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1
Liu, Shuzhen, Bingwen Liu, Yin Zhu, Yong Qiu, and Bing Li. "The Spatial–Temporal Effects of Bacterial Growth Substrates on Antibiotic Resistance Gene Spread in the Biofilm." Antibiotics 12, no. 7 (July 6, 2023): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12071154.
Анотація:
Biofilm is considered as the hotspot of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination. Bacterial growth substrates are important factors for biofilm formation, but its spatial–temporal effects on ARG spread in biofilm is still unclear. In this study, microfluidics combined with microscopic observation were used to reveal spatial–temporal effects of bacterial growth substrates on ARG transfer at real time. The initial horizontal gene transfer events were found to be independent of substrate levels. However, subsequent transfer processes varied greatly depending on the availability of growth substrates. The proportion of transconjugants was much higher (~12%) when observed in substrate-rich regions (under the channel) at 24 h, followed by an exponential decline, with the distance far from the channel. Furthermore, three-dimensional observation revealed that vertical gene transfer influenced by the concentrations of bacterial growth substrates was important for ARG spread in biofilm. The transfer frequency was 8.2 times higher in the high substrate concentration (50×) compared to low concentration (0.5×) in simulated sewage, underscoring the substantial impact of bacterial growth substrate variability on ARG dissemination. This study is helpful for in-depth understanding of ARG dissemination through biofilms and indicates that reducing pollutant emission is important for ARG control in the environment.
2
Liao, Michael Evan, Kenny Huynh, Brandon Carson, Lezli Matto, Kaicheng Pan, James Spencer Lundh, Marko Tadjer, Karl D. Hobart та Mark S. Goorsky. "Towards Controlled Transfer of (001) β-Ga2O3 to (0001) 4H-SiC Substrates". ECS Transactions 112, № 3 (29 вересня 2023): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11203.0269ecst.
Анотація:
We demonstrate successful surface blistering of He-implanted (001) β-Ga2O3 substrates, bonding to (0001) 4H-SiC, and initial results towards large-area transfer of (001) β-Ga2O3 to 4H-SiC. Surface blistering of unbonded, implanted substrates is an important indication of successful exfoliation and transfer of films, which is achieved by initiating He bubble nucleation during a low temperature anneal followed by bubble growth at a high temperature anneal. Prior to annealing, implanted substrates were bonded to (0001) 4H-SiC at room temperature using a thin ~5 nm Ti interlayer. However, the β-Ga2O3 substrate did not wafer split from the bonded structure after annealing. Instead, small area transfers up to ~200 μm were achieved (~7% of the total bonded area transferred while the entire structure remained bonded). Further optimization of implant parameters is underway. These are promising results towards achieving large wafer-scale (001) β-Ga2O3 composite wafers suitable for β-Ga2O3 devices with efficient thermal management characteristics.
3
Girasek, Tomas, Alena Pietrikova, Tilo Welker, and Jens Muller. "Simulation of Heat Transfer by Cooling Channels in LTCC Substrate." Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15546/aeei-2017-0010.
4
Jakubowski, Simon J., Eric Cascales, Vidhya Krishnamoorthy, and Peter J. Christie. "Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB9, an Outer-Membrane-Associated Component of a Type IV Secretion System, Regulates Substrate Selection and T-Pilus Biogenesis." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 10 (May 15, 2005): 3486–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.10.3486-3495.2005.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Agrobacterium tumefaciens translocates DNA and protein substrates between cells via a type IV secretion system (T4SS) whose channel subunits include the VirD4 coupling protein, VirB11 ATPase, VirB6, VirB8, VirB2, and VirB9. In this study, we used linker insertion mutagenesis to characterize the contribution of the outer-membrane-associated VirB9 to assembly and function of the VirB/D4 T4SS. Twenty-five dipeptide insertion mutations were classified as permissive for intercellular substrate transfer (Tra+), completely transfer defective (Tra−), or substrate discriminating, e.g., selectively permissive for transfer only of the oncogenic transfer DNA and the VirE2 protein substrates or of a mobilizable IncQ plasmid substrate. Mutations inhibiting transfer of DNA substrates did not affect formation of close contacts of the substrate with inner membrane channel subunits but blocked formation of contacts with the VirB2 and VirB9 channel subunits, which is indicative of a defect in assembly or function of the distal portion of the secretion channel. Several mutations in the N- and C-terminal regions disrupted VirB9 complex formation with the outer-membrane-associated lipoprotein VirB7 or the inner membrane energy sensor VirB10. Several VirB9.i2-producing Tra+ strains failed to elaborate T pilus at detectable levels (Pil−), and three such Tra+ Pil− mutant strains were rendered Tra− upon deletion of virB2, indicating that the cellular form of pilin protein is essential for substrate translocation. Our findings, together with computer-based analyses, support a model in which distinct domains of VirB9 contribute to substrate selection and translocation, establishment of channel subunit contacts, and T-pilus biogenesis.
5
Butzerin, Andre, Sascha Weikert, and Konrad Wegener. "Growth Substrate Geometry Optimization for the Productive Mechanical Dry Transfer of Carbon Nanotubes." Processes 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2024): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12050928.
Анотація:
The selection of growth substrate geometries for the mechanical dry transfer of carbon nanotubes to device substrates depends on the precision of the assembly equipment. Since these geometries play a decisive role in the overall efficiency of the process, an investigation of the most important geometry parameters is carried out. The substrate geometry affects the number of carbon nanotubes suspended during the growth process and the speed of mechanical assembly at the same time. Since those two criteria are interlinked and affect productivity, a meta-model for the growth and selection of the nanotubes is simulated and a time study of the resulting assembly motions is subsequently performed. The geometry parameters are then evaluated based on the total number of suspended carbon nanotubes and the throughput rate, measured in transfers per hour. The accuracy specifications are then taken into account. Depending on the overall accuracy that can be achieved, different offset angles and overlaps between the growth and receiving substrate can be reached, which affect productivity differently for different substrate geometries. To increase the overall productivity, growth substrate designs are adapted to allow fully automated operation. This measure also reduces the frequency of substrate exchanges once all carbon nanotubes have been harvested. The introduction of substrates with multiple, polygonally arranged edges increases the total number of nanotubes that can be harvested. The inclusion of polygonally arranged edges in the initial analysis shows a significant increase in overall productivity.
6
Liu, Yang, Keying Long, Hanbing Mi, Ruitao Cha, and Xingyu Jiang. "High-efficiency transfer of fingerprints from various surfaces using nanofibrillated cellulose." Nanoscale Horizons 4, no. 4 (2019): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nh00494c.
Анотація:
Fingerprint transfer and detection by fluorescent NFC/CDs paper. Compared with cyanoacrylate fuming and dusting with black powder, we can transfer clear fingerprint patterns from rubber substrate onto NFC/CDs paper. The results of feature points extraction and similarity assessment show that 80% of the feature can transfer from smooth substrates and 60% from rough substrates.
7
Whitaker, Neal, Yuqing Chen, Simon J. Jakubowski, Mayukh K. Sarkar, Feng Li, and Peter J. Christie. "The All-Alpha Domains of Coupling Proteins from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB/VirD4 and Enterococcus faecalis pCF10-Encoded Type IV Secretion Systems Confer Specificity to Binding of Cognate DNA Substrates." Journal of Bacteriology 197, no. 14 (May 4, 2015): 2335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00189-15.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTBacterial type IV coupling proteins (T4CPs) bind and mediate the delivery of DNA substrates through associated type IV secretion systems (T4SSs). T4CPs consist of a transmembrane domain, a conserved nucleotide-binding domain (NBD), and a sequence-variable helical bundle called the all-alpha domain (AAD). In the T4CP structural prototype, plasmid R388-encoded TrwB, the NBD assembles as a homohexamer resembling RecA and DNA ring helicases, and the AAD, which sits at the channel entrance of the homohexamer, is structurally similar to N-terminal domain 1 of recombinase XerD. Here, we defined the contributions of AADs from theAgrobacterium tumefaciensVirD4 andEnterococcus faecalisPcfC T4CPs to DNA substrate binding. AAD deletions abolished DNA transfer, whereas production of the AAD in otherwise wild-type donor strains diminished the transfer of cognate but not heterologous substrates. Reciprocal swaps of AADs between PcfC and VirD4 abolished the transfer of cognate DNA substrates, although strikingly, the VirD4-AADPcfCchimera (VirD4 with the PcfC AAD) supported the transfer of a mobilizable plasmid. Purified AADs from both T4CPs bound DNA substrates without sequence preference but specifically bound cognate processing proteins required for cleavage at origin-of-transfer sequences. The soluble domains of VirD4 and PcfC lacking their AADs neither exerted negative dominancein vivonor specifically bound cognate processing proteinsin vitro. Our findings support a model in which the T4CP AADs contribute to DNA substrate selection through binding of associated processing proteins. Furthermore, MOBQ plasmids have evolved a docking mechanism that bypasses the AAD substrate discrimination checkpoint, which might account for their capacity to promiscuously transfer through many different T4SSs.IMPORTANCEFor conjugative transfer of mobile DNA elements, members of the VirD4/TraG/TrwB receptor superfamily bind cognate DNA substrates through mechanisms that are largely undefined. Here, we supply genetic and biochemical evidence that a helical bundle, designated the all-alpha domain (AAD), of T4SS receptors functions as a substrate specificity determinant. We show that AADs from two substrate receptors,Agrobacterium tumefaciensVirD4 andEnterococcus faecalisPcfC, bind DNA without sequence or strand preference but specifically bind the cognate relaxases responsible for nicking and piloting the transferred strand through the T4SS. We propose that interactions of receptor AADs with DNA-processing factors constitute a basis for selective coupling of mobile DNA elements with type IV secretion channels.
8
Whitaker, Neal, Trista M. Berry, Nathan Rosenthal, Jay E. Gordon, Christian Gonzalez-Rivera, Kathy B. Sheehan, Hilary K. Truchan, et al. "Chimeric Coupling Proteins Mediate Transfer of Heterologous Type IV Effectors through the Escherichia coli pKM101-Encoded Conjugation Machine." Journal of Bacteriology 198, no. 19 (July 18, 2016): 2701–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00378-16.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTBacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are composed of two major subfamilies, conjugation machines dedicated to DNA transfer and effector translocators for protein transfer. We show here that theEscherichia colipKM101-encoded conjugation system, coupled with chimeric substrate receptors, can be repurposed for transfer of heterologous effector proteins. The chimeric receptors were composed of the N-terminal transmembrane domain of pKM101-encoded TraJ fused to soluble domains of VirD4 homologs functioning inAgrobacterium tumefaciens,Anaplasma phagocytophilum, orWolbachia pipientis. A chimeric receptor assembled fromA. tumefaciensVirD4 (VirD4At) mediated transfer of a MOBQ plasmid (pML122) andA. tumefacienseffector proteins (VirE2, VirE3, and VirF) through the pKM101 transfer channel. Equivalent chimeric receptors assembled from the rickettsial VirD4 homologs similarly supported the transfer of known or candidate effectors from rickettsial species. These findings establish a proof of principle for use of the dedicated pKM101 conjugation channel, coupled with chimeric substrate receptors, to screen for translocation competency of protein effectors from recalcitrant species. Many T4SS receptors carry sequence-variable C-terminal domains (CTDs) with unknown function. While VirD4Atand the TraJ/VirD4Atchimera with their CTDs deleted supported pML122 transfer at wild-type levels, ΔCTD variants supported transfer of protein substrates at strongly diminished or elevated levels. We were unable to detect binding of VirD4At's CTD to the VirE2 effector, although other VirD4Atdomains bound this substratein vitro. We propose that CTDs evolved to govern the dynamics of substrate presentation to the T4SS either through transient substrate contacts or by controlling substrate access to other receptor domains.IMPORTANCEBacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) display striking versatility in their capacity to translocate DNA and protein substrates to prokaryotic and eukaryotic target cells. A hexameric ATPase, the type IV coupling protein (T4CP), functions as a substrate receptor for nearly all T4SSs. Here, we report that chimeric T4CPs mediate transfer of effector proteins through theEscherichia colipKM101-encoded conjugation system. Studies with these repurposed conjugation systems established a role for acidic C-terminal domains of T4CPs in regulating substrate translocation. Our findings advance a mechanistic understanding of T4CP receptor activity and, further, support a model in which T4SS channels function as passive conduits for any DNA or protein substrates that successfully engage with and pass through the T4CP specificity checkpoint.
9
Jansson, Elina, Johanna Lyytikäinen, Panu Tanninen, Kim Eiroma, Ville Leminen, Kirsi Immonen, and Liisa Hakola. "Suitability of Paper-Based Substrates for Printed Electronics." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030957.
Анотація:
Flexible plastic substrates are widely used in printed electronics; however, they cause major climate impacts and pose sustainability challenges. In recent years, paper-based electronics has been studied to increase the recyclability and sustainability of printed electronics. The aim of this paper is to analyze the printability and performance of metal conductor layers on different paper-based substrates using both flexography and screen printing and to compare the achieved performance with that of plastic foils. In addition, the re-pulpability potential of the used paper-based substrates is evaluated. As compared to the common polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, the layer conductivity on paper-based substrates was found to be improved with both the printing methods without having a large influence on the detail rendering. This means that a certain surface roughness and porosity is needed for the improved ink transfer and optimum ink behavior on the surface of the substrate. In the case of uncoated paper-based substrates, the conductivity and print quality decreased by preventing the formation of the proper and intimate ink-substrate contact during the ink transfer. Finally, the re-pulpability trials together with layer quality analysis detected very good, coated substrate candidates for paper-based printed electronics competing with or even outperforming the print quality on the reference PET foil.
10
Lim, Jaemook, Youngchan Kim, Jaeho Shin, Younggeun Lee, Wooseop Shin, Weihao Qu, Eunseung Hwang, Seongje Park, and Sukjoon Hong. "Continuous-Wave Laser-Induced Transfer of Metal Nanoparticles to Arbitrary Polymer Substrates." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040701.
Анотація:
Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) and selective laser sintering (SLS) are two distinct laser processes that can be applied to metal nanoparticle (NP) ink for the fabrication of a conductive layer on various substrates. A pulsed laser and a continuous-wave (CW) laser are utilized respectively in the conventional LIFT and SLS processes; however, in this study, CW laser-induced transfer of the metal NP is proposed to achieve simultaneous sintering and transfer of the metal NP to a wide range of polymer substrates. At the optimum laser parameters, it was shown that a high-quality uniform metal conductor was created on the acceptor substrate while the metal NP was sharply detached from the donor substrate, and we anticipate that such an asymmetric transfer phenomenon is related to the difference in the adhesion strengths. The resultant metal electrode exhibits a low resistivity that is comparable to its bulk counterpart, together with strong adhesion to the target polymer substrate. The versatility of the proposed process in terms of the target substrate and applicable metal NPs brightens its prospects as a facile manufacturing scheme for flexible electronics.
11
Zhuo, Qiqi, Yipeng Mao, Suwei Lu, Bolu Cui, Li Yu, Jijun Tang, Jun Sun, and Chao Yan. "Seed-Assisted Synthesis of Graphene Films on Insulating Substrate." Materials 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2019): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091376.
Анотація:
Synthesizing graphene at a large-scale and of high quality on insulating substrate is a prerequisite for graphene applications in electronic devices. Typically, graphene is synthesized and then transferred to the proper substrate for subsequent device preparation. However, the complicated and skilled transfer process involves some issues such as wrinkles, residual contamination and breakage of graphene films, which will greatly degrade its performance. Direct synthesis of graphene on insulating substrates without a transfer process is highly desirable for device preparation. Here, we report a simple, transfer-free method to synthesize graphene directly on insulating substrates (SiO2/Si, quartz) by using a Cu layer, graphene oxide and Poly (vinyl alcohol) as the catalyst, seeds and carbon sources, respectively. Atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy are used to characterize the interface of insulating substrate and graphene. The graphene films directly grown on quartz glass can attain a high transmittance of 92.8% and a low sheet resistance of 620 Ω/square. The growth mechanism is also revealed. This approach provides a highly efficient method for the direct production of graphene on insulating substrates.
12
Akkoyunlu, Burcu, Sorcha Daly, Federico Cerrone, and Eoin Casey. "Investigating Mass Transfer and Reaction Engineering Characteristics in a Membrane Biofilm Using Cupriavidus necator H16." Membranes 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2023): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13120908.
Анотація:
Membrane biofilm reactors are a growing trend in wastewater treatment whereby gas-transfer membranes provide efficient bubbleless aeration. Recently, there has been a growing interest in using these bioreactors for industrial biotechnology using microorganisms that can metabolise gaseous substrates. Since gas fermentation is limited by the low solubilities of gaseous substrates in liquid media, it is critical to characterise mass transfer rates of gaseous substrates to enable the design of membrane biofilm reactors. The objective of this study is to measure and analyse mass transfer rates and reaction engineering characteristics for a single tube membrane biofilm reactor using Cupriavidus necator H16. At elevated Reynolds numbers, the dominant resistance for gas diffusion shifts from the liquid boundary layer to the membrane. The biofilm growth rate was observed to decrease after 260 μm at 96 h. After 144 h, some sloughing of the biofilm occurred. Oxygen uptake rate and substrate utilisation rate for the biofilm developed showed that the biofilm changes from a single-substrate limited regime to a dual-substrate-limited regime after 72 h which alters the localisation of the microbial activity within the biofilm. This study shows that this platform technology has potential applications for industrial biotechnology.
13
Slepchenkov, Michael M., Alexander A. Petrunin, and Olga E. Glukhova. "In Silico Study of the Influence of Various Substrates on the Electronic Properties and Electrical Conductivity of Mono- and Bilayer Films of Armchair Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." ChemEngineering 5, no. 3 (August 9, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5030048.
Анотація:
We investigate electronic and electro-physical properties of mono- and bilayer armchair single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films located on substrates of different types, including substrates in the form of crystalline silicon dioxide (SiO2) films with P42/mnm and P3121 space symmetry groups. The SWCNT films interact with substrate only by van der Waals forces. The densities of electronic states (DOS) and the electron transmission functions are calculated for SWCNT films with various substrates. The electrical conductivity of SWCNT films is calculated based on the electron transmission function. It is found that the substrate plays an important role in the formation of DOS of the SWCNT films, and the surface topology determines the degree and nature of the mutual influence of the nanotube and the substrate. It is shown that the substrate affects the electronic properties of monolayer films, changing the electrical resistance value from 2% to 17%. However, the substrate has practically no effect on the electrical conductivity and resistance of the bilayer film in both directions of current transfer. In this case, the values of the resistances of the bilayer film in both directions of current transfer approach the value of ~6.4 kΩ, which is the lowest for individual SWCNT.
14
Mehra, Rukmankesh, and Kasper P. Kepp. "Contribution of substrate reorganization energies of electron transfer to laccase activity." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 28 (2019): 15805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp01012b.
15
Xue, Peidong, Zhiquan Huang, and Cheng Chen. "Effect of Substrate Roughness on the Friction and Wear Behaviors of Laser-Induced Graphene Film." Lubricants 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10100239.
Анотація:
A rough substrate usually induces severe detriments limiting the performance of anti-friction materials that would lead to an increase in both the friction coefficient and wear rate. In this work, we found that a laser-induced graphene (LIG) film had a good friction adaptability on both mirror-polished and rough Si substrates. The friction coefficient of the LIG increased from 0.11 to 0.24 and the substrate roughness increased from 1.4 nm to 54.8 nm, while the wear life of the LIG was more than 20,000 cycles for both the mirror-polished and rough Si substrates. Optical microscope, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope analyses revealed a friction mechanism evolution of the LIG films on Si substrates with a different roughness. For the mirror-polished Si substrate, thick and dense graphene nanocrystallite transfer films could form on the counterpart balls, which guaranteed a long and stable wear. For the rough Si substrate, although the asperities on the rough surface would plough the counterpart balls and destabilize the transfer film formation, grooves could effectively store a compressed LIG, benefiting a stable anti-wear performance and reducing the abrasive wear at the friction interface. This work showed that a LIG film had outstanding friction adaptability on Si substrates with a different roughness and that it can be fabricated in a single-step economic process, indicating bright practical prospects in the solid lubrication fields.
16
Champagne, Pascale, Wayne J. Parker, and P. Van Geel. "Modeling cometabolic biodegradation of organic compounds in biofilms." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 7 (April 1, 1999): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0349.
Анотація:
A dynamic model that describes the biodegradation of secondary substrates through oxygenase reactions in biofilms has been developed. The model incorporates intracellular reducing power, in the form of NADH, as a link between the rate of utilization of primary substrates and the biodegradation of secondary substrates. The reaction kinetics were integrated into a diffusive biofilm model with internal and external mass transfer limitations and then combined into a continuous flow reactor model. Preliminary evaluation of the model has demonstrated that mass transfer limitations substantively reduced the removal of the secondary substrate as compared to a suspended growth reactor with an equivalent mass of biomass. A sensitivity analysis revealed that model predictions of the removal of secondary substrate were highly sensitive to the parameters describing the availability of reducing power and to the compound-specific biodegradation kinetic parameters.
17
Zhang, Yue, Mengtian Yin, Yongmin Baek, Kyusang Lee, Giovanni Zangari, Liheng Cai, and Baoxing Xu. "Capillary transfer of soft films." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 10 (February 24, 2020): 5210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000340117.
Анотація:
Existing transfer technologies in the construction of film-based electronics and devices are deeply established in the framework of native solid substrates. Here, we report a capillary approach that enables a fast, robust, and reliable transfer of soft films from liquid in a defect-free manner. This capillary transfer is underpinned by the transfer front of dynamic contact among receiver substrate, liquid, and film, and can be well controlled by a selectable motion direction of receiver substrates at a high speed. We demonstrate in extensive experiments, together with theoretical models and computational analysis, the robust capabilities of the capillary transfer using a versatile set of soft films with a broad material diversity of both film and liquid, surface-wetting properties, and complex geometric patterns of soft films onto various solid substrates in a deterministic manner.
18
Komissarenko, Filipp, George Zograf, Sergey Makarov, Mikhail Petrov, and Ivan Mukhin. "Manipulation Technique for Precise Transfer of Single Perovskite Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071306.
Анотація:
In this article, we present the pick-and-place technique for the manipulation of single nanoparticles on non-conductive substrates using a tungsten tip irradiated by a focused electron beam from a scanning electron microscope. The developed technique allowed us to perform the precise transfer of single BaTiO3 nanoparticles from one substrate to another in order to carry out measurements of elastic light scattering as well as second harmonic generation. Also, we demonstrate a fabricated structure made by finely tuning the position of a BaTiO3 nanoparticle on top of a dielectric nanowaveguide deposited on a glass substrate. The presented technique is based on the electrostatic interaction between the sharp tungsten tip charged by the electron beam and the nanoscale object. A mechanism for nanoparticle transfer to a non-conductive substrate is proposed and the forces involved in the manipulation process are evaluated. The presented technique can be widely utilized for the fabrication of nanoscale structures on optically transparent non-conductive substrates, which presents a wide range of applications for nanophotonics.
19
Chang, Sung-Jae, Kyu-Jun Cho, Sang-Youl Lee, Hwan-Hee Jeong, Jae-Hoon Lee, Hyun-Wook Jung, Sung-Bum Bae, et al. "Substrate Effects on the Electrical Properties in GaN-Based High Electron Mobility Transistors." Crystals 11, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111414.
Анотація:
We report the electrical characteristics of GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) operated on various substrates/films. For the detailed investigation and comparison of the electrical properties of GaN-based HEMTs according to the substrates/films, GaN-based HEMTs were processed using 4-inch sapphire substrates and separated from their original substrates through the laser lift-off technique. The separated AlGaN/GaN films including processed GaN-based HEMTs were bonded to AlN substrate or plated with a 100 µm-thick Cu at the back-side of the devices since AlN substrate and Cu film exhibit higher thermal conductivity than the sapphire substrate. Compared to the sapphire substrate, DC and RF properties such as drain current, transconductance, cut-off frequency and maximum oscillation frequency were improved, when GaN-based HEMTs were operated on AlN substrate or Cu film. Our systematic study has revealed that the device property improvement results from the diminishment of the self-heating effect, increase in carrier mobility under the gated region, and amelioration of sheet resistance at the access region. C(V) and pulse-mode stress measurements have confirmed that the back-side processing for the device transfer from sapphire substrate onto AlN substrate or Cu film did not induce the critical defects close to the AlGaN/GaN hetero-interface.
20
Zhou, Dennis W., Ted T. Lee, Shinuo Weng, Jianping Fu, and Andrés J. García. "Effects of substrate stiffness and actomyosin contractility on coupling between force transmission and vinculin–paxillin recruitment at single focal adhesions." Molecular Biology of the Cell 28, no. 14 (July 7, 2017): 1901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-02-0116.
Анотація:
Focal adhesions (FAs) regulate force transfer between the cytoskeleton and ECM–integrin complexes. We previously showed that vinculin regulates force transmission at FAs. Vinculin residence time in FAs correlated with applied force, supporting a mechanosensitive model in which forces stabilize vinculin’s active conformation to promote force transfer. In the present study, we examined the relationship between traction force and vinculin–paxillin localization to single FAs in the context of substrate stiffness and actomyosin contractility. We found that vinculin and paxillin FA area did not correlate with traction force magnitudes at single FAs, and this was consistent across different ECM stiffness and cytoskeletal tension states. However, vinculin residence time at FAs varied linearly with applied force for stiff substrates, and this was disrupted on soft substrates and after contractility inhibition. In contrast, paxillin residence time at FAs was independent of local applied force and substrate stiffness. Paxillin recruitment and residence time at FAs, however, were dependent on cytoskeletal contractility on lower substrate stiffness values. Finally, substrate stiffness and cytoskeletal contractility regulated whether vinculin and paxillin turnover dynamics are correlated to each other at single FAs. This analysis sheds new insights on the coupling among force, substrate stiffness, and FA dynamics.
21
Gafar, Mohamed O., Khalid H. Almitani, and Ramzi Othman. "Analytical model for harmonic response of dissimilar single-lap joints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 232, no. 4 (December 13, 2017): 457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419317746027.
Анотація:
Adhesive bonding is increasingly used in automobile, marine and aeronautical structures. The dynamic response of adhesively bonded joints is therefore a main concern. This paper deals with the harmonic response of single-lap joints. A closed-form analytical solution is derived to account for the case of joints with dissimilar substrates. The transfer functions predicted by the analytical model match well the transfer functions predicted by a two-dimensional finite element analysis, and so do the natural frequencies. The numerical and analytical models show that the natural frequencies are sensitive to the order of substrates. Mainly, fixing the end of the stiffer substrate leads to natural frequencies that are mostly higher than those which are obtained by fixing the end of the softer substrate.
22
Epalle, Nathan Hugo, and Eric Beitz. "Local Attraction of Substrates and Co-Substrates Enhances Weak Acid and Base Transmembrane Transport." Biomolecules 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12121794.
Анотація:
The transmembrane transport of weak acid and base metabolites depends on the local pH conditions that affect the protonation status of the substrates and the availability of co-substrates, typically protons. Different protein designs ensure the attraction of substrates and co-substrates to the transporter entry sites. These include electrostatic surface charges on the transport proteins and complexation with seemingly transport-unrelated proteins that provide substrate and/or proton antenna, or enzymatically generate substrates in place. Such protein assemblies affect transport rates and directionality. The lipid membrane surface also collects and transfers protons. The complexity in the various systems enables adjustability and regulation in a given physiological or pathophysiological situation. This review describes experimentally shown principles in the attraction and facilitation of weak acid and base transport substrates, including monocarboxylates, ammonium, bicarbonate, and arsenite, plus protons as a co-substrate.
23
Lombardi, John R. "The Theory of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Organic Semiconductors: Graphene." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162737.
Анотація:
Drawing on a theoretical expression previously derived for general semiconductor substrates, we examine the surface-enhancement of the Raman signal (SERS) when the substrate is chosen to be monolayer graphene. The underlying theory involves vibronic coupling, originally proposed by Herzberg and Teller. Vibronic coupling of the allowed molecular transitions with the charge-transfer transitions between the molecule and the substrate has been shown to be responsible for the SERS enhancement in semiconductor substrates. We then examine such an expression for the Raman enhancement in monolayer graphene, which is dependent on the square of the derivative of the density of states of the graphene. On integration, we find that the discontinuity of the density-of-states function leads to a singularity in the SERS intensity. Knowledge of the location of this resonance allows us to maximize the Raman intensity by careful alignment of the doping level of the graphene substrate with the charge-transfer transition.
24
Silva, Pedro J. "Refining the reaction mechanism of O2towards its co-substrate in cofactor-free dioxygenases." PeerJ 4 (December 20, 2016): e2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2805.
Анотація:
Cofactor-less oxygenases perform challenging catalytic reactions between singlet co-substrates and triplet oxygen, in spite of apparently violating the spin-conservation rule. In 1-H-3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinaldine-2,4-dioxygenase, the active site has been suggested by quantum chemical computations to fine tune triplet oxygen reactivity, allowing it to interact rapidly with its singlet substrate without the need for spin inversion, and in urate oxidase the reaction is thought to proceed through electron transfer from the deprotonated substrate to an aminoacid sidechain, which then feeds the electron to the oxygen molecule. In this work, we perform additional quantum chemical computations on these two systems to elucidate several intriguing features unaddressed by previous workers. These computations establish that in both enzymes the reaction proceeds through direct electron transfer from co-substrate to O2followed by radical recombination, instead of minimum-energy crossing points between singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces without formal electron transfer. The active site does not affect the reactivity of oxygen directly but is crucial for the generation of the deprotonated form of the co-substrates, which have redox potentials far below those of their protonated forms and therefore may transfer electrons to oxygen without sizeable thermodynamic barriers. This mechanism seems to be shared by most cofactor-less oxidases studied so far.
25
Chen, Yuqing, Xiaolin Zhang, Dawn Manias, Hye-Jeong Yeo, Gary M. Dunny, and Peter J. Christie. "Enterococcus faecalis PcfC, a Spatially Localized Substrate Receptor for Type IV Secretion of the pCF10 Transfer Intermediate." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 10 (March 7, 2008): 3632–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01999-07.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Upon sensing of peptide pheromone, Enterococcus faecalis efficiently transfers plasmid pCF10 through a type IV secretion (T4S) system to recipient cells. The PcfF accessory factor and PcfG relaxase initiate transfer by catalyzing strand-specific nicking at the pCF10 origin of transfer sequence (oriT). Here, we present evidence that PcfF and PcfG spatially coordinate docking of the pCF10 transfer intermediate with PcfC, a membrane-bound putative ATPase related to the coupling proteins of gram-negative T4S machines. PcfC and PcfG fractionated with the membrane and PcfF with the cytoplasm, yet all three proteins formed several punctate foci at the peripheries of pheromone-induced cells as monitored by immunofluorescence microscopy. A PcfC Walker A nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) binding site mutant (K156T) fractionated with the E. faecalis membrane and also formed foci, whereas PcfC deleted of its N-terminal putative transmembrane domain (PcfCΔN103) distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. Native PcfC and mutant proteins PcfCK156T and PcfCΔN103 bound pCF10 but not pcfG or ΔoriT mutant plasmids as shown by transfer DNA immunoprecipitation, indicating that PcfC binds only the processed form of pCF10 in vivo. Finally, purified PcfCΔN103 bound DNA substrates and interacted with purified PcfF and PcfG in vitro. Our findings support a model in which (i) PcfF recruits PcfG to oriT to catalyze T-strand nicking, (ii) PcfF and PcfG spatially position the relaxosome at the cell membrane to stimulate substrate docking with PcfC, and (iii) PcfC initiates substrate transfer through the pCF10 T4S channel by an NTP-dependent mechanism.
26
Laine-Ma, Teija, Pekka Ruuskanen, Satu Pasanen, and Mikko Karttunen. "Electroformed conductor patterns in electronics manufacturing." Circuit World 40, no. 4 (October 28, 2014): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-06-2014-0022.
Анотація:
Purpose – The aim of this study was to test and survey a circuitry transfer technique where conductor patterns are electroformed on carrier substrates and thereafter the electroformed patterns are transferred from carrier substrates to their final devices. Design/methodology/approach – An electrically conductive pattern is built up by an electrodepositing metal or metal alloy on a carrier substrate, called a mandrel, using a resist image to define the outlines of the pattern. Thereafter, the electroformed structures are bonded on plastic substrates, for instance, by hot pressing or by embedding into a resin. In our experiments, the imaging of stainless steel carriers was done by the photolithographic process and the electroformed copper patterns were transferred by hot pressing onto thermoplastic substrates. Findings – The literature review revealed that the transfer of electroformed conductor patterns to plastic parts is not a very commonly used technology, although it could provide possibilities for even quite specific structures in electronics manufacturing at an affordable price. Our tests indicated that the acidic peroxide-sulfuric pre-treatment of electroformed copper patterns before hot press bonding clearly improved the adhesion of copper on both acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polyphenylene oxide substrates and that a steel template around the substrate during hot pressing process can restrict dimensional changes in thermoplastic substrates significantly. Originality/value – This paper contains a survey and preliminary testing of the electroformed circuitry transfer technique. The analysis of the test boards focused on the adhesion between copper strips and thermoplastic substrates and on the factors affecting adhesion. Finally, the paper introduces the advantages and drawbacks of the technique.
27
Houlston, C. E., M. Cummings, H. Lindsay, S. Pradhan, and R. L. P. Adams. "DNA substrate specificity of pea DNA methylase." Biochemical Journal 293, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2930617.
Анотація:
DNA methylase, present in low-salt extracts of nuclei prepared from Pisum sativum shoot tips, methylates model DNA substrates containing CNG trinucleotides or CI dinucleotides only. The binding to the hemimethylated trinucleotide substrates is very much stronger and more persistent than the binding to the unmethylated substrates or to the hemimethylated dinucleotide substrate. When the DNA concentration is limiting, the rate of methyl-group transfer with the hemimethylated CNG substrate is much greater than that with the unmethylated CNG. However, the Vmax. is similar for the two CNG substrates. On fractionation using Q-Sepharose, two peaks of activity are seen with different relative activities using the di- and trinucleotide substrates. The relative activity with these substrates changes during purification, during plant growth and on heating at 35 degrees C as well, indicating that more than one enzyme or more than one form of the enzyme may be present.
28
Fadzli, Fatin Syahirah, Showkat Ahmad Bhawani, and Rania Edrees Adam Mohammad. "Microbial Fuel Cell: Recent Developments in Organic Substrate Use and Bacterial Electrode Interaction." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (June 29, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4570388.
Анотація:
A new bioelectrochemical approach based on metabolic activities inoculated bacteria, and the microbial fuel cell (MFC) acts as biocatalysts for the natural conversion to energy of organic substrates. Among several factors, the organic substrate is the most critical challenge in MFC, which requires long-term stability. The utilization of unstable organic substrate directly affects the MFC performance, such as low energy generation. Similarly, the interaction and effect of the electrode with organic substrate are well discussed. The electrode-bacterial interaction is also another aspect after organic substrate in order to ensure the MFC performance. The conclusion is based on this literature view; the electrode content is also a significant challenge for MFCs with organic substrates in realistic applications. The current review discusses several commercial aspects of MFCs and their potential prospects. A durable organic substrate with an efficient electron transfer medium (anode electrode) is the modern necessity for this approach.
29
Давыдов, С. Ю., та А. В. Зубов. "О диполь-дипольном взаимодействии атомов в слоях, адсорбированных на трехмерных и двумерных полупроводниках". Физика твердого тела 62, № 8 (2020): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2020.08.49618.061.
Анотація:
Simple model schemes for the account of the dipole-dipole repulsion in sub-monolayers on 3D and 2D semiconductor substrates are proposed. General expressions for the band and local states contributions to the charge transfer between adlayer and substrate are given in the function of substrate coverage with adatoms. Analytical estimations are fulfilled for the number of the specific characteristic cases.
30
Yu, Jian, Chao Chen, Jie Lin, Xiangyu Meng, Lin Qiu, and Xiaotian Wang. "Amorphous Co(OH)2 nanocages achieving efficient photo-induced charge transfer for significant SERS activity." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 10, no. 5 (2022): 1632–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc05770g.
Анотація:
Boosting substrate–molecule interactions, especially the strong vibronic coupling and efficient photo-induced charge transfer (PICT) transitions, is a critical issue to improve the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensitivity of non-metal substrates.
31
Kim, Ikjin, Jungmi Ahn, Chang Liu, Kaori Tanabe, Jennifer Apodaca, Tadashi Suzuki, and Hai Rao. "The Png1–Rad23 complex regulates glycoprotein turnover." Journal of Cell Biology 172, no. 2 (January 9, 2006): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200507149.
Анотація:
Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are destroyed by a pathway termed ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Glycans are often removed from glycosylated ERAD substrates in the cytosol before substrate degradation, which maintains the efficiency of the proteasome. Png1, a deglycosylating enzyme, has long been suspected, but not proven, to be crucial in this process. We demonstrate that the efficient degradation of glycosylated ricin A chain requires the Png1–Rad23 complex, suggesting that this complex couples protein deglycosylation and degradation. Rad23 is a ubiquitin (Ub) binding protein involved in the transfer of ubiquitylated substrates to the proteasome. How Rad23 achieves its substrate specificity is unknown. We show that Rad23 binds various regulators of proteolysis to facilitate the degradation of distinct substrates. We propose that the substrate specificity of Rad23 and other Ub binding proteins is determined by their interactions with various cofactors involved in specific degradation pathways.
32
Yan, Zeng, Xiao Yang Huang, Wei Dong Zhou, and Sheng Kai Yu. "Numerical Study on Heat Transfer and Lubricant Depletion in a Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording System with Multilayer Disk Structure." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1384.
Анотація:
Heat transfer and lubricant depletion in a HAMR system with multilayer disk substrate are numerically simulated in this study. Cases under two types of multilayer disk substrates with different materials on the top layer as well as different laser powers are examined. The results show the significant effects of the material property and the laser power. Compared with pure glass disk substrate, larger thermal conductivity of top-layer material in the multilayer disk substrate causes faster heat conduction and thus substantial reductions in the temperature increase and lubricant depletion on the top surface. Hence it is necessary and important to incorporate the real multilayer structure in modeling heat transfer and lubricant depletion in practical HAMR systems.
33
Oh, Gyung-Geun, Young-Chae Song, Byung-Uk Bae, and Chae-Young Lee. "Electric Field-Driven Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer for Bioelectrochemical Methane Production from Fermentable and Non-Fermentable Substrates." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101293.
Анотація:
The bioelectrochemical methane production from acetate as a non-fermentable substrate, glucose as a fermentable substrate, and their mixture were investigated in an anaerobic sequential batch reactor exposed to an electric field. The electric field enriched the bulk solution with exoelectrogenic bacteria (EEB) and electrotrophic methanogenic archaea, and promoted direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) for methane production. However, bioelectrochemical methane production was dependent on the substrate characteristics. For acetate as the substrate, the main electron transfer pathway for methane production was DIET, which significantly improved methane yield up to 305.1 mL/g chemical oxygen demand removed (CODr), 77.3% higher than that in control without the electric field. For glucose, substrate competition between EEB and fermenting bacteria reduced the contribution of DIET to methane production, resulting in the methane yield of 288.0 mL/g CODr, slightly lower than that of acetate. In the mixture of acetate and glucose, the contribution of DIET to methane production was less than that of the single substrate, acetate or glucose, due to the increase in the electron equivalent for microbial growth. The findings provide a better understanding of electron transfer pathways, biomass growth, and electron transfer losses depending on the properties of substrates in bioelectrochemical methane production.
34
Zhou, Bo, and Barton C. Prorok. "A new paradigm in thin film indentation." Journal of Materials Research 25, no. 9 (September 2010): 1671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2010.0228.
Анотація:
A new method to accurately and reliably extract the actual Young's modulus of a thin film on a substrate by indentation was developed. The method involved modifying the discontinuous elastic interface transfer model to account for substrate effects that were found to influence behavior a few nanometers into a film several hundred nanometers thick. The method was shown to work exceptionally well for all 25 different combinations of five films on five substrates that encompassed a wide range of compliant films on stiff substrates to stiff films on compliant substrates. A predictive formula was determined that enables the film modulus to be calculated as long as one knows the film thickness, substrate modulus, and bulk Poisson's ratio of the film and the substrate. The calculated values of the film modulus were verified with prior results that used the membrane deflection experiment and resonance-based methods. The greatest advantages of the method are that the standard Oliver and Pharr analysis can be used, and that it does not require the continuous stiffness method, enabling any indenter to be used. The film modulus then can be accurately determined by simply averaging a handful of indents on a film/substrate composite.
35
WANG, XINCHANG, JIANGUO ZHANG, TAO ZHANG, BIN SHEN, and FANGHONG SUN. "SIMULATION OPTIMIZATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER CONDITIONS IN HFCVD DIAMOND FILM GROWTH INSIDE HOLES." Surface Review and Letters 20, no. 03n04 (August 2013): 1350031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x13500315.
Анотація:
Finite volume method (FVM) is adopted in the present investigation to simulate the temperature and reactant gas velocity distributions in hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) diamond film growth inside holes, using a detailed 3D computational model well in accordance with the actual reactor. The influences of the heat transfer characteristic of the substrate and the auxiliary heat transfer conditions are firstly studied by control variable method (CVM), including the thermal conductivity of the substrate k, the size of the red bronze support block V(x × y × z), the cooling water flux Qw, the reactant gas flux Qg, the arrangement of the gas outlets A out and the emissivities of the different solid surfaces ϵ. Thereafter, the substrate temperature data measured in the actual HFCVD reactor with three chosen groups of parameters are compared with those obtained from the simulations, presenting similar trends and small deviations less than 5%. Moreover, the auxiliary heat transfer conditions are optimized for both the WC- Co and SiC substrates based on the simulation and measurement results, and corresponding deposition parameters are also determined. Furthermore, HFCVD diamond films are deposited on the inner surfaces of both the substrates under the optimized conditions. The characterization results show that high-quality diamond films with uniform thickness and fine-faceted crystals are obtained, indicating that this optimization method focusing on the heat transfer conditions is feasible and correct.
36
Romanjek Fajdetić, Nataša, Brigita Popović, Nada Parađiković, Zdenko Lončarić, and Božica Japundžić Palenkić. "The influence of substrates having various origins on a nutritive value of champignon mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus Imbach)." Poljoprivreda 25, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18047/poljo.25.1.2.
Анотація:
The metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn are the essential elements that have an important role in the human immune system. The aim of this research was to determine the concentration of nutritive values of macroelements (N, P, and K) and microelements (Fe and Zn) in a mushroom substrate and in a champignon mushroom fruiting body. A trial was conducted in the mushroom production company Romanjek LLC in Slavonski Brod, Croatia. It was conducted in four vegetation cycles on two different substrates, the one originating from Eastern Europe and the other originating from Northern Europe. At the end of the trial, the basic chemical properties of substrates and mushrooms were recorded. A comparison of investigated substrate measurements demonstrates that the highest content of elements N, P, and K was determined in the substrate 2 originating from Northern Europe, while the concentration of microelements Fe and Zn was higher in substrate 1, originating, from Eastern Europe. There was a statistically significant difference in a macroelement content in the mushrooms grown on the substrates of different origin, as well as in the transfer of Zn and Fe from a substrate to mushrooms. There was a higher accumulation of the transferred Zn in comparison to Fe in the mushrooms regardless of the origin of the substrate.
37
Pan, Hung-Ruei, Zong-Han Wu, Chin-Ting Kuo, Han-Jang Ou, Gene-Hsiang Lee, and Hua-Fen Hsu. "The dual roles of a V(iii) centre for substrate binding and oxygen atom abstraction; nitrite reduction mediated by a V(iii) complex." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 41 (2020): 14393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt03274c.
Анотація:
A V(iii) complex demonstrates the reactivity of nitrite reduction without adding external protons or oxophilic substrates. In this reaction, the V(iii) ion plays dual functions: the site for substrate binding and oxygen-atom-transfer reagent.
38
Das, Anath. "Identification of a Carboxy-Terminal Glutamine-Rich Domain in Agrobacterium tumefaciens Coupling Protein VirD4 Required for Recognition of T-Strand DNA and Not VirE2 as a Substrate for Transfer to Plant Cells." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, no. 2 (February 2020): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-04-19-0099-r.
Анотація:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers DNA and proteins to a plant cell inciting crown gall tumor disease on most plants. VirD4 targets the DNA and protein substrates to a type IV secretion (T4S) apparatus for translocation into the plant cell. Several bacteria with VirD4 homologs use T4S for intercellular export of microbial macromolecules to eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts. How the VirD4 proteins recognize the diverse substrates is not well understood. To identify functional domains of A. tumefaciens pTiA6 VirD4, we introduced random 19-codon and targeted 10-codon insertions throughout the coding region. Analysis of 21 mutants showed that only the carboxy-terminal end of VirD4 is tolerant of an insertion. Sequence comparison of VirD4 proteins of Agrobacterium spp. and their close relative, Rhizobium etli, showed that these proteins contain a highly conserved C-terminal end, but the immediate upstream regions share no discernible sequence similarity. The conserved region sequence is rich in the amino acid glutamine (6/13 Q). Using site-specific and deletion mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the conserved Q-rich region is required for VirD4 function and for the specific recognition of VirD2-linked T-strand DNA as a substrate for translocation to plants. The Q-rich region is not required for the transfer of a second A. tumefaciens substrate, VirE2, to plants or a promiscuous Escherichia coli IncQ plasmid to another A. tumefaciens strain. We identified Q-rich sequences at or near the C terminus of several VirD4 homologs, including the E. coli F plasmid TraD. In F TraD, the Q-rich sequence maps to a region required specifically for the conjugative transfer of the F plasmid.
39
Narazaki, Aiko, Ayako Oyane, and Hirofumi Miyaji. "Laser-Induced Forward Transfer with Optical Stamp of a Protein-Immobilized Calcium Phosphate Film Prepared by Biomimetic Process to a Human Dentin." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 7984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10227984.
Анотація:
The rapid and area-specific printing of calcium phosphate with superior biocompatibility and osteoconductivity is a useful technique for the surface functionalization of biomedical devices. We recently demonstrated the laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) of a brittle calcium phosphate film onto a soft and shock-absorbing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. In this work, a new LIFT using an optically transparent PDMS-coated stamp, which we hereafter call LIFT with optical stamp (LIFTOP), was introduced to achieve the transfer of brittle films to harder substrates. Cell adhesion protein fibronectin-immobilized calcium phosphate films (Fn-CaP) were prepared on the optical stamp through a biomimetic process. Then, the irradiation of a single laser pulse transferred the Fn-CaP film from the optical stamp onto relatively hard substrates, polyethylene terephthalate and human dentin. As a result of this LIFTOP process, Fn-CaP microchips with a shape corresponding to the laser beam spot were printed on the substrates. Cross-sectional observation of the interface between the Fn-CaP microchip and the dentin substrate revealed good attachment between them without obvious gaps for the most part.
40
YANG, HAIJUN, PENG WANG, HUABIN WANG, XINYAN WANG, FUCHUN ZHANG, BIN LI, and HAI LI. "ORGANIC SOLVENT-ASSISTED TRANSFER PRINTING ON HYDROPHOBIC POLYMER SUBSTRATE WITH HIGH EFFICIENCY." Surface Review and Letters 15, no. 06 (December 2008): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x08012153.
Анотація:
Patterning materials on hydrophobic polymer substrates have extensive applications in fabricating flexible devices at low cost, while the low transfer efficiency encumbers its advance. This paper provides a facile route to transfer materials onto hydrophobic polymer substrates with high efficiency by operating in organic solvent atmosphere. Under the assistance of condensed organic solvent layer on the substrate, bovine serum albumin (BSA) are desirably transferred onto untreated hydrophobic polymer substrates, such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), polystyrene (PS), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as a proof-of-concept experiment. Moreover, the combination of this method with stepwise contraction and adsorption nanolithography (SCAN) was also demonstrated as an alternative way to further miniaturize patterns prepared by other methods.
41
Tsioros, Kelly K., John A. Holmes, and John H. Youson. "Origin of iron in sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, tissues during embryogenesis and early larval life." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-250.
Анотація:
Iron (Fe) concentration was measured in unfertilized eggs, embryos, prolarvae, and young larvae (up to day 56) of sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) raised in two substrates to determine (i) the importance of maternal transfer to Fe accumulation in sea lampreys and (ii) the influence of substrate on Fe uptake in young larvae. Unfertilized eggs contained about 35 ng of Fe, supporting the maternal transfer hypothesis. There were no significant changes in Fe concentration in developing embryos and prolarvae after hatching. Young larvae rapidly accumulated Fe from their burrowing substrate and the amount accumulated depended on the amount of Fe in the substrate. Since this rapid accumulation coincides with the beginning of exogenous feeding, as well as burrowing, environmental sources of Fe appear to be important contributors to Fe body burdens in larval sea lampreys.
42
Pham, Nga P., Maarten Rosmeulen, Cindy Demeulemeester, Vasyl Motsnyi, Deniz S. Tezcan, and Haris Osman. "Substrate Transfer for GaN based LEDs grown on Silicon." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-ta4-paper3.
Анотація:
This paper focuses on the substrate transfer process which is applied after the fabrication of LEDs on 4 inch Si (111) wafers comprising p and n contact formation to the GaN layer. After applying a passivation layer, a bonding metal is deposited. The wafer is then bonded to a Si carrier substrate using metallic bonding. Next, the original Si (111) substrate is completely removed by grinding and wet etching. GaN-LEDs are thus transferred to a new carrier substrate. The last step is etching of the transferred GaN layer from the back to open the contacts. A surface roughening technique on the backside of the transferred GaN layer to improve the light extraction efficiency of GaN-LEDs is also investigated. All the issues of the substrate transfer process steps such as permanent Cu/Sn bonding, thinning by grinding and wet etching will be discussed in detailed. A typical issue occurring during processing of GaN-LEDs on Si substrates is high stress and related large wafer bow originating from the GaN layer and the thick Cu/Sn metal bonding layer. Such a large wafer bow causes problems for some automatic handling tools and processes like lithography. Solutions to manage the stress and wafer bow have been investigated.
43
Shi, Yingli, Junyun Ji, Yafei Yin, Yuhang Li, and Yufeng Xing. "Analytical transient phase change heat transfer model of wearable electronics with a thermal protection substrate." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 41, no. 11 (October 19, 2020): 1599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10483-020-2671-7.
Анотація:
Abstract As thermal protection substrates for wearable electronics, functional soft composites made of polymer materials embedded with phase change materials and metal layers demonstrate unique capabilities for the thermal protection of human skin. Here, we develop an analytical transient phase change heat transfer model to investigate the thermal performance of a wearable electronic device with a thermal protection substrate. The model is validated by experiments and the finite element analysis (FEA). The effects of the substrate structure size and heat source power input on the temperature management efficiency are investigated systematically and comprehensively. The results show that the objective of thermal management for wearable electronics is achieved by the following thermal protection mechanism. The metal thin film helps to dissipate heat along the in-plane direction by reconfiguring the direction of heat flow, while the phase change material assimilates excessive heat. These results will not only promote the fundamental understanding of the thermal properties of wearable electronics incorporating thermal protection substrates, but also facilitate the rational design of thermal protection substrates for wearable electronics.
44
Liu, Ling Zhi, Yun Ze Long, Bin Sun, Hong Di Zhang, Pi Tao Dong, Na Na Pang, and Yao Liang Liu. "Assembly of Well-Aligned Electrospun Nanofibers via Contact-Transfer Printing." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.277.
Анотація:
Electrospinning is a simple and practical method for fabricating uniform fibers with diameters range from several micrometers down to a few nanometers. In order to achieve highly ordered arrays of nanofibers, a novel and feasible approach, named contact-transfer printing of electrospun fibers, is reported in this paper. Via this method, large-scale aligned nanofibers on various rigid or flexible substrates can be assembled. This technique is demonstrated to be efficient on transferring of electrospun nanofibers with a high degree of alignment (~88.2%) on a SiO2 substrate. In addition, it is found that the printing outcome highly depends on the pressure between collecting and receiving substrate.
45
Adak, Abhishek K., Devina Sharma, and Shobhana Narasimhan. "Blue and black phosphorene on metal substrates: a density functional theory study." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 8 (December 2, 2021): 084001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac394e.
Анотація:
Abstract We have performed density functional theory calculations to study blue phosphorene and black phosphorene on metal substrates. The substrates considered are the (111) and (110) surfaces of Al, Cu, Ag, Ir, Pd, Pt and Au and the (0001) and (10 1 ¯ 0) surfaces of Zr and Sc. The formation energy E F is negative (energetically favorable) for all 36 combinations of overlayer and substrate. By comparing values of ΔΩ, the change in free energy per unit area, as well as the overlayer-substrate binding energy E b, we identify that Ag(111), Al(110), Cu(111), Cu(110) and possibly Au(110) may be especially suitable substrates for the synthesis and subsequent exfoliation of blue phosphorene, and the Ag(110) and Al(111) substrates for the synthesis of black phosphorene. However, these conclusions are drawn assuming the source of P atoms is bulk phosphorus, and can alter upon changing synthesis conditions (chemical potential of phosphorus). Thus, when the source of phosphorus atoms is P4, blue phosphorene is favored only over Pt(111). We find that for all combinations of overlayer and substrate, the charge transfer per bond can be captured by the universal descriptor D = Δ χ / Δ R , where Δχ and Δ R are, respectively, the differences in electronegativity and atomic size between phosphorus and the substrate metal.
46
Kukushkin, Sergey A., Lev K. Markov, Alexey S. Pavlyuchenko, Irina P. Smirnova, Andrey V. Osipov, Alexander S. Grashchenko, Andrey E. Nikolaev, Alexey V. Sakharov, Andrey F. Tsatsulnikov, and Genadii V. Sviatets. "SiC/Si Hybrid Substrate Synthesized by the Method of Coordinated Substitution of Atoms: A New Type of Substrate for LEDs." Coatings 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2023): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071142.
Анотація:
This paper proposes a new type of substrate for manufacturing LEDs based on AlInGaN heterostructures. Instead of depositing SiC layers on the surface of Si using the conventional method, a new method involving the coordinated substitution of atoms (MCSA) to form the SiC layer is proposed. This new approach enables the growth of epitaxial GaN layers with low defect content and facilitates transfer to any surface. The paper details the technology of manufacturing LEDs on SiC/Si substrates obtained by the MCSA and elaborates on the benefits of using these substrates in LED production. Additionally, the advantages of the growth interface between SiC and Si materials are discussed. Moreover, it is found that thinner SiC layers (<200 nm) contribute to the scattering of the LED’s own radiation in the heterostructure waveguide, which decreases its absorption by silicon. For flip-chip LEDs with the substrate removed, substrates with thicker SiC layers (~400 nm) and a growth porous layer of several microns at the SiC-Si interface is utilized to simplify Si substrate removal and enhance the manufacturing process’s cost-effectiveness.
47
Cross, Michael, and Walter Varhue. "Influence of Electrostatic Forces on the Growth of One-Dimensional Nanostructures." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/105782.
Анотація:
The growth of crystalline ruthenium oxide square nanorods was considered on numerous substrate materials. The nanorods were found to grow easily on insulating substrates, while their growth on electrically conducting and grounded substrates was inhibited. The transfer of electrons from the plasma discharge to the developing nanorods caused the nanorods to be negatively charged and obtain a floating potential relative to ground. The electrical charging of the nanorod played a key role in their development.
48
Lee, Heon, Joo Youl Huh, Ki Yeon Yang, Sung Hoon Hong, and Gun Young Jung. "Fabrication of 100nm Sized Patterns on a Non-Planar Substrate by Using Nanoimprinting Lithography." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.665.
Анотація:
A faithful pattern transferring onto a non-planar substrate was demonstrated by nano-imprinting technique. Uniform pressing of a flexible template onto a substrate was important for the faithful pattern transferring. Both the UV-based and thermal imprinting techniques were used to transfer patterns of 200nm sized features to the non-planar substrates such as outer wall of rod and inner surface of cylinder and it could be used for nano-devices such as lab on a chip.
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Flik, M. I., B. I. Choi, A. C. Anderson, and A. C. Westerheim. "Thermal Analysis and Control for Sputtering Deposition of High-Tc Superconducting Films." Journal of Heat Transfer 114, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911255.
Анотація:
For the preparation of high-quality films of high-Tc superconductors (HTSC) on crystalline substrates, it is necessary to control the substrate temperature accurately during deposition. This study shows that thermal radiation heat transfer in the deposition chamber governs the substrate temperature. The application of thin-film optics yields the emittance of the substrate holder-substrate-film composite as a function of the thickness of the growing film. In a single-target off-axis sputtering system, the substrate temperature is measured during film deposition using a novel method for the attachment of a thermocouple to the substrate front surface. For constant heater power, the measurements show a decrease of the substrate temperature, in agreement with the theoretical prediction. Based on the substrate emittance variation determined in this work, a pyrometric in-situ temperature measurement technique can be developed.
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Kaneko, Arata, Yuuki Miyazaki, and Tatsuya Goto. "Transfer-Print of CNTs and its Application to Cell Scaffold." International Journal of Automation Technology 11, no. 6 (October 31, 2017): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2017.p0941.
Анотація:
A bio-chip using cultured cells is developed for an application to drug screening. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a candidate for this electrode material. A transfer-prints is expected to be a CNT-patterning technique applicable to soft material. This present paper is intended to show some basic properties about the transfer-print of CNTs, and also to demonstrate the possibility of the CNTs as a cell scaffold. The present study prepared several types of surface-modified Si substrate with different wettability to investigate the effects of wettability on the transferring ratio of CNTs. Some Si substrates are terminated by OH or H groups, while other substrates are coated with hydrophobic or hydrophilic self-assembled monolayers. The stamps for transfer-print, which have circular dots (50-μm diameter) or a straight ridge (50-μm width) array, are fabricated using poly-dimethyl-siloxane (PDMS). The surfaces of PDMS stamps are inked by single-walled CNTs by a pre-transferring or casting process. The transfer-prints to surface-modified Si surfaces allow the CNTs to be formed in lines of several tens of micrometers, while the coverage of transfer-printed CNTs is also dominated by surface wettability. The coverage of transfer-printed CNTs increases with the water contact angle of the Si surface. It is reasonable that the transfer-print of CNTs is performed by hydrophobic interactions. Meanwhile, two kinds of polymer (polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) sheets are also utilized as a substrate. The transfer-prints with heating around the softening point of the polymer allow CNTs to be accurately patterned into an array of 50-μm dots. The coverage of CNTs is 94% on the PET substrate. The PS sheet with patterned CNTs is applied to a cell scaffold. PC12 cells are cultured on the PS sheets so that the cells are selectively adhered to the transfer-printed CNTs. The adhered cells are extended with some pseudopods. It is demonstrated that the transfer-printed CNTs are expected to be electrodes of the cell scaffold.