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Статті в журналах з теми "Submerged"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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1

Irmawaty, Rita, Rudy Djamaluddin, and Robby Kwandou. "Effect of Sea Water Submersion on GFRP-S Bonding Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.668.

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An experimental investigation on laboratory simulation of reinforced concrete beams submerged in sea water was carried out. The research aimed to analyze the beam flexural behavior cause by submersion effect in the marine environment and simulation pool. Flexural testing was conducted by using two point loading up to beams ruptured. Total 18 reinforced concrete beams of 10 cm x 12 cm x 60 cm in dimension with GFRP-S bonded on the bottom side. Nine beams were submerged in the marine environment and 9 beams were submerged in the simulation pool. Exposure period is 1, 3 and 6 months after 28 days cured in fresh water. The result indicate that the ultimate load and bonding capacity of beam specimens submersed in the marine environment were relatively lower than the specimens submersed in simulation pool. Based on this experimental study, submerging of specimens in simulation pool (Pp ) could be used to predict specimens submersed in marine (Ps) by using equation

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2

Tien, Nguyen Anh. "To study impact level of dominat parameters and propose estimate methodology for wave transmission efficiency of unconventional complex pile submerged breakwater." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển 19, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 611–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/4/13080.

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This article proposes semi-empirical equations to estimate wave transmission coefficient through submerged complex with solid pile breakwater based on theories of random wave energy conservation of perpendicular wave transmission incorporated with physical hydraulic experiments in wave flume applied on both types of submerged breakwater with and without piles. These equations are able to describe interactions and energy dissipation process for each element of this complex structure which are foundation block and pile rows. Energy dissipation process depends on three major factors which are [relative submerge depth (Rc/Hm0), relative crest width (B/Hm0), wave slope at construction location (sm=Hm0/Lm)] and wave energy dissipation process through pile rows is determined by two major factors [relative submerged depth or submerged length of piles (Rc/Hm0), relative pile row width (Xb/Lm)].

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3

Zhou, Xiao Jun, Jing He Wang, and Gang Luo. "Study on Reliability of Submerged Floating Tunnel with Single Span under Vortex-Induced Vibration." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2168.

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The probability distribution of buoyancy amplitude of vortex-induced vibration for a submerged floating tunnel with single span under steady flow is studied by means of Monte-Calor method in this paper. The probability response of bending moment and displacement in the central span of submersed floating tunnel, including shear response at its buttress are also analyzed. Meanwhile, the reliability of a submerged floating tunnel with single span is also calculated in terms of the structural limit state equation under vortex-induced vibration.

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4

Prihatono, Joko, Taufik Sumarsongko, Tata Cipta Dirgantara, and Rasmi Rikmasari. "Stress distribution analysis on the one-stage non-submerged and two-stage submerged system implant supported bridge." Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 30, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/pjd.vol30no1.16233.

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Introduction: Tooth restoration and implant-supported was one of the methods to overcome the free end cases. Abutment and implant are two components that are fused together by a screw. Therefore, the main problem to solve are loosened screw and implant or abutment fracture because of increasing unpredictable potential force on the implant, abutment, and screw. The purpose of this research was to describe the distribution stress between the connection of the body of implant and abutment on the submerged and non-submerged design of the implant supported bridge. Method: The submerged and non-submerged design implant have been analyzed using the Finite Element Method under lateral and vertical static load for 180 N. The numeric model for lower jaw posterior segmented bone was determined by computed tomography, and the load measurement was performed to observe the distribution at the connection between the body of implant and the abutment of the implant supported bridge submerge and non-submerged design. Results: At the lateral load, the distribution strength value was 1.562x107 Pa, whilst for the non-submerged was 9.63x107Pa. At the vertical load, the distribution strength value was 1.038x107 Pa, whilst for the non-submerged was 3.342x107Pa. At the load of 180 N towards the vertical and lateral on the supported implant bridge, the distribution strength value had a smaller scale compared to the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), which was 1040 MPa (1.04 x 109 Pa). Conclusion: Both of the design including the secondary component (abutment) was safe to used as the supporting implant bridge.

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5

Zhao, Lin, Weihao Meng, Zhongqiang Zheng, and Zongyu Chang. "Nonlinear Dynamics Behavior of Tethered Submerged Buoy under Wave Loadings." International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation 21, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijnsns-2018-0009.

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AbstractTethered submerged buoy is used extensively in the field of marine engineering. In this paper considering the effect of wave, the nonlinear dynamics behavior of tethered submerged buoy is debated under wave loadings. According to Newton’s second law, the dynamic of the system is built. The coupling factor of the system is neglected, the natural frequency is calculated. The dynamic responses of the system are analyzed using Runge–Kutta method. Considering the variety of the steepness kA, the phenomenon of dynamic behavior can be periodic, double periodic and quasi-periodic and so on. The bifurcation diagram and the largest Lyapunov exponent are applied to judge the nonlinear characteristic. It is helpful to understand the dynamic behavior of tethered submerged buoy and design the mooring line of tethered submerge buoy.

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6

Brown, Carl E., Richard Marois, Gregory E. Myslicki, Mervin F. Fingas, and Ron C. Mackay. "Remote Detection of Submerged Orimulsion with a Range-Gated Laser Fluorosensor." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-779.

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ABSTRACT Bituminous fuels (in the form of water-based emulsions) are increasingly being used as fuel sources in many countries. When spilled in a marine environment, these emulsified fuels initially disperse and then, under certain circumstances, coalesce to become highly adhesive to beaches and shorelines. These fuels may either float or submerge, depending on the salinity of the water into which the spill occurs. Similar situations are known to occur with some conventional heavy fuels, as was the case with the Erika incident off the coast of France. Technologies to detect these neutrally buoyant and/or submerged fuels are urgently needed. The remote detection of submerged oil is a daunting task. The majority of sensors commonly used for the detection of surface oil slicks are of no use for the detection of submerged oil. Environment Canada and the Canadian Coast Guard have recently undertaken a series of bench-scale studies to develop technologies for the real-time remote detection of neutrally buoyant and/or submerged fuels in the marine environment. The unique capabilities of “active sensors” such as laser fluorosensors are being evaluated for the subsurface detection of heavy petroleum products. The detection of submerged Orimulsion by laser-induced fluorescence has been demonstrated at a distance of 81 m (265 feet) in a small test tank. Further experiments are underway to confirm the real-time detection of submerged Orimulsion, initially on the ground, and then through airborne tests.

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7

Hu, Jie, and Philip Li-Fan Liu. "A UNIFIED ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR WAVE SCATTERING BY RECTANGULAR-SHAPED OBJECTS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.waves.7.

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This paper presents a general solution for wave scattering by stationary objects, which consist of a submerged rectangular plate and a floating rectangular dock. The objects can be either permeable or solid. The general solution is capable to cover all the existing single rectangular objects, such as a surface-piercing breakwater, a bottom-mounted submerge breakwater and a submerged plate. Furthermore, this general solution can also yield new analytical solutions for different combinations of objects, i.e. a single floating breakwater, and a combination of a floating and a bottom-mounted breakwater. Based on the general theory, a MATLAB computer program has been developed. It can be used to further explore different breakwater configurations with different properties.

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8

Barras, Colin. "Submerged secrets." New Scientist 250, no. 3330 (April 2021): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)00660-6.

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9

Antoniades, K., S. Kavadia, K. Milioti, V. Antoniades, and E. Markovitsi. "Submerged teeth." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 26, no. 3 (April 1, 2002): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.26.3.05618l552p320552.

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Submersion occurs when a previously erupted tooth becomes embedded in the oral tissues. The purpose of this paper is to examine the distribution, the degree of re-impaction, the rate of congenital absence of the successor buds and the treatment in 28 submerged teeth in 17 patients.

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10

Horlin, Eric J. "Submerged Boundaries." Australian Surveyor 39, no. 1 (March 1994): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050326.1994.10558407.

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11

Majcherek, Hanna. "Submerged Weirs." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 111, no. 1 (January 1985): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1985)111:1(163).

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12

DeLoughrey, Elizabeth, and Tatiana Flores. "Submerged Bodies." Environmental Humanities 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 132–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-8142242.

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Abstract Recent scholarship in the blue humanities, or critical ocean studies, has turned to the mutable relationship between human bodies and the ocean, shifting from depictions of a seascape across which human bodies attain agency to considering the experience and representability of sea ontologies, wet matter, and transcorporeal engagements with the more-than-human world. This work generally focuses on a universalized ocean (as nonhuman nature) rather than a geographically and culturally specific place (as history). The authors’ work turns the visual focus from the surface to the depths, engaging with the Caribbean Sea and contemporary artists who depict a gendered oceanic intimacy and aesthetics of diffraction and submergence. Building upon the 2017 exhibition Relational Undercurrents: Contemporary Art of the Caribbean Archipelago, curated by Tatiana Flores, this article expands the conversation from the archipelagic to the submarine, engaging “tidalectic” representations of underwater bodies through ontologies and aesthetics of diffraction. The authors consider the work of artists Tony Capellán, Jean-Ulrick Désert, María Magdalena Campos-Pons, Nadia Huggins, and David Gumbs.

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13

Hewitt, Paul. "Submerged Teabag." Physics Teacher 41, no. 7 (October 2003): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1616476.

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14

Hewitt, Paul. "SUBMERGED SUB." Physics Teacher 48, no. 2 (February 2010): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3293652.

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15

Hewitt, Paul. "SUBMERGED SUB." Physics Teacher 44, no. 2 (February 2006): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2165431.

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16

Blugerman, Guillermo, and Diego Schavelzon. "Submerged Graft Dissection." International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery 9, no. 3 (May 1999): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33589/9.3.78.

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17

Gavin, Henri P., and Kathryn J. Reilly. "Submerged Funicular Arches." Journal of Structural Engineering 126, no. 5 (May 2000): 627–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2000)126:5(627).

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18

Murtaugh, Jim. "SUBMERGED PRIMARY MOLARS." Journal of the American Dental Association 144, no. 9 (September 2013): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0217.

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19

Chiu, Siu-Wai, and Yam-Kau Poon. "Submerged Production ofMonascusPigments." Mycologia 85, no. 2 (March 1993): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1992.12026270.

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20

Mitchell, Fiona. "Submerged in trauma." Lancet Psychiatry 5, no. 9 (September 2018): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30313-4.

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21

Gol'dshtik, M. A., and N. I. Yavorskii. "On submerged jets." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 50, no. 4 (January 1986): 438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8928(86)90006-7.

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22

Evans, D. V., and C. M. Linton. "Submerged Floating Breakwaters." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 113, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919921.

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In this paper we show how a submerged body can, if properly tuned to the incoming waves, reflect an appreciable amount of the incident wave energy by creating waves through its own motion which effectively cancel the incident waves passing over it. A general theory for this phenomenon is described which is applied to the cases of a hinged vertical plate and a submerged tethered horizontal circular cylinder.

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23

Hartwig, K. N. "Malaria: submerged awareness." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 275, no. 19 (May 15, 1996): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.275.19.1482.

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24

Hartwig, Kristopher N. "Malaria: Submerged Awareness." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 275, no. 19 (May 15, 1996): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530430026032.

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25

Nocerino, E., F. Menna, E. Farella, and F. Remondino. "3D VIRTUALIZATION OF AN UNDERGROUND SEMI-SUBMERGED CAVE SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 23, 2019): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-857-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Underwater caves represent the most challenging scenario for exploration, mapping and 3D modelling. In such complex environment, unsuitable to humans, highly specialized skills and expensive equipment are normally required. Technological progress and scientific innovation attempt, nowadays, to develop safer and more automatic approaches for the virtualization of these complex and not easily accessible environments, which constitute a unique natural, biological and cultural heritage. </p><p> This paper presents a pilot study realised for the virtualization of '<i>Grotta Giusti</i>' (Fig. 1), an underground semi-submerged cave system in central Italy. After an introduction on the virtualization process in the cultural heritage domain and a review of techniques and experiences for the virtualization of underground and submerged environments, the paper will focus on the employed virtualization techniques. In particular, the developed approach to simultaneously survey the semi-submersed areas of the cave relying on a stereo camera system and the virtualization of the virtual cave will be discussed.</p>

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26

Abrahamsson, I., T. Berglundh, I. S. Moon, and J. Lindhe. "Peri-implant tissues at submerged and non-submerged titanium implants." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 26, no. 9 (September 1999): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-051x.1999.260907.x.

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27

Yuan, Dekui, and Jianhua Tao. "Wave forces on submerged, alternately submerged, and emerged semicircular breakwaters." Coastal Engineering 48, no. 2 (April 2003): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3839(02)00169-2.

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28

Shi, Chun Yan, Jia Hu Yuan, Fan Wu, and Yong Jian Wan. "Study on Submerged Jet Problem of Concave Optics Surface in Fluid Jet Polishing." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 923–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.923.

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Fluid jet polishing (FJP) is a computer controlled polishing (CCP) process. As the water effect of concave optics surface, the slurry won’t spread immediately until component have a basinful, and jet goes through a layer of slurry firstly before impact in FJP process, the submerged jet will influence material removal rate and bring on inaccurate fabrication results if it is not considered. In this paper, submerged jet characteristics are studied, and researches were taken for submerged jet polishing by simulation with FLUENT software and experiments analysis. Based on that, mathematical material removal correction with submerged depth is established for semi-submerged jet polishing. A BK7 concave surface was polished by semi-submerged jet with removal correction. The results show an affirmative proof for correction in submerged jet polishing.

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29

Zhang, Junyao, and Baigang Mi. "Internal Aerodynamic Performance Enhancement for Aircraft with High Maneuver by Designing a Distributed Submerged Inlet." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031459.

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Submerged inlet has been widely used in UAVs and cruise missiles due to its good stealth characteristics, but it also brings the disadvantage of poor aerodynamic characteristics. Especially in large maneuvering flight, the flow field near the fuselage has a strong unsteady effect, and the total pressure recovery coefficient and distortion characteristics have deteriorated sharply. In order to investigate the steady and transient aerodynamic characteristics of the submerged inlet in large maneuver flight and improve its maneuver envelope, a design scheme of a distributed submerged inlet for large maneuver flight is proposed in this paper. Taking a cruise missile as the research object, the steady and transient analysis of the conventional submerged inlet and the distributed submerged inlet is carried out using CFD numerical method. The results show that the distributed submerged inlet can significantly improve the inlet performance and enhance the sideslip limit of the submerged inlet during large sideslip maneuver flight. When the sideslip angle is 30°, compared with the conventional submerged inlet configuration, the outlet total pressure recovery coefficient of the distributed submerged inlet configuration is increased by 44.2%, and the total pressure distortion index is reduced by 66.3%.

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30

Su, Zhi Bin, and Sheng Nan Sun. "Seismic Response of Submerged Floating Tunnel Based on Numerical Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4651.

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To study the seismic response of submerged floating tunnel, a numerical model of submerged floating tunnel is set up based on the potential fluid theory. According to the parameters of designed submerged floating tunnels at home and abroad, main factors that affect the dynamic response of submerged floating tunnel were analyzed by numerical method. The results show that, the investigated parameters, such as tether spacing, external diameter of tube, immersion depth of tube, water depth and tube concrete thickness, have strong influence on the global behavior of the submerged floating tunnel. Definitely, by the caring choice of such features, it is possible to optimize the submerged floating tunnel structural behavior.

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31

ARAKI, Susumu, Toshihiro MIYAZAKI, Tetsuya YANAGIHARA, Hiroshi NIIJIMA, and Ichiro DEGUCHI. "INFLUENCE OF SUBMERGED BREAKWATER HEAD ON DEFORMATION OF SUBMERGED BREAKWATER BODY." PROCEEDINGS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE OCEAN 18 (2002): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prooe.18.269.

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32

Rücker, M., T. Binger, V. A. Sharanda, A. Schramm, and w. J. Spitzer. "Comparison of submerged and non-submerged dental implants in augmented sites." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 34 (January 2005): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80937-3.

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33

Dan, Zhang, Wang Chuan, Zhou Qiaohong, and Yuan Xingzhong. "Sediments nitrogen cycling influenced by submerged macrophytes growing in winter." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 7 (February 25, 2021): 1728–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.081.

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Abstract Restoration of submerged macrophytes is one of the important measures for ecological treatment of eutrophic lakes. The changes in physical and chemical conditions caused by submerged macrophytes also affect the process of benthic nitrogen cycling. The growth period of Potamogeton crispus is mainly in winter. In order to understand the effect of submerged macrophytes growing in winter on nitrification rate and denitrification rate in the process of nitrogen cycling, experiments were carried out from winter to summer with vegetated and non-vegetated treatments. The results showed that the effect of submerged macrophytes on water temperature was not significant in winter. The nitrogen cycling was mainly affected by variables, which were inorganic nitrogen and dissolved oxygen. Submerged macrophytes had little effect on nitrification rate, but had a certain inhibition on denitrification rate by providing oxygen from photosynthesis. In total, submerged macrophytes growing in winter have little effect on nitrogen cycling in sediment. However, submerged macrophytes growing in winter can increase the attachment surface of microbes and inhibit resuspension of sediment, which play a complementary role to submerged macrophytes growing in summer for maintaining stability of eutrophic lakes.

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34

Xu, Wei, Chun Chen, Min Han Htet, Mohammad Saydul Islam Sarkar, Aifeng Tao, Zhen Wang, Jun Fan, and Degang Jiang. "Experimental Investigation on Bragg Resonant Reflection of Waves by Porous Submerged Breakwaters on a Horizontal Seabed." Water 14, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 2682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172682.

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Submerged breakwaters based on Bragg resonance could be one of the measures used for mitigating marine disasters and coastal erosion in nearshore areas. Here, flume experiments were conducted to investigate the Bragg resonant reflection of waves propagating over porous submerged breakwaters. Furthermore, the influence of permeability, relative width, relative height, and section shapes of submerged breakwaters on Bragg resonant reflection were considered. This revealed that the Bragg resonant reflection coefficient increased with the decrease in permeability and increase in the relative height of submerged breakwaters. However, a slowing trend occurred when the Bragg resonant reflection coefficient peak decreased with the increase in permeability and increased with the increase in relative height. Moreover, the primary peak Bragg resonance increased with the increase in the relative width of submerged breakwaters in the range of 0.1–0.3. This was consistent with the numerical results of Ni and Teng (2021), to a certain extent, as the reflection coefficient first increased and then decreased with the relative bar width. In addition, rectangular submerged breakwaters demonstrated a better reflection effect than the trapezoidal submerged breakwaters, and the triangular submerged breakwaters demonstrated a poor reflection effect.

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35

Zhang, Shengtang, Guibao Li, Xueqin He, Ying Liu, and Zhikai Wang. "Water flow resistance characteristics of double-layer vegetation in different submerged states." Water Supply 19, no. 8 (September 4, 2019): 2435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.125.

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Abstract In a natural basin, the vegetation can change the slope convergence and affect the surface runoff. Vegetation height may vary in an area, showing a two-layer combination of high and low collocation. This study aimed to understand the effects of double-layer vegetation in different submerged states on flow resistance. Plantings of vegetation at different heights may control landslides and contribute to soil and water conservation. This study explored the water flow resistance characteristics of double-layer vegetation at different heights. A plastic bar was used to simulate rigid vegetation, and an indoor channel fixed bed experiment was used to simulate vegetation with different heights of 5 cm and 7 cm, 5 cm and 8 cm, 5 cm and 9 cm, and 5 cm and 10 cm. By analyzing the relationship between the Darcy–Weisbach resistance coefficient (f) and water depth (h), it was concluded that when the vegetation is in a non-submerged state, f and h satisfy f= 5.6427 h+ 0.0245. When the water depth just submerges the low vegetation, f changes abruptly, and f and h satisfy the relationship f= 3.4075 h + 0.0021. When the water depth is the same as the height of high vegetation, f attains the maximum value. In addition, the flow resistance f increases by 0.03 with a 1 cm increase in the vegetation height h. When the vegetation is completely submerged, f is negatively correlated with h.

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36

Ji, Chao, Cynthia Juyne Beegle-Krause, and James D. Englehardt. "Formation, Detection, and Modeling of Submerged Oil: A Review." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 9 (August 21, 2020): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090642.

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Submerged oil, oil in the water column (neither at the surface nor on the bottom), was found in the form of oil droplet layers in the mid depths between 900–1300 m in the Gulf of Mexico during and following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The subsurface peeling layers of submerged oil droplets were released from the well blowout plume and moved along constant density layers (also known as isopycnals) in the ocean. The submerged oil layers were a challenge to locate during the oil spill response. To better understand and find submerged oil layers, we review the mechanisms of submerged oil formation, along with detection methods and modeling techniques. The principle formation mechanisms under stratified and cross-current conditions and the concepts for determining the depths of the submerged oil layers are reviewed. Real-time in situ detection methods and various sensors were used to reveal submerged oil characteristics, e.g., colored dissolved organic matter and dissolved oxygen levels. Models are used to locate and to predict the trajectories and concentrations of submerged oil. These include deterministic models based on hydrodynamical theory, and probabilistic models exploiting statistical theory. The theoretical foundations, model inputs and the applicability of these models during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill are reviewed, including the pros and cons of these two types of models. Deterministic models provide a comprehensive prediction on the concentrations of the submerged oil and may be calibrated using the field data. Probabilistic models utilize the field observations but only provide the relative concentrations of the submerged oil and potential future locations. We find that the combination of a probabilistic integration of real-time detection with trajectory model output appears to be a promising approach to support emergency response efforts in locating and tracking submerged oil in the field.

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37

Nurisman, Nanda, and Trika Agnestasia Tarigan. "PENGARUH KEMIRINGAN GRADIEN SUBMERGED BREAKWATER TERHADAP GELOMBANG DATANG." Maspari Journal : Marine Science Research 14, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56064/maspari.v14i1.16976.

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Sebagian besar pantai di sisi barat pulau Sumatera merupakan pantai wisata. Keindahan pantai dapat meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat ternyata diikuti oleh ancaman gelombang swell dari Samudera Hindia. Struktur pelindung pantai yang umumnya digunakan adalah breakwater. Di Indonesia, sangat banyak dijumpai breakwater yang memiliki gradien kemiringan 1:2. Semakin besar gradien kemiringan breakwater maka semakin banyak volume armor breakwater yang digunakan, sehingga berdampak pada besarnya biaya pembangunan breakwater. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini mengkaji konfigurasi gradien kemiringan pada submerged breakwater. Penilitian ini berfokus pada struktur submerged breakwater dikarenakan puncak strukturnya berada di bawah muka air sehingga ramah bagi pantai wisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan variasi gradien kemiringan struktur 1:2 dan 1:1.5, sedangkan diameter pori struktur submerged breakwater adalah 2 cm. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, struktur submerged breakwater dengan kemiringan 1:1.5 puncak tanpa lubang menghasilkan kecepatan arus yang besar, nilai koefisien tranmisi gelombang terkecil dan presentase efektifitas struktur yang paling besar. Peneliti berkesimpulan bahwa kemiringan gradien struktur submerged breakwater sangat berpengaruh terhadap penjalaran gelombang. Semakin besar kecuraman struktur submerged breakwater maka semakin efektif dalam mengurangi tinggi gelombang datang. Selain itu, kondisi tersebut juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi gelombang datang. Sehingga disain submerged breakwater dapat menjadi kunci bagi transport sedimen dan perubahan batimetri di pantai wisata.Kata Kunci : pantai, gelombang, erosi, submerged breakwater

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38

Zhao, Fengbin, Xin Fang, Zeyu Zhao, and Xiaoli Chai. "Effects of Water Level Fluctuations on the Growth Characteristics and Community Succession of Submerged Macrophytes: A Case Study of Yilong Lake, China." Water 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202900.

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Water level fluctuation (WLF) has a significant effect on aquatic macrophytes, but few experimental studies have examined the effect of WLF on submerged community succession, especially from a large-scale perspective. In this study, field monitoring of WLF and submerged macrophytes was conducted in Yilong Lake (SE China) over two years, and the impacts of WLF on the growth characteristics and the community structure of submerged macrophytes were determined. The results show that the biomass of submerged macrophytes decreased significantly after the water level increased and submerged macrophytes could cope with the adverse environment by adjusting their growth posture, for example, increasing plant length and reducing branch number. However, different submerged plants have different regulatory abilities, which leads to a change in the community structure. Myriophyllum spicatum, Stuckenia pectinata, and Najas marina had better adaptation abilities to WLF than Najas minor and Utricularia vulgaris. Changes in water depth, dissolved oxygen, and transparency significantly contribute to the effect of WLF on submerged plant communities. Therefore, when determining the range of WLF, the above three critical factors and submerged plant species should be considered. WLF changed the spatial distribution of the aquatic plant community. When water levels rose, the density of the submerged macrophyte community in the original growth region reduced as the emergent plants migrated to shallower water, and the seed bank germination was aided by transparent water produced among emergent plants. This can be used as a pioneering measure to restore submerged plants in eutrophic lakes with low transparency. In addition, a suitable water depth created by WLF was conducive to activating the seed bank and improving the diversity of aquatic plants. Finally, a distribution map of aquatic plants in Yilong Lake is drawn.

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39

Z.V, Smirnova. "Automatic submerged arc welding." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 8, no. 7 (July 25, 2020): 2989–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/17872020.

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40

Ratzsch, Hans, and Gernot Schäfer. "Submerged-arc vertical welding." Welding International 1, no. 1 (January 1987): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507118709449030.

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41

Vaidyanathan, Seetharaman, Graeme Macaloney, Jacqueline Vaughan, Brian McNeil, and Linda M. Harvey. "Monitoring of Submerged Bioprocesses." Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 19, no. 4 (January 1999): 277–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0738-859991229161.

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42

Roberts, F. Alex. "Submerged marine streamer locator." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, no. 5 (May 1986): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393274.

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43

Hewitt, Paul. "Submerged Cube and Sphere." Physics Teacher 41, no. 8 (November 2003): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1625201.

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44

Näckel, Stephan, and Per Karlsson. "Submerged vertical safety concept." World Pumps 2009, no. 513 (June 2009): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(09)70214-7.

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45

Yavorskii, N. I. "Non-axisymmetric submerged jets." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 52, no. 5 (January 1988): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8928(88)90107-4.

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46

Whitaker, Allan. "Actinomycetes in submerged culture." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 32, no. 1-3 (January 1992): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02922146.

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47

ERONEN, MATTI. "Exploring the submerged antiquity." Boreas 13, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1984.tb01123.x.

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48

Williams, A. N., and W. G. McDougal. "A Dynamic Submerged Breakwater." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 122, no. 6 (November 1996): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1996)122:6(288).

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49

Flokstra, C. "Modelling of submerged vanes." Journal of Hydraulic Research 44, no. 5 (September 2006): 591–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2006.9521709.

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50

Williams, A. N., P. T. Geiger, and W. G. McDougal. "A Submerged Compliant Breakwater." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 114, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919963.

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A numerical technique is utilized to investigate the dynamics of a submerged compliant breakwater consisting of a flexible, beamlike structure anchored to the seabed and kept under tension by a small buoyancy chamber at the tip. The fluid motion is idealized as linearized, two-dimensional potential flow and the equation of motion of the breakwater is taken to be that of a one-dimensional beam of uniform flexural rigidity and mass per unit length subjected to a constant axial force. The boundary integral equation method is applied to the fluid domain, modifications are made to the basic formulation to account for the zero thickness of the idealized structure and the singularity in the fluid velocity which occurs at the breakwater tip. The dynamic behavior of the breakwater is described through an appropriate Green function. Numerical results are presented which illustrate the global influence of the tip singularity on the solution and the effects of the various wave and structural parameters on the efficiency of the breakwater as a barrier to wave action. Small-scale physical model tests were also carried out to validate the foregoing theory. In general, the agreement between experimental and numerical results was reasonable, but with considerable scatter.

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