Дисертації з теми "Substrat neuronal"
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Vitay, Julien. "Emergence de fonctions sensorimotrices sur un substrat neuronal numérique distribué." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00096818.
Повний текст джерелаcomputationnelles dont le but est de modéliser des fonctions
cognitives complexes par le biais de simulations
informatiques et numériques en s'inspirant du fonctionnement
cérébral. Contrairement à une approche descendante nécessitant de
connaître une expression analytique de la fonction à simuler,
l'approche ascendante retenue permet d'observer
l'émergence d'une fonction grâce à l'interaction de populations de
neurones artificiels sans qu'elle soit connue à l'avance. Dans un
premier temps, nous présentons un modèle de réseau de neurones
particulier, les champs neuronaux, dont les propriétés
dynamiques de résistance au bruit et de continuité spatio-temporelle permettent cette émergence. Afin de guider l'émergence de transformations sensorimotrices sur ce substrat, nous présentons ensuite l'architecture des
systèmes visuel et moteur pour mettre en évidence le rôle central de l'attention visuelle dans la réalisation de ces fonctions
par le cerveau. Nous proposons ensuite un schéma
fonctionnel des transformations sensorimotrices dans lequel la
préparation d'une saccade oculaire guide l'attention vers une rÈgion
de l'espace visuel et permet la programmation du mouvement. Nous décrivons enfin un modèle computationnel de déplacement du point d'attention qui, en utilisant une mémoire de travail spatiale
dynamique, permet la recherche séquentielle d'une cible dans une scène visuelle grâce au phénomène d'inhibition de retour. Les performances de ce modèle (résistance au bruit, au mouvement des objets et à l'exécution de saccades) sont analysées en simulation et sur une plate-forme robotique.
Mizzi, Raphaël. "Mécanismes cognitifs et substrat neuronal de la hérarchisation de la saillance et de la progression de l'attention : approche psychophysique." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2122/document.
Повний текст джерелаWhen confronted to a new environment, the visual system faces too much information intake and cannot process it all at once. Before any eye movement, early automatic attention explores the visual scene in order to select relevant items.Recent research revealed that the exploration of the visual scene is not a random process, but is based on the respective saliency of the items in the field. Salience is not a characteristic of an item per se but is emerging as a result of the comparison between an item and its visual neighborhood. For instance, a yellow flower in a garden of red flowers will be considered as more salient than the others in its visual neighborhood. Thus, a hierarchical ordering of the items is continuously established in a preattentive stage, and consists in a sorting of every element from the most to the least salient. Attention, then, relies on this hierarchy to progress in the visual field. The present dissertation had for objective to investigate the cognitive mechanisms involved in this phenomenon: what mechanisms support the salience-based progression of visual attention? Several papers are reported here and explored this question with experimental Psychology.Moreover, numerous works in Psychology, Neurophysiology and Neuroimaging took interest in the neural substrate of visual attention and revealed several key-structures that would subtend the mechanisms involved in attentional functions. However, when it comes to the salience-based progression of attention, only one study could bring cues of the involvement of certain visual pathways in this phenomenon. Another objective of the present dissertation was to define the cortical and sub-cortical structures that constitute those pathways, in order to explore their roles in the salience-base progression of attention. Several papers in the present report are investigating this aspect through Psychophysics and Electroencephalography studies
Ali, Pauline. "Exploration en IRM cérébrale des capacités de marche chez les sujets âgés à travers le spectre cognitif : Substrat neuronal du contrôle de la marche volontaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ANGE0043.
Повний текст джерелаThe process of aging is associated with a decline in physical and functional performance, which can be attributed to a multitude of factors, including genetic, biological and environmental influences. Such decline may become pathological, affecting specific functions. Cognitive and mobility impairment frequently coexist, and subjects exhibiting gait alterations are at an elevated risk of developing dementia. These associations between cognitive and mobility capacities are underscored by neurological alterations that are common to these functions. This thesis investigates the associations between gait and cognitive capacities across older adults, with the objective of identifying the neural substrate associated with gait parameters.The study analyzed three cohorts (IRMarche, GAIT from Angers University Hospital, Gait&Brain from Western Ontario University) comprising older adults (over 60 years) with varying cognitive statuses (cognitively healthy, mild cognitive impairment and people with dementia). The current study employs structural brain magnetic resonance imaging to examine the relationship between brain structure and gait capacity. Finally, a spectroscopy analysis with a voxel localized in the primary motor cortex was conducted to examine the link between neurometabolite changes and dual-task gait performance in MCI. A first study demonstrates that dual-task gait speed (while naming animals) is a more effective method for distinguishing cognitive statuses, making it a promising approach for screening tests. The remaining articles identified specific brain regions associated with gait parameters, with these varying according to the cognitive status of the subjects. Furthermore, the neural substrate of high dual-task cost (DTC, while counting backwards by ones) provide insight into why individuals with MCI with higher DTC progress to dementia. This thesis offers novel insights into the cerebral mechanisms associated with cognitive and gait decline. Additional studies employing other neuroimaging techniques are necessary to fully elucidate these findings
Amejdki-Chab, Nassira. "Effets des ions sur le transport neuronal de la dopamine et sur la liaison des inhibiteurs et des substrats au transporteur, étudiée à l'aide d'un marqueur spécifique, le [3H] GBR 12783." Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUES042.
Повний текст джерелаCorera, Amadou Tidjane. "Effets des ions sur la capture de [3H]dopamine et sur la liaison des substrats et des inhibiteurs au transporteur neuronal de la dopamine marqué avec le [3H]WIN 35428 ou le [3H]Mazindol." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES008.
Повний текст джерелаBugnicourt, Ghislain. "Adhésion, croissance et polarisation de neurones sur substrats micro-et nano-structurés." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665074.
Повний текст джерелаLeh-Seal, Sandra E. "Neuronal substrates of blindsight in hemispherectomized subjects." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95645.
Повний текст джерелаLe but de mes études doctorales est d’identifier les mécanismes neuronaux qUi soustendent la vision aveugle (‘inconscient visuel’ ou ‘blindsight’). La vision aveugle est un phénomène visuel par lequel le patient hémianopique est eapable de détecter, sans en être conscient, des informations visuelles dans son champ aveugle. Les recherches dans ce domaine démontrant l’existence de la vision aveugle chez des patients hémianopiques ont été remises en question à cause du genre de paradigmes utilisés. par la présence d’artéfacts méthodologiques, ainsi que par la possibilité que des îlots de cortex visuel aient été épargnés par l’opération. Dans la partie comportementale de ce projet doctoral, j’ai démontré que les temps de réaction lors de présentations simultanées de stimuli dans les deux hémichamps de sujets hémisphérectomisés étaient plus rapides que ceux observés lors de présentations uniques dans le champs intact. Ainsi, une image invisible a pu altérer les temps de réaction à une image visible (Concept de Sommation Spatiale). Exploitant les propriétés achromatiques des colliculli supérieurs qui ne reçoivent aucune contribution des cônes S (aveugle à la couleur bleue / jaune), j’ai modifié le paradigme afin de tester les capacités des diffërcntcs voies visuelles pouvant être impliqués dans la vision aveugle. J’ai validé ce paradigme chez des sujets sains et recrutés des patients ayant subi l’ablation ou la déconnection d \m hém i sphère cérébral pour le traitement d’une épilepsie rebelle (hémisphérectomie). Ces patients offrent une opportunité unique d’établir l’existence de la vision aveugle et d’identi fier ses mécanismes neuronaux car le phénomène ne peut être expliqué par une épargne du cortex visuel. Les sujets hémisphéreetomisés avee et sans vision aveugle ont été testés avec le paradigme modifié sous contrôle ngoureux des autres artefacts méthodologiq
Wilkinson, Kevin Anthony. "A Screen for Novel Neuronal SUMO Substrates." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521095.
Повний текст джерелаO'Leary, Tracy Ann. "Allylamine plasma polymers as novel neuronal culture substrates." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251493.
Повний текст джерелаNIGRO, MARCO. "Cortical and subcortical neuronal substrates of social behavior." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/939848.
Повний текст джерелаObert, Alexandre. "Traitement cognitif des métaphores et de l’ironie verbale : étude comportementale et substrats neuronaux." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIML008.
Повний текст джерелаOur main aim was to assess the cognitive and neural basis of the figurative language processing using neuroimaging tools (EEG and fMRI). We were especially interested in semantic and pragmatic inferential processes. In order to better grasp these processes, we have studies the comprehension of novel verbal metaphor (“to catapult his/her words”) and verbal irony (“Everybody thinks he is foul. He is a very popular man.”). This choice was based upon the hypothesis that each of these figurative expressions specifically engages one of the two inferential processes: semantic for metaphors and pragmatic for irony. Following this hypothesis, our results point out that the comprehension of novel metaphoric expression is built on the research and the integration of a semantic congruent information, supporting a sequential processing hypothesis. The assessment of the cerebral basis of the processing of such expressions embedded in a context has revealed regions in posterior areas, suggesting a conceptual manipulation process. Concerning the irony processing, we observed a greater late integration processing for ironic sentences than literal ones, suggestion a more effortful pragmatic processing. Finally, we observed a fronto-temporal network specific to irony processing. Some part of this network could be involved in both the contrast between the utterance and the context and the humor processing of the sentences. Our results are confronted with psycholinguistic and cognitive theories about figurative language processing
Obert, Alexandre. "Traitement cognitif des métaphores et de l’ironie verbale : étude comportementale et substrats neuronaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIML008.
Повний текст джерелаOur main aim was to assess the cognitive and neural basis of the figurative language processing using neuroimaging tools (EEG and fMRI). We were especially interested in semantic and pragmatic inferential processes. In order to better grasp these processes, we have studies the comprehension of novel verbal metaphor (“to catapult his/her words”) and verbal irony (“Everybody thinks he is foul. He is a very popular man.”). This choice was based upon the hypothesis that each of these figurative expressions specifically engages one of the two inferential processes: semantic for metaphors and pragmatic for irony. Following this hypothesis, our results point out that the comprehension of novel metaphoric expression is built on the research and the integration of a semantic congruent information, supporting a sequential processing hypothesis. The assessment of the cerebral basis of the processing of such expressions embedded in a context has revealed regions in posterior areas, suggesting a conceptual manipulation process. Concerning the irony processing, we observed a greater late integration processing for ironic sentences than literal ones, suggestion a more effortful pragmatic processing. Finally, we observed a fronto-temporal network specific to irony processing. Some part of this network could be involved in both the contrast between the utterance and the context and the humor processing of the sentences. Our results are confronted with psycholinguistic and cognitive theories about figurative language processing
Ramer, Matthew Stephen. "Sympathetic and sensory neuronal plasticity, peripheral substrates of neuropathic pain." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ31950.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHughes, Mark Antony. "Cell patterning and neuronal network engineering on parylene-C:SiO2 substrates." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10029.
Повний текст джерелаTafazoli, Sina. "Behavioral and Neuronal Substrates of Invariant Object Recognition in Rats." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4838.
Повний текст джерелаHarris, James Patrick. "The Glia-Neuronal Response to Cortical Electrodes: Interactions with Substrate Stiffness and Electrophysiology." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1320950439.
Повний текст джерелаCotto, Bianca. "Cocaine and HIV-1 Tat Alter Astrocyte Energetics and Essential Neuronal Substrate Supply." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/551275.
Повний текст джерелаPh.D.
While peripheral viral loads can be largely controlled by combination antiretroviral therapy, a significant number of people with HIV (PWH) suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Cocaine use is a major risk factor for becoming HIV infected, and data have shown that HIV+ cocaine user individuals have worse neurocognitive impairments than those observed from either disease alone. The HIV protein Tat and cocaine synergize to cause damage to neurons in the brain, but astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are an understudied population in these individuals. Importantly, astrocytes support neurons metabolically by supplying key metabolites such as lactate and cholesterol to meet the large energy demands of neurons. Astrocyte-derived lactate is taken up by neurons to serve as a key substrate for ATP production. Additionally, the brain requires an intricate balance of cholesterol to support synaptodendritic communications. Disruption of cholesterol supply and energy deficits have been implicated in brain aging and many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease. There have been reports of altered brain metabolite profiles in PWH indicative of changes in energy homeostasis. We hypothesized that cocaine and Tat work together to disrupt astrocyte energy metabolism. These changes in energy demand compromise the astrocyte’s ability to support neurons leading to neuronal dysfunction and worsening HAND. Our data show that exposure of astrocytes to cocaine and Tat significantly enhances aerobic glycolysis and decreases lactate production. Our findings also demonstrate that cocaine and Tat decrease astrocyte-derived cholesterol, pointing to a deficiency in cholesterol supply and efflux for use by neurons. These findings are supported in the Tat transgenic mouse model of chronic cocaine use. Taken together, these data uncover novel alterations in the bioenergetics pathway in astrocytes exposed to cocaine and the HIV protein, Tat. Results from these studies point to a new pathway in the CNS that may contribute to HAND in HIV+ cocaine users.
Temple University--Theses
Zim, Bret E. "Improved Fabrication and Quality Control of Substrate Integrated Microelectrode Arrays." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2484/.
Повний текст джерелаMigliorini, Elisa. "Nanostructured substrates to control the Embryonic Stem cells differentiation into neuronal lineage." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7367.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this project was to develop new nanotechnology-based strategies to increase embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation into neuronal lineage. In particular it was chosen to investigate a nanostructured physical support for in vitro stem cell culture in which both the nanometrical topography and mechanical properties are well controlled and characterized. Nanopatterned substrates were designed to have physical properties as close as possible to the in vivo microenvironment where stem cells normally grow and differentiate based on the assumption that mimicking the natural niche equilibrium is of fundamental importance for stem cell fate. First, an original nanotechnological approach to fabricate the substrates for in vitro neuronal precursors culture was developed. Secondly the substrate geometrical and mechanical parameters were optimized in order to achieve the maximum differentiation yield of ESCs-derived neuronal precursors (NPs). It was reached a neuronal yield of 74±7% at 48 hours after NPs differentiation induction, which represents the highest yield ever published using nanopatterned substrates with controlled and highthroughput reproducible nanometrical features for cell culture. Moreover it was demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the substrate play a major role with respect to other parameters, such as substrate composition and geometry. A time-dependent analysis showed that the first hours after cell seeding are crucial in the determination of the final differentiation yield. A further control of ESCs differentiation by manipulating the substrates physical parameters, required a deep understanding of the cell-substrate interaction, therefore it was studied the behavior of neuronal precursors when placed and grown on different artificial substrates using atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope, and single cell force spectroscopy measurements. The latter lead to a quantification of the forces that develop between neuronal precursors and substrate and provided a clear relationship between adhesion forces and differentiation. My results suggested the importance of the physical parameter involved in the regulation of the neuronal differentiation and to new guidelines for future applications in regenerative medicine.
XXIV Ciclo
1984
Stark, Carolin [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Joos, and Simon [Akademischer Betreuer] Maier. "Neuronale Substrate der Furchtkonditionierung bei remittierten Anorexia Nervosa-Patientinnen : : eine fMRT-Studie." Freiburg : Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1178321460/34.
Повний текст джерелаTupal, Srinivasan. "Molecular Substrates And Neuronal Network Subserving Audiogenic Kindling In Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1879660381&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Повний текст джерела"Department of Pharmacology." Keywords: Molecular substrates, Audiogenic kindling, Post-tonic clonus, Seizures. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-148). Also available online.
Mai-Lippold, Sandra Antonie [Verfasser]. "Neuronale Substrate im Wechselspiel von Interozeption, Emotionen und Körperbild / Sandra Antonie Mai-Lippold." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234554933/34.
Повний текст джерелаWatts, Russell Edward. "Evaluation of DETA as a surface treatment to enhance neuronal attachment to a silicone-based substrate." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16905.
Повний текст джерелаAlmasoudi, Kholoud S. "The fate of nonsense-mediated RNA decay factors and their substrates during neuronal differentiation." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238313.
Повний текст джерелаJakupovic, Dilara. "The Dynamic Response of Enteric Neurons to Polymeric Substrates." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37895.
Повний текст джерелаMörtl, Mario Samuel. "Substrate specificity of Glycine Oxidase and protein interaction specificity of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule TAG-1." [S.l. : s.n.], 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-66181.
Повний текст джерелаPetrovici, Mihai Alexandru [Verfasser], and Karlheinz [Akademischer Betreuer] Meier. "Form vs. Function: Theory and Models for Neuronal Substrates / Mihai Alexandru Petrovici ; Betreuer: Karlheinz Meier." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1180615441/34.
Повний текст джерелаRohrsen, Christian [Verfasser], and Björn [Akademischer Betreuer] Brembs. "The neuronal substrates of reinforcement and punishment in Drosophila melanogaster / Christian Rohrsen ; Betreuer: Björn Brembs." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1196873569/34.
Повний текст джерелаPetrovici, Mihai A. [Verfasser], and Karlheinz [Akademischer Betreuer] Meier. "Form vs. Function: Theory and Models for Neuronal Substrates / Mihai Alexandru Petrovici ; Betreuer: Karlheinz Meier." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1180615441/34.
Повний текст джерелаPardo-Figuerez, Maria M. "Designing neuronal networks with chemically modified substrates : an improved approach to conventional in vitro neural systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27941.
Повний текст джерелаBasora, Marimon Anna 1986. "Exploring the role of genetics and environment on the neural substrates of word and rule learning." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384711.
Повний текст джерелаThe genetic and environmental origin of individual differences in word and grammar learning is unknown. Two separate studies addressed this issue. In the first study, monozygotic and dizygotic twins were exposed to a word and rule learning task while event-related potentials were recorded. Brain signal similarity between twins was measured, and indicated a weak influence of genetics in both processes. In the second study, white matter integrity estimates were obtained for language-relevant connections in a sample of monozygotic twins that also underwent a statistical word learning task. Twin differences in both white matter integrity and word learning performance were computed and correlated. Significant results in the left arcuate and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus revealed that the environmental pressures affecting the integrity of these two structures partially explain individual differences in word learning. Taken together, both studies suggest that life experiences play a pivotal role in shaping the neural substrates of word and rule learning.
Girod, Thomas. "Un modèle d'apprentissage multimodal pour un substrat distribué d'inspiration corticale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10092.
Повний текст джерелаThe field of computational neurosciences is interested in modeling the cognitive functions through biologically-inspired, numerical models. In this thesis, we focus on learning in a multimodal context, ie the combination of several sensitive/motor modalities. Our model draws from the cerebral cortex, supposedly linked to multimodal integration in the brain, and modelize it on a mesoscopic scale with 2d maps of cortical columns and axonic projections between maps. To build our simulations, we propose a library to simplify the construction and evaluation of mesoscopic models. Our learning model is based on the BCM model (Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro), which offers a local, unsupervized, biologically plausible learning algorithm (one unit learns autonomously from its entries). We adapt this algorithm by introducing the notion of guided learning, a mean to bias the convergence to the benefit of a chosen stimuli. Then, we use this mecanism to establish correlated learning between several modalities. Thanks to correlated leanring, the selectivities acquired tend to account for the same phenomenon, perceived through different modalities. This is the basis for a coherent, multimodal representation of this phenomenon
Dold, Dominik [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Mielke. "Harnessing function from form: towards bio-inspired artificial intelligence in neuronal substrates / Dominik Dold ; Betreuer: Andreas Mielke." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1211090531/34.
Повний текст джерелаMuriel, Panouillères. "Contrôle du regard: mécanismes et substrats neuronaux de l'adaptation des mouvements oculaires saccadiques chez l'homme." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00623781.
Повний текст джерелаPanouillères, Muriel. "Contrôle du regard : mécanismes et substrats neuronaux de l'adaptation des mouvements oculaires saccadiques chez l'homme." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821102.
Повний текст джерелаPanouillères, Muriel. "Contrôle du regard : mécanismes et substrats neuronaux de l’adaptation des mouvements oculaires saccadiques chez l’homme." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10136/document.
Повний текст джерела“- How can we appreciate the complexity of the surrounding word? - By moving our eyes! - Why? - Because an efficient visual perception (with a maximal acuity!) necessitates placing the image of pertinent element from the visual scene at the level of a small part of our retina: the fovea.” Ocular saccades are the fastest movements our organism can produce and they are also highly precise. The control of these movements is a challenge for our brain. Indeed, these saccades are so fast that no visual information can be used during their execution to modify their trajectory. But then, what means does our brain have to maintain these performances all life long? In case of repeated inaccuracies, some mechanisms will progressively modify the amplitude of our ocular saccades in order to restore accuracy. This saccadic adaptation relies on central plastic modifications. The work of this doctorate has the vocation to elucidate the characteristics of saccadic adaptation in Human. Complimentary approaches allowed to study on one side, the adaptation of the two main saccade categories, reactive saccades and voluntary saccades, and on another side, the adaptation decreasing and increasing saccade amplitude. Our data dissects the complexity of mechanisms underlying saccadic adaptation and highlights the neural substrates necessary for these adaptive changes to take place. Our work constitutes also the basis for the development of new rehabilitation procedures, usingoculomotor plasticity
Hopper, Andrew. "Development of functionalised carbon based substrates for neuronal cell culture and production of carbon nanoparticles for bioimaging applications." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8473/.
Повний текст джерелаGirod, Thomas. "Un modèle d'apprentissage multimodal pour un substrat distribué d'inspiration corticale." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547941.
Повний текст джерелаBonneau, Nicolas. "Substrats neuronaux impliqués dans le sevrage des opiacés et dans le rappel des mémoires affectives associées." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21791/document.
Повний текст джерелаAddiction is a psychobiological disorder that is characterized by repeated drug intakes, inability to control its consumption and a chronic tendency to relapse. Concerning opiate addiction (heroin, morphine), cessation of drug consumption induces a withdrawal syndrome, which can be strongly and persistently associated with the environment in which it is experimented. This association is so tight that a single re-exposure to this specific environment is enough to provoke a negative emotional state, which may promote drug relapse. In opiate dependence, it becomes clearer and clearer that reactivation of the affective memories associated with drug withdrawal play a major role in drug seeking. In terms of neurobiological processes, previous works conducted in the lab have shown that synaptic plasticity takes place during the conditioning of stimuli to opiate withdrawal, in limbic structures known to be involved in associative learning. It has been suggested that the consequences of the re-exposition to withdrawal conditioned stimuli are due to the reactivation of these specific limbic regions. In theses studies, environmental stimuli were both associated to the early aversive state of withdrawal and to somatic symptoms. This represents a first step in the understanding of the cellular processes involved in the formation and retrieval of withdrawal memories. However, in order to better understand how these memories could play a role in relapse, it is necessary to analyze the neuronal substrates involved in the conditioned effects of the sole early aversive motivational component of opiate withdrawal. Indeed, this motivational component is considered as exerting a strong influence on the maintaining of drug consumption, and eventually on the vulnerability to relapse in abstinent addicts. The aim of my work was to specify the neurobiological substrates involved in opiate withdrawal and in the retrieval of the aversive memories especially the memories associated with the motivational component of withdrawal. We first developed an in situ hybridization approach (catFISH) whose main advantage is to add a dynamical dimension to the neuronal activations induced by a stimulation. We validated the use of the catFISH method by studying the dynamics of neuronal activations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the nucleus accumbens (Nac), the central (CeA) and basolateral (BLA) nucleus of the amygdala as a consequence of the precipitation of opiate withdrawal. Our results show that catFISH allows determining persistent neuronal activations and that the CeA and the Nac have a different dynamics of activation in response to opiate withdrawal. In the second part, we studied the neuronal substrates involved when the retrieval of opiate withdrawal memories modifies an operant goal-directed behaviour, according to the withdrawal intensity. The use of catFISH allowed us to differentiate the neuronal activations induced by the re-exposition to the withdrawal context or to the conditioned stimuli. Our results show that the PFC and the Nac shell are involved in the retrieval of contextual memories of withdrawal and that PFC, Nac core and BLA are activated by the retrieval of more specific conditioned stimuli.Lastly, we analysed, using a conditioned place aversion protocol, the neuronal structures recruited by the retrieval of the memories associated with the motivational component of opiate withdrawal. Our results suggest that the Nac shell and the BLA are the brain structures that are the most sensible to the retrieval of the memories of opiate withdrawal.Overall, our work emphasized the crucial role played by the Nac shell and the BLA within a network of neuronal substrates involved in the processing of aversive emotional memories associated with opiate withdrawal. These structures could be considered as the common substrates to the processing of emotional memories associated with the effects of drugs of abuse. These results will be compared with an in vivo electrophysiology on behaving animals’ approach that we initiated during my PhD. This study will consist of detailing longitudinally the dynamics of the PFC/Nac/BLA network during the formation and the retrieval of the memories of opiate withdrawal. This study will also provide more details on the specific functions of the previously studied neuronal substrates in the processing of opiate withdrawal memories
Garcia, Mikael. "Rôle du couplage N-cadhérine/actine dans les mécanismes de motilité et de différentiation synaptique dans les neurones." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22055/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe homophilic adhesion molecule N-cadherin plays major roles in brain development, notably affecting axon outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. During my PhD work, I addressed the role of N-cadherin in these two processes, using primary neurons cultured on micro-patterned substrates. These substrates are coated with purified N-cadherin to trigger selective N-cadherin adhesions in a spatially controled manner. My two first studies are based on the “molecular clutch” paradigm, by which the actin motile machinery is coupled to adhesion at the cell membrane to generate forces on the substrate and allow cells to move forward (Giannone et al., 2009). Many publications have provided evidence for such a mechanism (Mitchison et Kirschner, 1988 ; Suter et Forscher, 1998), but the exact mechanisms underlying the molecular coupling between the actin retrograde flow and adhesion proteins remain elusive. The team previously inferred, using optical tweezers, that a molecular clutch between the actin flow and N-cadherin adhesions drives growth cone migration (Bard et al., 2008), but could not achieve a direct visualization of the engagement process with this technique. Here, we combined the use of micropattern substrates with high resolution microscopy sptPALM/TIRF to visualize directly the dynamics of the main proteins involved in the molecular clutch. In my first paper, I reveal for the first time transient interactions between the actin flow and N-cadherin adhesions in growth cones, reflecting a slipping clutch process at the individual molecular level (Garcia et al., in preparation). In a second study, working with more mature neurons, we revealed that engagement of a molecular clutch between trans-synaptic N-cadherin adhesions and the actin flow underlies the stabilization of dendritic filopodia into mature spines (Chazeau/Garcia et al., in preparation). I also participated to a third study, where I observed the effect of N-cadherin coated substrates on synaptogenesis. I showed that, although N-cadherin on micro-patterned substrates stimulated axonal and dendritic elongation and played a major role in morphological maturation, it was not able to induce synapse formation like neurexin/neuroligin or SynCAM adhesions (Czöndör et al., 2013)
Gauthier, Baptiste. "Les fluctuations périodiques de l'activité neuronale, substrat commun de l'organisation temporelle de la perception sensorielle et de la perception de la durée." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066580.
Повний текст джерелаConsciousness, in its most general definition, is intrinsically bound to the temporal dimension. Events succeed each other in a continuous flow of information from the senses. Surprisingly, we are rather limited in our capacity to individualize fast-paced successive events when it comes to report content of these events. Behavioral experiments performed in order to quantify these limitations suggest that the probability of stimulus detection fluctuate in time in periodic fashion. Moreover, sensory sampling shows a finer temporal grain than conscious sampling, suggesting the existence of a mechanism responsible for this loss. Looking for the neuronal basis of this process, we performed an experiment in cerebral imaging with fMRI where subjects were exposed to an alternation of two stimuli - a face and a house – at a sample of temporal frequencies of alternation from the classical flicker fusion frequency (~30Hz) to slow frequencies less than 1 Hz. We show that some specific frequencies evoked a maximal activity in visual regions and theses “tuning” frequencies decreases along the ventral visual stream, from the very primary regions to those encoding category information of the stimulation. Considering the most anterior regions, this tuning property seems to be purely induced by the frequency of alternation as none effect of stimulus duration was found. We interpreted this decrease of tuning peak values as a neural basis of temporal limitation of conscious visual perception, and it strongly suggest that this limitation is based on periodic windows of information processing. Finally, we demonstrated that the tuning frequencies decrease when manipulating the effect of attention, revealing that this process is actively maintained and modulated in a top-down fashion, presumably resulting from an additional latency. These results strongly suggest implications of neuronal oscillations. The temporal resolution of fMRI doesn’t allow looking at such phenomenon so we try to replicate these effects with MEG. The first results are consistent with the idea of a tuning frequency decrease from primary to high-level regions but precise localization still need to be performed with the accurate method of proper source reconstruction. One other central aspect of temporal segmentation of the stream of consciousness lies in the capacity to get and manipulate the duration of events. Could it be possible that the same kind of periodic process underlies this cognitive function? We based our hypothesis on the pacemaker-accumulator model to look for covariation between oscillatory activity in MEG recordings in a time interval production task and the ability to perform it. We didn’t found correlates of oscillatory pacemaker activity yet but spectral fluctuation that are likely to be due to attentional fluctuation. In a more general point of view, more and more experimental evidences show the existence of oscillatory processes that account for temporal regularity structuring different faces of perception. One fundamental functional aspect of perception, at local scale, of periodicity is the ability to segment information in discrete units and, in a global scale, to allow the different levels of the cognitive hierarchy to exchange efficiently these pieces of information. The kind of functional optimization allows organizing the stream of consciousness but also constrains the system to some capacity limitations
Aslam, Nabeel. "Neuron cell survival on positively charged surface bound gold nanoparticles over gold and silicon substrate." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-44033.
Повний текст джерелаLamour, Guillaume. "Influence de la nanostructuration énergétique des substrats dans l'adhésion et la différenciation des cellules neuronales modèles PC12." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523656.
Повний текст джерелаGuerrier, Laura. "Substrats cognitifs et neuronaux de l'anosognosie dans la maladie d'Alzheimer typique et atypique : étude en neuropsychologie et imagerie multimodale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30190.
Повний текст джерелаLack of awareness of one's own symptoms is a phenomenon frequently found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This phenomenon called anosognosia, mainly reported in the typical form of AD, implies a lack of awareness of one's own cognitive difficulties that can lead to situations of danger on the part of the patient, on the one hand, and a delayed diagnosis on the other hand. As the origin of this phenomenon is still under debate, in the current research three studies have focused on the study of the cognitive and neural substrates of this phenomenon in the typical form of Alzheimer's disease. Investigations carried out in structural and metabolic imaging have revealed an alteration of the anterior dorsal cingulate cortex related to anosognosia. The functional study revealed a decrease in connectivity between the precuneus and the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, key regions of the network by default allowing the self to be updated and thus maintaining a sense of continuity over time. In a fourth study, the link between lack of knowledge of the disorders and delayed diagnosis was investigated in posterior cortical atrophy. It would seem that in this atypical form of Alzheimer's disease, patients also have difficulty fully characterizing their deficits
Bérot, Océane-Sophie. "Etude du vieillissement hygrothermique d'un assemblage collé et évaluation de la durabilité de son interface adhésif/substrat composite par réseaux de neurones." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP006.
Повний текст джерелаThis project aims to develop a methodology for assessing the durability of a bonded assembly subjected to accelerated aging. By voluntarily damaging the structure of the assembly materials, their properties will evolve during the aging process, there by mod ifying the parameters monitored during the physico chemical characterization stages. The assembly studied consists of a composite material of phenolic resin/glass fibers and an epoxy adhesive. We chose to apply hygrothermal aging to the materials and the a ssembly by varying the temperature. Various surface treatments were also applied to the composite to assess their influence on the assembly's performance, specifically on crack propagation during aging. We were able to highlight various aspects of damage t o the two materials not studied in the literature. The adhesive used is highly filled and aged in its rubbery state, which is uncommon in the literature. This study showed that hygrothermal aging accentuates the degradations known to occur with epoxy adhes ives, which are usually subjected to aging temperatures below their glass transition temperature. Composite, on the other hand, is generally used as an ablative material to withstand high temperatures. However, few studies have focused on the degradation o f this material in a humid environment, even though the results obtained during aging are highly significant. To predict the temporal evolution of various parameters derived fro m the physico chemical characterization of materials, we relied on Artificial I ntelligence tools, such as neural networks, which are increasingly used in the materials field. A recurrent neural network, the LSTM (for Long Short Term Memory), specific to time series, and a classical network, the MLP (for MultiLayer Perceptron), were u sed in this work to predict the evolution of some parameters. However, one of the significant constraints on using these tools is the need for sufficient experimental dat a. This requirement, linked to LSTM, was circumvented by using interpolation functions to fill in missing data in the time series and to increase the number of data sets. The results show that using LSTM and MLP is relevant when the evolution of parameters over time is relatively gradual. On the other hand, if there is a sudden break in the evolution of a parameter over time, the neural network will have difficulty predicting this new trend if it has never learned it. The combination of LSTM a nd MLP has also made it possible to improve the reliability of prediction results over time by combi ning different parameters linked to the physico chemical degradation of materials during aging
Bishop, Paul Nicholas. "The role of membrane-associated UCH-L1 and a screen for Cullin-RING ligase substrates in neurons." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685918.
Повний текст джерелаGaillard, Claire. "Fonctionnalisation de nanotubes de carbone avec des peptides bioactifs : application comme nouveaux substrats pour des neurones et pour le ciblage cellulaire." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6016.
Повний текст джерелаIn the recent years functionalised carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) have emerged as new and promising materials for biomedical and biotechnological applications. The toxicological and biodistribution studies have shown functionalised nanotubes have reduced toxic effects on cell, tissues and organs compared to pristine, non functionalized CNTs because of their higher solubility. Functionalisation of carbon nanotubes with peptides can be envisaged for various applications like development of drug delivery tools, tumour cell targeting carriers, or cell growth substrates. In this thesis, I have developed a strategy for the conjugation of the carbon nanotubes with bioactive peptides as neuronal substrates and for the targeting of abnormal cells B involved in systemic lupus erythematosus. In the first case, the cytotoxicity and the impact on neuron functions were studied as well as the immunogenicity of the conjugate CNT-peptides. For the applications in cell targeting, we have used different kind of strategies to functionalise CNTs with peptide, and we have studied the specific binding of those conjugates to antibodies. This work show great promise for the use of functionalised CNTs as substrates for growth cells, and as new drug vectors
Vernet, Marine. "Coordination des Mouvements Oculaires dans l'Espace 3D chez l'Homme : substrat Cortical Étudié par TMS." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459341.
Повний текст джерелаFrenois, François. "Caractérisation des propriétés motivationnelles du sevrage des opiacés - analyse comparative des substrats neurobiologiques des effets inconditionnés et conditionnés." Phd thesis, Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux II, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006055.
Повний текст джерелаBenmansour, Saloua. "Etude des caractéristiques de la liaison des inhibiteurs et des substrats au complexe de capture neuronale de la dopamine à l'aide d'un ligand marque spécifique le 3H GBR 12783." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES053.
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