribution of this mechanism in deep reservoirs.
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Zhu, Yi, Jiping Zhang, Junxia Wang, Wenyuan Chen, Yiqun Han, Chunxiang Ye, Yingruo Li, et al. "Distribution and sources of air pollutants in the North China Plain based on on-road mobile measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 19 (October 7, 2016): 12551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12551-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The North China Plain (NCP) has been experiencing severe air pollution problems with rapid economic growth and urbanisation. Many field and model studies have examined the distribution of air pollutants in the NCP, but convincing results have not been achieved, mainly due to a lack of direct measurements of pollutants over large areas. Here, we employed a mobile laboratory to observe the main air pollutants in a large part of the NCP from 11 June to 15 July 2013. High median concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) (12 ppb), nitrogen oxides (NOx) (NO + NO2; 452 ppb), carbon monoxide (CO) (956 ppb), black carbon (BC; 5.5 µg m−3) and ultrafine particles (28 350 cm−3) were measured. Most of the high values, i.e. 95 percentile concentrations, were distributed near large cities, suggesting the influence of local emissions. In addition, we analysed the regional transport of SO2 and CO, relatively long-lived pollutants, based on our mobile observations together with wind field and satellite data analyses. Our results suggested that, for border areas of the NCP, wind from outside this area would have a diluting effect on pollutants, while south winds would bring in pollutants that have accumulated during transport through other parts of the NCP. For the central NCP, the concentrations of pollutants were likely to remain at high levels, partly due to the influence of regional transport by prevalent south–north winds over the NCP and partly by local emissions.
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Zhuo, Wencai, Bin Zhou, Zhicheng Zhang, Hailiang Zhou, and Baiqian Dai. "Process Modeling and Exergy Analysis for a Typical VOC Thermal Conversion Plant." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represents a major source of air pollution and presents a major risk to both the surrounding environment and local health. An efficient and clean VOCs conversion process is an important approach for energy conservation and emission reduction. In this work, process simulation is conducted using Aspen Plus according to a VOC thermal oxidizing plant for an industrial-scale aluminum spraying production process. Experimental measurements are used for model validation and the pollutant emissions are consistent with the actual plant operating parameters, where the concentration of sulfur oxides is 32 mg/m³, and that of nitrogen oxides is ~34 mg/m³, both of which are below the requirements specified by the national environment regulations in China. Energy and exergy analyses have been conducted from the perspective of the second law of thermodynamics. It is found that 68.8% of the output energy in the system considered here enters the subsequent oven production line, which will be reused for drying the aluminum plates, and the rest of the energy will contribute to the water heat exchanger; however, the furnace features the largest exergy loss of 34%, and this is due to the high-temperature heat loss. The water heat exchanger features 11.5% exergy loss, which is the largest for the series of heat exchangers, and this loss is due to the large temperature difference between the hot and cold streams in the water heat exchanger. These findings are expected to provide practical approaches to energy conservation from the perspective of energy management.
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Wang, Tiantian, Yu Song, Zhenying Xu, Mingxu Liu, Tingting Xu, Wenling Liao, Lifei Yin, et al. "Why is the Indo-Gangetic Plain the region with the largest NH<sub>3</sub> column in the globe during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons?" Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 14 (July 23, 2020): 8727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8727-2020.
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Abstract. Satellite observations show a global maximum in ammonia (NH3) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), with a peak from June to August. However, it has never been explained explicitly. In this study, we investigated the causes of high NH3 loading over the IGP during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons using WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to chemistry). The IGP has relatively high NH3 emission fluxes (0.4 t km−2 month−1) due to intensive agricultural activities and high air temperature from June to August. Additionally, low sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and high air temperature limit the gas-to-particle conversion of NH3, particularly for ammonium nitrate formation. Moreover, the barrier effects of the Himalayas in combination with the surface convergence weaken the horizontal diffusion of NH3. The high NH3 loading over the IGP mainly results from the low gas-to-particle partitioning of NH3 caused by low SO2 and NOx emissions. It contrasts to those in the North China Plain, where high SO2 and NOx emissions promote the conversion of gaseous NH3 into particulate ammonium.
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Husain, Tariq. "Pakistan’s Energy Sector Issues: Energy Efficiency and Energy Environmental Links." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, Special Edition (September 1, 2010): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.isp.a3.
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This paper analyzes Pakistan’s energy sector issues and highlights (i) the importance of the link between energy and the environment, and (ii) the central importance of energy efficiency for high return demand-side solutions to meet the country’s energy needs. The paper argues that energy planning should integrate the external cost of energy use in deciding about the composition of supply: coal, oil, gas, hydropower, renewable, nuclear, and solar. By utilizing external cost estimates made by the European Commission for Europe, and the US National Academy of Sciences, a total cost (external + internal) ranking of primary energy sources for Pakistan is estimated. This estimate is at the low end of the cost spectrum because classic pollutants—sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide—in Pakistan are significantly higher than in Europe or the US. The paper also discusses the experiences of China and OECD countries in increasing energy-wide efficiency. A central lesson emerging from the analysis is that Pakistan will have to significantly increase its energy-related research and development expenditure in order to adequately address its energy sector issues. A quadrupling from 0.25 % of gross domestic product is recommended over a decade.
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Gao, Meng, Gregory R. Carmichael, Pablo E. Saide, Zifeng Lu, Man Yu, David G. Streets, and Zifa Wang. "Response of winter fine particulate matter concentrations to emission and meteorology changes in North China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 18 (September 23, 2016): 11837–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11837-2016.
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Abstract. The winter haze is a growing problem in North China, but the causes are not well understood. The chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-Chem) was applied in North China to examine how PM2.5 concentrations change in response to changes in emissions (sulfur dioxide (SO2), black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), ammonia (NH3), and nitrogen oxides (NOx)), as well as meteorology (temperature, relative humidity (RH), and wind speeds) changes in winter. From 1960 to 2010, the dramatic changes in emissions lead to +260 % increases in sulfate, +320 % increases in nitrate, +300 % increases in ammonium, +160 % increases in BC, and +50 % increases in OC. The responses of PM2.5 to individual emission species indicate that the simultaneous increases in SO2, NH3, and NOx emissions dominated the increases in PM2.5 concentrations. PM2.5 shows more notable increases in response to changes in SO2 and NH3 as compared to increases in response to changes in NOx emissions. In addition, OC also accounts for a large fraction in PM2.5 changes. These results provide some implications for haze pollution control. The responses of PM2.5 concentrations to temperature increases are dominated by changes in wind fields and mixing heights. PM2.5 shows relatively smaller changes in response to temperature increases and RH decreases compared to changes in response to changes in wind speed and aerosol feedbacks. From 1960 to 2010, aerosol feedbacks have been significantly enhanced due to higher aerosol loadings. The discussions in this study indicate that dramatic changes in emissions are the main cause of increasing haze events in North China, and long-term trends in atmospheric circulations may be another important cause since PM2.5 is shown to be substantially affected by wind speed and aerosol feedbacks. More studies are necessary to get a better understanding of the aerosol–circulation interactions.
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Zhang, Ke, and Xingwei Wang. "Pollution Haven Hypothesis of Global CO2, SO2, NOx—Evidence from 43 Economies and 56 Sectors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 6552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126552.
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With the development of trade liberalization, the pollutants emissions embodied in global trade are increasing. The pollution haven hypothesis caused by trade has aroused wide attention. The fragmentation of international production has reshaped trade patterns. The proportion of intermediate product trade in global trade is increasing. However, little has been done to study the pollution haven of different pollutants under different trade patterns. In this paper, major environmental pollutants CO2 (carbon dioxide), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), and NOx (nitrogen oxides) are selected as the research objects. This study investigated the global pollution haven phenomenon in 43 countries and 56 major industries from 2000 to 2014. Based on the MRIO model, the trade mode is divided into three specific patterns: final product trade, intermediate product trade in the last stage of production, and the trade related to the global value chain. The results show that trade liberalization could reduce global CO2, SO2, and NOx emissions, and intermediate product trade has a more significant emission reduction effect than final product trade. Trade’s impacts on each country are various, and the main drivers are also different. For example, the European Union avoids becoming a pollution haven mainly through the trade related to the global value chain. The suppressed emissions under this trade pattern are 71.8 Mt CO2, 2.2 Mt SO2, 2.2 Mt NOx. India avoids most pollutants emissions through intermediate product trade. China has become the most serious pollution haven through final product trade. The trade pattern could increase China 829.4 Mt CO2, 4.5 Mt SO2, 2.6 Mt NOx emissions in 2014.
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Shindell, D. T., and G. Faluvegi. "The net climate impact of coal-fired power plant emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 5 (October 9, 2009): 21257–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-21257-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Coal-fired power plants influence climate via both the emissions of long-lived carbon dioxide (CO2) and short-lived ozone and aerosol precursors. For steadily increasing emissions without substantial pollution controls, we find that the net global mean climate forcing ranges from near zero to a substantial negative value, depending on the magnitude of aerosol indirect effects, due to aerosol masking of the effects of CO2. Imposition of pollution controls on sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides leads to a rapid realization of the full positive forcing from CO2, however. The long-term forcing from stable (constant) emissions is positive regardless of pollution controls, with larger values in the case of pollutant controls. The results imply that historical emissions from coal-fired power plants until ~1970, including roughly 1/3 of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, likely contributed little net global mean climate forcing during that period. Those emissions likely led to weak cooling at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes and warming in the Southern Hemisphere, however. Subsequent imposition of pollution controls and the switch to low-sulfur coal in some areas kept global SO2 emissions roughly level from 1970 to 2000. Hence during that period, RF due to emissions during those decades and CO2 emitted previously was strongly positive and likely contributed to rapid global and regional warming. Most recently, construction of coal-fired power plants in China and India has been increasing rapidly with minimal application of pollution controls. Continuation of high-growth rates for another 30 years would lead to near zero to negative global mean climate forcing in the absence of expanded pollution controls, but severely degraded air quality. However, following the Western pattern of high coal usage followed by imposition of pollution controls could lead to accelerated global warming in the future.
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Li, Mengmeng, Zihan Zhang, Quan Yao, Tijian Wang, Min Xie, Shu Li, Bingliang Zhuang, and Yong Han. "Nonlinear responses of particulate nitrate to NO<sub>x</sub> emission controls in the megalopolises of China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 19 (October 12, 2021): 15135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15135-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Nitrate is an increasingly important component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Chinese cities. The production of nitrate is not only related to the abundance of its precursor, but it is also supported by the atmospheric photochemical oxidants, raising a new challenge for the current emission control actions in China. This paper uses comprehensive measurements and a regional meteorology–chemistry model with optimized mechanisms to establish the nonlinear responses between particulate nitrate and the emission controls of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the megalopolises of China. Nitrate is an essential component of PM2.5 in eastern China, accounting for 9.4 %–15.5 % and 11.5 %–32.1 % of the PM2.5 mass for the warm and cold seasons. The hypothetical NOx emission reduction scenarios (−10 % to −80 %) during summer–autumn result in almost linearly lower PM2.5 by −2.2 % in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) and −2.9 % in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) per 10 % reduction of NOx emissions, whereas they lead to a rather complicated response of PM components in winter. Wintertime nitrate is found to increase by +4.1 % in BTH and +5.1 % in YRD per 10 % reduction of NOx emissions, with nearly unchanged nitric acid (HNO3) and higher dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) intermediate products produced from the increased atmospheric oxidant levels. An inflexion point appears at 30 %–50 % NOx emission reduction, and a further reduction in NOx emissions is predicted to cause −10.5 % reduction of nitrate for BTH and −7.7 % for YRD per 10 % reduction of NOx emissions. In addition, the 2012–2016 NOx control strategy actually leads to no changes or even increases of nitrate in some areas (8.8 % in BTH and 14.4 % in YRD) during winter. Our results also emphasize that ammonia (NH3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are effective in controlling nitrate pollution, whereas decreasing the sulfur dioxide (SO2) and NOx emissions may have counterintuitive effects on nitrate aerosols. This paper helps understand the nonlinear aerosol and photochemistry feedbacks and defines the effectiveness of proposed mitigations for the increasingly serious nitrate pollution in China.
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Liu, Yingying, Xueyan Zhao, Jing Wang, Shengnan Zhu, Bin Han, Di Zhao, Xinhua Wang, and Chunmei Geng. "A Comprehensive 2018-Based Vehicle Emission Inventory and Its Spatial–Temporal Characteristics in the Central Liaoning Urban Agglomeration, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rapid economic expansion and urbanisation have seriously affected the atmospheric environmental quality of the Central Liaoning Urban Agglomeration (CLUA). This study aimed to establish a detailed vehicle emission inventory of the CLUA with a 3 km × 3 km gridded spatiotemporal distribution. A top-down methodology using vehicle kilometres travelled annually, emission factors, and activity data of each city was established. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10), Black Carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) emissions were 291.0, 221.8, 3.6, 2.2, 42.8, 9.3, 10.3, 5.2, and 1.6 Gg in 2018, respectively. The contribution of diesel heavy-duty trucks to NOx, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, BC, and OC emissions was greater than 54.5%, the largest contribution of all vehicles. Gasoline small passenger vehicles were the primary contributor to CO, VOC, and NH3 emissions, contributing 37.3%, 39.5%, and 75.3% of total emissions, respectively. For emission standards, Pre-China 1 vehicles were the largest contributor to CO and VOC emissions and China 3 vehicles contributed the largest amount of NOx, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, BC, and OC emissions. The spatial distribution of pollutants showed “obvious lines” and grids with high emissions were concentrated in expressways, national highways, and provincial highways. The temporal variation showed morning–evening peaks during diurnal variations, which was consistent with resident behaviour. This work can help us understand vehicular emission characteristics of the CLUA and provide basic data for air quality modelling. Future research should investigate traffic flow by vehicle types and emission factors at a local level, which will be helpful for transport management planning.
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Zhao, H. Y., Q. Zhang, D. B. Guan, S. J. Davis, Z. Liu, H. Huo, J. T. Lin, W. D. Liu, and K. B. He. "Assessment of China's virtual air pollution transport embodied in trade by using a consumption-based emission inventory." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 10 (May 19, 2015): 5443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5443-2015.
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Abstract. Substantial anthropogenic emissions from China have resulted in serious air pollution, and this has generated considerable academic and public concern. The physical transport of air pollutants in the atmosphere has been extensively investigated; however, understanding the mechanisms how the pollutant was transferred through economic and trade activities remains a challenge. For the first time, we quantified and tracked China's air pollutant emission flows embodied in interprovincial trade, using a multiregional input–output model framework. Trade relative emissions for four key air pollutants (primary fine particle matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds) were assessed for 2007 in each Chinese province. We found that emissions were significantly redistributed among provinces owing to interprovincial trade. Large amounts of emissions were embodied in the imports of eastern regions from northern and central regions, and these were determined by differences in regional economic status and environmental policy. It is suggested that measures should be introduced to reduce air pollution by integrating cross-regional consumers and producers within national agreements to encourage efficiency improvement in the supply chain and optimize consumption structure internationally. The consumption-based air pollutant emission inventory developed in this work can be further used to attribute pollution to various economic activities and final demand types with the aid of air quality models.
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Zhang, Qing, Yunfeng Li, Jian Hua, Xiaonan Niu, Lili Hou, Zongfang Chen, and Weiya Ge. "Assessment of Energy Potential and Benefit under the Ground Source Heat Pump Air Conditioning System in Anqing Area of Eastern China." Geofluids 2021 (November 9, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3271884.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Now ground source heat pump is a more efficient way to develop and utilize shallow geothermal energy because it is clean and environmentally friendly and has a relatively low energy cost. In order to optimize the planning layout and geographical space development in the eastern new town of Anqing city, which can realize the transformation and upgrading of real space and urban sustainable development, the exploration for shallow geothermal energy will be carried out in this area, so as to find out the comprehensive thermophysical parameters of the shallow rock-soil body and the heat transfer capacity of the vertical heat exchanger, etc. This paper takes the CBD in the eastern new town of Anqing as an example to provide the basis for the feasibility construction of the ground source heat pump project in the study area and evaluate the economic and environmental benefits of the expected project. According to the simulation test data of 5 working conditions of 4 geothermal exploration holes in the study area, we can clearly know that the energy cost per square meter of the ground source heat pump is 11.8 yuan for a building of one hundred thousand square meters in which the heat removal power is expected to be 9481 kW in summer and 3070 kW in winter. And the annual emission of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, suspended dust, and other air pollutants to the atmosphere can be reduced by 1442.5 t, and the solid waste ash and slag can be reduced by 59.7 t. The annual environmental treatment cost will be saved by 166000 yuan.
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Wang, T., W. Nie, J. Gao, L. K. Xue, X. M. Gao, X. F. Wang, J. Qiu, et al. "Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: secondary pollutants and regional impact." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2010): 12433–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-12433-2010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. This paper presents the first results of the atmospheric measurements of trace gases and aerosols at three surface sites in and around Beijing before and during the 2008 Olympics. We focus on secondary pollutants including ozone, fine sulfate and nitrate, and the contribution of regional sources in summer 2008. The results reveal different responses of secondary pollutants to the control measures from primary pollutants. Ambient concentrations of vehicle-related nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site dropped by 25% and 20–45% in the first two weeks after full control was put in place, but the levels of ozone, sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5 increased by 16%, 64%, 37%, respectively, compared to the period prior to the full control; wind data and back trajectories indicated the contribution of regional pollution from the North China Plain. Air quality (for both primary and secondary pollutants) improved significantly during the Games, which were also associated with the changes in weather conditions (prolonged rainfall, decreased temperature, and more frequent air masses from clean regions). A comparison of the ozone data at three sites on eight ozone-pollution days, when the air masses were from the southeast-south-southwest sector, showed that regional pollution sources contributed 34%–88% to the peak ozone concentrations in urban Beijing. Ozone production efficiencies at two sites were low (~3 ppbv/ppbv), indicating that ozone formation was being controlled by VOCs. Compared with data collected in 2005 at a downwind site, the concentrations of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), total sulfur (SO2+PM2.5 sulfate), carbon monoxide (CO), reactive aromatics (toluene and xylenes) sharply decreased (by 8–64%) in 2008, but no significant changes were observed for the concentrations of PM2.5, fine sulfate, total odd reactive nitrogen (NOy), and longer lived alkanes and benzene. We suggest that these results indicate the success of the government's efforts in reducing emissions of SO2, CO, and VOCs in Beijing. However, further control of regional emissions is needed for significant reductions of ozone and fine particulate pollution in Beijing.
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Shindell, D., and G. Faluvegi. "The net climate impact of coal-fired power plant emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 7 (April 6, 2010): 3247–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3247-2010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Coal-fired power plants influence climate via both the emission of long-lived carbon dioxide (CO2) and short-lived ozone and aerosol precursors. Using a climate model, we perform the first study of the spatial and temporal pattern of radiative forcing specifically for coal plant emissions. Without substantial pollution controls, we find that near-term net global mean climate forcing is negative due to the well-known aerosol masking of the effects of CO2. Imposition of pollution controls on sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides leads to a rapid realization of the full positive forcing from CO2, however. Long-term global mean forcing from stable (constant) emissions is positive regardless of pollution controls. Emissions from coal-fired power plants until ~1970, including roughly 1/3 of total anthropogenic CO2 emissions, likely contributed little net global mean climate forcing during that period though they may have induce weak Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude (NHml) cooling. After that time many areas imposed pollution controls or switched to low-sulfur coal. Hence forcing due to emissions from 1970 to 2000 and CO2 emitted previously was strongly positive and contributed to rapid global and especially NHml warming. Most recently, new construction in China and India has increased rapidly with minimal application of pollution controls. Continuation of this trend would add negative near-term global mean climate forcing but severely degrade air quality. Conversely, following the Western and Japanese pattern of imposing air quality pollution controls at a later time could accelerate future warming rates, especially at NHmls. More broadly, our results indicate that due to spatial and temporal inhomogenaities in forcing, climate impacts of multi-pollutant emissions can vary strongly from region to region and can include substantial effects on maximum rate-of-change, neither of which are captured by commonly used global metrics. The method we introduce here to estimate regional temperature responses may provide additional insight.
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Yang, Ning, Lei Yang, Feng Xu, Xue Han, Bin Liu, Naiyuan Zheng, Yuan Li, Yu Bai, Liwei Li, and Jiguang Wang. "Vehicle Emission Changes in China under Different Control Measures over Past Two Decades." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 16367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416367.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vehicle emissions have become a significant source of air pollution in urban cities, especially in China. Mobile sources account for 45% of local fine particle emissions in the Chinese capital Beijing. The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) area, one of China’s most representative urban clusters, is suffering from severe air pollution. With the rapid growth of vehicle ownership in the past two decades, vehicle emissions in China have also undergone great changes under various management measures. The BTH region is also a place where mobile source emission management was carried out earlier. It is of important research value to understand the evolution trend of the vehicle ownerships in the BTH region and the actual effects of various management measures for the control of vehicle emissions. Due to the imperfect evaluation of the current vehicle emission limitation measures from 2000 to 2019, the vehicle emission inventory of the BTH region was established, and the major control measures in the BTH region were evaluated. Results showed that the vehicle ownership has been increasing year by year over the past 20 years, from 2.39 million in 2000 to 25.32 million in 2019, with an average annual growth rate of 13.24%. However, the pollutants discharged by motor vehicles showed a trend of first rising and then falling due to various measures except CO2. The unsynchronized control measures have resulted in huge differences in vehicle growth trends and emissions among Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. The emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and particulate matter (PM10) in Beijing showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The changes in these pollutants in Tianjin were similar to those in Beijing, but there was a secondary increase for NOX and PM10 in the later period. The discharge of all pollutants in Hebei Province showed a growing trend except sulfur dioxide (SO2). The major emission source of CO and VOCs in BTH was PCs, and the contribution rate of PCs to VOCs, reached 86.0–89.6% in 2019. Heavy-duty trucks (HDTs) and buses were the main sources of NOX emissions, contributing 78.2–85.4% of NOX in 2019. Eliminating high emission vehicles was the best control measure in the BTH Region, which had a good emission reduction effect on all pollutants. For sustainable development of the BTH region, it is suggested that Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province implement vehicle control policies simultaneously and establish a joint management mechanism.
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Saikia, Arshini, Binita Pathak, Prashant Singh, Pradip Kumar Bhuyan, and Bhupesh Adhikary. "Multi-Model Evaluation of Meteorological Drivers, Air Pollutants and Quantification of Emission Sources over the Upper Brahmaputra Basin." Atmosphere 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10110703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The temporal distributions of meteorological drivers and air pollutants over Dibrugarh, a location in the upper Brahmaputra basin, are studied using observations, models and reanalysis data. The study aims to assess the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem), the WRF coupled with Sulfur Transport dEposition Model (WRF-STEM), and Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) model over Dibrugarh for the first time. The meteorological variables and air pollutants viz., black carbon(BC), carbon monoxide(CO), sulphur dioxide(SO2), Ozone(O3), and oxides of Nitrogen(NOx) obtained from WRF-Chem, WRF-STEM and CAMS are evaluated with observations. The source region tagged CO simulated by WRF-STEM delineate the regional contribution of CO. The principal source region of anthropogenic CO over Dibrugarh is North-Eastern India with a 59% contribution followed by that from China (17%), Indo-Gangetic Plains (14%), Bangladesh (6%), other parts of India (3%) and other regions (1%). Further, the BC-CO regression analysis is used to delineate the local emission sources. The BC-CO correlations estimated from models (0.99 for WRF-Chem, 0.96 for WRF-STEM, 0.89 for CAMS), and reanalysis (0.8 for Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA2) are maximum in pre-monsoon whereas surface observations show highest correlations (0.81) in winter. In pre-monsoon season, 90% of the modeled CO is due to biomass burning over Dibrugarh.
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Zhang, Xuan, Lulu Zhang, Lu Yang, Quanyu Zhou, Wanli Xing, Akira Toriba, Kazuichi Hayakawa, Yongjie Wei, and Ning Tang. "Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Common Air Pollutants at Wajima, a Remote Background Site in Japan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030957.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Background sites are mainly affected by long-range-transported air pollutants, resulting in potential adverse effects on local atmospheric environments. A 4–5 year observational study was conducted to illustrate the air pollution profile at the Kanazawa University Wajima air monitoring station (KUWAMS), an ideal remote background site in Japan. Methods: Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particulate phase and various air pollutants were continuously monitored for 4–5 years. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and back-trajectory analysis were applied to trace the possible sources of the air pollutants collected at the sampling site. Results: The atmospheric concentration of PAHs in the atmosphere at the site decreased from 2014 to 2019, benefit from the predominant air pollution control policy in China and Japan. Common air pollutants including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone, methane (CH4), and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) were detected in low concentrations from 2016 to 2019, while ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM with a diameter less than 2.5 μm) were present in high levels that exceeded the Japanese standards. Most air pollutants peaked in spring and showed evident diurnal variations in spring and summer. Conclusions: This is the first study to clarify the atmospheric behaviors of multiple air pollutants at a background site in Japan. Significant external air pollutant impact and unneglectable air pollution were demonstrated at KUWAMS, indicating the importance of studying atmospheric pollution at remote sites.
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Liu, Rong, Yi Fan Xu, Fei Ye, Ling Chen Ji, Hao Guan, and Ming Yang. "Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction with NH3 over MnOx-CeO2 Catalysts Supported on Nano Tetragonal Zirconia." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.293.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The MnOx-CeO2/t-ZrO2 catalyst was prepared by impregnation with nano t-ZrO2 as the support. The influence of active component and reaction temperature on denitration performance of catalyst was investigated. The results showed that denitration efficiency improved as active component increased and reaction temperature rose. The denitration efficiency of 2.5% MnOx-CeO2/t-ZrO2 at 100°C was 68.1% while 15% MnOx-CeO2/t-ZrO2 was 97.4%. The results of XRD, BET and H2-TPR showed that surface structure of loaded catalyst was good for oxidation-reduction and denigration. NH3-TPD test demonstrated that NH3 was mainly adsorbed at Lewis acid sites on the surface of catalysts and became coordination NH3. Intermediate product NH2NO generated from reactions between coordination NH3 and NO which finally changed into N2 and H2O.NOx are potentially harmful to humans as a kind of primary pollutants. And NOx are the main cause of many environment problems, such as acid rain, surface ozone pollution and Particulate Matter 2.5[1]. The emission of NOx was 2337.8 tons in China in 2011 and that was 2275.4 tons[2]. The environmental situation is grim although the emission of NOx had begun decreasing. Emission standard of air pollutants for thermal power plants which came into effect on January 1, 2012 require the emission concentration of NOx under 100mg·m-3. The task is arduous.Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 is the most promising method to remove NOx and catalysts with high activity play a decisive part in low temperature SCR technology. Many researches about metal oxide as SCR catalyst support have been reported recently, such as TiO2[3], Al2O3[4], activated carbon[5] and molecular sieve[6]. Zirconium oxide has attracted considerable attention recently as a catalyst support because of its special characteristics. Takahashi et al.[7] investigated the influence of the various compositions of TiO2 and ZrO2 on the NOx removal ability over a sulfur-treated NSR catalyst and came to a conclusion that ZrO2 support suppressed the solid phase reaction with potassium. Reddy et al.[8, 9] investigated structural characteristics of nanosized ceria-silica, ceria-titania, and ceria-zirconia mixed oxide catalysts and found these mixed oxides exhibit better redox properties than pure CeO2. YAN Zhi-yong et al.[10] reported that the existence of ZrO2 in catalysts can raise its specific area and enhance the dispersion of CeO2 on catalysts which results in high activity of the catalysts. CeO2/TiO2-ZrO2 catalyst has strong tolerance to water vapor and sulfur dioxide.It is well known that ZrO2 exists mainly in three polymorphs with monoclinic (m-ZrO2), tetragonal (t-ZrO2) and (c-ZrO2) cubic structures[11]. ZrO2 polymorphs have different amphoteric character of its surface hydroxyl groups. The crystalline phase of ZrO2 has a great effect on the structure, activity and selectivity of catalysts. Therefore, it is valuable to investigate the effects of nanocrystalline zirconia polymorphs on catalytic properties of MnOx-CeO2/t-ZrO2 Catalysts which few researchers have concerned about. In this study, we try to investigate catalytic activity and microstructure of SCR catalysts with manganese oxide and cerium oxide supported on t-ZrO2.
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Wang, T., W. Nie, J. Gao, L. K. Xue, X. M. Gao, X. F. Wang, J. Qiu, et al. "Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: secondary pollutants and regional impact." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 16 (August 16, 2010): 7603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7603-2010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. This paper presents the first results of the measurements of trace gases and aerosols at three surface sites in and outside Beijing before and during the 2008 Olympics. The official air pollution index near the Olympic Stadium and the data from our nearby site revealed an obvious association between air quality and meteorology and different responses of secondary and primary pollutants to the control measures. Ambient concentrations of vehicle-related nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site dropped by 25% and 20–45% in the first two weeks after full control was put in place, but the levels of ozone, sulfate and nitrate in PM2.5 increased by 16%, 64%, 37%, respectively, compared to the period prior to the full control; wind data and back trajectories indicated the contribution of regional pollution from the North China Plain. Air quality (for both primary and secondary pollutants) improved significantly during the Games, which were also associated with the changes in weather conditions (prolonged rainfall, decreased temperature, and more frequent air masses from clean regions). A comparison of the ozone data at three sites on eight ozone-pollution days, when the air masses were from the southeast-south-southwest sector, showed that regional pollution sources contributed >34–88% to the peak ozone concentrations at the urban site in Beijing. Regional sources also contributed significantly to the CO concentrations in urban Beijing. Ozone production efficiencies at two sites were low (~3 ppbv/ppbv), indicating that ozone formation was being controlled by VOCs. Compared with data collected in 2005 at a downwind site, the concentrations of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), total sulfur (SO2+PM2.5 sulfate), carbon monoxide (CO), reactive aromatics (toluene and xylenes) sharply decreased (by 8–64%) in 2008, but no significant changes were observed for the concentrations of PM2.5, fine sulfate, total odd reactive nitrogen (NOy), and longer lived alkanes and benzene. We suggest that these results indicate the success of the government's efforts in reducing emissions of SO2, CO, and VOCs in Beijing, but increased regional emissions during 2005–2008. More stringent control of regional emissions will be needed for significant reductions of ozone and fine particulate pollution in Beijing.
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Yuan, Yue, Shuheng Tang, and Songhang Zhang. "Geochemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of the Middle Jurassic Coals from the Tongjialiang Mine in the Northern Datong Coalfield, Shanxi Province, China." Minerals 9, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9030184.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is limited information available on the minerals and elements present in the Jurassic coals from Datong Coalfield. This paper investigates the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the Middle Jurassic coals from the Tongjialiang Mine using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS). No.12 coal is a low-medium volatile bituminous coal and is characterized by low ash yield content, low moisture content, and ultra-low sulfur content. Compared with Chinese coals, the Tongjialiang coals have slightly higher average percentages of MgO and P2O5, and lower average percentages of the other major oxides, including SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MnO, Na2O, and K2O. Compared with the World hard coals, Be, Cr, Co, Ni, Ge, Sn, Ta, and W are slightly enriched in the Tongjialiang coals. The concentrations of Li, F, Sc, V, Cu, Ga, Se, Sr, Zr, Nb, Hf, Pb, Th, and U are close to the average values of the world’s hard coals. The minerals in No.12 coal mainly include quartz, kaolinite, siderite, and ankerite, along with smaller amounts of pyrite, illite, calcite, and rutile. The formation of syngenetic siderite in No.12 coal is related to the weathering of biotite in the gneiss of the Yinshan Upland. The modes of occurrence of ankerite indicate that the coals may be affected by the injection of low temperature hydrothermal fluids. It is noteworthy that a portion of epigenetic ankerite may be a product of metasomatism between syngenetic siderite and the epigenetic Fe-Mg-Ca rich hydrothermal fluids. The ratios of Al2O3/TiO2, REY (rare earth elements and yittrium) enrichment patterns, the modes of occurrence of siderite and ankerite, as well as the enriched lithophile and siderophile elements indicate that the No.12 coal may have originated from the Yinshan Upland and may also have been influenced by low temperature hydrothermal fluids that might have circulated in the coal basin.
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Yang, Shi-Qi, Jia Xing, Wen-Ying Chen, Fen Li, and Yun Zhu. "Rapid Evaluation of the Effects of Policies Corresponding to Air Quality, Carbon Emissions and Energy Consumption: An Example from Shenzhen, China." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091221.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Efficient environmental policies are necessary in the improvement of air quality and reduction in carbon emissions, and the interactions between policy, activity, emissions, and environment comprise a cycle allowing the evaluation of the effects of implemented policies. Based on the establishment of the connection between environmental parameters and policy context using a quantifiable methodology, in this study, we formulated a rapid and simplified pattern for the evaluation of the effects of policies concerning the atmospheric environment, and applied it to the evaluation and improvement of policies for Carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction and air quality enhancement in the sample city of Shenzhen. The Response Surface Model-Visualization and Analysis Tool (RSM-VAT) in the Air Benefit and Cost and Attainment Assessment System (ABaCAS) was applied as the core tool. The required reductions in Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions for 2014–2019 are expected to be achieved; however, the expected reductions in Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions (mainly from road mobile sources) and Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions (mainly from secondary industry and road mobile sources) are less certain. According to the simulated concentration of PM2.5 in 2019, it is necessary to reduce the concentrations of air pollutants, both within and outside Shenzhen. The background weather conditions may be the main reason for the increased concentrations of Ozone (O3) in October compared to those in July. Reductions in NOx and VOCs tend to be the main factors driving changes in O3 concentrations. Policies have been formulated and implemented in a wide array of areas. According to the quantitative comparative analysis of the policies, and the relevant activities, the greatest challenge in reducing NOx and VOCs emissions is presented by the oil-powered vehicles in the road mobile sector and organic solvent production in the secondary industry sector. Therefore, in an effort to achieve better air quality and ensure that CO2 emissions reach a peak in Shenzhen by 2025, we propose key improvements in policies based on interdisciplinary cooperation, involving not only atmospheric and environmental science, but also governance and urban planning.
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Bian, Yahui, Zhijiong Huang, Jiamin Ou, Zhuangmin Zhong, Yuanqian Xu, Zhiwei Zhang, Xiao Xiao, et al. "Evolution of anthropogenic air pollutant emissions in Guangdong Province, China, from 2006 to 2015." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 18 (September 20, 2019): 11701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11701-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Guangdong Province (GD), one of the most prosperous and populous regions in China, still experiences haze events and growing ozone pollution in spite of the substantial air-quality improvement in recent years. Integrated control of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone in GD calls for a systematic review of historical emissions. In this study, emission trends, spatial variations, source-contribution variations, and reduction potentials of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), PM2.5, inhalable particles (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in GD from 2006 to 2015 were first examined using a dynamic methodology, taking into account economic development, technology penetration, and emission controls. The relative change rates of anthropogenic emissions in GD during 2006–2015 are −48 % for SO2, −0.5 % for NOx, −16 % for PM2.5, −22 % for PM10, 13 % for CO, 3 % for NH3, and 13 % for VOCs. The declines of SO2, NOx, PM2.5, and PM10 emissions in the whole province mainly resulted from the stringent emission control in the Pearl River delta (PRD) region, where most previous control measures were focused, especially on power plants (SO2 and NOx), industrial combustion (SO2, PM2.5, PM10), on-road mobile sources (NOx), and dust sources (PM2.5 and PM10). Emissions from other areas (non-PRD, NPRD), nevertheless, remain relatively stable due to the lax control measures and rapidly growing energy consumption. In addition, emission leaks of SO2 and NOx from industries are observed from PRD to NPRD in 2010 and 2011. As a result, emissions in NPRD are increasingly important in GD, particularly those from industrial combustion. The contribution of NPRD to the total SO2 emissions in GD, for example, increased from 27 % in 2006 to 48 % in 2015. On-road mobile sources and solvent use are the two key sources that should receive more effective control measures in GD. Current control-driven emission reductions from on-road mobile sources are neutralized by the substantial growth of the vehicle population, while VOC emissions in GD steadily increase due to the growth of solvent use and the absence of effective control measures. Besides, future work could focus on power plants and industrial combustion in GD and industrial process sources in NPRD, which still have large emission reduction potentials. The historical emission inventory developed in this study not only helps to understand the emission evolution in GD, but also provides robust data to quantify the impact of emission and meteorology variations on air quality and unveil the primary cause of significant air-quality change in GD in the recent decade.
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Ahmad, Maqbool, Khadim Hussain, Jawad Nasir, Zhongwei Huang, Khan Alam, Samreen Liaquat, Peng Wang, et al. "Air Quality Assessment along China-Pakistan Economic Corridor at the Confluence of Himalaya-Karakoram-Hindukush." Atmosphere 13, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121994.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recently, analyses of the air quality in Pakistan have received significant interest, especially regarding the impact of air pollutant concentrations on human health. The Atlas of Baseline Environmental Profiling along the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) at five locations in Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) is a major landmark in this regard due to the presence of massive glaciers in the region, which are considered as water reserves for the country. Using various statistical measurements, the air quality was analyzed at the studied geographic locations. Further, air quality was evaluated based on air pollutant data acquired from ambient air monitoring laboratories. For example, 24 h concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) were found to range from 25.4 to 60.1 µg/m3, with peaks in the winter season at Gilgit. It was found that PM2.5 values were 1.7 and 1.3 times greater than National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) standards only at Gilgit and Chilas, respectively, and 1.5 to 4 times greater than the World Health Organization (WHO) standards at all locations. Similarly, PM2.5 concentrations were found to range from 31.4 to 63.9 µg/m3, peaking at Chilas in summer 2020. The observed values were 1.1 to 1.8 times and 2 to 4.2 times greater than the NEQS and WHO standards, respectively, at all locations. In addition, the average peaks of black carbon (BC) were measured at Gilgit, both in winter (16.21 µg/m3) and summer (7.83 µg/m3). These elevated levels could be attributed to the use of heavy diesel vehicles, various road activities and different meteorological conditions. Pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and ozone (O3) were found to be within NEQS and WHO limits. Based on air quality metrics, the effect of PM2.5 on air quality was found to be moderate in Sost, Hunza and Jaglot, while it was at unhealthy levels at Gilgit and Chilas in the winter of 2019; moderate levels were observed at Sost while unhealthy levels were detected at the remaining locations in the summer of 2020. There are no specific guidelines for BC. However, it is associated with PM2.5, which was found to be a major pollutant at all locations. The concentrations of CO, SO2 and O3 were found to be at safe levels at all locations. The major fraction of air masses is received either locally or from transboundary emissions. This study demonstrates that PM2.5 and BC are the major and prevailing air pollutants within the study region, while other air pollutants were found to be within the permissible limits of the WHO and NEQS.