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Статті в журналах з теми "Sub arc mantle"
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Hall, Paul S., Lauren B. Cooper, and Terry Plank. "Thermochemical evolution of the sub-arc mantle due to back-arc spreading." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 117, B2 (February 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011jb008507.
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FUKUDA, SATORU, SHUN'ICHI NAKAI, KENJI NIIHORI, MASASHI TSUKUI, SETSUYA NAKADA, TOSHITSUGU FUJII, and KENICHIRO TANI. "238U-230Th radioactive disequilibrium in the northern Izu arc: (230Th/232Th) in the sub-arc mantle." GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 42, no. 6 (2008): 461–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.42.461.
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Schiano, P., R. Clocchiatti, N. Shimizu, R. C. Maury, K. P. Jochum, and A. W. Hofmann. "Hydrous, silica-rich melts in the sub-arc mantle and their relationship with erupted arc lavas." Nature 377, no. 6550 (October 1995): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377595a0.
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Eiler, John M., Brent McInnes, John W. Valley, Colin M. Graham, and Edward M. Stolper. "Oxygen isotope evidence for slab-derived fluids in the sub-arc mantle." Nature 393, no. 6687 (June 1998): 777–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/31679.
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Dorendorf, Frank, Uwe Wiechert, and Gerhard Wörner. "Hydrated sub-arc mantle: a source for the Kluchevskoy volcano, Kamchatka/Russia." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 175, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(99)00288-5.
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Caulfield, J. T., S. P. Turner, A. Dosseto, N. J. Pearson, and C. Beier. "Source depletion and extent of melting in the Tongan sub-arc mantle." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 273, no. 3-4 (September 2008): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.040.
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Kepezhinskas, Pavel, Marc J. Defant, and Elisabeth Widom. "Abundance and distribution of PGE and Au in the island-arc mantle: implications for sub-arc metasomatism." Lithos 60, no. 3-4 (February 2002): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(01)00073-1.
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ARAI, Shoji, Hisatoshi HIRAI, and Kozo UTO. "Mantle peridotite xenoliths from the Southwest Japan arc. A model for the sub-arc upper mantle structure and composition of the Western Pacific rim." Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 95, no. 4 (2000): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/jmps.95.9.
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Le Roux, Véronique, and Yan Liang. "Ophiolitic Pyroxenites Record Boninite Percolation in Subduction Zone Mantle." Minerals 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2019): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9090565.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The peridotite section of supra-subduction zone ophiolites is often crosscut by pyroxenite veins, reflecting the variety of melts that percolate through the mantle wedge, react, and eventually crystallize in the shallow lithospheric mantle. Understanding the nature of parental melts and the timing of formation of these pyroxenites provides unique constraints on melt infiltration processes that may occur in active subduction zones. This study deciphers the processes of orthopyroxenite and clinopyroxenite formation in the Josephine ophiolite (USA), using new trace and major element analyses of pyroxenite minerals, closure temperatures, elemental profiles, diffusion modeling, and equilibrium melt calculations. We show that multiple melt percolation events are required to explain the variable chemistry of peridotite-hosted pyroxenite veins, consistent with previous observations in the xenolith record. We argue that the Josephine ophiolite evolved in conditions intermediate between back-arc and sub-arc. Clinopyroxenites formed at an early stage of ophiolite formation from percolation of high-Ca boninites. Several million years later, and shortly before exhumation, orthopyroxenites formed through remelting of the Josephine harzburgites through percolation of ultra-depleted low-Ca boninites. Thus, we support the hypothesis that multiple types of boninites can be created at different stages of arc formation and that ophiolitic pyroxenites uniquely record the timing of boninite percolation in subduction zone mantle.
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Maury, René C., Marc J. Defant, and Jean-Louis Joron. "Metasomatism of the sub-arc mantle inferred from trace elements in Philippine xenoliths." Nature 360, no. 6405 (December 1992): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/360661a0.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Sub arc mantle"
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Dalou, Célia. "Fluorine and chlorine fractionation in the sub-arc mantle : an experimental investigation." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00657297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Volatile elements released from the subducting slab play a fundamental role during the formation of arc magmas in the mantle wedge. Advances of melt inclusion studies enlarged the data on volatile abundance in arc magmas, and it is now possible to characterize some volatile contents in arc primary magmas, in particular F and Cl. A recent study of Mt Shasta melt inclusions (LeVoyer et al., 2010) shows that fractionation of F and Cl potentially contains information about arc magma genesis. In order to trace the source of arc magmas, fluorine and chlorine partitioning was investigated. Here, I present new experimental determinations of Cl and F partition coefficients between dry and hydrous silicate melts and mantle minerals: olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, garnet and also pargasite and phlogopite. The values were compiled from more than 300 measurements in 24 melting experiments, conducted between 8 and 25 kbars and between 1180 and 1430˚C. The low abundance F, Cl measurements in minerals were done by Cameca IMF 1280 at WHOI using the negative secondary ion mode. The results show that DOpx/meltF ranges from 0.123 to 0.021 and DCpx/meltF ranges from 0.153 to 0.083, while Cl partition coefficient varies from DOpx/meltCl from 0.002 to 0.069 and DCpx/meltCfrom 0.008 to 0.015, as well. Furthermore, DOl/meltF ranges from 0.116 to 0.005 and DOl/meltCl from 0.001 to 0.004; DGrt/meltF ranges from 0.012 to 0.166 and DGrt/meltCl from 0.003 to 0.087 with the increasing water amount and decreasing temperature. I also show that F is compatible in phlogopite DPhl/meltF > 1.2) while DAmp/meltF is incompatible in pargasite DAmp/meltF from 0.36 to 0.63). On the contrary, Cl is more incompatible in phlogopite (DPhl/meltCl > 1.2 on average 0.09 ± 0.02), than in pargasite (DPhl/meltCl from 0.12 to 0.38). This study demonstrates that F and Cl are substituted in specific oxygen site in minerals that lead then to be more sensitive than trace elements to crystal chemistry and water amount variations thus melting conditions. Using those new partition coefficients, I modelled melting of potential sub-arc lithologies with variable quantity aqueous-fluid. This model is able to decipher 1) amount of aqueous-fluid involved in melting, 2) melting induced by fluid or melting of an hydrous mineral-bearing source and 3) melting of either pargasite-bearing lithology or phlogopite-bearing lithology and shows that sources of some primitive melts, for instance from Italy, bear pargasite and phlogopite, while some primitve melts seem to be the results of fluid-induced melts.
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McAlpine, Sarlae Ruth Buffett. "A petrological study of peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths from the West Bismarck Arc and the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni Arc, Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/101788.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some of the most refractory peridotite samples described in the literature comprise clasts up to 15 cm in size, hosted in satellite cones of Ritter Volcano in the West Bismarck Arc, Papua New Guinea. Host lavas are MgO-rich (13.9-16.6 wt%), mostly non-accumulative picritic tholeiites, representing the most primitive magma types in the region. The lava can be divided into two distinct geochemical groups: a low-Ti series (TiO2 0.25-0.3 wt%) and a high-TiO2 series (TiO2 0.4-0.45 wt%). This thesis documents the chemical composition and mineralogy of the picritic hosts and peridotite suite of Ritter, and compares the latter with a peridotite suite from the Tubaf Seamount in the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni Arc of Papua New Guinea. The Ritter and Tubaf peridotite suites have experienced minimal alteration through serpentinisation or chloritisation. Petrologic study reveals however, that they have experienced various degrees of melt depletion, host magma infiltration, metasomatism, dissolution/re-precipitation and replacement. The sample suite can be divided into three broad groups: residues from partial melting, re-equilibrated samples and a third category comprising samples from both the ‘residual’ and ‘re-equilibrated’ categories that have been ‘contaminated’ by secondary melt infiltration processes. Olivine-spinel exchange geothermometric calculations give temperatures of ~670 to 1140 oC for Ritter, and 755 to 840 oC for Tubaf, consistent with entrainment in host lavas from the sub-arc lithosphere. However, the bulk compositions, crystalline phase major element compositions coupled with trace element geochemical characteristics of these suites reflects a complex petrogenetic history, likely established in regions of magma generation in a supra-subduction zone, mantle wedge setting. Olivine is highly forsteritic (Fo# 86.8-95.7 for Ritter, and Fo# 87-91 for Tubaf), spinel is extremely Cr-rich (Cr# 40.4-89.3 for Ritter, and Cr# 45.0-69.1 for Tubaf), CaO in olivine, and Al2O3 in orthopyroxene are consistently very low (<0.05 wt% and <2 wt% respectively), and primary clinopyroxene is absent. The trace element abundance patterns of primary orthopyroxene and secondary clinopyroxene display depletions relative to rare earth elements in high field strength elements, consistent with equilibration with arc-type magmas. Olivine-spinel oxygen barometry shows a range from reduced to oxidised conditions relative to the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer for both Ritter (-1.43 to +1.84 log10 units fO2) and Tubaf (-1.26 to +0.86). Evidence from Zn/Fe, V/Sc and Mn/Fe systematics suggests that independent of tectono-magmatic setting, the source of arc magmas, evidenced by these peridotites, may be indistinguishable in terms of oxidation state to that of mid ocean ridge basalts. This study gives a rare insight into the nature of the sub-arc mantle and the generation of arc magmas.
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Pirard, Cassian. "Transfer of melts in the sub-arc mantle: Insights from high-pressure experiments and from the New Caledonia ophiolite." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High-pressure experiments were aimed to study the interaction between slab melts and the sub-arc mantle at depth of ~100km in a range of P-T condition which are representative of the mantle wedge above subducted slab. Experiments have shown that porous reactive flow induces the formation of micas and amphibole in the pressure range of 25 to 45 kbar for 800 to 1000 degrees. This leads to a strong depletion in LILE and LREE in the residual fluid. The wet solidus obtained in our experiments is 975 degrees at 35 kbar. The composition and the melting conditions of metasomatised peridotite highlight the importance of hydrous phases in the sub-arc mantle.
Experimental reproduction of focused flow in the mantle wedge show that orthopyroxenite walls form an interface between slab melt and olivine. The trace element composition of the slab melt is only slightly modified in this transfer process. Therefore, the transfer of slab melt by focused flow to the locus of partial melting in the mantle wedge provides a much more efficient way to conserve the slab signature than porous flow.
The New Caledonia ultramafic ophiolite provides further insights on the interactions which can exist between melts and the upper mantle. Here we provide the first recent petrological overview of the Massif du Sud ophiolite on the basis of petrological and geochemical data. This thesis show that this highly depleted ophiolite of 3000m thick mantle section is related to an arc environment associated with a spreading ridge origin.
A suite of discordant rocks (dunite, pyroxenite, gabbro) presents in New Caledonia show the evolution of H2O-SiO2 rich melts transferred by focused flow. These melts are feeding the arc crust through a network of channels and dykes. Melt evolution at sub-Moho levels provide critical information in solving the arc paradox as large amount of pyroxenite rocks can be accumulated in the mantle prior to their incorporation in the crust.
A late generation of pyroxenite and amphibole dykes has been connected to the emplacement of large felsic intrusions at the crust-mantle boundary. U-Pb dating on separated zircons from these intrusions and associated dykes provides Eocene ages confirming that these rocks are a pre-obductive feature of the Massif du Sud. These rocks represent a late fore-arc igneous activity and provide new information on melt-mantle interaction and the composition of melts in a colder part of the mantle wedge. The relative timing of events recorded in the New Caledonia ophiolite also imposes new constraints on the geodynamics of the South West Pacific from the middle Cretaceous to recent times.
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Barker, Sharon Lindsay. "Trace element geochemistry of basalts from the Oregon Cascade Range: Implications for magma generation and possible variations in the sub-arc mantle." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/17152.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analyses of Oregon Cascades basalts reveal two groups of High Cascades (9-0 Ma) lavas: (1) "enriched" basalts with high Ba, Sr, Ba/Nb, and Ba/La, and (2) "depleted" basalts with flat rare earth element patterns and relatively low Sr and Ba. Fluid mobile elements, such as B, are depleted in High Cascades basalts. The decoupling of B and Ba presents an interesting problem for volcanic arc magma generation, since both elements are believed to be controlled through fluid input from the subducting slab.
Petrogenetic modeling reveals that most Cascade magmas can be derived by uniform. partial melting of variably metasomatized primitive or NMORB-source mantle or by varying degrees of melting of a mineralogically inhomogeneous metasomatized mantle. The decoupling of B and Ba may result from shallow dehydration reactions in the slab which release B into the overlying mantle, while Ba is retained in the slab and released during subsequent dehydration reactions.
Книги з теми "Sub arc mantle"
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Ellam, Rob. 10. Probing the Earth with isotopes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723622.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
‘Probing the Earth with isotopes’ shows how, using isotopes, we have come to understand the structure and behaviour of the Earth. The outer few tens of kilometres are divided into continental and oceanic crust. Below the crust, the sub-surface is divided into the mantle and the core. From the base of the crust to about 2,800 km depth, the Earth is rocky and composed of minerals like olivine and pyroxene that are rich in magnesium, iron, and calcium. From about 2,800 km to about 5,100 km depth the outer core is liquid. The remaining 1,200 km or so to the centre of the Earth is solid metal.
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Castellani, Claudia, Clare Buckland, Alistair J. Lindley, David V. P. Conway, and Antonina dos Santos. Crustacea: Stomatopoda. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter describes the taxonomy of Stomatopoda. Stomatopods, also known as mantis shrimps, because of their resemblance to a praying mantis, are a small order of marine malacostracan crustaceans related to shrimps, crabs, and lobsters. There are around 450 extant stomatopod species in the world and the majority of them live in tropical and sub-tropical regions, although a few species occur in temperate and boreal waters. The chapter covers their life cycle, ecology, and general morphology. It includes a section that indicates the systematic placement of the taxon described within the tree of life, and lists the key marine representative illustrated in the chapter (usually to genus or family level). This section also provides information on the taxonomic authorities responsible for the classification adopted, recent changes which might have occurred, and lists relevant taxonomic sources.
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Carrión, Victor G., John A. Turner, and Carl F. Weems. Self-Injurious Behaviors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190201968.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Self-injurious behaviors represent a heterogeneous group of behaviors that affect the individual negatively either in a physiological, physical, and/or emotional manner. Many children who have survived a traumatic event engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) as a diversely expressed, maladaptive coping mechanism that has been associated with a variety of negative outcomes across the lifespan. The current chapter discusses the preclinical literature that informs our understanding of these behaviors, the various instruments used to assess them, and research on adults and children who engage in self-injurious behaviors (SIB). Several theoretical models for the neurological substrates of SIB are compared, suggesting that SIB use several parts of the brain to manage otherwise uncontrollable cascades of negative affect in PTSD. Challenges, such as the stigma surrounding SIB engagement and its strong association with borderline personality disorder, as well as future directions, including potential SIB directed pharmacological interventions, are discussed.
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Trieloff, Mario. Noble Gases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.30.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.Although the second most abundant element in the cosmos is helium, noble gases are also called rare gases. The reason is that they are not abundant on terrestrial planets like our Earth, which is characterized by orders of magnitude depletion of—particularly light—noble gases when compared to the cosmic element abundance pattern. Indeed, such geochemical depletion and enrichment processes make noble gases so versatile concerning planetary formation and evolution: When our solar system formed, the first small grains started to adsorb small amounts of noble gases from the protosolar nebula, resulting in depletion of light He and Ne when compared to heavy noble gases Ar, Kr, and Xe: the so-called planetary type abundance pattern. Subsequent flash heating of the first small mm to cm-sized objects (chondrules and calcium, aluminum rich inclusions) resulted in further depletion, as well as heating—and occasionally differentiation—on small planetesimals, which were precursors of larger planets and which we still find in the asteroid belt today from where we get rocky fragments in form of meteorites. In most primitive meteorites, we even can find tiny rare grains that are older than our solar system and condensed billions of years ago in circumstellar atmospheres of, for example, red giant stars. These grains are characterized by nucleosynthetic anomalies and particularly identified by noble gases, for example, so-called s-process xenon.While planetesimals acquired a depleted noble gas component strongly fractionated in favor of heavy noble gases, the sun and also gas giants like Jupiter attracted a much larger amount of gas from the protosolar nebula by gravitational capture. This resulted in a cosmic or “solar type” abundance pattern, containing the full complement of light noble gases. Contrary to Jupiter or the sun, terrestrial planets accreted from planetesimals with only minor contributions from the protosolar nebula, which explains their high degree of depletion and basically “planetary” elemental abundance pattern. Indeed this depletion enables another tool to be applied in noble gas geo- and cosmochemistry: ingrowth of radiogenic nuclides. Due to heavy depletion of primordial nuclides like 36Ar and 130Xe, radiogenic ingrowth of 40Ar by 40K decay, 129Xe by 129I decay, or fission Xe from 238U or 244Pu decay are precisely measurable, and allow insight in the chronology of fractionation of lithophile parent nuclides and atmophile noble gas daughters, mainly caused by mantle degassing and formation of the atmosphere.Already the dominance of 40Ar in the terrestrial atmosphere allowed C. F v. Weizsäcker to conclude that most of the terrestrial atmosphere originated by degassing of the solid Earth, which is an ongoing process today at mid ocean ridges, where primordial helium leaves the lithosphere for the first time. Mantle degassing was much more massive in the past; in fact, most of the terrestrial atmosphere formed during the first 100 million years of Earth´s history, and was completed at about the same time when the terrestrial core formed and accretion was terminated by a giant impact that also formed our moon. However, before that time, somehow also tiny amounts of solar noble gases managed to find their way into the mantle, presumably by solar wind irradiation of small planetesimals or dust accreting to Earth. While the moon-forming impact likely dissipated the primordial atmosphere, today´s atmosphere originated by mantle degassing and a late veneer with asteroidal and possibly cometary contributions. As other atmophile elements behave similar to noble gases, they also trace the origin of major volatiles on Earth, for example, water, nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon.
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Richette, Pascal. Principles of gout management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The general goals of gout therapy are to manage acute flares and to prevent recurrences and prevent or reverse the complications of urate deposition by lowering urate levels. The choice of drug should be made on the basis of the patient’s co-morbidities, other medications, and side effect profile. Treatment of flares can be achieved with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, or corticosteroids (systemic or intra-articular). Interleukin-1 blockers could become an alternative in patients contraindicated for traditional anti-inflammatory agents. Lowering of urate levels below monosodium urate (MSU) saturation point with both a non-pharmacological and pharmacological approach allows to dissolve MSU crystals and to cure gout. Serum urate (SUA) levels should be maintained below 6 mg/dL (360 μmol/L) or below 5 mg/dL (300 μmol/L) in patients with severe gout to facilitate faster dissolution of crystals. Urate-lowering therapy (ULT) should be initiated close to the first diagnosis of gout. Allopurinol and febuxostat are the most widely used xanthine oxidase inhibitors to lower SUA levels. If the SUA target cannot be reached by these agents, uricosurics are indicated, either alone or in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. In patients with severe tophaceous gout in whom the SUA target cannot be reached with any other available drug, pegloticase is indicated. Since ULT initiation may trigger acute attacks of gout, prophylaxis with an anti-inflammatory agent is recommended, mostly with low-dose colchicine. Of note, patient education, appropriate lifestyle advice, and treatment of comorbidities are also important parts of the management of patients with gout.
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Mata, Rodolfo, Elissa Rashkin, Evodio Escalante, Silvia Pappe, Ester Hernández Palacios, José Luis Martínez Rodríguez, Leticia Mora Perdomo, et al. Estridentópolis y la vanguardia. Edited by Ángel José Fernández and Estela Castillo Hernández. Universidad Veracruzana, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/uv.2322.1525.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La mañana del 31 de diciembre de 1921 inició una de las propuestas estéticas más singulares e innovadoras del arte moderno, con la aparición en las calles de la Ciudad de México de la hoja volante Actual no. 1, comprimido estridentista firmado por el papanteco Manuel Maples Arce. El Estridentismo fue un movimiento polémico, de batalla cultural, artística e intelectual; un estado sintomático de su situación histórica, tanto en el terreno de la estética como de la política y la moral; un acervo de ideas, actitudes e instintos, dentro del cual, si bien no claramente, se expresaba la necesidad de ser modernos, lo mismo en materia de literatura que de pintura, escultura o fotografía. Hacia 1926, con el ingreso de Maples Arce a las filas de Heriberto Jara Corona en el gobierno de Veracruz, el Estridentismo hizo de Xalapa su casa, llamó a esta mítica ciudad Estridentópolis y se quedó a habitarla. El libro que tenemos entre manos es resultado del V Congreso Internacional de Investigadores de Poesía, organizado por el Instituto de Investigaciones Lingüístico-Literarias de la Universidad Veracruzana en octubre de 2012. En sus páginas se congrega a 16 voces de distintas generaciones que, a partir de la investigación literaria, integran una suerte de homenaje a la primera vanguardia mexicana, al poner nuevamente sobre la mesa de discusión el estudio de algunos temas, imágenes, poéticas, revistas, programas de grupo e individualidades, que integraron la casa estridentista. Si como afirmaba con ironía Xavier Villaurrutia, sería falta de oído no dedicar un pequeño juicio a los sonoros propósitos del Estridentismo, este volumen aspira a escuchar más allá del ruido de la polémica, la mística que el movimiento creó en torno a una ciudad, a una época y a la literatura mexicana.
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Rahman, Anisur. Conventional treatments in systemic lupus erythematosus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739180.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new diagnosis of SLE can be frightening for patients, and the importance of education and reassurance must be remembered—clinical nurse specialists can play a key role in this. Equally, lifestyle advice regarding sun-protection and smoking cessation should not be neglected. Many patients have a mild disease characterized by ongoing symptoms such as rash, hair loss, and joint or chest pain. Symptomatic treatment, topical corticosteroids, antimalarials, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are generally sufficient to manage these cases, but acute symptomatic flares may require short-term oral or intramuscular corticosteroids. Lupus nephritis should be managed with a combination of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Oral mycophenolate, or the low-dose Euro-Lupus intravenous cyclophosphamide regimen, are used to induce remission. Low-dose corticosteroid plus azathioprine or mycophenolate is used to maintain remission. Corticosteroids are highly effective but have diverse side effects and should be used in the lowest dose compatible with maintaining control of disease activity.
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Ambrus, Monika, Rosemary Rayfuse, and Wouter Werner, eds. Risk and the Regulation of Uncertainty in International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795896.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increasingly, international legal arrangements imagine future worlds, or create space for experts to articulate how the future can be conceptualized and managed. With the increased specialization of international law, a series of functional regimes and sub-regimes has emerged, each with their own imageries, vocabularies, expert knowledge and rules to translate our hopes and fears for the future into action in the present. At issue in the development of these regimes are not just competing predictions of the future based on what we know about what has happened in the past and what we know is happening in the present. Rather, these regimes seek to deal with futures about which we know very little or nothing at all; futures that are inherently uncertain and even potentially catastrophic; futures for which we need to find ways to identify, conceptualize, manage, and regulate risks the existence of which we can possibly only speculate about. This book explores how the future is imagined, articulated, and managed across various functional fields in international law. It explores how the future is construed in these various functional fields; how the costs of risk, risk regulation, risk assessment, and risk management are distributed in international law; the effect of uncertain futures on the subjects of international law; and the way in which international law operates when faced with catastrophic or existential risk. The contributions in this book will provide readers with a sound basis for making comparisons between the practices developed in different international legal regimes.
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Baym, Nancy K. Playing to the Crowd. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479896165.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Playing to the Crowd, Nancy K. Baym examines the shift toward more personal connections with audiences, offering an entirely new approach to media cultures and industries as she does. The book argues that workers in many fields are under increased pressure get online and connect with others to further their careers, a trend that musicians have long led. Using a dialectical framework, the book draws on in depth-interviews with a range of professional musicians and other qualitative methods to show how the rise of digital communication platforms transformed artist-fan relationships into something that can feel personal. Part I explores music as a means of communication and as a commodity, drawing out the tension between its social and commercial values. Part II looks at audiences, showing how they developed fandoms in the 20th century, how those fandoms came online, and the tension between participation and control musicians experience when they encounter online audiences. Part III looks at relationships, examining how, in contrast to the concert hall environment in which musicians and audiences may one have met, social media create a new potential and pressure for everyday, intimate relating and how musicians manage the tensions between closeness and distance this creates. Ultimately, the book argues that the relational labor musicians do is a significant mode of work, one which requires resources, skills, and strategies we must all understand.
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Feinstein, Robert, Joseph Connelly, and Marilyn Feinstein, eds. Integrating Behavioral Health and Primary Care. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.001.0001.
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This book describes real-world examples and practical approaches for integrating behavioral and physical health services in primary care and some specialty medical environments. Integrated care models are patient-centered; delivered by teams of medical professionals, utilize care coordination, and a population-based approach. This book is comfortably accessible to students, residents, faculty, and all mental health professionals, primary care and medical specialists who are working in ambulatory/office-based practices. We examine the integrated care literature and recommend applying collaborative care and other existing models of integrated care based on the existing evidence-based research. When there is no literature supporting a specific approach, our experts offer their ideas and take an aspirational approach about how to manage and treat specific behavioral disorder or problems. We assume the use of a fully integrated team staffing model while also recognizing this an ideal that may need modification based on local resources and practice cultures. The full integrated team includes a primary care or specialist provider(s), front desk staff, medical assistant(s), nurse(s), nurse practitioners, behavioral health specialist(s), health coaches, consulting psychiatrist, and care coordinator(s)/manager(s). The book has four sections: Part 1: Models of Integrated Care provides an overview of the principles and the framework of integrated care focusing on five highly successful integrated practices. We also discuss team-based care, financing, tele-behavioral health, and use of mental health assessments and outcome measures. Part 2: Integrative Care for Psychiatry and Primary Care is a review of existing and proposed models of integrated care for common psychiatric disorders. Our continuity approach emphasizes problem identification, differential diagnosis, brief treatment, and yearlong critical pathways with tables and figures detailing “how to” effectively deliver mental health care and manage substance misuse in an integrated care environment. Part 3: Integrated Care for Medical Sub-Specialties & Behavioral Medicine Conditions in Primary Care focuses on two models of integrating behavioral health care: (1) integrating wellness with behavioral health and (2) integrating psychiatry and neurology. Other chapters are “Women’s Mental Health Across the Reproductive Lifespan,” “Assessing and Treating Sexual Problems in an Integrated Care Environment,” “Integrated Chronic Pain and Psychiatric Management,” and “Death and Dying: Integrated Teams.” Part 4: Psychosocial Treatments in Integrated Care describes brief office-based counseling and psychosocial treatment approaches including: health coaching, crisis intervention, family, and group interventions. All of these brief treatment approaches are patient–centered, tailored to be used effectively integrated care settings and as an important contribution to population management.
Частини книг з теми "Sub arc mantle"
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Singh, Vinod K., and Manoj K. Soni. "Photosynthesis and productivity." In Guava: botany, production and uses, 223–48. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247022.0012.
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Abstract Knowledge on the responses of guava to environmental factors such as light, temperature, water availability and CO2 concentration is essential to determine the effect of suboptimal environmental conditions and to manage the crop for maximum productivity. This chapter aims to highlight the current understanding and the possible effects of environmental factors on the whole physiology of guava trees as expressed by growth, yield, fruit quality and photosynthetic features. Possible areas of future research are also suggested.
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González-Sánchez, Emilio J., Manuel Moreno-Garcia, Amir Kassam, Saidi Mkomwa, Julio Roman-Vazquez, Oscar Veroz-Gonzalez, Rafaela Ordoñez-Fernandez, et al. "Climate smart agriculture for Africa: the potential role of conservation agriculture in climate smart agriculture." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 66–84. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0003.
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Abstract To achieve the challenges raised in Agenda 2063 and the Malabo Declaration, new agricultural techniques need to be promoted. Practical approaches to implement climate smart agriculture and sustainable agriculture, able to deliver at field level, are required. These include sustainable soil and land management that allows different user groups to manage their resources, including water, crops, livestock and associated biodiversity, in ways that are best suited to the prevailing biophysical, socio-economic and climatic conditions. The adoption of locally adapted sustainable soil management practices is needed to support climate change mitigation and adaptation from the agricultural perspective. In this sense, Conservation Agriculture (CA) can be adapted to local conditions, and help achieve the key objectives. The application of CA principles brings multiple benefits, especially in terms of soil conservation, but also for mitigating climate change. In fact, CA has the ability to transform agricultural soils from being carbon emitters into carbon sinks, because of no-tillage (NT) techniques and the return to the soil of diverse crop biomass from above-ground parts of plants and from diverse roots systems and root exudates. Similarly, fossil energy use decreases due to the reduction in agricultural operations, and so less CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere. Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in CA also result, because of reduced and more efficient use of inputs. Scientific studies confirm the sequestration potential of increased soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks on croplands in Africa on each of the continent's major bioclimatic areas. Coefficients of SOC sequestration for Africa are presented in this chapter.
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Shetto, Richard, Saidi Mkomwa, Ndabhemeye Mlengera, and Remmy Mwakimbwala. "Conservation agriculture in the southern highlands of Tanzania: learnings from two decades of research for development." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 122–36. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0006.
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Abstract Since its introduction into the Southern Highlands of Tanzania by researchers 25 years ago, Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been well received, researched and the concept proven to be increasing productivity and incomes, enhancing resilience of livelihoods and contributing to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. CA research, as defined by the three interlined principles, was introduced into the Southern Highlands by the Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute (TARI) Uyole, formerly Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) Uyole around 1995. Research results showed a labour saving of up to 70% in CA compared to conventional tillage, yield increases of 26%-100% and 360% for maize and sunflower, respectively, partly attributed to higher moisture content (18%-24%) in CA systems. CA was also found to be much more effective in mitigating dry spells and increasing productivity in maize production in areas where average annual rainfall is less than 770 mm. Economic analysis of maize production showed that profits in CA were three times more than in conventional tillage production at US$526.9 ha-1 and US$ 176.6 ha-1, respectively. Profits were twice as much for beans under CA at US$917.4 ha-1 compared to US$376.3 ha-1 for conventional practice. Studies confirm that 5% of farmers in the Southern Highlands have adopted CA. Increased uptake requires addressing challenges including resistance to change in mindset, inaccessibility of appropriate mechanization and cover crop seeds, traditions of free-range communal grazing of livestock (which makes it difficult for farmers to retain crop residue in their farms) and shortage of investment capital. A holistic value chain approach is recommended in CA interventions, bringing together various stakeholders including scientists, trainers, extension workers, administrators, policy makers, agro-inputs and machinery dealers, machinery service providers, agro-processors and financial institutions. The innovations adaptation set-up brings service providers closer to farmers for co-innovation. Long-term CA programmes are recommended, with farmers being taken through the complete learning cycle in testing CA technologies under their own farm environments. This should be complemented by entrepreneurial CA machinery hire services provision to increase the availability of farm power to smallholders unlikely to have the capital or skills to buy and manage their own machinery. The proof of application of the CA concept in the Southern Highlands has set the stage for further scaling the adoption of CA through support from national policies and programmes.
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Bakir, Vian, and Andrew McStay. "Feeling-Into the Civic Body: Affect, Emotions and Moods." In Optimising Emotions, Incubating Falsehoods, 103–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13551-4_5.
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AbstractThis chapter accounts for the energising role of affect, emotions and moods in circulating false information throughout the civic body. It starts by charting the trajectory of the role of feelings in understanding citizen-political communications. Their persuasive importance was recognised millennia ago and have been recognised anew in recent decades with the advent of neuroscience and the understanding that emotions are important for decisions and judgements. The chapter highlights three main mechanisms through which governments can try to manage public feeling and hence behaviour: discursive, decision-making based and datafied. It then considers the prevalent claim that we live in a post-truth condition (where appeals to emotion and personal belief are more influential in shaping public opinion than objective facts). While the relative importance of emotion and facts in everyday life is difficult to ascertain, the chapter demonstrates that the media from which people would normally derive their facts (namely, news media and social media) have become more emotionalised and affective, and suggests that we live in an informational environment that is sub-optimal for a healthy civic body. Finally, the chapter examines the challenges faced by governments in managing their population’s feelings during the COVID-19 pandemic where uncertainty, anxiety and false information proliferate.
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Vincent, Katharine, and Declan Conway. "Key Issues and Progress in Understanding Climate Risk in Africa." In Climate Risk in Africa, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61160-6_1.
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AbstractAdaptations and strategies to build resilience are needed to manage current impacts and will be increasingly vital as the world continues to warm. But making adaptation decisions can be complex, requiring careful consideration of multiple factors and perspectives, and balancing different priorities over different timescales. Society is embarking on a learning process that will continue for decades. This chapter and the book it introduces aim to contribute to this process. The book draws extensively from the Future Climate for Africa (FCFA) research programme that aimed to support adaptation and resilience in sub-Saharan Africa. In this chapter, we first briefly review the planning landscape for adaptation and building resilience and then consider how applications are changing the nature of climate information and the context of its use. This is followed by a review of the current status of climate information, particularly future projections for Africa and the enduring challenge that uncertainty represents to their active use. We then ask how we can improve the use of climate information for resilience building and adaptation and present an overview of the coming chapters. The demand for information and guidance on adaptation is continuing to grow, and is highlighting the need for new types and formats of data, and more innovative interactions with users to increase usability and application. Climate plays a dynamic role within complex, rapidly evolving social-ecological systems; this requires the climate science, resilience and adaptation communities to engage widely with other sectors and actors to make the agenda relevant and tractable for policy and practice.
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Assentian, Ilesh Dattani, and Nuria Ituarte Aranda. "Overview of Applicable Regulations in Digital Finance and Supporting Technologies." In Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Digital Finance, 337–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94590-9_20.
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AbstractFinancial regulation has changed significantly in the 10 years since the global financial crisis. Tougher, more detailed and more complex standards now apply to all aspects of regulation. In more recent times that regulation has been increasingly influenced by the widespread deployment of fintech introducing new services and applications whilst transforming how consumers interact with the more traditional existing banking services. This chapter introduces the context and focus of this most recent regulatory and supervisory authorities and highlights some of the key regulatory initiatives, existing and ongoing, designed to manage the key risks posed by the disruptive nature of the rapid digital transformation occurring in the sector. Technologies designed to sup-port aspects of these regulations are highlighted as part of practical guidance to support innovators in the sector and for those in the sector considering developing or deploying the increasing plethora of new applications utilizing emerging technologies like AI or distributed ledger technologies.
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Golembiewski, Jan A., and John Zeisel. "Salutogenic Approaches to Dementia Care." In The Handbook of Salutogenesis, 513–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79515-3_48.
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AbstractIn this chapter, the authors address salutogenic approaches in dementia care support, using a resident-centred model of care. Securing patients’ sense of coherence in care settings requires shifting the locus of decision-making power from only staff, to include residents. In this approach, patients manage more tasks themselves, they get not only what they need but also what they want and they engage meaningfully with others and with life in general. The authors explain that implementing salutogenic models of dementia care is not a simple task. It involves reimagining approaches to interpersonal communication, the thoughtful development of meaningful and enjoyable activities, and creative inclusion and engagement of friends and family. Supportive design of facilities includes spaces that provide choice, opportunities for social interaction, and memory-triggering cues that inform persons living with dementia about where they are, who they are, what there is to do to keep occupied, who other people are – in sum, environments that remind them that they are meaningfully engaged, safe and happy. The authors contend that replacing old-fashioned approaches to care with life-affirming environments is richly rewarding. They explain that success in making this switch requires professionals to pivot away from models that see dementia primarily as a disease to be cured, towards seeing living with dementia in terms of maximum health and well-being. They conclude that salutogenesis is a useful theory to guide this transition.
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Finney, John. "1. Water, water everywhere …" In Water: A Very Short Introduction, 1–13. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198708728.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water (H2O) is the most abundant compound on the Earth’s surface and occurs naturally in gas, liquid, and solid forms. It is estimated that there are 1.9 billion billion tonnes of water on our planet with even more in the Earth’s mantle. ‘Water, water everywhere …’ outlines how water arose from the Big Bang, how it got to Earth, and describes how scientists deciphered its molecular structure. But why do we need it? Water maintains our climate, keeps all living things alive, is a major influence in forming the surface topography of the planet, and is also critical in what happens in planetary interiors, as well as in the location and eruptive style of volcanoes.
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Phethean, Jordan J. J., Martha Papadopoulou, and Alexander L. Peace. "Dense melt residues drive mid-ocean-ridge “hotspots”." In In the Footsteps of Warren B. Hamilton: New Ideas in Earth Science. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2553(30).
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ABSTRACT The geodynamic origin of melting anomalies found at the surface, often referred to as “hotspots,” is classically attributed to a mantle plume process. The distribution of hotspots along mid-ocean-ridge spreading systems around the globe, however, questions the universal validity of this concept. Here, the preferential association of hotspots with slow- to intermediate-spreading centers and not fast-spreading centers, an observation contrary to the expected effect of ridge suction forces on upwelling mantle plumes, is explained by a new mechanism for producing melting anomalies at shallow (<2.3 GPa) depths. By combining the effects of both chemical and thermal density changes during partial melting of the mantle (using appropriate latent heat and depth-dependent thermal expansivity parameters), we find that mantle residues experience an overall instantaneous increase in density when melting occurs at <2.3 GPa. This controversial finding is due to thermal contraction of material during melting, which outweighs the chemical buoyancy due to melting at shallow pressures (where thermal expansivities are highest). These dense mantle residues are likely to locally sink beneath spreading centers if ridge suction forces are modest, thus driving an increase in the flow of fertile mantle through the melting window and increasing magmatic production. This leads us to question our understanding of sub–spreading center dynamics, where we now suggest a portion of locally inverted mantle flow results in hotspots. Such inverted flow presents an alternative mechanism to upwelling hot mantle plumes for the generation of excess melt at near-ridge hotspots, i.e., dense downwelling of mantle residue locally increasing the flow of fertile mantle through the melting window. Near-ridge hotspots, therefore, may not require the elevated temperatures commonly invoked to account for excess melting. The proposed mechanism also satisfies counterintuitive observations of ridge-bound hotspots at slow- to intermediate-spreading centers, yet not at fast-spreading centers, where large dynamic ridge suction forces likely overwhelm density-driven downwelling. The lack of observations of such downwelling in numerical modeling studies to date reflects the generally high chemical depletion buoyancy and/or low thermal expansivity parameter values employed in simulations, which we find to be unrepresentative for melting at <2.3 GPa. We therefore invite future studies to review the values used for parameters affecting density changes during melting (e.g., depletion buoyancy, latent heat of melting, specific heat capacity, thermal expansivity), which quite literally have the potential to turn our understanding of mantle dynamics upside down.
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Eroğlu, Erdal, and Halil Serbes. "Fiscal Autonomy of Sub-Central Governments in Turkey." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 83–100. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3713-7.ch004.
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Local authorities that are the closest to citizens need to be financially strong to be able to present efficient and high-quality services. Also called fiscal autonomy, this financial strength helps municipalities to have own-revenues enough to meet their expenditures. When municipalities have sufficient own-revenues and have autonomy in planning and budgeting processes, the qualities of their services increase, and they can manage their resources more effectively and efficiently. Enhancing fiscal autonomy is a requirement of citizen-based management approach with high performance. Focusing on the importance of decentralization, this chapter presents the discussions on various definitions and measurements of fiscal autonomy, followed by a section on the state of fiscal autonomy in Turkey by analyzing the indicators of SCG tax revenue/total revenues, SCG own-revenues/total revenues, and transfers from the general budget tax revenues/total revenues. It finally offers some suggestions to enhance fiscal autonomy.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sub arc mantle"
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Wang, Kun, and Dmitri Ionov. "Potassium isotope evidence for slab-derived fluids in the sub-arc mantle." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.9823.
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Hu, Yan, Fang-Zhen Teng, and Dmitri A. Ionov. "PREDICTIVE MODELING OF MAGNESIUM ISOTOPIC VARIATION IN ARC LAVAS WITH HYDRATION STATE OF SUB-ARC MANTLE SOURCES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-308522.
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Pang, Kwan-Nang, Truong Tai Nguyen, Sun-Lin Chung, Shigenori Maruyama, Tsuyoshi Komiya, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, and Hao-Yang Lee. "Behaviour of First-Row Transition Elements during Early Differentiation of Arc Magmas, Solomon Islands, SW Pacific: Implications for the Redox State of Sub-Arc Mantle." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.2025.
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Yokokura, Lena, Hirochika Sumino, Takeshi Kuritani, Yuuki Hagiwara, and Junji Yamamoto. "Noble gas isotope ratios of CO2 fluid inclusions in mantle-derived xenoliths by spot measurement -direct constraints on the origin of noble gas heterogeneity in subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath back arc region." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.11836.
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Farmanbar, Pourya, Anne Siw Berge, Olav Revheim, Alexander Chekushev, and Serafima Schaefer. "Digitalized Operation Procedures Provide Rig Automation System with Context to Manage Longer and Broader Sequences of Activities." In IADC/SPE International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208767-ms.
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Abstract The exact definition of all types of activities in well construction, from spud to completion, is an area of great challenges for an automation system to function successfully in. In an operation plan, these activities can be categorized into three subgroups: standard and repetitive sub-activities, customized sub-activities, and manual sub-activities. A digitalized detailed operation procedure (DOP) provides the appropriate context by defining the machine-readable version of these activities. Digitalizing a DOP is achieved by splitting it into individual parts, categorizing them into activities, checks, risks, lessons learned, best practices, and operational parameters and constraints. This paper focuses on manual sub-activities (e.g. close/open valves or nippling up) in which start and end time are acknowledged manually; pre-defined sub-activities (e.g. drilling and tripping) which are defined by repetitive tasks (e.g. drilling, lower string, lifting string and connections); and custom sub-activities (e.g. recording slack off and pick up weight or pressure tests) which can be customized for a tool, company, or operation with limited tasks (e.g. increase flowrate or reduce rotation). Adopting this approach guarantees:An unbroken consistency between the planned, executed and reported phases of an operation as the digitalized DOP is directly connected to the automation system and the detailed log of executed activities are recorded.Enabling automation of longer sequences as the rig state transition between activities is managed seamlessly. This also applies when it is interrupted by manual operations like making up casing hangers.Quality check and improvement of the automatically performed activities by using real-time models. This is not limited to the normal repetitive sub-activities such as drilling or tripping. They can be used for every related custom sub-activity, e.g., hydraulic modelling after the opening of a circulation sub or torque and drag calculations after releasing a liner running tool. Having a software library consisting of categorized, distinguishable manual and automatic activities lets the user describe with precision the operational tasks in a standardized digital format. With each automatic activity being readable and recognizable by the rig automation system, the system can execute longer and broader sequences of activities securely and cost-effectively, where the sequence is well defined.
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Pham, Hiep, Narumon Sriratanaviriyakul, and Mathews Nkhoma. "IT Investment in ABC Textile and Dyeing Asia Pacific Perspective." In InSITE 2015: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: USA. Informing Science Institute, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Quyen Le, Deputy Director at ABC Textile and Dyeing Joint Venture Company (JVC), returned from a meeting with an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) service provider. Quyen was wondering which options of ERP implementation would be best suited to gain staff support and pre-pared the company for long term development. ABC had undergone considerable growth in recent years. Having become one of leading manufacturers of denim fabric in Vietnam market, the company was now facing some organizational challenges. To cope with pressing competition in local and overseas markets, ABC had needed to acquire internationally recognized certification for its quality control system and standardized manufacturing process. The company implemented a quality management process in order to achieve its goal of ISO9000:2008 certification. There was substantial additional paperwork to be handled with the new process. ABC currently used an outdated decentralized computing system in managing its denim manufacturing process. It was time-consuming and difficult to obtain timely and accurate production information—including material planning, production costing, machinery inventory, production reports—and difficult to share information among departments. Furthermore, over a hundred different reports for various stages of the denim manufacturing process were generated and handled by several departments. Lacking the technical knowledge to deal with complex technological context, Quyen considered outsourcing the implementation of an ERP system to ease the documentation tasks required by the ISO 9000:2008, and to manage more effectively the denim manufacturing and to streamline the reporting system. Facing concerns and criticisms from staff during the implementation of the ISO 9000:2008 quality management process due to its complex, time-consuming documentation requirement and added workload with no immediate benefits, Quyen was facing a tough decision whether to move forward with implementing an ERP system that promised another tough challenge to get the sup-port from staff and required necessary organizational changes to create business value from the information technology (IT) investment. ABC Textile and Dyeing JVC (ABC) was part of a textile industry that represented an important component of the global and local economies.
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Wang, Chu-Yi, and Stephen C. Y. Lu. "Modeling Known Design Concepts and Managing Their Functional Coupling Modules to Balance Upstream Objectives and Downstream Constraints for New Product Development." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97573.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Product development involves many trade-offs between upstream objectives (e.g., customer needs) and downstream constraints (e.g., modularity, manufacturability, etc.) Conceptual design, when design concepts are generated and improved, is the most important product development stage when these tradeoffs are made. However, when designers try to improve a known design concept of a current product during product development, it is often difficult for them to be both creative (i.e., meeting new objectives) and practical (i.e., incorporating existing constraints) at the same time. This paper presents a method that models known design concepts and manages their functional couplings for designers to achieve these difficult balances systematically during concept improvement. The modeling involves three steps. The first is to represent the known design concept as a dual-hierarchy by decomposing it into sub-concepts and identifying their functional requirements. The second is to find “functional schematics,” defined as a design matrix with minimal complexity, to manage functional couplings of the sub-concepts. The third is to build the executable modules based on the functional schematics. The model help designers achieve the most desirable level of upstream-downstream balance. A coffeemaker example is included to show how such a model of design concept is created and its design coupling modules are managed. The result also suggests that this approach can be used to create a “product family” from the base (or an existing) product to meet continually changing market demands.
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Saha, Nripen K., and Rabin Bhojan. "Influence of Chassis and Driveline Components in Vehicle Frontal Crash." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/amd-25434.
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Abstract With increased focus on new vehicle crash safety, vehicle structures are being developed to sustain more demanding frontal crash conditions such as, offset, angular, and pole impacts. To manage the higher amount of impact energy, vehicle body components are designed for higher strength and stiffness resulting in increased vehicle weight. As an alternative, a more efficient design concept involving the chassis, suspension and driveline components are studied here. Attempts are made to investigate how the non-body structure components of a vehicle can be deployed to absorb crash energy that may lessen the demand on the body-in-white. Contribution of underbody chassis subframe & cross-members, the suspension control arms and the drive-shaft components are evaluated using analytical methods for effective use in frontal impact conditions. Ideas are explored to improve the vehicle crash pulse and reduce passenger compartment intrusions in frontal impacts by employing sub-frame, drive shaft and suspension control arms more effectively.
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Xu, Lixin, Qin Tu, and Joe Zhou. "Introduction to Offshore Platform Global Weight Management Database Program." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11628.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An Offshore Platform Global Weight Management Database Program (OPGWMDP) has been developed and used to manage and monitor the platform system weights in design, fabrication, installation and operation. It is the first weight management database specialized to support the Spar system engineering design, construction, installation and offshore operation. This database program, which was developed in the Microsoft Access environment, is portable, cost friendly and integrated with graphic user interfaces (GUI). This program not only has the data storage and operational functions like a common database program, but also provides calculation functions specifically developed for offshore platform design and operation, such as horizontal force and moment calculation for mooring or other positioning systems, riser systems, fixed ballast and variable ballast automatic balance calculation, adjustment of displacement and topsides payloads eccentricity and variation. The program can also provide fast data for the platform stability verification under various operational conditions. These functions usually are not included in other similar weight control database programs. This system includes 4 main modules to provide the data input, edit and output functions and several sub-modules to manage different group data. This architecture gives the system a flexible structure which can be easily supplemented with new functions in the future. The specifically designed GUI provides a friendly interface for the user to interact with this system. This weight control database program has been verified with as-built platform data, and is applicable for a variety of offshore platforms, including Spar, semisubmersible, TLP and FPSO.
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Al-Matar, Mohammad Ahmed, Mohammed Al-Haddad, Abdulaziz Najaf, Mubarak Al-Obaidly, Hedi Slama, Kareem Badrawy, Wael Mahmoud, and Abdullah Baidas. "Successful First Rigless Fully Retrievable ESP System Installation with Coiled Tubing in West Kuwait: Case study." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211549-ms.
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Abstract As hydrocarbon reservoirs deplete and lose their natural energy to flow, artificial lift techniques become unavoidable to keep wells development plan and sustain hydrocarbon production. In several cases, Electric Submersible Pumps (ESPs) have become a reliable and important tool in today's global oilfield and inevitably the preferred artificial lift method to keep these wells alive and achieve a high hydrocarbon recovery however, since these pumps incur heavy workover rig interventions, the increased operating cost and the unwelcome disruption to the production operations often lead to an unfavorable profitability contrast for oil and gas operators With the oil and gas economics nowadays managing the operating cost and decreasing the deferred production is the key elements of sustaining a positive business across. In Kuwait, nearly 67% of the producing wells are equipped with artificial lift systems as several filed are producing from depleted or sub hydrostatic reservoirs that requires an electric submersible pump to help sustaining the life cycle of reservoir development In an attempt to slash down the overall operating cost related to maintaining and lowering those Electric Submersible Pumps (ESPs), an alternative deployment option was assessed riglessly with Smart Coiled Tubing thus eliminating cost the heavy rig intervention and operational disruption A team of engineers were assigned to design and meet the challenges of such an application. The team conducted a detailed and comprehensive analysis of all the risk aiming to deliver an optimal intervention design and procedure to ensure minimum cost. The intervention was designed to use real time downhole telemetry on coiled tubing through fiber optics to monitor and manage the loads exerted on the Electric Submersible Pumps (ESPs), downhole. After retrieving the ESP, Coiled Tubing clean out run using high rotating jetting nozzle was carried out on the docking sub of the ESP for the deployment and eventually, the ESP was lastly run and placed at the required setting depth. This paper describes the successful installation of the first Rigless Fully Retrievable ESP System Installation with Coiled Tubing in West Kuwait.
Звіти організацій з теми "Sub arc mantle"
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Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
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Thanda Kyaw, Ai. Socio-Economic Impacts of Foot and Mouth Disease Among Cattle Farmers in Sagaing and Mandalay Areas, Myanmar. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2784.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia (OIE SRR-SEA) implemented the Stop Transboundary Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (STANDZ) Programme funded by AusAID to strengthen the veterinary services and effectively manage the control and eradication of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. The purpose of the study is to understand how FMD outbreaks impact smallholder farmers, both men and women, at the household and village level and how control and eradication of FMD would benefit them. Specific aims are to estimate the direct and indirect socio-economic costs associated with the outbreaks of FMD as well as of the measures taken by farmers to deal with such outbreaks and to identify issues that contributed to the socio-economic impacts of FMD outbreaks and opportunities to reduce them.
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Erdoğmuş, Nihat. HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE TURKEY OF THE FUTURE. İLKE İlim Kültür Eğitim Vakfı, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/gt009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report handles important issues ranging from how to strategically manage the continuously increasing change in higher education to the possibility of a higher education structured on the basis of meeting contemporary demands, from organizing consultancy services suitable to the new career understanding to searches for sustainable sources of finance. This report consists of two primary sections: the need for change in higher education and the vision plan for higher education. The first section addresses preparing for the future in higher education and the need for change, and the second section presents a vision for higher education. The second section contains 12 thematic points regarding the vision for higher education. This section primarily addresses the themes of change and reorganization in higher education while paying attention to its importance, priority, and chain reactions. Afterward, a vision including themes such as access, educational settings, career, and employment skills in a higher education system that centers itself on students is provided. Following these are themes devoted to academicians. The final sub-sections address the themes of social and economic contributions, internationalization, and finance.
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Toloo, Sam, Ruvini Hettiarachchi, David Lim, and Katie Wilson. Reducing Emergency Department demand through expanded primary healthcare practice: Full report of the research and findings. Queensland University of Technology, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Demand for public hospital emergency departments’ services and care is increasing, placing considerable restraint on their performance and threatens patient safety. Many factors influence such demand including individual characteristics (e.g. perceptions, knowledge, values and norms), healthcare availability, affordability and accessibility, population aging, and internal health system factors (e.g patient flow, discharge process). To alleviate demand, many initiatives have been trialled or suggested, including early identification of at-risk patients, better management of chronic disease to reduce avoidable ED presentation, expanded capacity of front-line clinician to manage sub-acute and non-urgent care, improved hospital flow to reduce access block, and diversion to alternate site for care. However, none have had any major or sustained impact on the growth in ED demand. A major focus of the public discourse on ED demand has been the use and integration of primary healthcare and ED, based on the assumption that between 10%–25% of ED presentations are potentially avoidable if patients’ access to appropriate primary healthcare (PHC) services were enhanced. However, this requires not only improved access but also appropriateness in terms of the patients’ preference and PHC providers’ capacity to address the needs. What is not known at the moment is the extent of the potential for diversion of non-urgent ED patients to PHC and the cost-benefits of such policy and funding changes required, particularly in the Australian context. There is a need to better understand ED patients’ needs and capacity constraint so as to effect delivery of accessible, affordable, efficient and responsive services. Jennie Money Doug Morel
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Scanlan, E. J., M. Leybourne, D. Layton-Matthews, A. Voinot, and N. van Wagoner. Alkaline magmatism in the Selwyn Basin, Yukon: relationship to SEDEX mineralization. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328994.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits have alkaline magmatism that is temporally and spatially associated to mineralization. This report outlines interim data from a study of potential linkages between magmatism and SEDEX mineralization in the Selwyn Basin, Yukon. This region is an ideal study site due to the close spatial and temporal relationships between SEDEX deposits and magmatism, particularly in the MacMillan Pass, where volcanic rocks have been drilled with mineralization at the Boundary deposit. Alkaline volcanic samples were analysed from the Anvil District, MacMillan Pass, Keno-Mayo and the Misty Creek Embayment in the Selwyn Basin to characterise volcanism and examine the relationship to mineralization. Textural and field relationships indicate a volatile-rich explosive eruptive volcanic system in the MacMillan Pass region in comparison to the Anvil District, which is typically effusive in nature. High proportions of calcite and ankerite in comparison to other minerals are present in the MacMillan system. Cathodoluminescence imaging reveals zoning and carbonate that displays different luminescent colours within the same sample, likely indicating multiple generations of carbonate precipitation. Barium contents are enriched in volcanic rocks throughout the Selwyn Basin, which is predominately hosted by hyalophane with rare barite and barytocalcite. Thallium is positively correlated with Ba, Rb, Cs, Mo, As, Sb and the calcite-chlorite-pyrite index and is negatively correlated with Cu. Anvil District samples display a trend towards depleted mid-ocean ridge mantle on a plot of Ce/Tl versus Th/Rb. Hydrothermal alteration has likely led to the removal of Tl from volcanic rocks in the region. Ongoing research involves: i) the analysis of Sr, Nd, Pb and Tl isotopes of volcanic samples; ii) differentiating magmatic from hydrothermal carbonate using O, C and Sr isotopes; iii) examining sources of Ba in the Selwyn Basin; iv) and constraining age relationships through U-Th-Pb geochronology.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, Diana Cox-Foster, Victoria Soroker, and Ron Ophir. Honeybee modulation of infection with the Israeli acute paralysis virus, in asymptomatic, acutely infected and CCD colonies. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594392.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony losses pose a severe risk to the food chain. The IAPV (Israeli acute paralysis virus) was correlated with CCD, a particular case of colony collapse. Honey bees severely infected with IAPV show shivering wings that progress to paralysis and subsequent death. Bee viruses, including IAPV, are widely present in honey bee colonies but often there are no pathological symptoms. Infestation of the beehive with Varroa mites or exposure to stress factors leads to significant increase in viral titers and fatal infections. We hypothesized that the honey bee is regulating/controlling IAPV and viral infections in asymptomatic infections and this control is broken through "stress" leading to acute infections and/or CCD. Our aims were: 1. To discover genetic changes in IAPV that may affect tissue tropism in the host, and/or virus infectivity and pathogenicity. 2. To elucidate mechanisms used by the host to regulate/ manage the IAPV-infection in vivo and in vitro. To achieve the above objectives we first studied stress-induced virus activation. Our data indicated that some pesticides, including myclobutanil, chlorothalonil and fluvalinate, result in amplified viral titers when bees are exposed at sub lethal levels by a single feeding. Analysis of the level of immune-related bee genes indicated that CCD-colonies exhibit altered and weaker immune responses than healthy colonies. Given the important role of viral RNA interference (RNAi) in combating viral infections we investigated if CCD-colonies were able to elicit this particular antiviral response. Deep-sequencing analysis of samples from CCD-colonies from US and Israel revealed high frequency of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) perfectly matching IAPV, Kashmir bee virus and Deformed wing virus genomes. Israeli colonies showed high titers of IAPV and a conserved RNAi pattern of targeting the viral genome .Our findings were further supported by analysis of samples from colonies experimentally infected with IAPV. Following for the first time the dynamics of IAPV infection in a group of CCD colonies that we rescued from collapse, we found that IAPV conserves its potential to act as one lethal, infectious factor and that its continuous replication in CCD colonies deeply affects their health and survival. Ours is the first report on the dominant role of IAPV in CCD-colonies outside from the US under natural conditions. We concluded that CCD-colonies do exhibit a regular siRNA response that is specific against predominant viruses associated with colony losses and other immune pathways may account for their weak immune response towards virus infection. Our findings: 1. Reveal that preventive measures should be taken by the beekeepers to avoid insecticide-based stress induction of viral infections as well as to manage CCD colonies as a source of highly infectious viruses such as IAPV. 2. Contribute to identify honey bee mechanisms involved in managing viral infections.
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CIE. CIE 234:2019 (ES) Guía para un plan director de iluminación urbana. International Commission on Illumination, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/tr.234.2019.es.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
El objetivo de esta publicación es proporcionar orientación sobre los objetivos y principios subyacentes relativos a aspectos de la iluminación del paisaje nocturno urbano. Se tratan los elementos visuales, organizativos, ambientales y técnicos de estos aspectos de la planificación urbana. Esta guía identifica los criterios de planificación del alumbrado que deben tenerse en cuenta a la hora de tomar iniciativas en relación con el alumbrado nuevo o existente en zonas urbanas, o en aglomeraciones urbanas de nueva planificación. Se ofrecen orientaciones tanto sobre los aspectos funcionales como sobre los aspectos expresivos del alumbrado. Esta publicación está destinada a apoyar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones que deben iniciar, promover y gestionar la imagen nocturna de su ciudad, y que necesitan tener un plan director que proporcione una base sólida para el desarrollo de la iluminación a largo plazo. The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance about the objectives and underlying principles relating to the lighting aspects of the urban nightscape. It deals with the visual, organizational, environmental, and technical elements of these aspects of urban planning. This guide identifies the lighting planning criteria that should be considered when initiatives are being taken in relation to new or existing lighting in urban areas or newly planned conurbations. Guidance is provided to both the functional and expressive aspects of lighting. This publication is intended to support those decision makers who are required to initiate, promote, and manage the night-time image of their city and who require a masterplan to provide a sound basis for long term lighting developments.
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Bano, Masooda, and Daniel Dyonisius. Community-Responsive Education Policies and the Question of Optimality: Decentralisation and District-Level Variation in Policy Adoption and Implementation in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Decentralisation, or devolving authority to the third tier of government to prioritise specific policy reforms and manage their implementation, is argued to lead to pro-poor development for a number of reasons: local bureaucrats can better gauge the local needs, be responsive to community demands, and, due to physical proximity, can be more easily held accountable by community members. In the education sector, devolving authority to district government has thus been seen as critical to introducing reforms aimed at increasing access and improving learning outcomes. Based on fieldwork with district-level education bureaucracies, schools, and communities in two districts in the state of West Java in Indonesia, this article shows that decentralisation has indeed led to community-responsive policy-development in Indonesia. The district-level education bureaucracies in both districts did appear to prioritise community preferences when choosing to prioritise specific educational reforms from among many introduced by the national government. However, the optimality of these preferences could be questioned. The prioritised policies are reflective of cultural and religious values or immediate employment considerations of the communities in the two districts, rather than being explicitly focused on improving learning outcomes: the urban district prioritised degree completion, while the rural district prioritised moral education. These preferences might appear sub-optimal if the preference is for education bureaucracies to focus directly on improving literacy and numeracy outcomes. Yet, taking into account the socio-economic context of each district, it becomes easy to see the logic dictating these preferences: the communities and the district government officials are consciously prioritising those education policies for which they foresee direct payoffs. Since improving learning outcomes requires long-term commitment, it appears rational to focus on policies promising more immediate gains, especially when they aim, indirectly and implicitly, to improve actual learning outcomes. Thus, more effective community mobilisation campaigns can be developed if the donor agencies funding them recognise that it is not necessarily the lack of information but the nature of the local incentive structures that shapes communities’ expectations of education. Overall, decentralisation is leading to more context-specific educational policy prioritisation in Indonesia, resulting in the possibility of significant district-level variation in outcomes. Further, looking at the school-level variation in each district, the paper shows that public schools ranked as high performing had students from more privileged socio-economic backgrounds and were catering for communities that had more financial resources to support activities in the school, compared with schools ranked as low performing. Thus, there is a gap to bridge within public schools and not just between public and private schools.
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Who Owns the Land in Africa? Formal recognition of community-based land rights in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rights and Resources Initiative, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/wlvi2246.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The question of who owns the world’s lands and natural resources is a major source of contestation around the globe, affecting prospects for rural economic development, human rights and dignity, cultural survival, political stability, conservation of the environment, and efforts to combat climate change. To inform advocacy and action on community land rights, RRI has published Who Owns the World’s Land? A global baseline of formally recognized indigenous & community land rights (“the global baseline”), which identifies the amount of land national governments have formally recognized as owned or controlled by Indigenous Peoples and local communities across 64 countries constituting 82 percent of global land area. The report focuses on community-based tenure regimes, which include any system where formal rights to own or manage land or terrestrial resources are held at the community level, including lands held under customary tenure regimes. This brief summarizes findings on community ownership and control of lands in the 19 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa that were included in the global baseline.
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Proceedings of the operations research workshop for LGU health and population officials and researchers, August 9-13, 1996. Population Council, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1996.1020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This report summarizes the results of the training workshop for health and population officials and researchers who gathered in Boracay, Aklan, Philippines, on August 9-13, 1996, to discuss the tenets and applications of operations research (OR). This workshop was co-sponsored by the Family Planning Service of the Department of Health (DOH) and the Family Planning Operations Research and Training Program of the Population Council, Manila. Fourteen local government units (LGUs) were represented in the workshop: Benguet, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Tarlac, Quezon City, Capiz, Negros Oriental, Bacolod, Misamis Oriental, Davao del Sur, Davao City, Maguindanao, North Cotabato, and South Cotabato. They are all participants in the LGU Performance Program of the DOH, which was undertaken as a response to the devolution of health services to local government units as mandated by the Local Government Code. Resource persons from academe, research institutions, and the DOH elaborated on OR in five sessions: Introduction to Operations Research, Considerations in Conducting an OR Study, Conducting the "Cluster Survey": 1997 LLP Benchmark #6, Special Topics in OR, and Preparation of an OR Concept Paper.