Дисертації з теми "Sulfate pulping process Costs"
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Qiao, Ming. "Fundamental study of kraft pulp kappa uniformity /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5603.
Повний текст джерелаZou, Haixuan. "Effect of Kraft Pulping on Oxygen Delignification." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ZouH2002.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSmith, Gregory Douglas. "Sulfur Diffusion Into Softwood Chips." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7631.
Повний текст джерелаSen, Gupta Supriya Kumar. "Oxidation of sodium thiosulfate in weak kraft black liquor." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66124.
Повний текст джерелаChandra, Yusup. "Alkaline pulping deadload reduction studies in chemical recovery system /." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-11162004-132752/unrestricted/Chandra%5FYusup%5F200412%5Fmast.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаEmpie, Jeff, Committee Chair ; Banerjee, Sujit, Committee Member ; Deng, Yulin, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.
Chen, Dezhi 1982. "The role of surfactants in kraft pulping of different wood species /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112562.
Повний текст джерелаSix wood species were tested in this study including both non-resinous and resinous wood species. Both sapwood and heartwood of these species were tested. Surfactants were found to have no improvement on sapwood, but a significant improvement on heartwood. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of surfactants in kraft liquor were determined. The best dosages of surfactants based on CMC were also determined in this study.
Dang, Zheng. "Pulp Pretreatments for Improved Selectivity and Extended Oxygen Delignification." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/DangZ2002.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаEuhus, Daniel D. "Nucleation in bulk solutions and crystal growth on heat-transfer surfaces during evaporative crystallization of salts composed of Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180136/unrestricted/euhus%5Fdaniel%5Fd%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLightle, Roy William Krishnagopalan Gopal A. "Application of near infrared spectroscopy to pulp yield and kappa number estimation." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/LIGHTLE_ROY_53.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSozen, Gulgun. "The autocausticizing of sodium carbonate with colemanite." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25138.
Повний текст джерелаApplied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
Mackinnon, John 1963. "Dynamic simulation of the first two stages of a kraft softwood bleach process." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66188.
Повний текст джерелаMao, Jingliang. "Developing a continuous bisulfate postsulfonation process for the black liquor from soda pulping of wheat straw /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5506.
Повний текст джерелаSeyffert, Hans J. "Use of polymers and a surfactant in the treatment of Kraft process wastewater." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43053.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Tremblay, Louis. "Production of a cloned xylanase gene in Bacillus cereus and its performance in kraft pulp prebleaching." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69517.
Повний текст джерелаDyer, Thomas J. "Elucidating the formation and chemistry of chromophores during kraft pulping." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/ipstetd-1018/.
Повний текст джерелаMackrory, Andrew John. "Characterization of Black Liquor Sprays for Application to Entrained-Flow Processes." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1593.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаKulas, Katherine A. "An overall model of the combustion of a single droplet of kraft black liquor." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990:, 1990. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/ipstetd-12/kulas%5Fka.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаScheepers, Gerhardus C. (Gerhardus Coenraad). "Enzymatic pitch control in the kraft pulping and bleaching of Eucalyptus spp." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51745.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The extractive materials in wood often cause pitch problems in pulp mills. During pulping and bleaching extractives are released from the wood and pulp and later stick to ceramic and metal parts, forming pitch deposits. Pitch deposits impair both product quality and production rates. It decreases the efficiency of pulp washing, screening, centrifugal cleaning, and refining, and can disrupt many paper machine operations. The deposits also break loose from equipment and cause spots in the final product. There are a few triggering mechanisms that induce pitch deposition. Hydrodynamic or mechanical shear can destabilise the colloidal pitch emulsion, causing pitch to agglomerate and deposits to form. Similarly, sudden temperature drops and/or pH shocks and/or the introduction of water hardness ions from fresh water inlets or showers can also cause pitch deposits by destabilising the colloidal pitch emulsion. Inorganic salts, such as calcium carbonate, can catalyse pitch deposition by acting as the building blocks for the sticky pitch. Calcium ions in the white water can react with fatty acids, forming insoluble, sticky calcium soaps. Triglycerides have also been shown to be a major contributor to pitch deposition in kraft pulping and bleaching mills. It forms a sticky deposit to which less sticky particles attach. To attain an improved understanding of pitch problems associated with the kraft pulping and bleaching of Eucalyptus spp., various analyses were done on wood- and pulp extractives and pitch from a South African kraft pulp mill. High molecular weight compounds (involatile) constituted a large portion of the extracts and pitch. Approximately 40% of volatile Eucalyptus grandis extract was f3-sitosterol, with fatty acids (22.8%) and triglycerides (15.5%) also making a substantial contribution. Fatty acid amides were a prominent fraction of pulp extracts from the latter stages of bleaching. The amides constituted 38.3% and triglycerides 10.1% to total volatile pitch deposits. Lipases hydrolyse triglycerides and could therefore help to reduce pitch problems. Consequently 381 filamentous fungi isolated from indigenous and commercial forests in South Africa were screened for lipase activity on tributyrin and Tween 80. Eight strains were selected and the tributyrin and Tween 80 assays were repeated by monitoring lipase activity over a seven-day period. The selected strains were also assayed for their activity toward p-nitrophenyl palmitate. Ophiostoma piliferum Cartapip 58™ and Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767, two strains known for respectively their biodepitching and biopulping ability, were' used as controls. A few of the strains compared well and even outperformed the control strains, indicating their potential for use in pitch control. The effect of pretreatment with the eight selected fungal strains on E. grandis wood- and pulp extractives was determined. Cartapip 58™ and P. chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 were used as control strains. Several of the strains compared well to the control strains in their ability to reduce the triglyceride content of wood extract. The South African isolate, white-rot fungus Phanerochaete psuedomagnoliae nom. prov., reduced triglyceride content significantly. Consequently it can act as an agent for both biopulping and biodepitching. The treated wood samples had a lower triglyceride content than the sterile controls. Consequently more triglycerides would be released into process waters by the sterile controls than the treated samples. The effect of commerciallipases on deposited brown stock pulp extract was also evaluated. The lipases did not reduce the triglyceride content of the deposited extract. The addition of lipases in pulping and bleaching processes would therefore not affect already deposited pitch.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ekstrakstowwe van hout veroorsaak dikwels 'n neerslag tydens verpulping. Gedurende verpulping en bleiking kom ekstrakstowwe van die hout enpulp vry en kleef aan keramiek- en metaalonderdele. Gevolglik benadeel dié neerslag produkkwaliteit en produksietempo. Dit verlaag die effektiwiteit van pulpwas, sifting, sentrifugale skoonmaakprosesse en suiwering, en kan die werkverrigting van papiermasjiene ontwrig. Die neerslag kan ook later los breek en kolletjies op die finale produk veroorsaak. Verskeie meganismes kan die neerslag veroorsaak. Hidrodinamiese of meganiese wrywing kan die kolloïdale ekstrakstofemulsie destabiliseer en sodoende die ekstrakstof laat konglomereer en neerslaan. Op soortgelyke wyse veroorsaak skielike temperatuurverlaging en/of pH-skokke en/of die toevoeging van ione in varswater om waterhardheid te beheer ook die neerslag deur die kolloïdale ekstrakstofemulsie te destabiliseer. Anorganiese sout soos kalsiumkarbonaat kan neerslagvorming kataliseer omdat dit optree as bousteen vir die klewerige, sementagtige ekstrakstowwe. Kalsiumione in die proseswater kan ook reageer met vetsure om onoplosbare, klewerige kalsiumsepe te vorm. Dit is bewys dat trigliseriede een van die hoofoorsake is in die vorming van die neerslag tydens kraft verpulpingen bleikingprosesse. Om die neerslagreaksie wat met die kraft verpulping en bleiking van Eucalyptus spp. geassosieer word, beter te verstaan, is verskeie analises op hout- en pulpekstrakte asook die neerslag van 'n Suid-Afrikaanse kraft verpulpingsaanleg uitgevoer. Hoë molekulêre massa (nie-vlugtige) stowwe het 'n groot gedeelte van die ekstrakte en neerslag uitgemaak. Ongeveer 40% van die vlugtige Eucalyptus grand is ekstrak bestaan uit ~-sitosterol met vet sure (22.8%) en trigliseriede (15.5%) wat ook aansienlike bydraes lewer. Vetsuuramiede verteenwoordig 'n beduidende komponent van pulpekstrak by die laaste stadiums van bleiking. Die amiede het 38.3% en trigliseriede 10.1%tot die vlugtige fraksie van die neerslag bygedra. Lipases hidroliseer trigliseriede en kan dus help om neerslagprobleme te voorkom. Gevolglik is 381 filamentagtige fungi geïsoleer uit inheemse en kommersiële woude van Suid-Afrika en hul lipase-aktiwiteit op tributyrin en Tween 80 geëvalueer. Agt rasse is geselekteer en die tributyrin en Tween 80 toetse is herhaal deur lipase-aktiwiteit oor 'n sewe-dag periode te monitor. Die geselekteerde rasse is ook getoets vir lipase-aktiwiteit met p-nitrofenielpalmitaat. Ophiostoma piliferum Cartapip 58™ en Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767, twee rasse wat daarvoor bekend staan vir onderskeidelik hul vermoë om houtekstrakstowwe te verminder en te bioverpulp, is as kontroles gebruik. 'n Paar van die geselekteerde rasse het goed vergelyk en selfs beter presteer as die kontrolerasse; 'n aanduiding van hul potensiaal om neerslagreaksies te beheer. Die effek van voorafbehandeling met die agt geselekteerde fungi rasse op E. grandis hout- en pulpekstrak is vasgestel. Cartapip 58™ en P. chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 is gebruik as kontrolerasse. Verskeie rasse het goed vergelyk met die kontrolerasse in hul vermoë om die trigliseriedinhoud van die houtekstrak te verlaag. Die Suid-Afrikaanse isolaat, witverrottingswam Phanerochaete pseudomagnoliae nom. prov., het ook die trigliseried inhoud beduidend verminder. Gevolglik sou dit as 'n middel kon dien vir beide neerslagvoorkoming en bioverpulping. Die trigliseriedinhoud van die behandelde monsters was laer as dié van steriele kontroles. Gevolglik sal meer trigliseriede in proseswater vrygestel word deur die steriele kontroles as die behandelde monsters. Die effek van kommersiële lipases op ongebleikte kraft pulpekstrakneerslag is ook geëvalueer. Omdat lipases nie die trigliseriedinhoud van die neerslag kon verlaag nie sal die gebruik van lipases dus nie die ekstrakstofneerslag in verpulpings- en bleikingsprosesse beïnvloed nie.
Pugliese, Sebastian C. "Kinetics and mass transfer in the chlorination of draft pulp fibers." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 1988. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/ipstetd-1040/.
Повний текст джерелаYoung, Christopher Michael. "Pressure Effects on Black Liquor Gasification." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11539.
Повний текст джерелаChandra, Richard P. "Chemo-enzymatic modification of high-kappa kraft pulps with laccase." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/ipstetd-1011/.
Повний текст джерелаRapetto-Labidi, Astrid. "Etude de la délignification en continu du bois de peuplier en milieu basique : cinétique et chimie des procédés ; caractérisation des lignines extraites." Grenoble INPG, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPG0083.
Повний текст джерелаShan, Hsien Yuan, and 謝淵杉. "Comparison of the Pulping of Napier Grass with Alkaline- and Sulfate-Process." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15627491675810932193.
Повний текст джерелаNgcobo, Nkosinathi Cedrick. "Evaluating the feasibility of converting crude tall oil and tall oil fatty acids into biofuel." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1676.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of conversion of crude tall oil and tall oil fatty acids into biodiesel. During the Kraft pulping process, Crude Tall Oil originates as tall oil soap, which is separated from recovered black liquor. The soap is then converted to Crude Tall Oil by acidulation with sulphuric acid. The Crude Tall Oil is then fractionated by distillation to produce tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), rosin and pitch. There were a number of conversional methods that were considered but proved to be inappropriate. A base-catalyzed method was inappropriate with due to the high free fatty acid content on the feedstock, and the acid-base catalyzed method was inappropriate due to the long reaction times and large excess of methanol required. An enzyme based conversion method was also found to be inappropriate because of the high price attached to the purchasing of the enzymes and the stability of the enzyme. A procedure of choice was the supercritical methanol treatment, due to the fact that it requires no separate catalyst. A procedure was developed for both the feedstocks (i.e. crude tall oil and tall oil fatty acids) using the supercritical methanol treatment. In supercritical methanol treatment, feedstock and methanol were charged to a reactor and were subjected to temperatures and pressures beyond the critical point of methanol (Tc = 240 °C, Pc = 35 bar). The maximum biodiesel yield obtained from Crude tall oil was 66% and was 81% for the tall oil fatty acids that was produced in a single stage process. The temperature and methanol to feedstock ratio effects was also found to yield a maximum biodiesel yield at 325°C and 40:1 respectively. A 20 minutes reaction time was found to be appropriate for the maximum yield of biodiesel. The final biodiesel produced was also evaluated against a commercial biodiesel product and its parameters measured. The biodiesel resulting from the tall oil fatty acid yielded parameters that were acceptable according to ASTM D6751 specifications for biodiesel. The biodiesel produced from the crude tall oil did not meet the ASTM D6751 specification, and this was mostly attributed to the presence of unsaponifiables which hindered the conversion of oil into biodiesel.
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