Статті в журналах: "Sub base layer"

1

Chen, Pak Wing, Debtanu Maiti, Ru-Fen Liu, Lars C. Grabow, and Michael P. Harold. "CH₄ steam reforming on Pt + Pd/Al₂O₃ monolith: impact of Mn_0.5Fe_2.5O₄ spinel addition." Catalysis Science & Technology 12, no. 8 (2022): 2618–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2cy00270a.

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Zoned catalyst provides CH4 oxidation enhancement afforded by spinel under oxidation regime and mitigates the detrimental base metal species migration from spinel layer to PGM layer under reforming regime.

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2

Moskal, Grzegorz. "Thermal Diffusivity of TBC Layers of RE₂Zr₂O₇ Type." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.445.

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The paper presents the results of basic thermal properties of thermal barrier coatings on the base of rare earth zirconate of type Gd2Zr2O7, deposited by the air plasma spraying (APS) method. Measurements of thermal diffusivity with the laser-flash method were performed within the temperature range of 25°C-1100°C with two and ten hours of annealing. The measurements were performed on the single-layer (AMS 5599 alloy), double-layer (AMS 5599 alloy + NiCrAlY interlayer) and three-layer samples (AMS 5599 alloy + NiCrAlY interlayer + ceramic layer of RE2Zr2O7). By using the NETZSCH Proteus software and the results for the single-layer sample, thermal diffusivity of the interlayer itself was determined by means of the double-layer model. A similar method was used to determine the thermal diffusivity of the ceramic layer. The obtained results showed lower thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity for the new type of coatings in comparison with the standard zirconium concerning TBCs. Those results are slightly different compared with the results obtained for the initial powders, which indicates a crucial role of the ceramic layer microstructure (architecture of cracks and porosity).

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3

Su, Yun Hai, De Guang Wu, and Guang Chao Liu. "Morphology and Distribution of M₇C₃ and TiC In Situ Synthesized in Plasma Surfacing." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1752.

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In order to systematically study the morphology and distribution of M7C3 and TiC which in situ synthesized by plasma arc in the surfacing layer, plasma arc was used to clad the Fe-Cr-Ti-C wear-resistant alloy on low-carbon steel. And high corrosion experiment was applied to the surfacing layer. The hardness, microstructure and phase constitution of the surfacing layer were investigated through the tests of hardness, OM, EDS, SEM and XRD analysis. The results shows that irregular hexagonal (Cross-section) and strip (Side) M7C3 and petal-like, granular TiC were in situ synthesized in the surfacing layer. The M7C3 and TiC was combined closely. The M7C3 grains which closed to the fusion line of the base metal and surfacing layer are fine, but the ones that away from the fusion line are larger caused by the large temperature gradient. Smooth metallurgical bonding layer was formed between the surfacing layer and the base metal, it has a good metallurgical bonding. The phenomenon that carbon diffusion into the base material was clearly, the hardness near the fusion zone was improved effectively.

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4

Balachandran, S., T. Paul Chow, Anant K. Agarwal, Skip Scozzie, and Kenneth A. Jones. "BV_CEO Versus BV_CBO for 4H and 6H Polytype SiC Bipolar Junction Transistors." Materials Science Forum 483-485 (May 2005): 893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.483-485.893.

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The letter presents a set of design curves that relate the open-base breakdown voltage BVCEO to the open emitter breakdown voltage BVCBO for 4H (0001 and 11-20 orientations) and 6H SiC NPN and PNP Bipolar Junction Transistors. We also present design curves pertaining to the variation of BVCEO with base doping and minority carrier diffusion length in the base for (0001) 4H-SiC BJTs for a 4x1015 cm-3 doped and 12µm thick drift layer for both NPN and PNP BJTs.

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5

Ariyarit, Atthaporn, Kengo Manabe, Kenta Fukada, Kyu-Hong Kyung, Kouji Fujimoto, and Seimei Shiratori. "Semitransparent polymer-based solar cells via simple wet lamination process with TiO2 layer using automatic spray layer-by-layer method." RSC Advances 5, no. 65 (2015): 52427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05762k.

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6

Kim, Min Jung, and Dong Bok Lee. "Corrosion of Inconel 625 at 600-800°C in N₂/H₂O/H₂S Atmospheres." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.591.

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Ni-base Inconel 625 alloys with a composition of 58.9Ni-22Cr-9Mo-5Fe 3.5Nb-0.4Si-0.4Mn-0.4Al-0.4Ti (wt.%) corroded at 600, 700 and 800 °C for up to 30 h in 1 atm of N2/H2O/H2S-mixed gases. They corroded fast owing to the formation of sulfides and the presence of hydrogen and water vapor in the gas. Triple layered scales formed. Nickel corroded to NiS to form the outer NiS layer, where Fe was dissolved. Chromium corroded to Cr-sulfides to form the middle layer. Other alloying elements such as Mo, Nb, Si, Mn, Al, and Ti corroded to form the inner layer that consisted primarily of intermixed sulfides and oxides. Since sulfides were present throughout the scale and hydrogen made the scale porous and fragile, Inconel 625 was nonprotective during high-temperature corrosion in N2/H2O/H2S gases.

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7

Dybkov, Vasil I. "Effect of Dissolution on the Ni₃Sn₄ Growth Kinetics at the Interface of Ni and Liquid Sn-Base Solders." Solid State Phenomena 138 (March 2008): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.138.153.

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The Ni3Sn4 intermetallic layer occurs at the interface of nickel and the saturated or undersaturated Sn-base solder melt at 250-450 °C and dipping times of 300 to 2400 s. Mathematical equations are proposed to evaluate the thickness of the Ni3Sn4 layer formed under conditions of simultaneous dissolution in the undersaturated solder melt.

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8

Jesen, S., S. Ruangphet, and S. Cheirsirikul. "SiO₂-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Base Gas Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.261.

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The gas sensors are fabricated from multiwalled carbon nanotube-based. The electrode is constructed from platinum (Pt) and titanium (Ti). The gas sensors are used for detecting oxygen (O2), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and ammonia (NH3) by measuring the charge of their electrical capacitance. In the ratio silicon dioxide (SiO2) : carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) = 100:1 by weight, the electrical capacitance of the film layer has changed at the highest rate. The response of oxygen with concentration of 10,000 ppm, 20% of ethyl alcohol and 20% of ammonia, it is found that the electrical capacitance of thin layer has change about 34%, 60% and 70%.

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9

Li, Dan, Wei-Guang Yang, Chen-Hao He, Chen-Zi-Jun Xie, Long-yu Yang, and Yu Liu. "Research on limiting current oxygen sensor based on La₂MoWO₉." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2371, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2371/1/012003.

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Abstract In this paper, an oxygen sensor with La2MoWO9 as the base material and La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 mixed conductor material as the diffusion barrier layer was made by solid state synthesis method. The sensor has the characteristics of low price, low working temperature, simple preparation process, and has a good application prospect. However, there is also the problem of poor stability, which needs to be further studied.

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10

Yang, Xiu Pei, Zhi Jing Tan, Yu Li Fu, Gu Li, and Hua Xu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Au/Fe₃O₄ Nanocomposite." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.6.

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A new kind of surface-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles was fabricated by surface modification of ferroferric oxide with monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles. Ferroferric oxide nanoparticles were firstly synthesized by co-precipitating Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in base solution, and then coated with a layer of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane by silanization reaction. Gold nanoparticles were surface-attached with 2-mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid which were subsequently linked to the modified ferroferric oxide nanoparticles to produce Au/Fe3O4 composite materials. The outer layer of ligand (2-mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid) on Au/Fe3O4 can function as binding sites for drugs and biomolecules, whereas the innermost magnetic cores are able to respond to an externally applied magnetic field. The as-synthesized Au/Fe3O4 nanocomposite is superparamagnetic (31.4 emu/g), thus rendering it potentially applicable in magnetic drug delivery and bioseparation.

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11

Y. Fattah, Mohammed, Aqeel S. Aladili, and Hussam F. Yousif. "Evaluation of Reinforced Sub-Base Layer on Expansive Sub-Grade Soil." Engineering and Technology Journal 34, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 1789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.34.9a.7.

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12

Zhang, Lei, Ben Liang Sun, Lin Wang, Yang Xu, Yang Li, and Xin Shen. "Study of Properties of Ni-Base Nano-ZrO₂ Composite Plating Coatings." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 1452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.1452.

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The surface of copper plate of the mold need to be reinforced to obtain the plating coatings with high hardness and corrosion resistant properties. Nowadays, Ni-base alloy coatings is used widely in the industrial production. In order to raise the service life of mold, the experiments on the property of Ni-base nano ZrO2 composite plating coatings was done in this paper. The experiments were planned with the orthogonal test design method. The effective factors on the property of coatings, bath temperature, cathode current density, the distance between two electrodes and the magnitude of Nano-ZrO2,were experimentally studied. The optimum process parameter were obtained. The results show that the composite plating layer of Ni-base Nano ZrO2 with good properties can be obtained.The optimal conditions are as follows: the bath temperature is 40 °C, cathode current density is 3A/dm2, the distance between two electrodes is 12 cm, the magnitude of Nano-ZrO2 is 12g/L. In addition binding strength of the coatings were measured quantitatively, and the structure of the plating layer were observed with SEM. The layer with good properties can be obtained in this method.

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13

Wang, Dong Sheng, Zong Jun Tian, Bin Yang, and Li Da Shen. "Preparation and Solid Particle Erosion Behaviors of Plasma-Sprayed and Laser-Remelted ZrO₂-7wt.%Y₂O₃ Thermal Barrier Coatings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 159 (March 2012): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.159.191.

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In this study, ZrO2-7wt.%Y2O3 thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were prepared on TiAl base intermetallic alloy substrates by plasma spraying process. After that, the plasma-sprayed TBCs were laser remelted using a CO2 laser. Influences of laser remelting on the microstructure and solid particle erosion characterization of the coatings were researched. Meanwhile, the erosion damage modes of the two types of TBCs were discussed. The results show that the as-sprayed TBC has a typical lamellar stacking characteristic. The lamellar defect of the plasma-sprayed coating is erased, and the compactness of the coating is improved significantly after laser remelting. The laser-remelted coating consists of column-like crystals along the direction of the heat current. The laser-remelted coating had better erosion resistance than the as-sprayed coating. Owing to the limited bonding at the interfaces between lamellar, the spalling of the sprayed splats from the lamellar interface is mainly attributed to the erosion failure of the as-sprayed coating. In addition, crushing of brittle ceramic coating is also responsible for the erosion damage of the plasma-sprayed TBC. In contrast, cracking occurs within region near the surface of the laser-remelted layer and that erosion occurs mainly by removal of these small blocks. Moreover, the laser-remelted has evident mciro-cutting marks and shows some ductile erosion characteristic.

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14

Gupta, Ramendra Kumar, Nitesh Vashishtha, S. G. Sapate, V. Udhayabanu, and D. R. Peshwe. "Influence of ultrasonic agitation on the abrasive wear characteristics of Al-Cu/ 2 vol% Gr_p composite." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 015001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ac4569.

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Abstract In the present study, the abrasive wear behavior of Al–4.4 wt% Cu composite reinforced with 2 vol% graphite particle (Grp) has been investigated. In the preparation of composite, Ultrasonic Treatment (UT) is provided in the composite melt for the uniform distribution of reinforcement particles. Two bond abrasive wear tests are conducted for composites treated with ultrasound and without UT and base alloy. The results of abrasive wear studies indicate that at 5 and 10 Newton (N) loads, the composite with UT has a higher coefficient of friction (COF) and wear resistance than that of the base alloy (Al–4.4 wt% Cu). Whereas, at 15 and 20 N load, the value of COF and wear resistance is lower for the composite. Two abrasive wear mechanisms micro-plowing and micro-cutting have been observed during the wear tests of base alloy and composites. The analysis of worn-out sample surfaces at higher load reveals that softened material layer due to localized elevation in temperature between two contact surfaces during wearing acts as a tribolayer in base alloy while in composites both softened material layer and graphite layer have worked together as tribolayer.

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15

Fang, Jian Hua, Bo Shui Chen, Xue Chun Wang, Jiu Wang, and Jiang Wu. "Synthesis and Tribological Behaviors of SiO₂/SnO₂ Composite Nanoparticles in Rapeseed Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2928.

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SiO2/SnO2-complex nanoparticles were prepared making use of a chemical method. The tribological properties of the resulting complex nanoparticles as an additive in rapeseed oil were evaluated using four–ball friction testers. The topographies and the chemical species of the worn surfaces of steel ball were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), respectively. It was found that the complex nanoparticles as the additive contributed to greatly improve the anti-wear ability and load-carrying capacity of the rapeseed base oil. The improved anti-wear ability and load-carrying capacity of the base stock in the presence of the complex nanoparticles as the additive were attribute to the adsorption and deposition of the nanoparticles on the sliding surface and subsequent formation of a boundary lubricating layer with a small shearing strength.

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16

Babcsán, J. K., Maria Berkes Maros, N. Wanderka, D. Klaffke, and Helmut Schubert. "Effect of Ion-Implantation on the Microstructure of Si₃N₄ Based Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 290 (July 2005): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.290.234.

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Si3N4 based ceramics that made by hot isostatic press, were implanted at room temperature with N+ - and C+ - ions with energy of 500 keV and 2 MeV, respectively. The specimens were irradiated at a fluence of 1017 ion/cm2. The microstructure changes after ionimplantation in the surface layer were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of ion-implantation on the tribological properties was also studied. After N+ and C+ ionimplantation an amorphous layer near to the surface has been formed which was observed by electron diffraction measurement. The wear tests were performed by means of a ball-on-disk configuration using commercially available Si3N4 ball. The friction coefficient was measured online, the wear coefficient was determined on the base of the wear scar sizes. The specific wear rate was reduced by N+-implantation and the coefficient of friction was lower in the initial stage in both cases.

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17

Пушкарeв, С. С., М. М. Грехов та Н. В. Зенченко. "Анализ особенностей кристаллической структуры НЕМТ-гетероструктур GaN/Al-=SUB=-0.32-=/SUB=-Ga-=SUB=-0.68-=/SUB=-N по данным рентгеновской дифрактометрии методом Вильямсона-Холла". Физика и техника полупроводников 52, № 6 (2018): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.06.45920.8661.

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AbstractThe fitting of θ/2θ and ω peaks in X-ray diffraction curves is shown to be most accurate in the case of using an inverse fourth-degree polynomial or probability density function with Student’s distribution (Pearson type VII function). These functions describe well both the highest-intensity central part of the experimental peak and its low-intensity broadened base caused by X-ray diffuse scattering. The mean microdeformation ε and mean vertical domain size D are determined by the Williamson–Hall method for layers of GaN (ε ≈ 0.00006, D ≈ 200 nm) and Al_0.32Ga_0.68N (ε = 0.0032 ± 0.0005, D = 24 ± 7 nm). The D value obtained for the Al_0.32Ga_0.68N layer is most likely to result from the nominal thickness of this layer, which is 11 nm.

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18

Wang, Xiao Hua, Ji Shu Sun, Tian Xiao, and Hui Ran Pi. "Effect of Asphalt Layer Modulus on the Mechanical Properties and Service Life of Heavy Load Semi-Rigid Asphalt Pavement." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.193.

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Asphalt layer modulus is one of the important mechanical parameters in pavement design. It will directly influence the design result and the mechanical properties of asphalt pavement structure. Using pavement design and analysis software, the effects of asphalt layer modulus on surface deflection, tensile stress at the bottom of base and sub-base course, stress at the the bottom of asphalt layer and service life of heavy load semi-rigid asphalt pavement structure were analyzed systematically. And the influencing laws were analyzed, too. The results indicate that the mechanical properties, deforming characteristics and service life of heavy load asphalt pavement were influnced significantly by asphalt layer modulus. With the increasing of asphalt layer modulus, the surface deflection, tensile stress at the bottom of base and sub-base course would significantly decrease, and service life of heavy load semi-rigid asphalt pavement structure would be improved.

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19

Ye, He Lan, Zhao Xian Xiong, Hao Xue, Hong Qiu, and Chun Xiao Song. "Development of Ammonia Gas Sensors with PPy Films on Base of Mg₂SiO₄ Porous Ceramics for Better Behavior of Chemo-Electrical Relationship." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.363.

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A new kind of gas sensors were prepared via chemical polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) as sensitive layer on base of Mg2SiO4 porous ceramics. Thermal stability of the PPy sensitive layer was characterized with thermogravimetric analysis, including TG and DTA. Chemical structure of the samples was identified with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Microstructure of the PPy film was observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemo-electrical relationship of the gas sensors was investigated with the resistance variation of PPy films at different gas concentrations. Based on series of experimental results, linear behavior of the chemo-electrical relationship was obtained for the gas sensor, y=0.00344x+1.33754, with R2=0.9734.

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20

Tasnim, Sadia, Faiz Uddin Ahmed Shaikh, Prabir Sarker, Shu Ing Doh, and Ja’far A. Aldiabat Albtoosh. "A Comprehensive Review of Flexible Pavement Failures, Improvement Methods and its Disadvantages." Key Engineering Materials 879 (March 2021): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.879.136.

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Flexible pavement failure has been a major problem encountered in various countries. Some common distress which had been listed are cracking and rutting. The causes of this distress are due to moisture, weak sub-grades and poor construction quality. High amount of distress in the pavement however is likely to cause dis-comfort for the passengers, higher accident rate and heavy traffic. Study suggested that, flexible pavement failure can be reduce, through maintenance of the wearing course of the pavement, improving the base, sub-base layer or the sub-grade soil underneath of the pavement. However, high production or material cost, high construction cost, excessive settlement, or weak inter-molecular bonds in the flexible pavement are some of the common problem encountered with the current improvement techniques. This significance difference of this review paper compare to other is that, in this review paper it focuses on the flexible pavement failure, the different types of improvement method currently applied. Consequently, it further recommend flexible pavement improvement method through by reducing the sub-base layer thickness and inclusion of light weight material in the sub-base layer so that, the settlement of the pavement is reduced.

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21

Gupta, Pallav, Naseem Ahamad, Jimmy Mehta, Devendra Kumar, Mumtaz A. Quraishi, Moti L. Rinawa, Sumit Gupta, Vijay Chaudhary, and Kishor K. Sadasivuni. "Corrosion, optimization and surface analysis of Fe-Al₂O₃-CeO₂ metal matrix nanocomposites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 236, no. 8 (December 7, 2021): 4346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544062211047844.

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In the present work, metal matrix nanocomposites are being prepared using Fe as base material reinforced with Al2O3 and doped with CeO2. Nanocomposite specimens were synthesized using powder metallurgy technique. Tafel Polarization, Corrosion Behavior and its optimization using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as well as Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) along with Phase and Microstructure of prepared samples have been investigated. It was observed that corrosion rate and corrosion current density was highest for pure Fe samples whereas 1.0% CeO2 doped Fe-Al2O3 metal matrix nanocomposite system showed the formation of nano amorphous layer on the specimen surface. Analysis of Variance shows that the different compositions of samples have changed outcome on corrosion behavior. Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution analysis shows ordered preference of sample as per the readings of corrosion rate.

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22

Ťažký, Martin, Rudolf Hela, and Michala Hubertová. "Cement-Bonded Sub-Base Layers of Walkable and Running Structures for Rainwater Management." Solid State Phenomena 325 (October 11, 2021): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.325.150.

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Sub-base layers of walkable and running road structures usually consist of a stable subsoil with sufficient load-bearing capacity under the surface layer itself in the form of concrete covers or prefabricated paving elements. Due to their load-bearing capacity, these sub-base layers are most often constructed using cement-bonded aggregate technology. The current hot topic of rainwater management brings opportunities for the construction of water-permeable structures with good water retention capacity. The retention capacity of such a structure can be ensured in ideal conditions by making this sub-base partially permeable and with an absorbent layer while maintaining its mechanical advantages. The experiment confirmed the possibility of producing cement-bonded sub-base layers using light porous aggregates based on expanded clays. The high absorption rate of the type of aggregate used is a good starting point for increasing the retention capacity of the entire system.

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23

Wang, Dong Sheng, Zong Jun Tian, Bin Yang, and Li Da Shen. "Preparation and Characterization of Nano-SiC_P Strengthened MCrAlY Graded Coating by Laser Multi-Layer Cladding." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1937.

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Nano-SiC/MCrAlY graded coating was prepared by laser multi-layer cladding on TiAl base intermetallic alloy using composite MCrAlY powders with 1%, 2%, and 3% nano-SiC particles (mass fraction) in turn. The microstructure and microhardness of the composite coating were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Vickers microhardness tester. The results show that the microstructure of the composite coating was refined and composed of fine equiaxed grains because of addition of nanometer SiC particles, and the crystal size becomes small with increasing the nano-SiC content in the coating. In addition, due to small size and formation heat of the nano-SiC particles, SiC particles decompose and form new carbides in the coating after laser cladding. The hardness of the composite MCrAlY coating is obviously improved due to enhancement of multi-carbide and refinement of structure.

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24

Wang, Lifang, Chaoyu Shi, Suzhen Lin, Pinle Qin, and Yanli Wang. "Convolutional Sparse Representation and Local Density Peak Clustering for Medical Image Fusion." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 07 (October 22, 2019): 2057003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001420570037.

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Aiming at the problem of insufficient detail retention in multimodal medical image fusion (MMIF) based on sparse representation (SR), an MMIF method based on density peak clustering and convolution sparse representation (CSR-DPC) is proposed. First, the base layer is obtained based on the registered input image by the averaging filter, and the original image minus the base layer to obtain the detail layer. Second, for retaining the details of the fused image, the detail layer image is fused by CSR to obtain the fused detail layer image, then the base layer image is segmented into several image blocks, and the blocks are clustered by using DPC to obtain some clusters, and each class cluster is trained to obtain a sub-dictionary, and all the sub-dictionaries are fused to obtain an adaptive dictionary. The sparse coefficient is fused through the learned adaptive dictionary, and the fused base layer image is obtained through reconstruction. Finally, fusing the detail layer and the base layer and reconstructing them forms the ultimate fused image. Experiments show that compared to the state-of-the-art two multi-scale transformation methods and five SR methods, the proposed method(CSR-DPC) outperforms the other methods in terms of the image details, the visual quality and the objective evaluation index, which can be helpful for clinical diagnosis and adjuvant treatment.

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25

Sun, Lu, Shu Suo Li, Li Wu Jiang, and Ya Fang Han. "Study of a New Chromium Carbide Reinforced Ni₃Al Matrix Composite Hardfacing Material on IC6SX." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.623.

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The microstructure and property of a new high temperature surface wear-resistant chromium carbide/Ni3Al composite deposited onto IC6SX alloy by manual argon tungsten-arc welding.have been investigated The microstructures of the WL(welding layer), HAZ(heat affected zone), BM(base metal) were observed by SEM and Optical microscope and analyzed by EDS and EMPA. Since the large amount of Mo which diffused from the substrate IC6SX strongly effected the formation of hard phases in the welding layer, the microstructures of WL in this study turned out to be very different from former studies where the different materials were chosen as base metals. Due to the high welding temperature and the rapid cooling process, the microstructures in HAZ were much smaller than that in BM. And the microhardness tests results illustrated that the two materials were well metallurgically bonded.

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26

Kuzin, V. V., M. Yu Fedorov, and M. A. Volosova. "The assignment of abrasive-jet machining condition for the Si₃N₄-ceramic components processing taking into account the surface layer's different phases' stress state." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 8 (December 27, 2018): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-8-55-60.

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The inﬂuence of the force and thermal actions specifc to the abrasive-jet machining on the stress conditions which diﬀerent phases were subjected to in the Si3N4-ceramics's surface layer was investigated in the article. On base of the defned regularities the approach was proposed to select the abrasive-jet machining conditions for of both the frst and last processing operations.Ill. 5. Ref. 27. Tab. 1.

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27

Wang, Dong Sheng, Zong Jun Tian, Song Lin Wang, and Li Da Shen. "Microstructural Characterization and Thermal Barrier Effects of Conventional and Nanostructured ZrO₂-7wt.%Y₂O₃ Thermal Barrier Coatings Deposited by Plasma Spraying." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.260.

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In this study, conventional and nanostructured MCrAlY/ZrO2-7wt.%Y2O3 double-layer thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were fabricated on TiAl base intermetallic alloy substrates by the plasma spraying technique. The microstructural characterization and thermal insulation capability of the two types of coatings were comparatively researched. The results show that the conventional ceramic coating has a typical lamellar stacking characteristic. However, the nanostructured coating exhibits a bimodal microstructure, which is composed of both fully melted regions and partially melted regions (remained nanoparticles). The nanostructured TBCs has higher thermal barrier effect than the traditional one. The temperature drops of the nanostructured TBCs at 1100 °C increases 53% compared with that of the conventional TBCs.

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28

Li, Chengcheng, Tuo Wang, Zhibin Luo, Dong Zhang, and Jinlong Gong. "Transparent ALD-grown Ta2O5 protective layer for highly stable ZnO photoelectrode in solar water splitting." Chemical Communications 51, no. 34 (2015): 7290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01015b.

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This communication describes the design of a highly stable ZnO/Ta₂O₅ photoanode with ultrathin Ta₂O₅ protective layers deposited by atomic layer deposition. The transparency of Ta₂O₅ to sunlight accounts for the excellent stability of the photoelectrode in a strong base environment.

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29

Gheța, Roxana Alexandra, Mariana Goran, Alina Elena Bușaru, Laurenția Bichir, and Gabriel Marius Dumitru. "Characterization of Cr₂O₃ Adhesion Properties by Destructive Testing in Accordance with the APS Metal Spraying Process Parameters." Key Engineering Materials 750 (August 2017): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.750.91.

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This paper aims to study the correlation between some parameters of the metalspraying by APS process and the level of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) adhesion to the base material. Among the properties of the layers deposited by APS are those of wear resistance. In the context of evaluating the coatings properties and understanding aspects related to the coat structure phenomena, the purpose of the experiment presented here is to characterize the adherence of thermal sprayed coating Cr2O3. Because, the main problem of metalspraying layers is adhesion to the base material, there were subjected to tensile testing 2 samples made by 1C45 steel, which were previously bonded with an epoxy glue. The adhesion of the deposited layer on the basic material is important for ensuring the quality of products. The results show that the quality of surfaces and the existence of accidental defects at the interface lead to a decrease of adherence.

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30

Du, Jia Chong, and Wan Chien Hung. "Green Road Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Sub-Base and Base Layers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.184.

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Based on cost effectiveness, environmental impact, energy savings, and shortages of quality materials, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) used for pavement construction does not only reduce aggregate need, but it also solves the problem of RAP disposal. Thus, the technology of cold mix recycling for pavement sub-base and base is introduced and tested in laboratory. The test results show that the recycled cold mix is a candidate material for pavement sub-base and base layer use. However, cold-mix emulsion asphalt used for recycling must be designed properly to ensure reliable performance. The unique features of recycled cold mixes are time temperature effects.

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31

Liu, Lin Lin, Yuan Li, Bao Wei Hao, and Shi Zhao Wang. "Synthesis, Characterization and Anticorrosion Performance of Modified TiO₂ as Inhibitor." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.109.

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Little attention has been paid to the nano-TiO2as corrosion inhibitor before. In this paper, Myristic acid-modified nano-TiO2(MA-TiO2) were synthesized by Myristic acid and tetrabutyl titanate via the sol-gel method, and it was characterized by IR and TEM. MA-TiO2was dispersed in oil, and used as a corrosion inhibitor. From the Tafel plots and EIS spectra, we can know that the values of the current densities decreased by the addition of MA-TiO2. Because of the MA-TiO2formed a deposition layer in the surface of 45#carbon steel panels, the current density of the the base oil with MA-TiO2is much smaller than the base oil. The inhibition efficiency was over 90% with added 5 wt % TiO2.

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32

Leon, Xairo, Edith Osorio, Rene Pérez-Cuapio, Carlos Bueno, Mauricio Pacio, Avelino Cortés, and Hector Juárez. "Photoluminescence of Hybrid Structure Base in ZnO@SiO₂ Core-Shell Nanoparticles inside Porous Silicon." Solid State Phenomena 286 (January 2019): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.286.40.

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In this work, core-shell ZnO@SiO2nanoparticles (NPs) were infiltrated into a macro/meso-porous silicon (PS) structure, to study its luminescent properties. The core-shell ZnO@SiO2NPs were obtained by colloidal synthesis. The core-shell ZnO@SiO2NP was 5 nm in diameter. The macro/meso-PS structure was made in two steps: we obtained the macroporous silicon (macro-PS) layer fist and the mesoporous silicon (meso-PS) layer second. This process was conducted using different electrolyte solutions, and the change of electrolyte led to a decrease in the special charge region over the wall macro-PS layer; this allowed the building of the meso-PS layers on the walls and the bottom of the macro-PS layer. The SEM results show the cross-section of the macro/meso-PS structure with and without core-shell ZnO@SiO2NPs. These SEM images show that the core-shell ZnO@SiO2NPs that infiltrated into macro/meso-PS structure were more efficiently bonded over all the porous walls. The core-shell ZnO@SiO2PL interacted with the macro/meso-PS structure, modifying its PL intensity and controlling a shift toward a lower wavelength.

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33

Li, Hui Hui, and Yu Hua Wang. "Photocatalytic Properties of TiO₂-Coatings Mounted on CaAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺, Nd³⁺ without Light Source." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.671.

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This paper aims at the investigation of photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide coatings covering on the surfaces of long blue-emitting afterglow CaAl2O4:Eu2+, Nd3+ elaborated by a sol-gel method. Morphologies and microstructures of the coatings were observed mainly by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photocatalytic behavior of the TiO2-base surfaces was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) solution. It suggested that a layer of TiO2 film mounted on the phosphor particles successfully. Also, the TiO2 coatings had remained its photocatalytic role on the as-prepared sample even after the light source was removed. The inner long blue-emitting afterglow had released blue afterglow after removing light source and allowed for reactive TiO2 surfaces to be held for the removal of methyl orange.

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34

Janssen, Jonathan R., and J. Craig Dutton. "Sub-Boundary-Layer Disturbance Effects on Supersonic Base-Pressure Fluctuations." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 42, no. 6 (November 2005): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.12769.

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35

Hájek, Matej, and Martin Decký. "Homomorphic Model Pavement with Sub Base Layer of Foam Concrete." Procedia Engineering 192 (2017): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.049.

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36

C, Chandrasekhara Sastry, N. Pradeep, A. M. Shaik, H. A. Rahman, and Sandeep Patil. "Experimental investigation of electrodeposited Ni-Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ nano composite on HSLA ASTM A860 alloy." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 9, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 045028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ac396a.

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Abstract Nano composite coatings on HSLA ASTM A860 alloy, adds to the barrier efficacy by increase in the microhardness, wear and corrosion resistance of the substrate material. Additionally, reduction of delamination of the nano composite coating sample is ascertained. Ball milling is availed to curtail the coating samples (Al2O3/ZrO2) to nano size, for forming a electrodeposited product on the substrate layer. The curtailment in grain size was ascertained to be 17.62% in Ni-Al2O3/ZrO2 nano composite coating. During the deposition process, due to the presence of Al2O3/ZrO2 nano particles an increase in cathode efficiency is ascertained. An XRD analysis of the nano composite coating indicates a curtailment in grain size along with increase in the nucleation sites causing a surge in the growth of nano coating layer. In correlation to uncoated HSLA ASTM A36 alloy sample, a surge in compressive residual stress by 47.14%, reduction of waviness by 32.14% (AFM analysis), upsurge in microhardness by 67.77% is ascertained in Ni-Al2O3/ZrO2 nano composite coating. Furthermore, in nano coated Ni-Al2O3/ZrO2 composite a reduction is observed pertaining to weight loss and friction coefficients by 27.44% and 13% in correlation to plain uncoated alloy respectively. A morphology analysis after nano coating indicates, Ni-Al2O3/ZrO2 particles occupy the areas of micro holes, reducing the wide gaps and crevice points inside the matrix of the substrate, enacting as a physical barrier to upsurge the corrosion resistance by 67.72% in correlation to HSLA ASTM A860 base alloy.

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37

Silva, Karen Amanda Barbosa da, Guilherme Crepaldi Camarini, and Heliana Barbosa Fontenele. "SENSIBILIDADE DE PARÂMETROS DA ESTRUTURA NA ANÁLISE DE DESEMPENHO DE PAVIMENTOS FLEXÍVEIS." COLLOQUIUM EXACTARUM 13, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ce.2021.v13.n1.e351.

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The design of asphalt pavement structures is a process that involves the knowledge of variables that are difficult to predict and model.Sensitivity analysis applied to pavement performance prediction is essential to determine the most influential variables, and enable the optimization of design process. This study aimed to analyze the sensitivity of flexible pavements performance to variations in design parameters related to the thicknesses of asphalt layer, base and sub-base and resilient modulus of asphalt layer, base, sub-base and subgrade. For this purpose, a fractional factorial experiment was conducted, which had as output variables the accumulated damage in pavement structure, related to fatigue cracking and rutting in wheel wander. To obtain the accumulated damage, mechanistic-empirical design method was used, through PerRoad software. It was concluded that asphalt layer thickness isthe most sensitive parameter considering the distresses studied, having a higher sensitivity for fatigue cracking and a slightly lower sensitivity for rutting.

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38

Panchotiya, Binal, Ritesh Patel, and Dippal Israni. "An Efficient Image Fusion of Visible and Infrared Band Images using Integration of Anisotropic Diffusion and Discrete Wavelet Transform." Journal of communications software and systems 16, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v16i1.760.

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Image fusion is a technique that combines two source images to generate more informative target image. It plays a vital role in medical image investigation, military, navigation, etc. visible images offer efficient texture detail with high spatial resolution. In contrast, based on the radiation difference infrared images are able to differentiate target from their background. There are many algorithms that helps in preserving the edges of image like Bilateral filter, anisotropic diffusion (ADF). This paper integrates Anisotropic Diffusion and Karhunen-Loeve (KL)Transformation with discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In proposed Method, DWT decomposes into four sub-bands. ADF is applied on approximation sub-band and absolute maximum selection is applied on other three sub-bands. ADF decomposes the image into detailed layer and base layer. Base layer and Detailed layer are calculated using Kl- Transformation and linear combination respectively. Once fusion is done, inverse DWT is applied on all sub-bands. The experimental outcomes depict that the offered approach result with sharp edges of the image. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on standard dataset Like Duine_Sequence, Tree_sequence, Street dataset. Standard metrics like Average Gradients and Spatial Frequency metrics are used to evaluate the performance of the image.

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39

He, Qingchen, Haiming Zhang, Siqi Han, Rufeng Wang, Yujie Li, Xianjing Zhang, and Yuwen Xing. "Improvement of Thiourea (Lewis Base)-Modified SnO₂ Electron-Transport Layer for Carbon-Based CsPbIBr₂ Perovskite Solar Cells." ACS Applied Energy Materials 4, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 10958–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c01918.

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40

He, Qingchen, Haiming Zhang, Siqi Han, Rufeng Wang, Yujie Li, Xianjing Zhang, and Yuwen Xing. "Improvement of Thiourea (Lewis Base)-Modified SnO₂ Electron-Transport Layer for Carbon-Based CsPbIBr₂ Perovskite Solar Cells." ACS Applied Energy Materials 4, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 10958–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c01918.

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41

Wang, Tianpeng, Mingcheng Sun, Hongqiang Li, Shaoyang Xiao, Yunan Wang, and Xiaobo Nie. "Study on the microstructure of air reactive brazing joint between Al₂O₃ ceramic and Q235 steel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2125, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2125/1/012071.

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Abstract Q235 steel /Al2O3 ceramics were brazed with Ag-CuO filler metal at 1050°C and held for 15min in air. When brazing Q235 steel and Al2O3 ceramics directly, it was found that serious oxidation occurred on the steel side during the brazing process. Although the joining was realized, a loose oxide film was formed on the surface of the base steel, which affected the mechanical properties of joints. When Q235 steel with aluminized surface was adopted to braze with Al2O3 ceramics, a Al2O3 layer formed on the surface of Q235 steel successfully avoided the oxidation of Q235 steel, and a compact and defection-free joint was obtained. The typical organization of joint was Al2O3/ CuAl2O4/ CuO/ Ag/ CuO/ CuAl2O4 /Al2O3/ FeAl/ FeAl2/ Fe.

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42

Pintilei, Geanina Laura, Sorin Iacob Strugaru, Carmen Biniuc Papatoiu, Constantin Paulin, Alexandru Bârcă, and Corneliu Munteanu. "Dilatometry and DTA Analyses of a Sample Made of Ni Base Super Alloy with a ZrO₂/20%Y₂O₃ Ceramic Layer." Advanced Materials Research 837 (November 2013): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.705.

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This paper presents the results of dilatometry and DTA analyses performed on a Ni base super alloy sample on which a ZrO2/20%Y2O3 coating was deposited. The tests were done at similar temperatures as those present in a gas turbine engine at the inlet of the turbine. The purpose is to assess how a turbine blade with a ZrO2/20%Y2O3 coating would behave to changes in volume due to temperature and structural changes. The differential thermal analyses and thermo gravimetric analyses were performed on the DTA PT 1600 Linseis installation. The thermal dilatometry was performed on the L75HX XXXX installation.

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43

Maher, Jawad, and Saeed Ebrahimi. "Experimental and Theoretical Study of Pavements in the Base and Sub-Base Course in Single-Layer and Multi-Layer." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/ijet/2019/v11i1/191101060.

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44

Liu, Qi Cheng, and Yun Fang Li. "Theoretical Study of Iron Heterogeneous Growth on the Surface of C₆₀ Molecule." Advanced Materials Research 1081 (December 2014): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1081.115.

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Direct molecule dynamics (MD) simulations have also been performed to study heterogeneous nucleation and growth of iron on C60 molecule. The grown mechanism of this crystallization process was explored. The results indicate that 92 iron atoms attach to C60 molecule surface can form new covalent bond, forming a closed regular icosahedron. More atoms grow in layer to form bigger regular closed clathrate base on the structure of former one. As increase of atoms number, there will appear some crystal faces.

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45

Vasilyeva, Marina S., Vladimir S. Rudnev, E. S. Zykova, Alexander Yu Ustinov, Ksenia A. Sergeeva, A. V. Nepomnyaschiy, I. V. Lukiyanchuk, and Galina I. Marinina. "Ti/TiO₂, Au Electrodes Prepared by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation and Electron Beam Evaporation." Defect and Diffusion Forum 386 (September 2018): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.386.326.

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Ti/TiO2,Au electrodes were prepared via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of Ti plate, followed by deposition of a thin (10 nm) Au layer by electron beam evaporation (EBE). The electrodes obtained were used for potentiometric indication of different types of chemical reactions. Ti/TiO2,Au electrodes showed an excellent performance for end point indication in the oxidation-reduction and complexometric titrations similar to the traditional Pt and in the acid-base titration similar to glass electrode.

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46

Amini, Kasra, Siavash Soleimani Amiri, Ali Ghasemi, Sajjad Mirvalad, and Asghar Habibnejad Korayem. "Evaluation of the dispersion of metakaolin–graphene oxide hybrid in water and cement pore solution: can metakaolin really improve the dispersion of graphene oxide in the calcium-rich environment of hydrating cement matrix?" RSC Advances 11, no. 30 (2021): 18623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra01504d.

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The aggregation mechanism of an MK–GO hybrid in the pH range of 10–11 due to the surface complexation between Al(OH)₄⁻ formed by MK dissolution and the graphene layer of GO through Lewis acid–base interaction.

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47

Bandeira, Alex Alves, Rita Moura Fortes, and João Virgilio Merighi. "A study of the Hot-Mix Asphalt layer thickness reduction when applied over lateritic soils cement base in airfield." Exacta 7, no. 1 (July 6, 2009): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/exacta.v7i1.798.

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In tropical region, in upper layers, soils having red or yellow coloration are generally found and are denominated lateritic soils. They are rich in aluminum hydroxides and ferric hydrates that give an elevated mechanic resistance. When the lateritic soils are used as a construction material in the structural pavement, the exceptional mechanical characteristic reduced the cost over 50% when associated with the sub-base and base layers, or over 25% when the lateritic soil is treated with cement. In São Paulo State, it was made more than ten thousands kilometers of roads where the base or sub-base was made using lateritic soils or lateritic soils treated with cement. In this study, it is showed, through Finite Element Method, a critical analysis of the sub-base and base of airfield pavement using lateritic soils cement base course and Hot-Mix Asphalt thickness surface less than recommended for critical area in according to Federal Aviation Administration (1996). Considering the results, it is possible to propose a reduction of thickness Hot-Mix Asphalt layer, resulting in a reduction of the final cost of implantation of hundreds of airfields in South America.

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48

Maohuan, Huang. "On the Temperature Distribution of Glaciers in China." Journal of Glaciology 36, no. 123 (1990): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002214300000945x.

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AbstractTo date, the temperatures of 22 glaciers in China have been measured. It is suggested that the minimum temperature at the base of the active layer in the upper part of the ablation area (Tmin) be used as a characteristic temperature and compared with mean annual air temperature (Ta). The temperature distribution is discussed for various glaciers. Polar-type glaciers are characterized by low temperatures withTmin< −10°C,Tminclose toTvand a cold base in general; sub-polar-type glaciers with −10°C <Tmin< −1.0°C,Tminhigher thanTvand a melting base are usually located beneath the middle of the ablation area; and temperate-type glaciers withTmin< −1.0°C, certainly higher thanTaand a sub-freezing near-surface layer in the ablation area all the year round, because the snow cover is thinner in winter.

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49

Sridevi, Ch, and A. Sailakumari. "Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Cu–Al₂O₃/Water Hybrid Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer from an Exponentially Accelerated Plate." Journal of Nanofluids 12, no. 3 (April 1, 2023): 832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jon.2023.1955.

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The present study intends to explore heat transfer characteristics of the unsteady natural convective flow of Cu–Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid due to exponentially accelerated vertical plate. 2D Laminar viscous incompressible boundary layer fluid flow is considered in the presence of MHD and accelerating parameter. The governing partial differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions are solved using the Crank-Nicolson numerical technique. Plots for skin friction coefficient, velocity, temperature, Nusselt number concerning Magnetic parameter (M), Accelerating parameter (a), Grashof number (Gr), Volume fraction (Φ2), and time are disclosed. The study imparted that Cu–Al2O3 hybrid nanoparticles with water as base fluid facilitate a higher heat transfer rate and soaring Nusselt number compared to nanofluid Cu/water. Furthermore, we found an elevated skin friction coefficient in nanofluid Cu/water than in hybrid nanofluid Cu–Al2O3/water in all non-dimensional parameters.

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50

Lee, Junyeong, Sung-Wook Min, Hee Sung Lee, Yeonjin Yi, and Seongil Im. "MoS2 nanosheet channel and guanine DNA-base charge injection layer for high performance memory transistors." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 27 (2014): 5411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00679h.

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