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Книги з теми "Sugar sweeted beverages"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Konopasek, Nancy, and Meghan Quirk, eds. Strategies to Limit Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Young Children. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/24897.

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2

Konopasek, Nancy, and Meghan Quirk, eds. Strategies to Limit Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Young Children. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/24910.

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3

Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation in the Region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122990.

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Анотація:

Sugar-sweetened beverage excise taxes are an effective evidence-based noncommunicable diseases (NCD) prevention policy. Along with tobacco and alcohol excise taxes, they are a tool to attain the Sustainable Development Goals, and are recommended by the World Health Organization to modify behavioral risk factors associated with obesity and NCDs, as featured in the WHO Global Action Plan. Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages have been described as a triple win for governments, because they 1) improve population health, 2) generate revenue, and 3) have the potential to reduce long-term associated healthcare costs and productivity losses. Taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages has been implemented in more than 73 countries worldwide. In the Region of the Americas, 21 PAHO/WHO Member States apply national-level excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages and seven jurisdictions apply local sugar-sweetened beverage taxes in the United States of America. While the number of countries applying national excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in the Region is promising, most of these taxes could be further leveraged to improve their impact on sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and health. This publication provides economic concepts related to the economic rationale for using sugar-sweetened beverage taxes and the costs associated with obesity; key considerations on tax design including tax types, bases, and rates; an overview of potential tax revenue and earmarking; evidence on the extent to which these taxes are expected to impact prices of taxed beverages, the demand for taxed beverages, and substitution to untaxed beverages; and responses to frequent questions about the economic impacts of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation.

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4

Ahn, Hyejin, and Yoo Kyoung Park. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage and Bone Health. Eliva Press, 2021.

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5

Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Demand and Supply. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0014.

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Chapter 14 introduces the ideas of consumer and producer sovereignty and addresses the questions: Who determines the prices and quantities of food in our food system? Consumers? Producers? Both? The chapter demonstrates that market prices and quantities occur where consumers and producers come together in the market as represented by the market supply and demand curves. The chapter shows how changes in demand and supply will affect prices and quantities in the market. Using the demand and supply framework, the chapter analyzes the expected impact of a proposed tax on sugar sweetened beverages to decrease caloric intake. The chapter ends with a demonstration and discussion of the effects of multiple changes in demand or supply on the market equilibrium prices and quantities.

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6

Global Health Global Health Advocacy Incubator. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation in the Region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 2021.

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7

Global Health Global Health Advocacy Incubator. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation in the Region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 2021.

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8

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Strategies to Limit Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Young Children: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2017.

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9

Board, Food and Nutrition, Meghan Quirk, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, and Nancy Konopasek. Strategies to Limit Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Young Children: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2017.

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10

Board, Food and Nutrition, Meghan Quirk, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, and Nancy Konopasek. Strategies to Limit Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Young Children: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2017.

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11

Board, Food and Nutrition, Meghan Quirk, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, and Nancy Konopasek. Strategies to Limit Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Young Children: Proceedings of a Workshop. National Academies Press, 2017.

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12

Fuchs, Alan, Kate Mandeville, and Ana Cristina Alonso-Soria. Health and Distributional Effects Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: The Case of Kazakhstan. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/33859.

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13

Organization, Food and Agriculture, and Elâonore Dal. Fiscal Policies to Fight Malnutrition: Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Tax in Catalonia, Spain. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2021.

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14

Parks, Courtney A., Eric E. Calloway, Teresa M. Smith, and Amy L. Yaroh. Policy Efforts Supporting Healthy Diets for Adults and Children. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0006.

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Анотація:

Policy-level influences are impactful strategies to improve dietary behaviors, with the ability to strengthen food environments and with a broad population-level effect. Policies can alter the “choice architecture,” which may lead individuals to make healthier decisions by means of making the healthier option the default option. Policy levers such as taxation and regulation of businesses that influence the food environment are mechanisms through which positive change can be made. Specific legislation discussed in this chapter includes the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010, the farm bill, and more recent proposals such as sugar-sweetened beverage taxation and labeling of genetically modified organisms. Finally, this chapter outlines ideas for how public health professionals can get involved and influence the political process.

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15

Dalbeth, Nicola. Genetic basis of hyperuricaemia and gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748311.003.0004.

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Owing to the different means of ascertaining prevalence between studies, it is difficult to compare prevalence across countries. Country-specific studies that collect data with the same methodology show that the prevalence of gout is increasing. Factors that influence the prevalence of gout are inherited genetic factors and environmental exposures. Some foods that increase serum urate levels and trigger acute gouty arthritis are risk factors—red meat and beer are the best established, but seafood and sugar-sweetened beverages also increase serum urate levels and are strong anecdotal triggers of flares. Diuretics associate with increased serum urate and the risk of gout. Hyperuricaemia and gout are co-morbid with other metabolic conditions, the most prominent being heart disease, renal disease, and type 2 diabetes. Collectively the evidence does not suggest that increased serum urate levels are clinically detrimental, except in gout, nephrolithiasis, and perhaps progression of heart and kidney disease.

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16

Dalbeth, Nicola. Clinical features of gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748311.003.0005.

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About 60% of the variance in serum urate levels can be explained by inherited genetic factors, but the extent of the contribution of genetic factors to gout in the presence of hyperuricaemia is not known. Genome-wide association studies in Europeans have identified 28 loci controlling serum urate levels, although the molecular basis of the majority of these genetic associations is currently unknown. The SLC2A9 and ABCG2 renal and gut uric acid transporters have very strong effects on urate levels and the risk of gout. Other uric acid transporters (e.g. SLC22A11/OAT478, SLC22A12/URAT1) and a glycolysis gene (GCKR) are associated with urate levels. Environmental exposures such as sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol interact with urate-associated genetic variants in an unpredictable fashion. Very little is known about the genetic control of gout in the presence of hyperuricaemia, formation of monosodium urate crystals, and the immune response.

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17

Davis, George C., and Elena L. Serrano. Horizontally and Vertically Related Competitive Markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379118.003.0015.

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Chapter 15 demonstrates how markets may be interrelated. The chapter defines horizontally and vertically related markets and provides the steps to follow in analyzing those markets. The chapter demonstrates and discuss the implications a horizontally related market analysis would have for measuring the effect of a sugar sweetened beverage tax as has been found in the literature. The chapter then works through a hypothetical example of an increase in supply in an input market (the upstream market) and how this affects the output market (the downstream market) that is vertically related to the input market. This analysis is discussed in the context of research on the effects of US farm policy on corn prices and therefore the effects on downstream food markets and ultimately the contribution such policies make toward the obesity epidemic.

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18

Fuchs, Alan, Kate Mandeville, and Ana Cristina Alonso-Soria. Health and Distributional Impacts of a Tax on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages in Kazakhstan. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/33970.

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19

Dalbeth, Nicola. Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748311.003.0003.

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The aetiopathogenesis of gout is initiated by urate overproduction and uric acid under-excretion, leading to hyperuricaemia. Foods such as seafood, red meat, beer, and sugar-sweetened beverages contribute to overproduction. Under-excretion is mediated by renal and gut uric acid transporters such as SLC2A9, ABCG2, and URAT1. In hyperurcaemia, there is formation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in joints, with acute gouty arthritis mediated by the innate immune system occurring in response to these crystals. Factors such as urate concentration, proteins present in synovial fluid, temperature, and pH control crystal nucleation and growth. Activation of the inflammasome by MSU crystals and production of interleukin-1ß‎ is central to acute gouty arthritis. Advanced gout occurs when there is persistent gouty arthritis and tophus with the tophus being an organized immune tissue response to MSU crystals that involves both innate and adaptive immune cells. Progression through the gout checkpoints (hyperuricaemia, MSU crystal formation, and immune response) is governed by inherited genetic variants, lifetime environmental exposures, and their interaction.

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20

Fiscal policies to fight malnutrition – An analysis of the sugar-sweetened beverages tax in Catalonia, Spain. FAO, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4060/cb4176en.

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21

Garcia, Maria Isabel, Manuela Villar Uribe, and Roberto Iunes. The Political Economy of the 2016 Tobacco and Proposed Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax Increases in Colombia. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/28569.

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22

Bonilla-Chacin, Maria Eugenia, Roberto Iglesias, Agustina Suaya, Claudia Trezza, and Claudia Macías. Learning from the Mexican Experience with Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Energy-Dense Foods of Low Nutritional Value. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/24701.

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