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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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1

Griggs, Peter. "Entomology in the Service of the State: Queensland Scientists and the Campaign against Cane Beetles, 1895 - 1950." Historical Records of Australian Science 16, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr05004.

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The Queensland sugar industry between 1880 and 1950 faced a major agricultural crisis. The annual cane crops were attacked periodically by white grubs, the larvae of different species of native beetles found along the Queensland coast. Both canegrower and miller suffered considerable financial losses during these outbreaks. Entomologists engaged by the Queensland Government sought strategies to reduce this damage. This paper begins by discussing the biology of the beetles that troubled the Queensland sugar industry. The organizations and personalities involved in the research to combat the depredation by the white grubs are outlined in the second part of this paper. The extent of the canegrowers' adoption of the entomologists' advice on ways to reduce the impact of white grubs is reviewed in the third section of this paper. In the final section, the solution to the canegrowers' woes is discussed, although it will be highlighted that the widespread adoption of benzene hexachloride in the 1950s only provided protection until the Queensland Government banned the use of this insecticide in 1987.

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2

Beard, Rodney, and Malcolm Wegener. "Industry Structure and the Reform of the Queensland Sugar Industry: A Computational Model." Economic Analysis and Policy 31, no. 2 (September 2001): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(01)50017-x.

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3

Rayment, G. E. "Water quality in sugar catchments of Queensland." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0422.

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Water quality condition and trend are important indicators of the impact of land use on the environment, as degraded water quality causes unwelcome changes to ecosystem composition and health. These concerns extend to the sea, where discharges of nutrients, sediments and toxicants above natural levels are unwelcome, particularly when they drain to the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and other coastal waters of Queensland. Sugarcane is grown in 26 major river catchments in Queensland, most in environmentally sensitive areas. This puts pressure on the Queensland Sugar Industry to manage the land in ways that have minimum adverse off-site impacts. Sugar researchers including CRC Sugar have been associated with water quality studies in North Queensland. These include investigations and reviews to assess the role of groundwater as a pathway for nitrate loss from canelands in the Herbert Catchment, to find causes of oxygen depletion in water (including irrigation runoff) from Ingham to Mackay, to use residues of superseded pesticides as indicators of sediment loss to the sea, and to assemble information on water quality pressure and status in sugar catchments. Key findings, plus information on input pressures are described in this paper, and areas of concern and opportunities discussed.

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4

Griggs, Peter. "Defeating Cane Diseases: Plant Pathologists and the Development of Disease Control Strategies in the Australian Sugar Industry, 1920 - 1950." Historical Records of Australian Science 18, no. 1 (2007): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr06008.

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Between 1920 and 1950, the Queensland sugar industry was troubled by many of the diseases that plagued sugar cane, often in serious proportions. Financial losses from these disease outbreaks in the 1920s prompted the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) and the Queensland Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations (BSES) to employ university-trained plant pathologists who undertook research into identifying the diseases, understanding their etiology and devising control strategies to reduce their impact. Archival records, annual reports of both organizations and published scientific papers are used to reconstruct the programmes of research undertaken into these diseases. Control strategies developed as a result of this research included restrictions on the movement of cane plants, the establishment of quarantine districts, use of disease-free planting material, pre-treatment of planting material with hot water and/or solutions of organic mercurial fungicides, and 'roguing' of diseased cane plants. Consequently, by 1950, gumming, Fiji and downy mildew diseases — three of the most troublesome cane diseases in Australia — had been virtually eliminated in sugar-producing districts.

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5

Boyne, Kerry. "The legend of the ‘gentlemen of the flashing blade’: The canecutter in the Australian imagination." Australasian Journal of Popular Culture 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00050_1.

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The ‘gentlemen of the flashing blade’ laboured in an occupation that no longer exists in Australia: canecutting. It was a hard job done by hard men, and its iconic figure – the canecutter – survives as a Queensland legend, so extensively romanticized in the popular culture of the time as to constitute a subgenre characterized by subject matter and motifs particular to the pre-mechanization sugar country culture. Yet, it may seem like the only canecutters immortalized in the arts are Summer of the Seventeenth Doll’s Roo and Barney. To show the breadth and diversity of this subgenre, and the legend of the canecutter and sugar country culture, this article reviews a selection of novels, memoirs, plays, short stories, cartoons, verse, song, film, television, radio and children’s books. These works address the racial, cultural and industrial politics of the sugar industry and its influence on the economic and social development of Queensland. The parts played by the nineteenth-century communities of indentured South Sea Islanders and the European immigrants who followed are represented along with those of the itinerant Anglos. These works depict, and celebrate, a colourful, often brutal, part of Queensland’s past and an Australian icon comparable with the swaggie or the shearer.

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6

Griggs, Peter. "Australian Scientists, Sugar Cane Growers and the Search for New Gummosis-resistant and Sucrose-rich Varieties of Sugar Cane, 1890 - 1920." Historical Records of Australian Science 14, no. 3 (2002): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr03002.

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The Australian sugar industry in the 1890s faced an agricultural crisis, as the standard cane varieties succumbed to the disease gummosis. Australian scientists were engaged by the Queensland Government and the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) to identify new, gummosis-resistant cane varieties. This paper begins by outlining the organizations and personalities involved in this research. The distribution of the new varieties throughout Australian sugar-producing districts is reconstructed in the second part of the paper. In the final section, the economic benefits of the new varieties are reviewed. The scientists involved not only sought gummosis-resistant cane varieties, but also those that were sucrose-rich. Hence, what began as a potential agricultural catastrophe, benefited the Australian sugar industry in the long-term, since the new varieties yielded more sugar and a damaging disease was defeated, albeit temporarily.

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7

Seltzer, Andrew, and Adrian Graves. "Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry, 1862-1906." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 47, no. 4 (July 1994): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524692.

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8

Perkins, John, and Adrian Graves. "Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry, 1862-1906." Labour History, no. 66 (1994): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27509257.

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9

Pini, Barbara. "Farm Women and Off-farm Work: A Study of the Queensland Sugar Industry." Labour & Industry: a journal of the social and economic relations of work 15, no. 1 (August 2004): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10301763.2004.10669304.

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10

Akers, H. F., M. A. Foley, P. J. Ford, and L. P. Ryan. "Sugar in Mid-twentieth-century Australia: A Bittersweet Tale of Behaviour, Economics, Politics and Dental Health." Historical Records of Australian Science 26, no. 1 (2015): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr15001.

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History is replete with debates between health professionals with concerns about practices and products and others who either challenge scientific evidence or believe that the greatest public good is achieved through maintenance of the status quo. This paper provides a 1950s socio-scientific perspective on a recurring problem for health professionals. It analyses dentists' promotion of oral health by discouraging sugar consumption and the sugar industry's defence of its staple product. Despite scientific evidence in support of its case, the dental profession lacked influence with government and large sections of the Australian community. The division of powers within the Australian Constitution, together with the cause, nature and ubiquity of caries and Australians' tolerance of the disease, were relevant to the outcome. In contrast, the sugar industry was a powerful force. Sugar was a pillar of the Australian and Queensland economies. The industry contributed to the history of Queensland and to Queenslanders' collective psyche, and enjoyed access to centralized authority in decision-making. The timing of the debate was also relevant. Under Prime Minister Robert Menzies, the Australian Government was more concerned with promoting industry and initiative than oral health. This was a one-sided contest. Patterns of food consumption evolve from interactions between availability, culture and choice. Food and associated etiquettes provide far more than health, nutrients and enjoyment. They contribute to economic and social development, national and regional identity and the incidence of disease. The growing, milling and processing of sugarcane and the incorporation of sugar into the Australian diet is a case study that illuminates the interface between health professionals, corporations, society and the state. Today, for a variety of reasons, health professionals recommend limits for daily intake of sugar. Calls for dietary reform are not new and invariably arouse opposition. The issue came to the fore between 1945 and 1960, when dentists contended that the consumption of sugar either caused or contributed to a major health problem, namely dental caries (tooth decay). Representatives of the sugar industry defended their staple product against these claims, which emerged at a critical time for the industry. With hindsight, these exchanges can be seen as a precursor to more diverse and recurring debates relating to contemporary health campaigns. This paper documents and analyses the contemporaneous scientific and socio-political backgrounds underpinning these engagements

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11

Affeldt, Stefanie. "The Burden of ‘White’ Sugar: Producing and Consuming Whiteness in Australia." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2017-0020.

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Abstract This article investigates the history of the Queensland cane sugar industry and its cultural and political relations. It explores the way the sugar industry was transformed from an enterprise drawing on the traditional plantation crop cultivated by an unfree labour force and employing workers into an industry that was an important, symbolical element of ‘White Australia’ that was firmly grounded in the cultural, political, nationalist, and racist reasoning of the day. The demographic and social changes drew their incitement and legitimation from the ‘White Australia’ culture that was represented in all social strata. Australia was geographically remote but culturally close to the mother country and was assigned a special position as a lone outpost of Western culture. This was aggravated by scenarios of allegedly imminent invasions by the surrounding Asian powers, which further urged cane sugar’s transformation from a ‘black’ to a ‘white man’s industry’. As a result, during the sugar strikes of the early 20th century, the white Australian sugar workers were able to emphasize their ‘whiteness’ to press for improvements in wages and working conditions. Despite being a matter of constant discussion, the public acceptance of the ‘white sugar campaign’ was reflected by the high consumption of sugar. Moreover, the industry was lauded for its global uniqueness and its significance to the Australian nation. Eventually, the ‘burden’ of ‘white sugar’ was a monetary, but even more so moral support of an industry that was supposed to provide a solution to population politics, support the national defence, and symbolize the technological advancement and durability of the ‘white race’ in a time of crisis.

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12

BIRCH, ALAN. "The Implementation of the White Australia Policy in the Queensland Sugar Industry 1901-12*." Australian Journal of Politics & History 11, no. 2 (April 7, 2008): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1965.tb00432.x.

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13

Delamoir, Jeannette. "Sweet dreams: Queensland, sugar and the 1927 Royal Commission into the Moving Picture Industry." Studies in Australasian Cinema 5, no. 2 (January 2011): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/sac.5.2.107_1.

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14

Seltzer, Andrew. "Book Review: Historical Studies: Cane and Labour: The Political Economy of the Queensland Sugar Industry, 1862–1906." ILR Review 47, no. 4 (July 1994): 733–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404700437.

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15

Griggs, Peter. "Soil Erosion, Scientists and the Development of Conservation Tillage Techniques in the Queensland Sugar Industry, 1935-1995." Environment and History 12, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 233–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734006778226364.

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16

Moore, Clive. "Sugar and Ecological Imperialism: Environmental Change in the Pioneer Valley, North Queensland, 1860s–2000s." Queensland Review 20, no. 1 (May 3, 2013): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2013.3.

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The Pioneer Valley at Mackay is the centre of a thriving sugar industry that supports 120,000 people and brings millions of dollars into the Australian economy through milling sugar cane. The valley presents a vista of kilometre after kilometre of flat green and brown symmetrical patterns. In the growing season, rectangles striped with furrows carry on as far as the eye can see, blending into green blocks as the cane grows, with the pattern broken only by natural topographic features such as creeks, the Pioneer River, occasional hills and small towns. Cane totally dominates the flat land, but at the edges of the valley it is gradually overshadowed by the brown and grey of the higher untamed areas. Within this green, brown and grey picture is another pattern, the imposed logistics of roads, railways, and glistening galvanised roofs on the houses and sheds, softened by the dark green of mango and other fruit trees, stately hoop pines, fig and shade trees. On the edges of the valley floor, the hills become more numerous, feeding into the surrounding mountain ranges. The visual pattern partly relates to topography, but includes elements dating back to the shapes of the first land selections and subsequent surveying from the 1860s onwards, as well as the need for road and rail links between early settlements, and more recently by the needs of modern mechanical farming.

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17

Shrubsole, Dan, and Andrew K. L. Johnson. "Question of Partnerships: Environmental Management in Queensland's Sugar Cane Industry." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 12, no. 2 (June 2005): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2005.9725078.

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18

MUSHTAQ, S., N. WHITE, G. COCKFIELD, B. POWER, and G. JAKEMAN. "Reconfiguring agriculture through the relocation of production systems for water, environment and food security under climate change." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 5 (November 10, 2014): 779–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614001117.

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SUMMARYThe prospect of climate change has revived both fears of food insecurity and its corollary, market opportunities for agricultural production. In Australia, with its long history of state-sponsored agricultural development, there is renewed interest in the agricultural development of tropical and sub-tropical northern regions. Climate projections suggest that there will be less water available to the main irrigation systems of the eastern central and southern regions of Australia, while net rainfall could be sustained or even increase in the northern areas. Hence, there could be more intensive use of northern agricultural areas, with the relocation of some production of economically important commodities such as vegetables, rice and cotton. The problem is that the expansion of cropping in northern Australia has been constrained by agronomic and economic considerations.The present paper examines the economics, at both farm and regional level, of relocating some cotton production from the east-central irrigation areas to the north where there is an existing irrigation scheme together with some industry and individual interest in such relocation. Integrated modelling and expert knowledge are used to examine this example of prospective climate change adaptation. Farm-level simulations show that without adaptation, overall gross margins will decrease under a combination of climate change and reduction in water availability. A dynamic regional Computable General Equilibrium model is used to explore two scenarios of relocating cotton production from south east Queensland, to sugar-dominated areas in northern Queensland. Overall, an increase in real economic output and real income was realized when some cotton production was relocated to sugar cane fallow land/new land. There were, however, large negative effects on regional economies where cotton production displaced sugar cane. It is concluded that even excluding the agronomic uncertainties, which are not examined here, there is unlikely to be significant market-driven relocation of cotton production.

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19

Magarey, R. C., J. I. Bull, W. A. Neilsen, J. R. Camilleri, and A. J. Magnanini. "Relating cultivar resistance to sugarcane yield using breeding selection trial analyses; orange rust and yellow spot." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 10 (2004): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02208.

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Plant breeders in the Australian sugar industry conduct yield assessment trials each year to assess the yielding ability of clones in the sugarcane breeding programme. Several endemic diseases impinge on the yield of these clones and the tested clones vary greatly in disease susceptibility. In this study, resistance to the diseases orange rust and yellow spot was assessed in final stage trials in the Northern Queensland programme. Clonal yielding ability was related to disease resistance. The results indicate that both diseases, but particularly yellow spot, influenced the yield (tonnes cane/ha and tonnes sugar/ha) of clones in northern breeding trials in 2000. Yield loss estimates were calculated, as well as the relationship between resistance and yield. There was a high level of resistance to orange rust in clones in these trials but much less resistance to yellow spot; the resistance index or orange rust was 2.2 while for yellow spot it was 5.5. Yield loss resistance index values of 5.0 and above for orange rust suggest there is adequate resistance in clones to minimise losses from this disease. In contrast, the yield loss resistance index for yellow spot (tonnes cane/ha) was below 5.0, therefore, it is concluded that during the 2000 harvest season, there was inadequate resistance to minimise losses. The information gathered from this research will be used to determine the level of leaf disease resistance needed in commercial cultivars to optimise yielding ability. Such decisions should improve the efficiency of selection and the performance of commercial cultivars in the Australian sugar industry.

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20

Shrubsole, Dan, and Andrew K. L. Johnson. "A Question of Partnerships: Environmental Management in Queensland's Sugar Cane Industry." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 12, no. 2 (January 2005): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2005.10648639.

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21

Morgan, T., P. Jackson, L. McDonald, and J. Holtum. "Chemical ripeners increase early season sugar content in a range of sugarcane varieties." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 3 (2007): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06018.

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Ripening in sugarcane refers to an increase in sugar content on a fresh weight basis before commercial harvest. Certain chemicals are applied to cane in commercial fields in some countries to accelerate ripening and improve profitability of sugar production. However, responses have usually been reported to be variety and environment specific. We examined changes in the sucrose content in the juice extracted from 43 Australian sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) varieties in response to 4 ripener treatments in the Burdekin region in northern Queensland over 2 years. The 4 treatments applied were ethephon (as Ethrel®) + fluazifop-P butyl (as Fusilade®), Fusilade® alone, glyphosate (as Weedmaster® Duo), and haloxyfop-R methyl (as Verdict®). These treatments were applied in March–April each year and compared with an untreated control. Of particular interest was whether economic responses are possible for Australian varieties harvested in the May and June period when sugar content in cane is usually low. Increases in sucrose (measured by pol) levels in cane juice were observed after combined application of Ethrel + Fusilade (E+F) and after application of glyphosate, although the result for the latter varied between years. These results suggest that opportunities exist in the Australian industry to improve the profitability of early-harvested sugarcane crops, but further research is required to quantify effects on cane yield and responses in diverse environments.

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22

Miller, L. J., and P. G. Allsopp. "Identification of Australian canegrubs (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Melolonthini)." Invertebrate Systematics 14, no. 3 (2000): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it98019.

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Larvae of Melolonthini are commonly known as whitegrubs or, in the Australian sugar industry, as canegrubs. In Australia, there are 119 recognised species of Melolonthini, of which 75 are found in Queensland. Of the 75 species, this study examines 19 species that are recognised sugarcane pests. These belong to the genera Antitrogus Burmeister, Dermolepida Arrow, Lepidiota Kirby and Rhopaea Erichson. Descriptions of adults and larvae of the 19 species are provided in this paper, as well as species identification keys for both adults and larvae and a key to the tribes, as a premise for introducing more effective management strategies. Identification of canegrubs is pertinent because the various species have different ecologies, behaviours and insecticide susceptibilities, and their control requires different methods and rates of application of insecticides. We have separated larvae of the species on the basis of their raster pattern, locality and, where necessary, head width. Larvae of some species are difficult to identify and we suggest use of molecular tools for their identification.

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23

Garside, A. L., M. J. Bell, and B. G. Robotham. "Row spacing and planting density effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. 2. Strategies for the adoption of controlled traffic." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 6 (2009): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08312.

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Controlled traffic (matching wheel and row spacing) is being promoted as a means to manage soil compaction in the Australian sugar industry. However, machinery limitations dictate that wider row spacings than the standard 1.5-m single row will need to be adopted to incorporate controlled traffic and many growers are reluctant to widen row spacing for fear of yield penalties. To address these concerns, contrasting row configuration and planting density combinations were investigated for their effect on cane and sugar yield in large-scale experiments in the Gordonvale, Tully, Ingham, Mackay, and Bingera (near Bundaberg) sugarcane-growing regions of Queensland, Australia. The results showed that sugarcane possesses a capacity to compensate for different row configurations and planting densities through variation in stalk number and individual stalk weight. Row configurations ranging from 1.5-m single rows (the current industry standard) to 1.8-m dual rows (50 cm between duals), 2.1-m dual (80 cm between duals) and triple (65 cm between triples) rows, and 2.3-m triple rows (65 cm between triples) produced similar yields. Four rows (50 cm apart) on a 2.1-m configuration (quad rows) produced lower yields largely due to crop lodging, while a 1.8-m single row configuration produced lower yields in the plant crop, probably due to inadequate resource availability (water stress/limited radiation interception). The results suggest that controlled traffic can be adopted in the Australian sugar industry by changing from a 1.5-m single row to 1.8-m dual row configuration without yield penalty. Further, the similar yields obtained with wider row configurations (2 m or greater with multiple rows) in these experiments emphasise the physiological and environmental plasticity that exists in sugarcane. Controlled traffic can be implemented with these wider row configurations (>2 m), although it will be necessary to carry out expensive modifications to the current harvester and haul-out equipment. There were indications from this research that not all cultivars were suited to configurations involving multiple rows. The results suggest that consideration be given to assessing clones with different growth habits under a range of row configurations to find the most suitable plant types for controlled traffic cropping systems.

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24

Garside, A. L., and M. J. Bell. "Row spacing and planting density effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. 3. Responses with different cultivars." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 6 (2009): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08313.

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The promotion of controlled traffic (matching wheel and row spacing) in the Australian sugar industry is necessitating a widening of row spacing beyond the standard 1.5 m. As all cultivars grown in the Australian industry have been selected under the standard row spacing there are concerns that at least some cultivars may not be suitable for wider rows. To address this issue, experiments were established in northern and southern Queensland in which cultivars, with different growth characteristics, recommended for each region, were grown under a range of different row configurations. In the northern Queensland experiment at Gordonvale, cultivars Q187, Q200, Q201, and Q218 were grown in 1.5-m single rows, 1.8-m single rows, 1.8-m dual rows (50 cm between duals), and 2.3-m dual rows (80 cm between duals). In the southern Queensland experiment at Farnsfield, cvv. Q138, Q205, Q222 and Q188 were also grown in 1.5-m single rows, 1.8-m single rows, 1.8-m dual rows (50 cm between duals), while 1.8-m-wide throat planted single row and 2.0-m dual row (80 cm between duals) configurations were also included. There was no difference in yield between the different row configurations at Farnsfield but there was a significant row configuration × cultivar interaction at Gordonvale due to good yields in 1.8-m single and dual rows with Q201 and poor yields with Q200 at the same row spacings. There was no significant difference between the two cultivars in 1.5-m single and 2.3-m dual rows. The experiments once again demonstrated the compensatory capacity that exists in sugarcane to manipulate stalk number and individual stalk weight as a means of producing similar yields across a range of row configurations and planting densities. There was evidence of different growth patterns between cultivars in response to different row configurations (viz. propensity to tiller, susceptibility to lodging, ability to compensate between stalk number and stalk weight), suggesting that there may be genetic differences in response to row configuration. It is argued that there is a need to evaluate potential cultivars under a wider range of row configurations than the standard 1.5-m single rows. Cultivars that perform well in row configurations ranging from 1.8 to 2.0 m are essential if the adverse effects of soil compaction are to be managed through the adoption of controlled traffic.

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25

Bramley, R. G. V., C. H. Roth, and A. W. Wood. "Risk assessment of phosphorus loss from sugarcane soils — A tool to promote improved management of P fertiliser." Soil Research 41, no. 4 (2003): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02099.

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Current strategies for phosphorus (P) fertiliser management in the Australian sugar industry do not account for the differences between different soils in their ability to sorb and release P. However, the off-site export of P from land under sugarcane has been shown to be a major factor contributing to elevated concentrations of P in stream waters draining catchments dominated by sugarcane production. This paper presents the results of a study conducted in the lower part of the catchment of the Herbert River, north Queensland, a major sugarcane growing region. Our approach was to combine a knowledge of P sorption by soil and riverine sediments with an assessment of the risk of P loss from lower Herbert sugarcane soils and knowledge of the requirements of sugarcane for P. The results provide a basis for future P fertiliser management by canegrowers which accounts for both production and environmental imperatives. They also point to an urgent need for experimentation, based on rundown of soil P fertility, to determine critical soil test values in soils of varying P sorption, and provide a useful regional framework for the design of such experimentation.

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26

Nelson, P. N., A. T. Lawer, and G. J. Ham. "Evaluation of methods for field diagnosis of sodicity in soiland irrigation water in the sugarcane growing districts of Queensland, Australia." Soil Research 40, no. 8 (2002): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02028.

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Sodicity and related properties of soils and irrigation water restrict sugarcane yields and cause environmental problems such as turbid runoff. The aim of this work was to assess the usefulness of several field diagnostic tests for soils and waters of the Australian sugar industry. Tests were evaluated using over 500 soil samples collected from 0–0.75 m depth from the 6 main sugarcane growing districts. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the topsoil (0–0.25 m) could be predicted by electromagnetic induction (Geonics EM38) in 2 districts (r2 = 0.64–0.82), and in the subsoil (0.25–0.5 m) in 3 districts (r2�=�0.63–0.86). Dispersion index (DI) was a function of ESP in all districts, with 54–67% of variation accounted for in four districts. Soil pH was a function of ESP in all districts (59–73% of variation accounted for) except Bundaberg. ESP could be predicted from pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and Na concentration (by portable Na-selective electrode) of 1 : 5 soil : water suspensions (r2 = 0.57 for Bundaberg and r2�=�0.66–0.84 in all other districts). In irrigation waters (141 samples), measurements of Na concentration, by portable Na-selective electrode, and EC could be used to estimate Na (r2 = 0.85) and Ca + Mg (r2 = 0.87) concentrations, allowing sodium adsorption ratio to be estimated. Depending on the circumstances, these tests can provide useful estimates of sodicity and related properties in the field.

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27

Engerman, Stanley L. "A.Graves, Cane and labour: the political economy of the Queensland sugar industry, 1862-1906 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993. Pp. xxi + 282. Maps, index. Hardback £35.00.)." Australian Economic History Review 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.341br16.

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28

Lawes, R. A., M. K. Wegener, K. E. Basford, and R. J. Lawn. "The evaluation of the spatial and temporal stability of sugarcane farm performance based on yield and commercial cane sugar." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 3 (2004): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03169.

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In broader catchment scale investigations, there is a need to understand and ultimately exploit the spatial variation of agricultural crops for an improved economic return. In many instances, this spatial variation is temporally unstable and may be different for various crop attributes and crop species. In the Australian sugar industry, the opportunity arose to evaluate the performance of 231 farms in the Tully Mill area in far north Queensland using production information on cane yield (t/ha) and CCS (a fresh weight measure of sucrose content in the cane) accumulated over a 12-year period. Such an arrangement of data can be expressed as a 3-way array where a farm × attribute × year matrix can be evaluated and interactions considered. Two multivariate techniques, the 3-way mixture method of clustering and the 3-mode principal component analysis, were employed to identify meaningful relationships between farms that performed similarly for both cane yield and CCS. In this context, farm has a spatial component and the aim of this analysis was to determine if systematic patterns in farm performance expressed by cane yield and CCS persisted over time. There was no spatial relationship between cane yield and CCS. However, the analysis revealed that the relationship between farms was remarkably stable from one year to the next for both attributes and there was some spatial aggregation of farm performance in parts of the mill area. This finding is important, since temporally consistent spatial variation may be exploited to improve regional production. Alternatively, the putative causes of the spatial variation may be explored to enhance the understanding of sugarcane production in the wet tropics of Australia.

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29

Sendall, Marguerite C., Laura K. McCosker, Rahma Ahmed, and Phil Crane. "Truckies' Nutrition and Physical Activity: A Cross-sectional Survey in Queensland, Australia." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2019.1533.

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Truck drivers are at increased risk of diet- and physical activity-related chronic diseases. Despite this, there is a paucity of data about Australian truck drivers' diet and physical activity behaviors. A multiple choice and short response survey was distributed to truck drivers attending an Australian Truck Show. The survey asked about self-reported health, source of health information, number of serves of fruit, vegetables, unhealthy food, and sugary drink consumed per day, and frequency of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. The survey was completed by 231 truck drivers—almost all were male, with a mean age of 46 (range 20 to 71) years. Over 85% of survey respondents worked more than 9 hrs per day. Nearly 75% acknowledged the need to make changes to improve their health. Half consumed fewer serves of fruit and 88% consumed fewer serves of vegetables than national recommendations. Over 63% consumed at least one serve of unhealthy foods per day, and 65% drank at least one can of sugary drink per day. Most (80%) undertook less than moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity levels provided in national recommendations. Of concern, almost 90% of drivers had above the recommended body mass index—approximately 60% were obese. This is almost double the proportion found in the general population. These findings highlight the importance of health promotion to help drivers make better choices about their health behaviors, which are often underpinned by the limitations of their work environment. Health promotion in transport industry workplaces should be an important topic for future research.

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30

Kabir, Nahid. "Mackay Revisited: The Case of Javanese-Australian Muslims, 1880–1999." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 16, no. 3 (September 2007): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680701600305.

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The development of Queensland's sugar industry in the nineteenth century led to an influx of non-European laborers, such as Melanesians, Cingalese and Javanese. Years later, under the Immigration Restriction Act, 1901, many Asian people were expelled from Australia, but some Javanese remained in Mackay. This paper examines the Javanese settlement pattern during the colonial, “White Australia,” and multicultural periods in terms of race, ethnicity, culture and religion. These accounts were derived largely from interviews with Australia-born second, third and fourth generation Muslims of Javanese origin in Mackay.

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31

Blair, B. L., and G. R. Stirling. "The role of plant-parasitic nematodes in reducing yield of sugarcane in fine-textured soils in Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 5 (2007): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05287.

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Damage to sugarcane caused by root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) is well documented in infertile coarse-textured soils, but crop losses have never been assessed in the fine-textured soils on which more than 95% of Australia’s sugarcane is grown. The impact of nematodes in these more fertile soils was assessed by repeatedly applying nematicides (aldicarb and fenamiphos) to plant and ratoon crops in 16 fields, and measuring their effects on nematode populations, sugarcane growth and yield. In untreated plant crops, mid-season population densities of lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae), root-knot nematode (M. javanica), stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus annulatus), spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus dihystera) and stubby-root nematode (Paratrichodorus minor) averaged 1065, 214, 535, 217 and 103 nematodes/200 mL soil, respectively. Lower mean nematode population densities were recorded in the first ratoon, particularly for root-knot nematode. Nematicides reduced populations of lesion nematode by 66–99% in both plant and ratoon crops, but control of root-knot nematode was inconsistent, particularly in ratoons. Nematicide treatment had a greater impact on shoot and stalk length than on shoot and stalk number. The entire community of pest nematodes appeared to be contributing to lost productivity, but stalk length and final yield responses correlated most consistently with the number of lesion nematodes controlled. Fine roots in nematicide-treated plots were healthier and more numerous than in untreated plots, and this was indicative of the reduced impact of lesion nematode. Yield responses averaged 15.3% in plant crops and 11.6% in ratoons, indicating that nematodes are subtle but significant pests of sugarcane in fine-textured soils. On the basis of these results, plant-parasitic nematodes are conservatively estimated to cost the Australian sugar industry about AU$82 million/annum.

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32

Garside, A. L., and M. J. Bell. "Growth and yield responses to amendments to the sugarcane monoculture: effects of crop, pasture and bare fallow breaks and soil fumigation on plant and ratoon crops." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 5 (2011): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11013.

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Yield decline has been a major issue limiting productivity improvement in the Australian sugar industry since the early 1970s and is suspected to be largely due to growing sugarcane in a long-term monoculture. In order to address this issue, rotation experiments were established in several sugarcane-growing regions in Queensland, Australia, to ascertain whether breaking the sugarcane monoculture could, at least in part, assist in overcoming yield decline. The rotation experiments involved other crop species, pasture and bare fallow for different periods of time. When cane was replanted, the growth and yield following breaks was compared with that in a sugarcane monoculture system where the soil was unamended or fumigated before replanting. Yield increases were recorded in the plant and first ratoon (R1) crops in all experiments: in response to soil fumigation (average of 42 and 18%, respectively), and breaks (average of 27 and 30%, respectively). The data indicated that the response to breaks, while smaller in the plant crop, may have greater longevity than the response to fumigation. Further, there were indications that the response to breaks could continue into later ratoons (R2 and R3). Break type had little overall effect with the average response in the plant and R1 crops being 35% for breaks in excess of 30 months. Breaks of longer duration produced larger yield responses: 17% (<12 months), 24% (18–30 months) and 28% (>30 months) in the plant crop. However, the average yield increase over a plant and three ratoon crops when one cane crop was missed (6–12 months’ break) and a grain legume or maize break included was ~20%. Yield increases with breaks and fumigation were due to either increased stalk number, increased individual stalk weight or a combination of both. The component accounting for the majority of the variance changed between experiments, with a general trend for individual stalk weight to have more impact under better late season growing conditions and/or conditions that hampered early stalk development, while stalk number was more important under conditions of late season water stress and/or low radiation input. The results demonstrate that the long-term sugarcane monoculture is having an adverse effect on productivity. Further, breaking the sugarcane monoculture and sacrificing one sugarcane crop is likely to have minimal impact on the supply of cane to the mill. The increase in yield during other stages of the cane cycle is likely to compensate for the loss of 1 year of sugarcane, especially as the crop that is sacrificed is the last and almost always lowest-yielding ratoon.

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33

Brass, Tom. "Contextualizing sugar production in nineteenth‐century Queensland." Slavery & Abolition 15, no. 1 (April 1994): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440399408575118.

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34

Goverment, Queensland. "Queensland biodiscovery industry and Biodiscovery Act." Microbiology Australia 31, no. 2 (2010): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma10071.

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Queensland is not just a beautiful place to live and visit. Behind the beauty is unparalleled biodiversity, unique tropical expertise and unsurpassed opportunities. Nowhere else on earth has such rich potential when it comes to our rainforests and reefs as sources of new drug discoveries. In Queensland we are proud of our natural assets and want to ensure biodiscovery is carried out in a sustainable manner. In 2004, the Queensland Government introduced best-practice legislation to create legal certainty for biodiscovery activities in the State. The Biodiscovery Act 2004 (Qld) provides sustainable access to Queensland?s biodiversity and fulfils Queensland?s commitment to Article 15 of the international Convention on Biological Diversity.

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35

Josephs, Nick. "Queensland University industry student field trip." Preview 2021, no. 212 (May 4, 2021): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14432471.2021.1935691.

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36

Smutka, Luboš, Karolina Pawlak, Pavel Kotyza, and Miroslav Svatoš. "Polish Sugar Industry Development." Agris on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/aol.2018.100107.

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37

Sicotte, Richard. "Cuba's Sugar Industry (review)." Cuban Studies 37, no. 1 (2006): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cub.2007.0015.

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38

Hassan, Soltan Foly, and Mahmoud Imam Nasr. "Sugar industry in Egypt." Sugar Tech 10, no. 3 (October 2008): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12355-008-0038-5.

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39

Law, B. S. "Sugar preferences ofthe Queensland Blossom Bat, Syconycteris australis: a pilot study." Australian Mammalogy 16, no. 1 (1993): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am93003.

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Preferences of captive blossom bats for sugar types and concentrations were investigated. Blossom bats did not display a clear preference when presented pure sucrose or glucose solutions or an equal volume mixture of sucrose, glucose and fructose. However, a trend for avoidance of pure fructose solutions was evident. In contrast, blossom bats were very sensitive to variations in sugar concentration, preferring the most concentrated sugar solution (40 %) to the almost complete exclusion of others. These results suggest flowers may be chosen on the basis of sugar concentration and are discussed in reference to the highly specialised nectar/pollen diet of blossom bats.

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40

Dr.S.A.NAYAKAWADI, Dr S. A. NAYAKAWADI. "Impact of Sugar Industry Environment on Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate of Sugar Industry Workers." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 7 (June 1, 2012): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2014/163.

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41

Gillespie, Nicole, Carol J. Bond, Victoria Downs, and Jonathan Staggs. "Stakeholder trust in the Queensland CSG industry." APPEA Journal 56, no. 1 (2016): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15018.

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Stakeholder trust is pivotal to the social licence to operate and a source of competitive advantage for firms. While managing trust with stakeholders is recognised as a critical management competency and central to delivering coal seam gas (CSG) strategy, to date there has been little examination of stakeholder trust. This research examined the drivers and levels of trust in the CSG companies and industry from the perspective of core CSG stakeholder groups, and identified what stakeholders perceive to be critical for building and maintaining trust in the CSG industry. With the support of four major CSG companies and the University of Queensland (UQ) Centre for Coal Seam Gas, in-depth interviews were conducted with 145 participants representing five stakeholder groups: landholders, community members, regional leaders, regulators, and employees. An online survey was subsequently developed and completed by 561 CSG stakeholders. Analysis of the interview data revealed 11 key drivers of stakeholder trust and distrust. Seven drivers focused on how the CSG companies were perceived to operate in regard to: (1) integrity and transparency, (2) communication and interaction, (3) competence and efficiency, (4) community impact and contribution, (5) coexistence with landholders and the community, and having (6) a shared versus divergent identity, and (7) a positive versus negative comparative reputation. Four drivers focused on the broader CSG industry: (8) environmental concerns, (9) governance and regulation, (10) uncertainty and unpredictability of the industry, and (11) the power differential between CSG companies and stakeholders. Analysis of the survey data revealed significant differences between stakeholder groups in the level and drivers of trust. On average, CSG employees reported high trust, regulators, community and regional leaders reported moderate trust, and landholders reported low trust. In contrast to a minority of employees, the majority of external stakeholders reported concerns over the environmental impacts of CSG and the effectiveness of governance and regulation, and perceived the industry to be unpredictable and too focused on the short term. Stakeholder recommendations for enhancing trust and strategies for establishing a more resilient and trustworthy industry reputation are identified. Priority areas include: (1) building trust with landholders, (2) increasing the transparency with which companies share information, plans and regulatory compliance, (3) improving the effectiveness of CSG governance and regulation, and (4) addressing environmental concerns.

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42

Banu, Dr Salma. "Profitability Analysis of Sugar Industry." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 12, no. 8 (August 24, 2022): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.12.08.2022.p12848.

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43

Dr. B Vijaya, Dr B. Vijaya, and Sangashetty Kanteppa Shetkar. "Cost Management in Sugar Industry." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 12 (June 1, 2012): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/dec2013/24.

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44

Lewis, Colin A. "The South African Sugar Industry." Geographical Journal 156, no. 1 (March 1990): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635438.

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45

RAO, DR M. VENKATESWARA. "Problems of Indian Sugar Industry." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2012): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/jan2014/38.

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46

Cavanagh, John, and Frederic F. Frederic (AKA Frederick F. Clairmonte). "Destruction of the Sugar Industry." Monthly Review 40, no. 1 (May 5, 1988): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-040-01-1988-05_5.

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47

Nurlygayanov, Razit B., Damir R. Islamgulov, Rail R. Alimgafarov, Rafik I. Enikeev, and Ilgiz E. Svechnikov. "Formation of sugar industry and creation of sugar industry in the Republic of Bashkortostan." Vestnik Bashkir State Agrarian University, no. 1 (2022): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2022-61-1-53-63.

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48

Bhagat, Sadan Kumar. "Capacity Utilization in Nepalese Sugar Industry." Tribhuvan University Journal 27, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2010): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v27i1-2.26398.

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Under utilization of production capacity is a common issue for Nepalese manufacturing enterprises and sugar industry is no exception to this. This study mainly deals with the cause of underutilization of production capacity of Nepalese sugar mills as well as the market situation of sugar and sugarcane. Inspite of sufficient production of sugarcane, the sugar mills do not get adequate quantity and proper quality of sugarcane at right time. Almost half of the sugarcane production has no market which reveals the poor procurement system. The approved production capacity of Nepalese sugar mills is more than domestic requirement of sugar. However, the unfulfilled demand for sugar is fulfilled mainly by imported as well as smuggled Indian sugar. The capacity utilization rate of Nepalese sugar industry, which has been decreasing, dropped to 45percent in FY 2008/09. The main identified reasons are stoppage, breakdown and slow motion of machines, delay in settlement of minimum support price of sugarcane and late commencement of production season, political instability, less operation days of sugar mills and ultimately the overlook of sugar producers to utilize their full capacity of production. Measures to improve the capacity utilization rate of sugar mills have become an urgent need.

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49

Scott, Michael P. "Managing well integrity in Queensland." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18080.

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A significant increase in activity in the Queensland petroleum industry began around 2005 with the rapid growth of coal seam gas developments. The integrity of these drilled wells is paramount to the continued safe operation of the Queensland petroleum industry, ensuring no detrimental effect to safety, health and environment. The Queensland Petroleum and Gas Inspectorate (PGI) is responsible for monitoring industry compliance with well integrity management requirements under the regulatory framework. This is achieved through three proactive actions (engagement, inspections, audits) and three reactive actions (response to enquiries, complaints, incidents). This paper focuses on the well inspections and audits conducted by the PGI. The PGI conducts an annual program of well inspections as part of its risk-based compliance program. These inspections are in addition to the inspections performed by industry. Although recent inspections have found well integrity-related deficiencies requiring rectification, no major or systemic problems have been identified. In fact, industry generally appears to be proactively addressing any deficiencies they find through their own well integrity management processes. The PGI is in the process of ensuring a renewed focus on well integrity during its own well inspections through structured and standardised inspections that have clear aims. This is part of a continuous improvement process and is a risk-based decision informed by the data that have been gathered. This will help ensure the program is not simply focused on quantity of inspections, but also on outcomes and quality. To complement the well inspection program, several audits have been conducted over the past 4–5 years. As part of this, in the first quarter of 2019, the PGI began conducting audits of the well integrity management systems (WIMS) of the four major coal seam gas producers. The results of this audit show improvement in both WIMS documentation and the implementation of those systems. Future PGI work in this area includes continuing with the recent audit programs, reviewing inspection processes and a plan to increase focus on plug and abandoned wells over the next 18 months.

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50

Irvine, Helen. "A genealogy of calculations at an early Queensland sugar mill." Accounting History 17, no. 2 (May 2012): 193–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373211435501.

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