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Статті в журналах з теми "Substance abuse"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 4 березня 2023

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1

Davis, Paula, Chantal A. Hermann, Stuart Freedman, and Leslie Lucenti. "Examining Predictive Validity of the Level of Service Inventory–Ontario Revision (LSI-OR) Substance Abuse Subscale for Different Types of Substance Users." Criminal Justice and Behavior 47, no. 8 (May 21, 2020): 956–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854820918621.

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Substance abuse is a risk factor for recidivism that is commonly assessed by the Level of Service Inventory–Ontario Revision (LSI-OR) via the Substance Abuse subscale. Research has yet to examine the predictive validity of this subscale relative to types of substances abused. To explore this, substance abuse history, LSI-OR information, and recidivism were coded for a sample of 498 individuals convicted of a crime with a current substance abuse problem. These individuals were classified by the types and number of substances abused. Results of this study provide some evidence supporting the predictive validity of the LSI-OR Substance Abuse subscale. Furthermore, we found preliminary evidence supporting the predictive validity of the subscale for substance abusers relative to types of substances abused and for those who abuse a single substance versus multiple substances. These results have implications for research, policy, and correctional practice.

2

Osadolor, Obehi O., and Nneka K. Onyejaka. "Substance Abuse and Oral Health of Adolescence." Journal of Nepalese Association of Pediatric Dentistry 3, no. 1 (December 12, 2022): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnapd.v3i1.50065.

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Substance abuse is a rising health trend that affects countries worldwide.It is associated with financial, social, medical, oral and economic effects that can affect the user, community and the society. Some substances have been used in the history of mankind for religious, cultural, recreational and medicinal purposes. Substance abuse among adolescents is increasing with possible associated factors like peer influence, availability and affordability of substances, favourable parental attitude to substance use, parental substance use problems, parental approval of substance use in early adolescence, family structure, locality of residence, social bonding, boredom, type of school, and adventurous personality. Oral health conditions among substance abusers may be attributed to the direct impact of the chemical qualities and nature of the illicit substances on oral tissues, decreased saliva production, concentration, personal preference, the frequency and amount of consumption of the abused substanceand the substance abuser associated oral health risk behaviours.

3

Amir, Taha. "COMPARISON OF PATTERNS OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN SAUDI ARABIA AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 6 (January 1, 2001): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.6.519.

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The aim of the present study was to compare the patterns of substance abuse in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). One hundred and twenty substance abusers from the KSA and 79 substance abusers from the UAE participated. All participants were males. Age, education, age at onset of abuse, substances abused, duration of abuse, mode of abuse, and employment were investigated. Analysis of the data revealed some similarities including age, employment, and substances prevalent among poly-substance abusers. Differences in patterns of substance abuse included age at onset, prevalence of polysubstance abuse, and substances prevalent among single-substances abusers. The findings are discussed and compared with previous reports. Recommendations for future studies are made.

4

Gurung, Alisha, and Hari Prasad Kaphle. "Contributing Factors of Substance Abuse among Secondary Level School Students in Bharatpur Metropolitan." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37107/jhas.142.

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Introduction: Substance abuse is harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substance including alcohol and illicit drugs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and contributing factors for substance abuse among secondary school level students in Bharatpur Metropolitan. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 495 students of grade 11 and 12 in secondary school setting in Bharatpur metropolitan from June to December, 2019. Data were collected using self-administered anonymous questionnaire. Chi-square test was performed to find out the association between dependent and independent variables and crude odd ratio was obtained to measure the strength of association. Results: The result of the study showed that 18.8% participants were currently involving in substance abuse. Alcohol was found to be most commonly abused substance by participants. Substance abuse was significantly associated with male students (OR=11.903, 95% CI: 6.395-22.157), high monthly household income abuse (OR=1.709, 95% CI: 1.085-2.691), time spent on internet more than one hour per day (OR=2.401, 95% CI: 1.388-4.153), no control over internet by others (OR= 2.578, 95% CI: 1.574-4.224), management students (OR= 1.678, 95% CI: 1.011-2.286), absence school more than 4 days in a month (OR= 2.401, 95% CI: 1.338-4.153), students living with others than family members (OR= 2.577, 95% CI: 1.339-4.958), substance abuser in family (OR= 2.701, 95% CI: 1.667-4.377), sibling abuse substances (OR= 4.757, 95% CI:1.467-15.248), substance abuser in close friend circle (OR= 11.204, 95% CI: 6.693-4.18.755), friends insisted/enforced to take substances (OR= 2.978, 95% CI: 1.409-6.294), substance abuser in neighborhood (OR= 2.866, 95% CI:1.777-4.621) and stressful events (OR= 2.434, 95% CI: 1.130-5.243). Conclusion: The study concluded that various socio-demographic, socio economic, technological, educational, environmental and psychological factors play significant role in substance abuse among secondary school students. It is recommended to observe and monitor activities of adolescents regularly, provide a suitable and supportive environment to adolescents and provide school, community and health facility based awareness, counselling and problem solving approaches for adolescents to solve the problem of substance abuse.

5

Brink, Sandra, Piet Oosthuizen, Robin Emsley, Irene Mbanga, and Natasha Keyter. "Relationship between substance abuse and first-episode psychosis - a South African perspective." South African Journal of Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v9i1.129.

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Background. Co-morbidity between substance abuse and psy- chotic disorders is high. Few studies have examined therelationship between first-episode psychosis and substance abuse. Several questions emerge from this common relationship and many of them remain unanswered.Objectives. To determine the effect of substance abuse on psychosis in terms of onset, duration, severity of symptoms, use of medication and outcome.Method. Thirty - three subjects with first-episode psychosis, as well as primary caregivers, were interviewed re g a rding substance abuse and its relation to illness. Thirty-six control subjects were also interv i e w e d .Results. Twenty-seven per cent of subjects abused substances in the 3 months before onset of illness, and 77.8% of the abusers w e re male. Subjects in the first-episode psychosis group were m o re likely to choose cannabis as their substance of abuse than c o n t rols. They also started abusing substances at a younger age than controls. Subjects with first-episode psychosis who abused substances presented at an earlier age than non-abusers. Substances affected symptoms at baseline presentation .Conclusions. Substance abuse has a significant impact on first- onset psychosis as far as age of onset and symptom severity are c o n c e rned. Subjects with an underlying vulnerability to psychosis seem to start abusing substances at an earlier age than the general population. Males are more likely to abuse substances than females.

6

Ofiaeli Chioma, Ogochukwu, Ifeoma Udigwe Bridget, Chizalu Ndukwu Ifeyinwa, and Obiageli Emelumadu Fidelia. "Knowledge and indulgence in substance abuse among adolescents in Anambra state, South-East Nigeria." African Health Sciences 22, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v22i1.29.

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Background: Substance abuse is a growing societal problem with adolescents being at increased risk. The few studies in Nigerian adolescents have not factored in their knowledge base with regard to the concept of substance abuse. Objectives: This study determined the indulgence in and knowledge of substance abuse and associated factors among adolescents. Methods: This was a questionnaire based study involving 10 to 19year olds recruited from an adolescent summer camp in Anambra state, South-East Nigeria. Results: The data of 276adolescents was analyzed, male–91, 33%, M: F = 1: 2. Mean age was 16.4 ± 1.4years. 13.8% (38) accepted they had abused substances in the past; 74.3% (205) had the correct knowledge of the meaning of substance abuse; 10.1% (28) admitted taking substances for pleasure. The substances taken included Alcohol (67.9%), Cigarette (25.0%), Tramadol (10.7%), Cocaine (7.1%), among others. Multiple substances were taken 28.6% of the time. Age category had no significant association with the abuse of substances (X2–2.656, p = 0.282). Stratified by age category, gender had a significant association with substance abuse in Late adolescence (n = 11; M–9, 81.8%; F–2, 18.2%; X2 = 6.893, p = 0.016) but not Mid-adolescence (n = 27; M – 10, 37.0%; F – 17, 63.0%; X2 = 0.749, p = 0.500). Conclusion: An unacceptable proportion of the adolescents were already exposed to substances/drugs in spite of having suboptimal knowledge. Adolescents need to be educated on substance abuse and its dangers in order to curb this in the society. Keywords: Drug abuse; adolescence; knowledge; Nigeria.

7

Smriti, Sneh, S. V. Divakar, S. P. Suryanarayana, and M. Puttaswamy. "Prevalence of substance abuse among high school students in field practising area of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bengaluru." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 4423. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183987.

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Background: Substance abuse is an increasing public health problem. Use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances is a global problem and affects many children and adolescents. Abuse of substances exposes the youth to several physical, psychological and social consequences. Objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of substance abuse amongst high school students in selected schools of Bengaluru and to identify factors predisposing to substance abuse.Methods: Type of study was cross-sectional, study was done from November 2017 to January 2018, study subjects were high school students, sample size was 300, tool for study was structured questionnaire, descriptive analysis done using Microsoft Excel.Results: Out of 300 subjects 10% agreed that they have done abuse of substances. Most of them started it at age below 15 years. Most common reason to start was for fun.Conclusions: Substance abuse was present among high school students and most commonly abused substance was tobacco in the form of cigarettes and most common reason was for fun followed by peer pressure and low marks.

8

Kutcher, S., E. Kachur, P. Marton, J. Szalai, and R. Jaunkalns. "Substance Abuse among Adolescents with Chronic Mental Illnesses: A Pilot Study of Descriptive and Differentiating Features*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 6 (August 1992): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379203700614.

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Twenty-six adolescents with a chronic mental illness (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder of at least 1.5 years' duration) were assessed for the presence or absence of comorbid substance abuse. The two groups were compared on a number of variables believed to identify or predict substance abuse. The substance abusing subgroup were significantly different in levels of social functioning, school achievement, premorbid substance abuse, having parents or siblings who abused substances, dysfunctional families, cigarette smoking, number of hospital admissions, and emergency room visits. These findings are discussed in the context of clinical issues regarding the management of adolescents with chronic mental illnesses.

9

Pagliaro, Louis A., and Ann M. Pagliaro. "The Phenomenon of Substance Abuse among the Elderly: Part I." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 8, no. 2 (March 1992): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512259200800206.

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Because substance abuse, already a major problem among elderly people, is expected to worsen significantly during the 1990s, healthcare providers must be better prepared to identify and deal effectively with this important area of geriatric care. We present an overview of the phenomenon of substance abuse among the elderly with particular attention to the abuse of alcohol and benzodiazepines, the two substances most commonly abused by elderly people. Traditionally, substance abuse among the elderly has gone largely unrecognized because of a low level of suspicion, misdiagnosis, and concealment. It is axiomatic that problems cannot be solved unless they are first identified and appropriately characterized. To respond to the increasing problem of substance abuse among the elderly, healthcare providers must recognize that elderly people are at particular risk for substance abuse, and because of their heterogeneity, they require individualized and diverse prevention and treatment approaches. Once the abuse is identified and properly characterized, specific prevention and treatment strategies can be developed and implemented.

10

Rohi, *. Kiran Ravindra, Swapnil P. Akhade, and Rajesh V. Kachare. "Substance Abuse Among Future Physicians." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/march2014/96.

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11

Sarkar, Kingsuk, Suman Kumar Roy, and Ritesh Singh. "A study of substance abuse among male engineering students staying at hostels in a township near Kolkata." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 8 (July 23, 2018): 3304. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182990.

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Background: Substance is being more common during college days, due to academic pressure, peer group effects, popularity and easy access to common substances. Men are more likely to engage in substance abuse. This was supposed to be more common in hostels. A study was carried out among male engineering students staying at hostels - with aims to find out the magnitude of substance abuse, to assess the potential risk of different substances abused and to find out a comparison between these two groups.Methods: Study was carried out with the help of two part questionnaire, one part containing alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test 8 item screening tool proposed by WHO (WHO-ASSIST). Other part contained socio demographic information. First 50 students, in each two colleges were enrolled in the study after getting their consent.Results: Ever use of tobacco product was found to be 66.0% and 22.0%, of alcoholic beverages: 72.0% and 26.0%, of cannabis: 46.0% and 14.0% - for students of government and private engineering college respectively. In the past 3 months, tobacco (36.0%) followed by cannabis (12.0%) were found to be the most commonly abused substances in government engineering college students while both (6.0%) cannabis and tobacco were the commonest substances of daily abuse among private engineering college students.Conclusions: High level of substance abuse was found to be present among male engineering students staying at hostels with higher level found among students of government engineering college.

12

Ziaaddini, Hasan, Tayebeh Ziaaddini, and Nouzar Nakhaee. "Pattern and Trend of Substance Abuse in Eastern Rural Iran: A Household Survey in a Rural Community." Journal of Addiction 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/297378.

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Introduction and Aim. Substance abuse imposes hazards on human health in all biopsychosocial aspects. Limited studies exist on epidemiology of substance abuse and its trend in rural areas. The present study aimed to compare substance abuse in one of the rural areas of southeast Iran, in a 12-year period (2000 and 2012).Design and Methods. In a household survey conducted in 2012, in Dashtkhak/Kerman, 1200 individuals above 12 years of age completed a questionnaire to determine their frequency of substance abuse. The questionnaire included the following three areas: demographic characteristics, frequency of substance abuse and ease of access to various drugs.Results. Among 900 completed questionnaires, majority of the participants (61.8%) were below 30 years of age and among them 54.4% were male. Cigarette (17.0%), opium (15.7%) and opium residue (9.0%) were the most frequent substances abused on a daily basis. Based on the participant’s opinion, we conclude that the ease of access to cigarette, waterpipe and opium contributed to their increase in consumption compared with earlier years.Discussion and Conclusion. The steady rise in substance abuse in rural communities demands immediate attention and emergency preventive measures from policy makers.

13

A.N., Igboka, Elkhanah C.N., and Agbapuonwu N.E. "Prevalence of Substance Abuse Among Secondary School Adolescents in Owerri Municipal Council of Imo State." African Journal of Health, Nursing and Midwifery 6, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajhnm-rngoj5j7.

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Substance abuse can be described as any chemical abuse, implying the use of one or more substances in a manner that its user excessively and progressively consumes the substance in large quantities or in a manner detrimental to themselves or to those around them. The study examined the prevalence of substance abuse among secondary school adolescents in Owerri Municipal Council of Imo State. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. Two research questions and hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study comprised all 4,435 Senior Secondary School II students in the ten public secondary schools in Owerri Municipal Council of Imo State. A sample of 420 students was drawn for the study using the simple random sampling technique (balloting) and proportionate sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire titled “prevalence of substance abuse among adolescents in secondary schools” (POSAASS) and interview question on students’ substance abuse for teachers, principals and counsellors were used to obtain data. The questionnaire was designed on a four-point Likert scale. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was ensured. The test-retest method and Cronbach alpha method was used to establish the internal consistency and a reliability coefficient of 0.85 was obtained. Responses to the research questions were answered with mean and standard deviation, while the hypothesis was tested with independent t-test statistics. The findings of the study revealed that there is a high prevalence of substance abuse among the adolescents in secondary schools in Owerri Municipal council of Imo state, with alcohol rating as the most used and abused substance (100%) and stimulants the least used and abused substances (20.71%). Other substances that are used and abused among adolescents’ in secondary schools in Owerri Municipal council of Imo state include cigarettes (89.76%), and menthol sweet melted in carbonated drinks (98.1). Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that there should be constant regulation and monitoring by parents of the kind of company their children keep, counselling and health education of the adolescents in schools by the school health nurse and counsellors.

14

Arjaria, Vibha, Sushrut Trivedi, and Saurabh Purohit. "Substance abuse disorder: a cross-sectional study assessing status in rural economically productive population of field practice area of tertiary care hospital in central India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 4303. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183964.

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Background: The epidemic of substance abuse in young generation has assumed alarming dimensions in India. Changing cultural values, increasing economic stress and dwindling supportive bonds are leading to initiation into substance use. Cannabis, heroin, and Indian-produced pharmaceutical drugs are the most frequently abused drugs in India. Economically productive age group is (15-59 yrs) is a vulnerable group for usage of substance abuse leading to an interest of researcher for conducting the study. Present study aims preliminarily on the prevalence of usage of alcohol and other substances of abuse locally available like cannabis and its products, morphine and its products and pharmaceutical drugs of abuse without prescription in rural India. Secondly study aims to estimate the association of substance abuse disorder with various socio-demographic variables.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 430 participants residing in six selected villages of rural field practice area of native tertiary care hospital. Statistical Analysis: Statistical methods which applied are: percentage and proportion, mean and standard deviation, chi-square test.Results: Present study showed almost 11.4% participants had high possibility of getting diagnosed with substance abuse disorder while an association found with age, marital status, gender and occupation of participants.Conclusions: The present study revealed that more than 10% study participants(11.4%) of had the probability of suffering from some kind of substance abuse disorder indicating it’s a public health problem in rural India. Study results opens a door toward less discussed rural population in contexts of substance abuse.

15

Pillay, A. L., and M. B. W. van der Veen. "Prevalence of Parental Substance-Abuse among Child Psychiatric Inpatients." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 3 (June 1997): 947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3.947.

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Of 100 consecutive admissions to an acute child psychiatric facility in South Africa 43 bad at least one substance-abusing parent, while 10 children were from families in which both parents abused substances. 23 children received a diagnosis of depression, but no significant association was found between their diagnoses and parental substance-abuse status.

16

Gorman, Mary. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 98, no. 7 (July 1998): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3471590.

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Macdonald, D. I. "Substance Abuse." Pediatrics in Review 10, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.10-3-89.

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Pires, Marilyn. "Substance Abuse." Nursing Clinics of North America 24, no. 1 (March 1989): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6465(22)01480-3.

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Ambrose, Kate. "Substance abuse." Emergency Nurse 15, no. 7 (November 2007): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en.15.7.6.s10.

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Macdonald, Donald Ian. "Substance Abuse." Pediatrics In Review 10, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.10.3.89.

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Following a decade during which drug use by adolescents was viewed by many parents and other adults as a normal phase of development, the 1980s have been marked by growing awareness of the risks and costs of illegal drug use. Yet, despite the many successes of a burgeoning parents' movement, stimulated by the active leadership and support of the President and Mrs Reagan, drug use persists as a significant threat to the health and well-being of American youth. Physicians are in a powerful position to deliver health promotion messages to patients and their parents and have an obligation to do so whenever possible. Messages delivered on a routine basis can be influential in promoting smoking, alcohol, and drug abstinence. These messages should begin early and continue throughout childhood to reinforce and strengthen the development of healthy attitudes and behaviors. The pediatrician must never be reluctant to express his or her own views regarding the health consequences of drug and alcohol use to patients or their parents. Informed pediatricians represent formidable opposition to individuals who argue that "experimental" or "recreational" use of illicit substances during the developmental years is inevitable, normal, or harmless.

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Mansoor, Shehzad Adil, Muhammad Muazzam, and Humayun Suqrat Hasan Imam. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 02 (December 7, 2018): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.02.2105.

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Objectives: To study the prevalence of substance abuse among prisoners and itseffects on other inmates. Study design: A cross sectional study. Place and duration of study:Central jail Faisal Abad Pakistan during Jan. 2012 to Feb 2012. Methodology: All the convictedand condemned prisoners were included in the study and those exclusively charged for drugsabuse crimes were excluded. A snow ball convenient sampling technique was adopted. Samplesize was not predetermined. The study population was (1080) male and above the age of 18years. Results: About one hundred and eighty four (184) prisoners were found using differentdrugs. Among them seventy six 76 (41.3%) started using drugs on entering the prison and onehundred and eight 108 (58.7%) were using drugs before coming to prison. The 91(49.5 %)belonged to rural area and 93 (50.5%) belonged to urban areas. The most commonly used drugwas heroin 181(96.7%) and 3(.6%) used different drugs like injections or pills. Conclusions:Substance abuse among prisoners was increasing day by day leading to increased crimes,health issues, and significant economic constrains in every country especially among poornations. Strong political will and public motivation was the need of time to deal with the issue.

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Frim, Landon, and Harrison Fluss. "Substance Abuse." Epoché: A Journal for the History of Philosophy 23, no. 1 (2018): 191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/epoche201881126.

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This paper will set out in plain language the basic ontology of “Deleuze’s Spinoza”; it will then critically examine whether such a Spinoza has, or indeed could have, ever truly existed. In this, it will be shown that Deleuze’s reading of Spinoza involves the imposition of three interlocking, formal principles. These are (1) Necessitarianism, (2) Immanence, and (3) Univocity. The uncovering of Deleuze’s use of these three principles, how they relate to one another, and what they jointly imply in terms of ontology, will occupy Part 1 of this paper. The critique of these principles from a Spinozist perspective, i.e. that their use by Deleuze is incompatible with Spinoza’s own metaphysics, will occupy Part 2 of this paper.

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Gorman, Mary. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 96, no. 9 (September 1996): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3464777.

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Gorman, Mary. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 96, no. 1 (January 1996): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3464846.

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Gorman, Mary. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 96, no. 7 (July 1996): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3464908.

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Gorman, Mary. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 96, no. 11 (November 1996): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3464988.

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Gorman, Mary, and Anthony Rodgers. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 96, no. 5 (May 1996): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3465014.

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Kearney, Margaret H. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 96, no. 3 (March 1996): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3465152.

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Gorman, Mary. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 1 (January 1997): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3465189.

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Gorman, Mary. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 11 (November 1997): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3465247.

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Gorman, Mary. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 3 (March 1997): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3465291.

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Gorman, Mary, and Margaret H. Kearney. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 9 (September 1997): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3465434.

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Gorman, Mary, and Joseph Ianelli. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 7 (July 1997): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3465470.

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Gorman, Mary, and Margaret A. Lynch. "Substance Abuse." American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 5 (May 1997): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3465579.

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Patterson, Diana G. "Substance abuse." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 4, no. 1 (February 1991): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199102000-00025.

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&NA;. "Substance abuse." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 4, no. 3 (June 1991): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199106000-00021.

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Raper, Jr., James E., and Lynn Kasner Morgan. "Substance Abuse:." Advances in Alcohol & Substance Abuse 8, no. 2 (December 1989): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j251v08n02_09.

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Ward, C. F. "Substance Abuse." Anesthesiology 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199210000-00001.

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&NA;, &NA;. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 18, no. 1 (February 1997): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199702000-00030.

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SMITH, JEAN C., WILLIAM L. COLEMAN, ADRIAN D. SANDLER, and CATHERINE L. GRUS. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 18, no. 2 (April 1997): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199704000-00025.

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&NA;, &NA;. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 18, no. 5 (October 1997): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199710000-00028.

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GRUS, CATHERINE L. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 23, no. 6 (December 2002): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200212000-00030.

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REIFF, MICHAEL I. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 23, no. 6 (December 2002): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200212000-00031.

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Rowe, Cynthia L., and Howard A. Liddle. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 29, no. 1 (January 2003): 97–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb00386.x.

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Kaminer, Yifrah. "Substance Abuse." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 28, no. 5 (September 1989): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198909000-00026.

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Vale, Allister. "Substance Abuse." Medicine 31, no. 9 (September 2003): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.31.9.23.27714.

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Gorman, Mary, and Dana Murphy-Parker,. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." American Journal of Nursing 98, no. 5 (May 1998): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199805000-00009.

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Gorman, Mary. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." American Journal of Nursing 98, no. 7 (July 1998): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199807000-00009.

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Gorman, Mary, and Gayle Newshan. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." American Journal of Nursing 98, no. 9 (September 1998): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199809000-00052.

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Shuler, Cathryn L., and William M. Bennett. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE." Seminars in Dialysis 6, no. 6 (October 1, 2007): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-139x.1993.tb00186.x.

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