Статті в журналах з теми "Studying the internal systems of languages ​​in contact"

Abstract: Assessing the internal coherence and constituency of language families often centers either around comparing certain form-meaning correspondences, or around identifying the presence or absence of linguistic features across the members of the family. The former approach is generally restricted to the lexicon. The latter approach focuses mostly on structural characteristics of language. In this paper we present an alternative approach to comparing grammatical systems between languages within a language family, which aims at bringing these two approaches and their results closer to each other. We look at subordination strategies in a sample of Tupian languages, taking constructions as the basic unit of comparison, treating them as form-meaning correspondences. The Tupian family offers an especially intriguing case for studying subordination strategies in the South American context, given its enormous geographical spread and the variety of contact situations involving its member languages. Major patterns of subordination strategies can be discerned across the family, e.g. strategies involving nominalization, verbal incorporation and other subtypes of verbal serialization, but there is also a great degree of variability between the different languages. By mapping the structural diversity onto the known genealogy and geographic distribution, we hope to shed more light on the history of the Tupian family and on the diffusability of subordination strategies.

Abstract This paper deals with an important aspect of the integration of loan nouns into the grammatical systems of languages attesting to grammatical gender, namely gender assignment. Traditionally, it is assumed that gender assignment takes place according to the internal assignment rules of the replica language. In many cases, however, the original grammatical gender is borrowed along with the source word. This is the case of gender copy which often takes place under special (sociolinguistic) conditions and is used as assignment strategy in languages to a different extent. A special focus of my study is on gender assignment and particularly gender copy in the contact of languages of different assignment types (formal vs. semantic). The empirical data comes from five European languages in different sociolinguistic situations, attesting to different assignment systems and of different language branches of two language families – Indo-European (Romanian, Slavic, and Indo-Arian) and Nakh-Daghestanian (Lezgic and Tsezic). The analysis shows that gender copy is possible mostly in the contact of languages of the same assignment type. In the contact of languages of the formal assignment type, gender copy often goes along with the formal adjustment of the loan word. Sociolinguistic circumstances play an important role as to the possibility and frequency of the occurrence of gender copy.

This article approaches the origin of multilingual innovations in language contact by presenting data from an intensive contact situation between two closely related Finnic languages, Finnish and Estonian. This situation between languages that have complex interconnected morphological systems often leads to the emergence of structures that contain material from both languages. The origin of these structures is discussed in the light of two basic assumptions: that in the mind of the bilingual speaker, the elements of the two languages are connected to each other via phonological and semantic or functional similarities and that both languages of the bilingual speaker always remain active and available during speech processing. The simultaneous activation of synonymous, competing elements or patterns is hypothesised to be the cause for the inevitable presence of both language-internal and cross-linguistic forces at the initial stage of language change.

Numeral systems in natural languages show astonishing variety, though with very strong unifying tendencies that are increasing as many indigenous numeral systems disappear through language contact and globalization. Most numeral systems make use of a base, typically 10, less commonly 20, followed by a wide range of other possibilities. Higher numerals are formed from primitive lower numerals by applying the processes of addition and multiplication, in many languages also exponentiation; sometimes, however, numerals are formed from a higher numeral, using subtraction or division. Numerous complexities and idiosyncrasies are discussed, as are numeral systems that fall outside this general characterization, such as restricted numeral systems with no internal arithmetic structure, and some New Guinea extended body-part counting systems.

Abstract This paper examines current approaches to studying alignment change and the role of language contact in the spread of ergativity, using the Chukotkan languages as a case study. Chukotkan is exceptional in that there does not appear to be a single reanalysis pathway that can account for the development of ergative case. Rather, the system appears to be the product of several changes that operated in different domains. This paper provides an alternative to an earlier account that claims that Chukotkan ergativity developed due to Yupik substrate effects, which is not supported by the historical accounts of the contact between these groups. This explanation is consistent with a problematic tendency of treating ergativity as a special phenomenon, even though ergative alignment regularly arises via internal change. Instead, I propose that the loss of split ergative case marking occurred due to the reanalysis of a passive participle, which was motivated by the tendency to encode animacy distinctions in these languages.

Language changes and developments, both nationally and internationally, are inevitable due to cultural acculturation and interactions between speakers of different languages. These changes can be internal, affecting the grammar system, or external, influenced by contact with other languages. Internal changes, which occur gradually, involve alterations in phonological systems, phrase order, and case and gender functions. External changes, resulting from interactions driven by economic, political, educational, and technological interests, can occur rapidly, often starting with lexical enrichment and extending to other language elements. This study examines the historical development and changes in two languages from the same family, German and English, to illustrate internal changes. Additionally, it explores the impact of external changes in multilingual societies, emphasizing the role of sociolinguistics in understanding the relationship between language and society. The methodology involves a qualitative approach, literature review, participant observation, and interviews to gather and analyze data descriptively. The study finds that internal language changes are driven by speaker behavior and innovation within communities, while external changes result from language contact and social interactions. These interactions lead to the introduction of loanwords, new morphological elements, phonemes, and speech variations. Examples from Indonesian, German, and English demonstrate how languages evolve due to these influences, creating new dialects and hybrid languages. The research highlights the importance of sociolinguistics in describing social status, improving social mobility through language use, and investigating dialect phenomena. The findings emphasize that language is a dynamic entity, constantly adapting to social, cultural, and technological changes, reflecting the diverse and evolving nature of human communication.

Recent studies in contact linguistics have emphasized the aspect of language-internal grammaticalization that is triggered by accommodation to an external (contact-language) model (e.g. Heine and Kuteva, 2005). This is based on the notion that speakers make use of the available resources in order to match them to those of the target language. A problematic issue is contact-induced change in the domain of case representation. Synthetic case markers are usually thought of as fully grammaticalized morphemes. If contact-induced grammaticalization is, as Heine and Kuteva suggest, much like monolingual grammaticalization, unidirectional, how do we treat instances of rearrangement of the semantic meaning and scope of case markers? I will discuss this problem by examining a sample of Romani dialects, belonging to the so-called Northeastern dialect group (see Matras, 2002). Relying on specific constructions, like Subject of Negative Existence, External Possession, Privative, Partitive etc., I will compare and contrast the Northeastern dialects with their respective contact languages (Russian and Polish). Using semantic maps, I will demonstrate how the Romani dialects in question restructure their case representation system to accommodate to the systems of the model languages, and will discuss what it is exactly that gets equated when two languages come into contact.

This article explores the phenomenon of code-switching, specifically focusing on bilingual Arabic-Italian determiner phrases which consist of a determiner, such as an article or a demonstrative, followed by a noun phrase as a complement. The data examined were selected from a corpus of Arabic-Italian spontaneous speech with the aim of (1) comparing and describing the characteristics and differences of the determiner systems of the two languages; (2) illustrating the features of code-switching in determiner phrases and the various types found in the collected data; and (3) studying the mutual influence of the two languages in contact contexts. The data analysis revealed two types of code-switching: switching at the beginning of a determiner phrase, where both the determiner and its complement are in the same language, and switching within a determiner phrase, where the determiner and the head noun are from different languages. This latter category also includes determiner phrases with double determiners, which will be analyzed in detail in this article to discuss the features of this linguistic structure in Arabic-Italian bilingual phrases.

The article focuses on orographic appellatives and oronyms derived from anatomical terms in the Yakut language through metaphorization. Given that the Yakut oronymy is endangered due to several sociolinguistic and socio-economic reasons, collecting, systematizing, studying, and preserving this specific layer of the Yakut toponymic lexicon in linguistic databases is relevant. We have identified more than 80 anatomical terms that contributed to the Yakut oronymy development. We divided the Yakut anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives into two groups: 1) lexemes denoting the external parts of human and animal bodies and 2) lexemes denoting the internal organs of humans and animals. The comparative analysis covered the following anatomical terms: atax ‘leg’, bas ‘head’, sürex ‘heart’, tumus ‘nose; beak’, kulgaax ‘ear’, töbö ‘head’, meyii ‘brain’, emiy ‘udder’. The comparison has demonstrated a substantial similarity in the anatomical vocabulary used as orographic appellatives in the Turkic languages. However, some Turkic languages feature divergence in terms of content, possibly resulting from the influence of contact languages (related and unrelated). The abundance and variety of metaphorical anatomical terms in different Turkic languages may also be due to the physical and geographical features of the terrain on which they function. Given the above, the anatomical vocabulary can be considered an additional source for understanding the formation patterns and features of the Turkic-Mongolian geographical vocabulary of Siberia.

The paper presents the analysis of Fula numeral system. Fula is an Atlantic language, dispersed throughout a vast territory in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has over 20 differently-sized lects subdivided into three zones - Western, Central and Eastern. The research included collecting the language data on six major lects, two from each zone. Then this data was analyzed from the point of view of internal and external syntax of ordinal, cardinal, distributive and fraction numerals. The comparative analysis of Fula numeral system on inter-lect scale has never been reflected in earlier Fula studies. Apart from a unique collection of numeral data from all language zones of Fula, the paper presents comparative analysis of such data, including, but not limited to, phonetic and contact-induced variabilities. The sources of structural and lexical loans in the system are listed wherever possible, because the disperse nature of Fula lects means that the contact languages and the ensuing changes can be different for each lect. Special attention is paid to the numeral bases, which can be somatic, commercial of a combination of the two. The Fula numeral system has never been analyzed from this point of view, and the contact changes to it are of great linguistic interest. Also cardinal numerals in Fula can change their form depending on the personality parameter of head noun. This system is unique for Fula and, more specifically, to its numeral system, and is properly described for the first time. Some parts of the Fula numeral system, like distributive and fraction numerals for some lects, have been found underrepresented and poorly described, which leaves room for further research, both field one and typological.

Feedback loops and other types of information processing structures play a pivotal role in maintaining the internal milieu of living organisms. Although methods of biomedical cybernetics and systems biology help to translate between the structure and function of processing structures, computer simulations are necessary for studying nonlinear systems and the full range of dynamic responses of feedback control systems. Currently, available approaches for modelling and simulation comprise basically domain-specific environments, toolkits for computer algebra systems and custom software written in universal programming languages for a specific purpose, respectively. All of these approaches are faced with certain weaknesses. We therefore developed a cross-platform class library that provides versatile building bricks for writing computer simulations in a universal programming language (CyberUnits Bricks). It supports the definition of models, the simulative analysis of linear and nonlinear systems in the time and frequency domain and the plotting of block diagrams. We compared several programming languages that are commonly used in biomedical research (S in the R implementation and Python) or that are optimized for speed (Swift, C++ and Object Pascal). In benchmarking experiments with two prototypical feedback loops, we found the implementations in Object Pascal to deliver the fastest results. CyberUnits Bricks is available as open-source software that has been optimised for Embarcadero Delphi and the Lazarus IDE for Free Pascal.

Abstract The reconstruction of the Proto-Chadic (PC) vowel system has hitherto been considered impossible. Proposals covered one (*a), two (*a, *ə), three (*a, *i, *u) and four (*a, *ə, *i, *u) vowels. The one-vowel solution gains support by evidence from mainly the languages of the Central Chadic branch, together with the notion of palatalisation and labialisation prosodies, which create particular ‘colourings’ for vowels and consonants in phonetic surface realisations and have been discovered to operate in all branches of the family, but to very different extent. Based on new insights into the phonological history of Central Chadic (Wolff 2022, forthcoming), at variance with Gravina (2014), and referring back to a typology of Chadic vowel systems suggested by Schuh (2017), we can now tentatively delineate the development from a minimal vowel inventory */a/, *[ə] in PC to vowel systems of between one and 15 (short and long) phonemic vowels in modern Chadic languages. Diachronic vowel-system typology in Chadic allows a critical review of received wisdom concerning vowel systems elsewhere in Afroasiatic, potentially touching on issues pertaining to the internal sub-classification of the phylum. At least the vowel system of Tashelhiyt (Berber) corresponds in essential details to the PC minimal vowel system, a non-trivial observation that raises questions concerning genetic heritage, language contact, and/or areal innovation.

Most of the leakage faults in hydraulic pipeline systems occur in the pipe joint. The research on the high-pressure sealing and reliability of the pipe joint is very important in the application of civil aircraft parts. On the basis of studying the characteristics of pressure pulsating fluid, this paper explores the influence of a high pressure pulsating fluid on the sealing performance of flameless extruded pipe joints and analyzes the influence of the internal fluid pulsating amplitude and fluid under different pressures on the contact stress distribution of the sealing surface of the pipe joint. The results show that with the increase in flow pulsation amplitude from 0.5% to 5%, the amplitude of contact stress on the sealing surface decreases with creep time, which makes the sealing performance better. However, the effective working time of the joint as a whole decreases from 2000 to 194 h. The high-stress area of the contact surface expands as the fluid pressure increases, and the high internal fluid pressure obviously improves the sealing effectiveness and reliability of the pipe joint. In addition, the influence of fluid pulsation amplitude on the leakage rate of the joint is much greater than that of the fluid pressure.

The paper focuses on the general problems of ethnic and linguistic contacts, and their impact on toponymic systems. To illustrate these, the author uses empirical evidence from medieval Hungarian charters originating from the Carpathian Basin, and touches upon some later language contacts in the same area. The guiding principle of the paper is provided by the topics included in the title. First, it discusses the notion of linguistic prestige and its interpretation with regard to toponyms and the linguistic situation of the medieval Carpathian Basin. The author showcases that linguistic prestige played a significant role both in toponym borrowing and toponym use, so as it influenced the practice of medieval charter writing. Secondly, the paper highlights some of the general theoretical considerations of name-giving and toponym use which are closely related to the issue at hand. These refer to the nature of relations between toponyms and culture, as well as toponyms and identity. Finally, it investigates the phenomenon of toponym borrowing and name integration, while outlining a possible model of toponomastic analysis in relation to the latter. This model provides both a descriptive (synchronic) and historical (diachronic) framework for studying toponym pairs of different languages at different stages of name integration. The author proposes a functional approach to this model through the analysis of Hungarian–German toponym pairs, but due to its universal categories, this theoretical framework is applicable to any two languages in contact and any historical periods.

The article presents the results of studying the possibility of using the insulation systems in the structures of rural buildings of various functional purposes, including the creating the multifunctional objects. A vegetarium dome house is considered, which unites a living area and greenhouses. The planning solution of the multipurpose domed house involves the formation of the effective insulation systems for the interior walls, protecting the living space of the interior from the heat-moisture and phytoaggressive features of the greenhouse exterior. A comparative analysis of possible heat-, water-and vapor-insulating materials for an insulating membrane has established the expedience of using the rolled foam-polyethylene fixed by an adhesive method on the external surfaces of the internal walls. Experimental studies have established that polyethylene foam with an average density of 18–20 kg/m3 has the following characteristics: the diffusion moisture absorption without any coating is 0,44 kg/m2; the diffusion moisture absorption with a metalized coating is 0,37 kg/m2; water absorption upon partial immersion in water for 24 hours is 0,013 kg/m2; volume water absorption with full immersion in water for 28 days is 0,96%. The nature of the destruction of the contact surface “foam polyethylene-metal” is cohesive in the adhesive layer, and the destructive stress is 12–17 kPa. A special feature of the polyethylene foam is the possibility of creating a jointless coating with minimal diffusion characteristics and with minimized cold bridges. The jointless cover is formed by combining the roll material into a lock, followed by hot air welding.

The article presents the results of a typological analysis of FALLING verbs performed on a sample of 42 languages. Under falling we understand uncontrolled gravity-forced downward motion in the air without contact with a surface. Within this semantic domain, we identify 4 main situations (frames) that consistently underlie lexical oppositions: moving from a higher surface to a lower one (‘the vase fell from the table’), loss of vertical orientation (‘the vase fell and the water spilled on the tablecloth’), falling-destruction (‘the house collapsed’) and detaching (‘the dress fell off the hanger’). Depending on the encoding strategy of these frames, we distinguish between several types of FALLING systems. Two extremes in this typology are represented, on the one hand, by a dominant strategy (i.e., all frames may be covered by the same verb) and, on the other, by a distributive system (a special verb is used for each of the frames). Within our sample, the dominant system is encountered, e.g., in Hindi, Greek, Basque, and Tigrinya, and the distributive one is characteristic of Hungarian, Chukchi, Adyghe, and Khmer. These and other lexicalization patterns are visualized using both a traditional semantic map model and formal concept analysis. The paper also discusses additional parameters that may affect the choice of lexical means — in particular, the type of falling subject, the number of falling items, the peculiarity of the subject’s initial and final positions, the cause of the fall, etc. For example, languages tend to use special verbs to encode falling of precipitation. Multiple subjects (e.g., granular solids or apples) may be lexically opposed to separate elements. In case of humans, verbs of falling may imply a certain orientation of the subject after the falling event (e.g., on one’s back or face down), or a specific reason (falling caused by an internal malfunction — faint, loss of balance, etc., or by an external impact — hitting, shooting, etc.)

Introduction. The article examines the problems arising in the acquisition of Finnish and Hungarian as a foreign language among students who are native speakers of the Mordovian (Moksha or Erzya) and Russian languages, i.e. bilinguals. The work examines the types of bilingualism, identifies the criteria underlying them. The purpose of the article is to identify the nature and causes of the appearance of linguistic features, cases of the manifestation of interference at the level of morphology which further indicate the methods and ways of resolving the emerging difficulties of mastering a foreign language. Materials and Methods. The factual material was obtained as a result of many years of educational and pedagogical activity in the classroom in the Hungarian and Finnish languages with students of the Philological Faculty of National Research Mordovian State University majoring in “Philology”, track “Foreign philology: Hungarian / Finnish, English languages and literature”. The main research methods are theoretical (the study of scientific and methodological literature on the problem under study), comparative (in the analysis of the morphological system of the Hungarian / Finnish and Mordovian languages), as well as the methods of generalization and observation, widely used for this kind of research. Results and Discussion. In the article, as a result of the study, the types of bilingualism are presented, the criteria for identifying the types of bilingualism, based on the existing classifications, are determined, the type of Mordovian-Russian bilingualism of the students of the studied group is determined. In the course of the analysis, it was found that when studying the morphological system of the Finnish and Hungarian languages in the written and oral speech of bilingual students, the influence of both the native (Erzyan / Mokshan) and Russian languages (when mastering some local cases, conditional, etc.) is observed. The presented examples are proof of the manifestation of interference, which appears at different linguistic levels. Conclusion. In the course of the study it was revealed that basically all bilinguals we studied exhibit a contact type of bilingualism, when communication is constantly maintained with speakers of both their native (Moksha or Erzya) and the Russian languages. The recorded phenomena of interference indicate the influence of grammatical systems of non-native (Russian) and native (Erzyan / Mokshan) languages in mastering some morphological structures of Hungarian and Finnish languages by bilingual students. In conclusion, it is concluded that it is impossible to avoid the phenomena of interference in the process of teaching a foreign language at the first stages of learning. The revealed mistakes made by the students make it possible to determine the methods and develop a set of tasks aimed at the perception of a specific foreign language material without using the native language.

The traditional need for coding to create parametric design has become quite obsolete with the advent of powerful visual programming languages for most becoming architects of the current young generation that are studying all around the world. Parametricism might become one of the standard skills for applicants seeking for a position at architectural design practices. It raises a question – how to implement the parametric knowledge into the workflow of a classical architectural designing approach, and rethinking the way we present these concepts at university level education of architecture. Additional knowledge of subjects is necessary, for example, about the structural integrity, material tolerance, fabrication optimization, sustainability issues etc. just to name the most frequent areas where lies the highest potential of making mistakes when these new systems are in use. Meanwhile the CAD/CAM paradigm that let architects design straight for fabrication brings new challenge for construction practice. Parametricism is an excellent platform of research for form finding, as there is very little amount of time needed to recreate significantly different design proposals by changing the variables, as soon as the bigger system of internal relations is set up.

The widespread presence of plasticizers Bisphenol B (BPB) and Bisphenol A (BPA) in food contact materials, medical equipment, and common household products is a toxicological risk factor for health due to internal exposure after environmental dietary exposure. This work describes the use of an amperometric cytosensor (i.e., a whole cell-based amperometric biosensoristic device) for studying mitochondrial interferences of BPA and BPB (5–100 µg/mL) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model following long-term (24 h) exposure (acute toxicity). Percentage interference (%ρ) on yeast aerobic mitochondrial catabolism was calculated after comparison of aerobic respiration of exposed and control S. cerevisiae cell suspensions. Results suggested the hypothesis of a dose-dependent co-action of two mechanisms, namely uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress. These mechanisms respectively matched with opposite effects of hyperstimulation and inhibition of cellular respiration. While uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress have been previously described as separate effects from in vitro BPA exposure using other biochemical endpoints and biological systems, effects of BPB on cellular aerobic respiration are here reported for the first time. Results highlighted a similar hyperstimulation effect after exposure to 5 µg/mL BPA and BPB. About a 2-fold higher cellular respiration inhibition potency was observed after exposures to 15, 30, and 100 µg/mL BPB compared to BPA. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) was used as model uncoupling agent. A time-dependent mechanism of mitochondrial interference was also highlighted.

The article considers the influence of geometrical parameters of the anode part of a bipolar plate on the gas-dynamic and electrical characteristics of a fuel cell with a proton exchange membrane. A model of a composite fuel cell bipolar plate with a proton exchange membrane has been developed by the finite element method using the COMSOL Mul-tiphysics software package. It has been established that the optimum rib width of the anode part supply channel of a bipolar plate is in the range of 3-4 mm. Increasing the rib width above this range will lead to deterioration of the mass transfer process and increase in the contact resistance. Reducing the width of the channel rib will lead to a decrease in internal pressure, deterioration of mass transfer and consequently a decrease in the performance of the proton ex-change membrane fuel cell. The model allows significant optimization of the bipolar plate geometrical parameters. The obtained results represent initial data for the development of composite bipolar plates for the power supply systems based on proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

The study relevance is caused by the special language situation in Belarus which is in close attention of modern linguists for several decades. Russian-Belarusian languages interaction is a special type of bilingualism which has specific features due to the common fate of the Belarusian and Russian people, genetic relationship, and language systems kinship. In Belarus the processes of generation and perception of the text in Russian language take place against a special psychological background of the Belarusian language system which creates the effect of the so-called unbalanced bilingualism. As a result one language system comes into contact with another causing interference. A serious problem in Belarus is the spontaneously russified version of the Belarusian language - Trasyanka. The goal of author is to identify the main problems of foreign students language adaptation in conditions of Belarusian-Russian bilingualism. Studying Russian in Belarus foreign students have to deal with texts in the Belarusian language, with colloquial speech and, of course, use words, terms, names in the Belarusian language. The author comes to the conclusion that foreign students do not experience any special communication difficulties from the Belarusian language unfamiliarity. The teacher of Russian as a foreign language, however, has a different, special task - to ensure a harmony among the culture of the language being studied (Russian), the culture of the host country (Belarus) and the national culture of the student.

Given the strong influence of the Russian language on the endangered Evenki language, studying the interfered Russian speech of the Evenks is of a great relevance. The present study is experimental phonetic research of melodic contour features in the Russian speech of the Evenks. The aim was to compare the intonation of interrogativeness and incompleteness in Russian and Evenki to identify universal and specific features. Also, the focus was on considering the melodic features of general questions and affirmative statements with the intonation of incompleteness in the Russian speech of Evenki speakers at the suprasegmental level. Evenki intonation accent results from the two systems’ contact. The comparative analysis of the melodic contour of structures in question in the Russian and Evenki languages enabled us to determine the field of potential interference. Experimental phonetic experiments revealed the universal nature of the nuclear tone realization by inclination in general questions and affirmations with the intonation of incompleteness. Affirmative statements were found to be realized at a lower level compared to general questions. The Evenki intonation system influence can be seen in the ascending movement of the pitch from the beginning of the segment and up to the nuclear tone in questions, which is different in the Russian language. Of declinational character is the movement of the tone on the pre-scale and scale in affirmative statements. The main manifestations of the Evenki language interference are considered the smaller range of segments, the less steepness and the step-like nature of pitch changes.

Статья представлена в русле социолингвистических исследований. Актуальность научной темы связана с выявлением роли английского языка в нигерийском социуме. Основная цель работы — установить корреляцию фонетических характеристик родного языка (йоруба) и британского английского, что позволит определить специфику произношения и формирования системы консонантизма нигерийского варианта английского языка. Статус ряда элементов системы согласных языка йоруба вызывает споры среди исследователей. Источники указывают на варьирование количества согласных фонем. Если сравнивать нигерийский вариант английского языка с системой консонантизма британского английского, можно отметить, что первый содержит 22 согласные фонемы, аналогичные фонемам британского английского, за исключением двух. Сопоставляя системы консонантизма языка йоруба и британского английского, констатируем, что в обоих языках присутствует ряд похожих фонем, при этом имеются такие фонемы, которые характерны лишь для одного из языков. Можно предположить, что носители языка йоруба как родного испытывают сложности в освоении нехарактерных для этого языка фонем британского английского в ходе его усвоения и использования в процессе общения. Следует также подчеркнуть, что при анализе речи информантов из Федеративной Республики Нигерия, записанной на аудионосители, обнаружены явления фонетической интерференции в ходе реализации согласных фонологических переменных английского языка. The article is presented in the wake of sociolinguistic research. The topicality of the issue is connected with defining the role of the English language (further — EL) in the Nigerian society. The main purpose of the work is to reveal the correlation of the phonetic characteristics of the mother tongue (Yoruba) and British English (further — BrE), what will allow to define the specifics of pronunciation and formation of the consonant system of Nigerian English (further — NigE). The observations brought us to the following conclusions. The consonant system of the Yoruba language (further — YL) provokes dispute among the researchers. According to the sources, the number of the consonant vowels in YL varies from seventeen to nineteen. If we compare NigE with the consonant system of BrE, then it is possible to say that the former contains twenty two consonant phonemes which coincide with the phonemes of British English except two cases. Collating the consonant systems of the YL and BrE, it can be noted that both languages have similar phonemes. There are also such phonemes which are typical of only one language from the pair. It is possible to suppose that the YL native speakers have difficulties studying BrE phonemes which are not typical of the YL during learning and using the EL in communication. Also it should be said that the analysis of the speech of informants from the Federative Republic of Nigeria recorded on the audio media showed the presence of the phonetic interference in the production of the EL consonant phonological variables.

The article is devoted to the study of distributive characteristics of combining forms in Modern English. The material of the study is words and terms taken from the Modern English dictionaries. A number of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation, classification, systematization), as well as purely linguistic methods (method of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources, lexico-semantic analysis, study of vocabulary definitions, contextual interpretation) is applied. The morpheme structure of derivatives with these formants is considered. The positions of the studied units in the morpheme structure of the word are analyzed, as well as the classes of morphemes that are in contact with them. The ways of word formation with the participation of combining forms in Modern English word formation and term formation are singled out. It is revealed that combining forms take an active part in terminological word formation in accordance with the existing patterns and models in the language. In derivation with the participation of the studied elements, depending on the formal means of word formation, affixation, composition and abbreviation are distinguished. The classification of distributive classes with a relatively free and fixed position in the word is given through a detailed study of the sum of all environments of combining forms, order and place, compatibility, properties of their use in relation to other elements are fixed. It was found that the studied elements are characterized by wide combinatorial possibilities, which are manifested in their ability to occupy different positions in the word, which can be relatively free or fixed. Three distributive classes are traced among combining forms the units with relatively free position in a word and fixed position. Bases and prefixes are found in the contact environment of a limited number of combining forms. The vast majority of these forms are combined with elements of the same status and suffixes. Only conditionally complex combining forms are characterized by an identical contact environment on the left and right. Combining forms are mainly characterized by the environment of units with the same status as them (right and left) and suffix environment. A characteristic feature of these elements’ compatibility is the absence of grammatical affixes among the morphemes adjacent to them, and the limited number of prefixes and root morphemes among their contact environment. It seems promising to expand the scope of the study by studying these derivational forms, which function in different terminological systems and in different styles of texts in Modern English. The comparison of combinatorial forms in different modern languages is of particular interest.

Aims and Objectives: Studies on vowel productions of speakers from bilingual communities report not only interactions between the first and second language, but also monolingual-like realizations. The present study expands a prior acoustic investigation of Saterland trilinguals by studying the substrate effect of Saterland Frisian and Low German on the trilinguals’ standard language Northern Standard German. The research aim is to test whether the Northern Standard German vowel productions of the Saterland trilinguals approach the productions of monolingual speakers in terms of durational and spectral features. Design: We elicited three repetitions per speaker of the complete inventory of stressed Northern Standard German monophthongs in /hVt/ context to compare the realizations of Northern Standard German vowels in trilingual speakers from Saterland and in monolingual speakers from Hanover, whose variety of Northern Standard German is representative of the larger speech community. Data and analysis: In an acoustic analysis, we compared the durational and spectral features using linear mixed effects models. The findings are interpreted with reference to the cross-linguistic vowel productions of the trilingual speakers. Findings: For the larger part, the Northern Standard German vowel productions of the trilinguals approach the productions of the monolingual speakers in terms of both durational and spectral features. In addition, the vowel productions of the trilingual speakers suggest a bidirectional interaction between the vowel systems of the trilinguals’ three languages. Originality: This investigation is the first to study phonetic interference in vowel production in a situation of long-term language contact involving regional trilingualism and an endangered minority language. Implications: Our findings show an orientation towards the larger speech community in the realization of vowel categories in the trilinguals’ standard language. Our study also suggests that the complete inventory needs to be studied to understand the functional constraints by which the multilingual vowel space is organized. It further suggests that a comparison of multilingual with monolingual speakers is necessary to draw conclusions on the mutual subphonemic influence of the individual vowel systems.

In natural languages, segmentation of the speech flow is the most important aspect of speech decoding: the meaning of a linguistic whole can be understood only if it is broken down into smaller elements and these are combined according to the grammatical rules of the language. Thus, the marking of speech segments must be determined by the internal structure of the language. A necessary condition for defining the boundaries of such segments is the presence of cognitive mechanisms involved in the processes of decoding sign systems. For a number of reasons, certain difficulties arise when identifying the boundaries of word forms in the Tatar speech. Therefore, statistical studies on the phonological structure of the Turkic word form and on potential ways of marking its boundaries are of great scientific interest. Through studying the vocal structure of the word form with the allocation of vowel phonemes in the initial and final syllables, this article investigates how the beginning and end of Tatar words are marked at the level of vowels. Literary texts were used as the empirical material for this study. With the methods of mathematical statistics, it was demonstrated that the distribution of eight vowels in the first and last syllables has statistically significant differences. At the same time, only the phoneme ‹a›, which is roughly equally represented in the initial and final syllables, has two different (positionally marked) variants: ‹ао› (labialized ‹a›) in the first syllable and the usual ‹a› in all other syllables. This distribution of vowels enables Tatar speakers to correctly define the boundaries of word forms, along with stress and vowel harmony, which alone are not sufficient for a clear and unambiguous definition of the boundaries of word forms. The results obtained suggest that the statistically significant differences revealed in the distribution of vowel phonemes are of great cognitive importance for the perception and discrimination of signs because they mark the beginning and end of lexical units in the speech flow. In the future, the methodology developed in this work can be used for similar studies on other Turkic languages.

The article highlights the evolution of linguistic views on the phenomenon of interference. The problems of interference have been worrying a large number of scientists both in our country and abroad for several decades since the last century. The research in the field of language systems interference continues in all directions nowadays. However, a number of its aspects remain poorly understood. The relevance of the language interference study is connected with the emergence and study of new concepts, such as linguistic interference, as well as translation, textual, sociocultural, cross-cultural, terminological interference.Having studied the views of the scientists on the problem of language interference in this article, we can conclude that bilingualism and language contact are necessary conditions for the manifestation of interference. The place of manifestation of linguistic interference is the person himself, communicating in a foreign language or translating from one language to the other when he is trying to compensate for some elements, phenomena and functions of one language system with elements, phenomena and functions from the other one, which can lead to accent, literalism, distortion of meaning and to various deviations from the original, but also in some cases can help with communication or translation.The need to study, systematize and develop the recommendations for overcoming and using the phenomenon of interference in a professionally oriented translation is not in doubt. At present, the internationalization of higher education is of fundamental importance. Personal experience in the process of studying and teaching foreign languages shows that the phenomenon of interference must be approached consciously: interference must be studied and understood in detail in order to subsequently know how to prevent it or use it constructively in a professionally oriented translation.

The article reveals the features of adaptation of athletes to specific motor actions in boxing. It is determined that boxing is one of the most popular sports among student youth. It is substantiated that the management of the processes of adaptation of the body of boxers to specific motor actions on the basis of extensive use of experienced training and measuring systems and technical means of training, coaching and control will be relevant both in terms of theory and sports practice. The circumstances that determine the interest in boxing as a model that allows us to study the processes of adaptation of the organism to extreme influences of the external and internal environment. Methodical recommendations for improving the processes of adaptation of student-athletes in higher education institutions to specific motor actions in boxing have been developed. In the system of various relationships between man and the environment and man with man, the motor actions of boxers can be seen as a complex model of antagonistic relations between participants, strictly regulated by the rules of competition and the actions of the judiciary. The nature of these relationships allows us to study the adaptive responses of the body in extreme conditions of real danger, requiring full mobilization of the functional capabilities of the student-athlete. In this regard, of particular interest, in our opinion, are studies aimed at studying the adaptive reactions of the athlete's body in situational, contact and shock types of martial arts, such as, for example, boxing.

Aqueous solution droplets are supported quasi contact-free by superhydrophobic surfaces. The convective flow in evaporating droplets allows the manipulation and control of biological molecules in solution. In previous works, super-hydrophobic drops on nano-patterned substrates have been used to analyze otherwise undetectable species in extremely low concentration ranges. Here, we used particle image velocimetry (PIV) for studying the flow field in water droplets containing polystyrene particles on a pillared silicon super-hydrophobic chip. The particles describe vortex-like motions around the droplet center as long as the evaporating droplet maintains a spherical shape. Simulations by a Finite Element Method (FEM) suggest that the recirculating flow is due to the temperature gradient along the droplet rim, generating a shear stress. Notably, the characteristics of the internal flow can be modulated by varying the intensity of the temperature gradient along the drop. We then used the flow-field determined by experiments and an approximate form of the Langevin equation to examine how particles are transported in the drop as a function of particle size. We found that larger particles with an average size of μ36 μm are preferentially transported toward the center of the substrate, differently from smaller particles with a 10-fold lower size that are distributed more uniformly in the drop. Results suggest that solutions of spherical particles on a super-hydrophobic chip can be used to separate soft matter and biological molecules based on their size, similarly to the working principle of a time-of-flight (ToF) mass analyzer, except that the separation takes place in a micro-sphere, with less space, less time, and less solution required for the separation compared to conventional ToF systems.

3D scanning finds more and more application every year in various fields of science, technology and production. 3D scanners are devices designed to scan physical objects with the possibility of modification and editing of the obtained models in specialized CAD systems. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to consider the possibilities of using 3D scanners in agriculture based on the analysis of existing models and the principles of their operation. (Materials and methods) There were used open information sources dedicated to the issues of 3D scanning. There have been studied the experience of using a 3D scanner based on FNAC VIM. The research was carried out using methods of collecting, studying and comparative analysis of information. (Results and discussion) With the use of a 3D scanner, it is possible to scan various physical objects, obtaining their three-dimensional digital models with high accuracy (the quality of the result depends on the selected scanner model and the scan processing used). The scanning method distinguishes between contact scanners, scanners using structured light, and laser scanners. Tomographs have been allocated to a separate group as a kind of 3D scanners, which make it possible to obtain models of objects with complex internal cavities. The most popular program is Geomagic Design X as a program that allows to obtain a solid-state model from a scan with subsequent editing in various CAD/CAM/CAE systems. The article presents the experiments conducted on the basis of FNAC VIM, showing the possibility of using 3D scanning to obtain a model of a ploughshare and analyze changes in its shape due to wear. (Conclusions) The use of 3D scanning in the agro-industrial complex is relevant as a means of controlling the geometric dimensions of parts at enterprises engaged in the manufacture and repair of agricultural machinery. 3D scanning serves as a convenient tool for conducting scientific research of a wide range.

Newcastle disease is a serious infectious disease affecting the internal organs, nervous and respiratory systems. It is caused by paramyxovirus PMV-1 and has a large number of different strains that can cause various forms of the disease. These forms can sometimes "masquerade" as other diseases such as cholera, bronchitis, avian flu or laryngotracheitis. Newcastle disease can only be detected by an accurate diagnosis. Poultry of all ages and breeds are susceptible to the disease, but most often Newcastle disease is diagnosed in domestic chickens. Outbreaks of Newcastle disease are reported worldwide and can cause problems for large poultry farms. Although Newcastle disease does not directly affect humans, a flu-like condition can develop after contact with an infected person. Characteristic signs of Newcastle disease in birds include encephalitis, pneumonia and hemorrhage into internal organs due to their damage.The last outbreak of Newcastle disease in birds in the Republic of Kazakhstan was detected in the village of Akhmet in the Nurinsky district of the Karaganda region on October 4, 2023. On October 6, the Karaganda Regional Territorial Inspection of the Veterinary Control and Supervision Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture declared quarantine in rural areas.The study conducted in the Karaganda region of the Republic of Kazakhstan was aimed at studying the outbreak of Newcastle disease in poultry in the village of Akhmet in the Nurinsky district. During the study, veterinary and sanitary measures were carried out, including sampling for laboratory diagnostics, vaccination of livestock and the introduction of quarantine restrictions. The results of the study showed the high effectiveness of the measures taken to localize and eliminate the source of infection. The virus has been identified, which underlines the need for constant monitoring of the epizootic situation. The data obtained make it possible to recommend the expansion of vaccination programs and the strengthening of veterinary control at poultry farms to prevent the further spread of Newcastle disease.Despite the fact that Newcastle disease has been known to veterinarians for several years, no treatment method has yet been developed. However, the control of Newcastle disease in poultry can be achieved through isolation and quarantine of infected animals, vaccination programs, biosafety measures at livestock facilities, monitoring of animal movements and surveillance

The article considers some aspects of the use of comparative-typological method in the process of studying the educational component «Russian language» by applicants for higher education from Turkmenistan, the role and significance of the comparative characteristics of Turkmen and Russian language to solve a specific methodological task: teaching students the language to master the future profession of teacher of Russian language and literature. In practice, it is proved that the complete exclusion of the native language in the process of learning Russian (as a foreign) language is impossible. Assimilation of Russian by Turkmen students occurs in most cases through the structure of the native Turkmen language, taking into account typological properties in phonetics, lexicology, phraseology, morphology, based on linguistic, cultural, mental features, which affects not only the mastery of a foreign language but and for a better understanding of the native language, thanks to the knowledge of different language cultures, national peculiarities of perception of the world and determination of one's place in it. One of the conditions for effective teaching of Russian to foreign students is the use of comparative-typological method, which allows the teacher to explain language features, clarify similarities and differences between contact language systems, taking into account the processes of interference of native language in Russian. By gradually involving students in such activities, we increase the level of motivation to learn a foreign language, stimulate the improvement of communication skills, as well as the ability to abstract thinking, analysis and synthesis, clear and precise expression, ability to argue and support facts. This approach helps students to more easily learn the material, structure it, organize knowledge of native and Russian languages, which significantly improves the understanding of language as such and linguistic phenomena in general. The use of the method of comparison helps Turkmen students to adapt more quickly to the language environment, to adequately understand and master the material of lectures and practical classes, to prevent typical language mistakes, and in general to overcome difficulties in the learning process. Language comprehension gives students the opportunity to form linguistic and communicative competence in the areas of professional and situational communication in oral and written forms, and thus to be successful in the profession.

The use of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines poses a number of difficulties associated with the adaptation of the engine and its systems. However, the prospect of using alternative fuels has significant economic and environmental feasibility, and therefore is extremely important. Therefore, the issue of studying the main performance indicators of engines in the process of using biodiesel fuel RME B20 is relevant. From the analysis of literary sources, it was found that diesel engines are promising for the use of biodiesel fuel. The efficiency of these engines largely depends on the main parameters of mixture formation, which have not been sufficiently investigated for RME B20 fuel. In the process of using B20 biodiesel fuel on a Renault 2.5 DCI engine with a decrease in the fuel spray angle to 60o, it was established: a decrease in engine torque by 12.5%; drop in effective power to 15.7%; reduction of the effective pressure in the engine cylinders up to 24.8%; increase in specific effective fuel consumption up to 15%. This is due to the fact that with a decrease in the fuel atomization angle, the contact area of the fuel drops and air in the engine cylinders decreases. And this, in turn, worsens the mixture formation process and leads to incomplete combustion of the fuel-air mixture. With an increase in the spray angle of the fuel to 750, the efficiency of using B20 biodiesel fuel on the Renault 2.5 DCI engine increases. Therefore, according to the results of studies of the operation of the Renault 2.5 DCI engine on commercial and biodiesel fuel RME B20, it was found that the use of biodiesel fuel leads to a deterioration in mixture formation due to which heat generation decreases, as a result, fuel consumption increases, and engine power, and torque decrease. To improve these indicators, it is necessary to change the mixture formation process by increasing the fuel atomization angle to 750.

Language as a system of signs is a complex phenomenon. Full analysis of language means, on the one hand, studying the linguistic system and, on the other hand, studying the mechanisms of its functioning, i.e., analysing the interaction between deep and surface structures. At the same time, language is a constantly changing system. Changes occur on each level of language: in its phonological setup, its morphological system and its syntactic structures. Changes also apply to the field of semantics and pragmatics.The primary function of language – its use in communication – builds upon the linguistic inventory, which consists of lexical units and functional elements. The inventory of a language can be divided into different paradigmatic classes. Due to changes, a sign can be transposed from one paradigmatic class to another in natural languages. This type of change in a given language system is called grammaticalisation. Grammaticalisation is a well-known phenomenon in typology. During the process of grammaticalisation, a lexical unit looses its historically developed semantics and after its desemanticisation acquires some specific grammatical function; consequently, it becomes a functional element. In general, the change of lexical units into grammatical/functional elements is quite common in natural languages and it is characteristic for both nouns and verbs; however, the research methodology concerning them is different. In typological terms, grammaticalisation is particularly specific in the transformation of verb forms into functional elements. The process of grammaticalisation involves a change of the paradigmatic class of a linguistic sign. A change of this type does not occur at once, it is gradual, as a grammaticalisation process as Hopper says: “a change is only incompletely achieved at any given stage of language” (Hopper 2005:25). The present paper refers to the process of grammaticalisation, the functional and semantic analysis of grammaticalised items, and the ways to tackle the problems that arise in computer linguistics due to grammaticalised elements of verbal origin. The goal of the paper is to demonstrate the grammaticalised function of the verbal form a-dg-a (PR-stand-AOR.S3.SG) ‘stood up’ vs. ‘abruptly stopped an action and began a new one’ and the semantic and functional aspects of this form. The investigation uses both corpus-based and corpus-oriented methods and is carried out on the basis of the Georgian National Corpus (GNC; www.gnc.gov.ge). The empirical data are collected from the Old, Middle and Modern Georgian corpora, as well as the subcorpora of juridical and political texts. In order to search the functional and semantic characteristics of the grammaticalised form a-dg-a, we applied the methods of lexical substitution and elimination, and to describe the functions of the form, we used a language competency test. The results of the test are illustrated by charts. Functional elements create special difficulties in computational language processing, i.e. in computational linguistics. Today no one argues about the establishment of digital bases of spoken and written language and the importance of its processing with digital methods: in the 21st century, scientists’ efforts are rather aimed at creating and improving methods of artificial intelligence. The creation of systems for automatic recognition and analysis is one of the main tasks. This requires a thorough analysis of the linguistic system on phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels. Since the Georgian language material is not yet functionally processed in all its facets, the Georgian National Corpus does not possess an algorithm to distinguish functional elements from homonymous elements belonging to another paradigmatic class, which is an unsettled problem of disambiguation. The present paper describes the homonymy that is caused by the grammaticalisation of the form a-dg-a and the ways of removing the ambiguity in the GNC. On the basis of the collected data, it suggests rules which are illustrated by charts. We hope that the suggested rules will be a basis for an improvement of the corpus-internal mechanism of morphological analyis.

The article reveals military students’ psychological characteristics manifested at overcoming stresses, conflicts, frustrations and crises during vocational training. Young years is the most interesting and difficult period in a person’s life. An individual’s identification in society is formed at this age. An appearing mature personality determines life goals, values, gender orientation. Incomplete identification is characteristic for people with internal conflicts, which worsen interpersonal communications, contribute to frustration, aggravates an experienced crisis and make searches for meanings more intensive. Interconnections between a crisis, a conflict, a meaning and a stress have not yet been investigated in psychology to the full degree. The article studies the qualities that should be developed in youth in order to have high tolerance to stress in overcoming obstacles, crises, stresses and noogenic neuroses (lack of meaning). The article purpose: to study second-year military students’ tolerance to stress when they overcome stresses, frustrations, crises or conflicts. The article objective: to study empirically correlations among young men’ gender identity, their tolerance to stress and the peculiarities of their defence mechanisms, used strategies for conflict overcoming, readiness to overcome frustration and life-meaning crises. The applied methods and techniques: theoretical analysis; systems approach; Psychological Stress Measure (PSM-25) (Lemyre-Tiesser-Fillion); Life Style Index (R. Plutchik, H. Kellerman and H. Conte); L.B.Shneider's method of gender identity studying; K. V. Karpinsky’s questionnaire on life-meaning crises; Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument; Stevan Hobfoll’s questionnaire on coping with stressful situations; Boyko-Vasserman questionnaire on social frustration; correlation analysis. Research results. Military students’ tolerance to stress contributes to their “adaptation” (0.35) to educational and professional conditions. The reasons for “meaningful crisis” (-0.55), “frustration” (-0.5), “conflict avoidance” (-0.37) are unsuccessful strategies used by military students for stress overcoming. “Life-meaning crisis” (0.39) and “frustration” (0.39) encourage military students to “avoid conflicts”, thus “assertiveness” (self-confidence) and (-0.43) “support” (-0 , 29) decrease, students “leave” conflicts (0.60), resort to “manipulations” (0.39). “Rivalry” in a conflict encourages military students to “antisocial actions” (0.34). The “caution” strategy is used by military students who are inclined to “cooperation” (0.33). The “contact” strategy is opposed to the “compromise” strategy (-0.28) in a conflict. Conclusions. The signs of formed identity for military students are self-acceptance, existing life goals, values, and the absence of internal conflicts, and also the developed ability to overcome stresses, conflicts, frustrations, crises. All critical situations are interconnected. A crisis and a frustration are the most similar. To overcome them, military students need to be taught such technique as “support” and to develop “assertiveness” (self-confidence).

Objective. The objective of the article is to identify and compare the features of non-verbal elements in English and Ukrainian communication. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature on the problems of non-verbal communication; theoretical generalisation and specification; comparative method and methods of linguistic research. Results. Non-verbal communication plays a significant role in the process of communication. It can be intentional or unintentional, is primary, always carried out with the help of sensory systems, such as hearing, sight; non-verbal communication is ambiguous and difficult to break down into separate components due to the use of various non-verbal elements: body movements or facial expressions. Non-verbal communication performs various functions: negation, regulation (control), emphasis, substitution and supplementation. Non-verbal communication includes kinesics, proxemics, oculomics, paralinguistics, haptics, chronemics, head movements and postures, and personal presentation. A comparative analysis of the non-verbal elements of English and Ukrainian shows that English communication is more restrained and conservative in terms of facial expressions, while Ukrainian is more expressive and emotional. The British prefer their own space, so they show restraint when communicating, while Ukrainians are used to getting quite close to the interlocutor. The British are also quite reserved when it comes to eye contact, while for Ukrainians it is quite important to understand certain emotions and moods. In paralinguistics, it is determined that people in Britain are used to speaking quite calmly, almost without emotion, while in Ukraine they speak loudly, very emotionally. In terms of chronemics, people in the UK are organised, very punctual and focused in their use of time, while Ukrainians are less focused on accuracy, so they may not take it as seriously. In terms of head movements and postures, it is found that the British often hold their heads straight because they are careful and polite in their expressions, while people in Ukraine can move their heads quite expressively. British postures are refined and relaxed. People in the UK prefer natural, more conservative clothing, so comfort is the main thing for them. In Ukraine, people spend a lot of time trying to dress well or present themselves in the best possible way. 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The purpose of the article is to identify the features of teaching traditional acting techniques within the framework of new technologies and digital communication using the example of acting training in the context of distance education. Methodology. The topic of the article determined the use of an integrated approach using general scientific and theatrical research methods - this made it possible to determine a set of factors that determine the quality of teaching acting training in conditions of distance education. The method of theoretical study of foreign literature on the research problem has been applied; the method of studying and analyzing pedagogical experience; the method of systems analysis, which contributed to the consideration of online learning in the context of theatrical pedagogy as a kind of integrity in the variety of its internal and external connections; typological method, in order to identify the specifics of teaching acting training in the conditions of distance learning, etc. Scientific novelty. Investigated innovative approaches to teaching actors in the context of the use of new technologies in acting training; analyzed the specificity of cognitive, social and educational presence as key elements in the development and implementation of online education in the context of the peculiarities of teaching the skill of an actor; the features of transformation of acting training exercises, associated with tactile sensations, were revealed; it was stated that in the conditions of distance education in acting training, direct contact (touch of the body) can be mediated by means of vibrotactile quality of the voice. Conclusions. Teaching acting training can take on new forms, provided it is conducted in an online format. The study showed that the structure of theater pedagogy in general and teaching of acting training in particular requires a revision of co-presence as an ontological condition for the transfer of tacit knowledge, which has traditionally been in the epistemological structure of theater pedagogy. The shift in emphasis in teaching an actor from traditional to innovative ways is associated with a broad approach to the decentralization of the preliminary epistemological interpretation of the body as its unique and, accordingly, central direction. The biggest challenge for the teacher of acting in the transition to the online format is that this subject is predominantly group-oriented, based on working in physical spaces. Teaching acting training in the context of distance learning requires a holistic understanding of how the digital space works, and acting training, using these limitations, should be initially planned and created taking into account the dynamics of the networked world. When conducting acting training in a digital environment, the lack of contact must be replaced with other sensory sensations. An important aspect in the context of the designated problems is the social aspect, which forms the group dynamics among students. For this aspect, it is advisable to use a number of auxiliary applications, including the social network Facebook (for scheduling and quickly sharing visual materials) and software for web conferencing "Adobe Acrobat Connect".

Background Noncommunicable disease (NCD) management is critical for reducing attributable health burdens. Although health information technology (HIT) is a crucial strategy to improve chronic disease management, many health care systems have failed in implementing HIT. There has been a lack of research on the implementation process of HIT for chronic disease management. Objective We aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators of HIT implementation, analyze how these factors influence the implementation process, and identify key areas for future action. We will develop a framework for understanding implementation determinants to synthesize available evidence. Methods We conducted a systematic review to understand the barriers and facilitators of the implementation process. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, and CINAHL for studies published between database inception and May 5, 2022. Original studies involving HIT-related interventions for NCD management published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Studies that did not discuss relevant outcome measures or did not have direct contact with or observation of stakeholders were excluded. The analysis was conducted in 2 parts. In part 1, we analyzed how the intrinsic attributes of HIT interventions affect the successfulness of implementation by using the intervention domain of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). In part 2, we focused on the extrinsic factors of HIT using an integrated framework, which was developed based on the CFIR and the levels of change framework by Ferlie and Shortell. Results We identified 51 papers with qualitative, mixed-method, and cross-sectional methodologies. Included studies were heterogeneous regarding disease populations and HIT interventions. In part 1, having a relative advantage over existing health care systems was the most prominent intrinsic facilitator (eg, convenience, improvement in quality of care, and increase in access). Poor usability was the most noted intrinsic barrier of HIT. In part 2, we mapped the various factors of implementation to the integrated framework (the coordinates are shown as level of change-CFIR). The key barriers to the extrinsic factors of HIT included health literacy and lack of digital skills (individual-characteristics of individuals). The key facilitators included physicians’ suggestions, cooperation (interpersonal-process), integration into a workflow, and adequate management of data (organizational-inner setting). The importance of health data security was identified. Self-efficacy issues of patients and organizational readiness for implementation were highlighted. Conclusions Internal factors of HIT and external human factors of implementation interplay in HIT implementation for chronic disease management. Strategies for improvement include ensuring HIT has a relative advantage over existing health care; tackling usability issues; and addressing underlying socioeconomic, interpersonal, and organizational conditions. Further research should focus on studying various stakeholders, such as service providers and administrative workforces; various disease populations, such as those with obesity and mental diseases; and various countries, including low- and middle-income countries.

As already described in the literature [1, 2, 3, 4], covalent bonding is based on direct bonding process. The first step of this process consists in creating dangling bonds at the wafer surface using an Ar+ ion bombardment. Then, the two activated surfaces are brought in contact, resulting in covalent bonds between them. Using silicon surfaces, no further annealing is required to enhance the bonding strength, as opposed to direct hydrophilic bonding. The adherence energy (Gc=2γc) of such Si/Si bond pairs reaches the silicon fracture energy (5J/m²). Indeed, all bonded samples break during double cantilever beam (DCB) measurements of it. Dangling bonds are highly reactive. Queue time between activation and bonding is crucial, as dangling bonds must be preserved. One way, commonly used, is to process activated materials while always staying under Ultra High Vacuum (UHV). Indeed, reactive dangling bonds should not get in contact with others reactive molecules, like H2O, O2 or N2, for instance. However, some molecules always remain, for any given vacuum value. Depending on their nature, the UHV quality for bonding purpose is affected. This paper aims at studying the impact of the UHV quality on the dangling bonds stability and bonding quality. In order to study the UHV quality, a mass spectrometer has been installed inside the bonding chamber. It has been shown that among all the reactive potential molecules, water is the most harmful one. Indeed, its removal enhances the vacuum quality. Baking vacuum systems is a well-known technic to remove adsorbed water molecules from metallic surfaces [5]. Although background water concentration in UHV is hardly detectable at room temperature, tracking its partial pressure during bakeout cycles enables to define a water threshold. Indeed, during a bakeout cycle, a water concentration peak is clearly seen by the mass spectrometer, as shown in figure 1. The impact of several system bakeouts at 100°C was also evaluated. After each bakeout, a Si/Si bonding energy was measured. After the first bakeout, the adherence energy was only around 2.5J/m². However, after the second bakeout, it reached the silicon fracture energy of 5J/m². More bakeout cycles were also tested. Adherence energy results will be discussed as well as partial pressures of other reactive molecules. The impact of queue times between wafer surfaces activations and bonding was also studied. For a standard process, this waiting time represents the handling time to activate both substrates (in a system having only one activation chamber), and to move them from the activation chamber to the bond chamber. We showed that the impact of queue time depended on the number of bakeout cycles and that the adherence energy decreasing rate was strongly affected by the UHV quality. With our best tool conditioning, an adherence energy higher than 3,4J/m² can be maintained up to 5mn added to the minimum queue time. Thanks to our EVG®Combond® system, covalent bonding in temperature can be performed using heated electrostatic chucks (ESC)[6]. However, even after two or more system bakeouts, 200°C covalent bonding failed to exhibit high adherence energy and it was not possible to reach the silicon fracture energy. Tracking the pressure level inside the bonding chamber during a high temperature bakeout of the ESC (>300°C) showed that water still desorbed during this process. Optimized tool preconditioning thus have to be implemented for such specific hot bonding, with a need for global baking (even of internal chamber pieces). In conclusion, we will describe the experimental setup and the impact of tool preconditioning (i.e. bakeout sequences) on manufacturing. Mass spectrometers and bond strength measurements will be presented, as well as curves of bond strength against the waiting time between the activation and the bonding, for bond pairs processed at room temperature or higher (200°C). Suga T, Takahashi Y. STRUCTURE OF A1-A1 A N D A1-Si3N4 INTERFACES BONDED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE BY MEANS OF THE SURFACE ACTIVATION METHOD. :5. Takagi H, Kikuchi K, Maeda R, Chung TR, Suga T. Surface activated bonding of silicon wafers at room temperature. Appl Phys Lett. 15 avr 1996;68(16):2222-4. Taniyama S, Wang YH, Fujino M, Suga T. Room temperature wafer bonding using surface activated bonding method. In: 2008 IEEE 9th VLSI Packaging Workshop of Japan. 2008. p. 141-4. Flötgen C, Razek N, Dragoi V, Wimplinger M. Novel Surface Preparation Methods for Covalent and Conductive Bonded Interfaces Fabrication. ECS Trans. 14 août 2014;64(5):103. Berman A. Water vapor in vacuum systems. Vacuum. avr 1996;47(4):327-32. Lomonaco Q, et al. Stress Engineering in Germanium-Silicon Heterostructure Using Surface Activated Hot Bonding. ECS Trans. 30 sept 2022;109(4):277-87. Figure 1

The Routledge Handbook of language and culture represents a comprehensive study on the inextricable relationship between language and culture. It is structured into seven parts and 33 chapters. Part 1, Overview and historical background, by Farzad Sharifian, starts with an outline of the book and a synopsis of research on language and culture. The second chapter, John Leavitt’s Linguistic relativity: precursors and transformations discusses further the historical development of the concept of linguistic relativity, identifying different schools’ of thought views on the relation between language and culture. He also tries to demystify some misrepresentations held towards Boas, Sapir, and Whorf’ theories (pp. 24-26). Chapter 3, Ethnosyntax, by Anna Gladkova provides an overview of research on ethnosyntax, starting from the theoretical basis laid by Sapir and Whorf and investigates the differences between a narrow sense of ethnosyntax, which focuses on cultural meanings of various grammatical structures and a broader sense, which emphasises the pragmatic and cultural norms’ impact on the choice of grammatical structures. John Leavitt presents in the fourth chapter, titled Ethnosemantics, a historical account of research on meaning across cultures, introducing three traditions, i.e. ‘classical’ ethnosemantics (also referred to as ethnoscience or cognitive anthropology), Boasian cultural semantics (linguistically inspired anthropology) and Neohumboldtian comparative semantics (word-field theory, or content-oriented Linguistics). In Chapter 5, Goddard underlines the fact that ethnopragmatics investigates emic (or culture-internal) approaches to the use of different speech practices across various world languages, which accounts for the fact that there exists a connection between the cultural values or norms and the speech practices peculiar to a speech community. One of the key objectives of ethnopragmatics is to investigate ‘cultural key words’, i.e. words that encapsulate culturally construed concepts. The concept of ‘linguaculture’ (or languaculture) is tackled in Risager’s Chapter 6, Linguaculture: the language–culture nexus in transnational perspective. The author makes reference to American scholars that first introduced this notion, Paul Friedrich, who looks at language and culture as a single domain in which verbal aspects of culture are mingled with semantic meanings, and Michael Agar, for whom culture resides in language while language is loaded with culture. Risager himself brought forth a new global and transnational perspective on the concept of linguaculture, i.e. the use of language (linguistic practice) is seen as flows in people’s social networks and speech communities. These flows enhance as people migrate or learn new languages, in permanent dynamics. Lidia Tanaka’s Chapter 7, Language, gender, and culture deals with research on language, gender, and culture. According to her, the language-gender relationship has been studied by researchers from various fields, including psychology, linguistics, and anthropology, who mainly consider gender as a construct that preserves inequalities in society, with the help of language, too. Tanaka lists diachronically different approaches to language and gender, focusing on three specific ones: gender stereotyped linguistic resources, semantically, pragmatically or lexically designated language features (including register) and gender-based spoken discourse strategies (talking-time imbalances or interruptions). In Chapter 8, Language, culture, and context, Istvan Kecskes delves into the relationship between language, culture, and context from a socio-cognitive perspective. The author considers culture to be a set of shared knowledge structures that encapsulate the values, norms, and customs that the members of a society have in common. According to him, both language and context are rooted in culture and carriers of it, though reflecting culture in a different way. Language encodes past experience with different contexts, whereas context reflects present experience. The author also provides relevant examples of formulaic language that demonstrate the functioning of both types of context, within the larger interplay between language, culture, and context. Sara Miller’s Chapter 9, Language, culture, and politeness reviews traditional approaches to politeness research, with particular attention given to ‘discursive approach’ to politeness. Much along the lines of the previous chapter, Miller stresses the role of context in judgements of (im)polite language, maintaining that individuals represent active agents who challenge and negotiate cultural as well as linguistic norms in actual communicative contexts. Chapter 10, Language, culture, and interaction, by Peter Eglin focuses on language, culture and interaction from the perspective of the correspondence theory of meaning. According to him, abstracting language and culture from their current uses, as if they were not interdependent would not lead to an understanding of words’ true meaning. David Kronenfeld introduces in Chapter 11, Culture and kinship language, a review of research on culture and kinship language, starting with linguistic anthropology. He explains two formal analytic definitional systems of kinship terms: the semantic (distinctions between kin categories, i.e. father vs mother) and pragmatic (interrelations between referents of kin terms, i.e. ‘nephew’ = ‘child of a sibling’). Chapter 12, Cultural semiotics, by Peeter Torop deals with the field of ‘semiotics of culture’, which may refer either to methodological instrument, to a whole array of methods or to a sub-discipline of general semiotics. In this last respect, it investigates cultures as a form of human symbolic activity, as well as a system of cultural languages (i.e. sign systems). Language, as “the preserver of the culture’s collective experience and the reflector of its creativity” represents an essential component of cultural semiotics, being a major sign system. Nigel Armstrong, in Chapter 13, Culture and translation, tackles the interrelation between language, culture, and translation, with an emphasis on the complexities entailed by translation of culturally laden aspects. In his opinion, culture has a double-sided dimension: the anthropological sense (referring to practices and traditions which characterise a community) and a narrower sense, related to artistic endeavours. However, both sides of culture permeate language at all levels. Chapter 14, Language, culture, and identity, by Sandra Schecter tackles several approaches to research on language, culture, and identity: social anthropological (the limits at play in the social construction of differences between various groups of people), sociocultural (the interplay between an individual’s various identities, which can be both externally and internally construed, in sociocultural contexts), participatory-relational (the manner in which individuals create their social–linguistic identities). Patrick McConvell, in Chapter 15, Language and culture history: the contribution of linguistic prehistory reviews research in this field where historical linguistic evidence is exploited in the reconstruction and understanding of prehistoric cultures. He makes an account of research in linguistic prehistory, with a focus on proto- and early Indo-European cultures, on several North American language families, on Africa, Australian, and Austronesian Aboriginal languages. McConvell also underlines the importance of interdisciplinary research in this area, which greatly benefits from studies in other disciplines, such as archaeology, palaeobiology, or biological genetics. Part four starts with Ning Yu’s Chapter 16, Embodiment, culture, and language, which gives an account of theory and research on the interplay between language, culture, and body, as seen from the standpoint of Cultural Linguistics. Yu presents a survey of embodiment (in embodied cognition research) from a multidisciplinary perspective, starting with the rather universalistic Conceptual Metaphor Theory. On the other hand, Cultural Linguistics has concentrated on the role played by culture in shaping embodied language, as various cultures conceptualise body and bodily experience in different ways. Chapter 17, Culture and language processing, by Crystal Robinson and Jeanette Altarriba deals with research in the field of how culture influence language processing, in particular in the case of bilingualism and emotion, alongside language and memory. Clearly, the linguistic and cultural character of each individual’s background has to be considered as a variable in research on cognition and cognitive processing. Frank Polzenhagen and Xiaoyan Xia, in Chapter 18, Language, culture, and prototypicality bring forth a survey of prototypicality across different disciplines, including cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology. According to them, linguistic prototypes play a critical part in social (re-)cognition, as they are socially diagnostic and function as linguistic identity markers. Moreover, individuals may develop ‘culturally blended concepts’ as a result of exposure to several systems of conceptual categorisation, especially in the case of L2 learning (language-contact or culture-contact situations). In Chapter 19, Colour language, thought, and culture, Don Dedrick investigates the issue of the colour words in different languages and how these influence cognition, a question that has been addressed by researchers from various disciplines, such as anthropology, linguistics, cognitive psychology, or neuroscience. He cannot but observe the constant debate in this respect, and he argues that it is indeed difficult to reach consensus, as colour language occasionally reveals effects of language on thought and, at other times, it is impervious to such effects. Chapter 20, Language, culture, and spatial cognition, by Penelope Brown concentrates on conceptualisations of space, providing a framework for thinking about and referring to objects and events, along with more abstract notions such as time, number, or kinship. She lists three frames of reference used by languages in order to refer to spatial relations, i.e. a) an ‘absolute’ coordinate system, like north, south, east, west; b) a ‘relative’ coordinate system envisaged from the body’s standpoint; and c) an intrinsic, object-centred coordinate system. Chris Sinha and Enrique Bernárdez focus on, in Chapter 21, Space, time, and space–time: metaphors, maps, and fusions, research on linguistic and cultural concepts of time and space, starting with the seminal Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), which they denounce for failing to situate space–time mapping within the broader patterns of culture and world perspective. Sinha and Bernárdez further argue that although it is possible in all cultures for individuals to experience and discuss about events in terms of their duration and succession, the specific words and concepts they use to refer to temporal landmarks temporal and duration are most of the time language and culture specific. Chapter 22, Culture and language development, by Laura Sterponi and Paul Lai provides an account of research on the interplay between culture and language acquisition. They refer to two widely accepted perspectives in this respect: a developmental mechanism inherent in human beings and a set of particular social contexts in which children are ‘initiated’ into the cultural meaning systems. Both perspectives define culture as “both related to the psychological make-up of the individual and to the socio-historical contexts in which s/he is born and develops”. Anna Wierzbicka presents, in Chapter 23, Language and cultural scripts discusses representations of cultural norms which are encoded in language. She contends that the system of meaning interpretation developed by herself and her colleagues, i.e. Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), may easily be used to capture and convey cultural scripts. Through NSM cross-cultural experiences can be captured in a thorough manner by using a reduced number of conceptual primes which seem to exist in all languages. Chapter 24, Culture and emotional language, by Jean-Marc Dewaele brings forth the issue of the relationship between language, culture, and emotion, which has been researched by cultural and cognitive psychologists and applied linguists alike, although with some differences in focus. He considers that within this context, it is important to see differences between emotion contexts in bilinguals, since these may lead to different perceptions of the self. He infers that generally, culture revolves around the experience and communication of emotions, conveyed through linguistic expression. The fifth part starts with Chapter 25, Language and culture in sociolinguistics, by Meredith Marra, who underlines that culture is a central concept in Interactional Sociolinguistics, where language is considered as social interaction. In linguistic interaction, culture, and especially cultural differences are deemed as a cause of potential miscommunication. Mara also remarks that the paradigm change in sociolinguistics, from Interactional Sociolinguistics to social constructionism reshaped ‘culture’ into a more dynamic as well as less rigid concept. Claudia Strauss’ Chapter 26, Language and culture in cognitive anthropology deals with the relationship between human society and human thought/thinking. The author contends that cognitive anthropologists may be subdivided into two groups, i.e. ones that are concerned with the process of thinking (cognition-in-practice scholars), and the others focusing on the product of thinking or thoughts (concerned with shared cultural understandings). She goes on to explore how different approaches to cognitive anthropology have counted on units of language, i.e. lexical items and their meanings, along with larger chunks of discourse, as information, which may represent learned cultural schemata. Part VI starts with Chapter 27, Language and culture in second language learning, by Claire Kramsch, in which she makes a survey of the definition of ‘culture’ in foreign language learning and its evolution from a component of literature and the arts to a more comprehensive purport, that of culturally appropriate use of language, along with an appropriate use of sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic norms. According to her, in the postmodern era, communication is not only mere transmission of information, it represents construal and positioning of the self and of self-identity. Chapter 28, Writing across cultures: ‘culture’ in second language writing studies, by Dwight Atkinson focuses on the usefulness of culture in second-language writing (SLW). He reviews several approaches to the issue: contrastive rhetoric (dealing with the impact of first-language patterns of text organisation on writers in a second language), or even alternate notions, like‘ cosmopolitanism’, ‘critical multiculturalism’, and hybridity, as of late native culture is becoming irrelevant or at best far less significant. Ian Malcolm tackles, in Chapter 29, Language and culture in second dialect learning, the issue of ‘standard’ Englishes (e.g., Standard American English, Standard Australian English) versus minority ‘non-standard’ speakers of English. He deplores the fact that in US specialist literature, speaking the ‘non-standard’ variety of English was associated with cognitive, cultural, and linguistic insufficiency. He further refers to other specialists who have demonstrated that ‘non-standard’ varieties can be just as systematic and highly structured as the standard variety. Chapter 30, Language and culture in intercultural communication, by Hans-Georg Wolf gives an account of research in intercultural education, focusing on several paradigms, i.e. the dominant one, investigating successful functioning in intercultural encounters, the minor one, exploring intercultural understanding and the ‘deconstructionist, and or postmodernist’. He further examines different interpretations of the concepts associated with intercultural communication, including the functionalist school, the intercultural understanding approach and a third one, the most removed from culture, focusing on socio-political inequalities, fluidity, situationality, and negotiability. Andy Kirkpatrick’s Chapter 31, World Englishes and local cultures gives a synopsis of research paradigm from applied linguistics which investigates the development of Englishes around the world, through processes like indigenisation or nativisation of the language. Kirkpatrick discusses the ways in which new Englishes accommodate the culture of the very speech community which develops them, e.g. adopting lexical items to express to express culture-specific concepts. Speakers of new varieties could use pragmatic norms rooted in cultural values and norms of the specific new speech community which have not previously been associated with English. Moreover, they can use these new Englishes to write local literatures, often exploiting culturally preferred rhetorical norms. Part seven starts with Chapter 32, Cultural Linguistics, by Farzad Sharifian gives an account of the recent multidisciplinary research field of Cultural Linguistics, which explores the relationship between language and cultural cognition, particularly in the case of cultural conceptualisations. Sharifian also brings forth illustrations of how cultural conceptualisations may be linguistically encoded. The last chapter, A future agenda for research on language and culture, by Roslyn Frank provides an appraisal of Cultural Linguistics as a prospective path for research in the field of language and culture. She states that ‘Cultural Linguistics could potentially create a paradigm that “successfully melds together complementary approaches, e.g., viewing language as ‘a complex adaptive system’ and bringing to bear upon it concepts drawn from cognitive science such as ‘distributed cognition’ and ‘multi-agent dynamic systems theory’.” She further asserts that Cultural Linguistics has the potential to function as “a bridge that brings together researchers from a variety of fields, allowing them to focus on problems of mutual concern from a new perspective” and most likely unveil new issues (as well as solutions) which have not been evident so far. In conclusion, the Handbook will most certainly serve as clear and coherent guidelines for scholarly thinking and further research on language and culture, and also open up new investigative vistas in each of the areas tackled.

It is difficult to introduce highly versatile automation using robots to handling deformable objects such as thread, cloth, wire, long beams, and thin plates in plant production processes, compared to the handling of rigid objects. Office equipment handles deformable objects such as paper and plastic. Problems unique to these objects is caused by speeding up such equipment and demand for upgrading its accuracy. In agriculture and medical care, automatic, intelligent handling of deformable objects such as fruit and animals has long been desired and practical systems sought. Deformable objects whose handling should be versatiley and accurately automated are classified into two groups based on handling: (A) Flexible, mostly thin, fine objects capable of elastic deformation (B) Soft objects easily crushed, such as soft fruits or animals The problem in handling the first group is controlling object deformation of an infinite degree of freedom with a finite number of manipulated variables. In contrast, a significant problem in handling the second group is often how to handle them without exerting excessive stress and how to handle them safely and reliably. The handling of these two groups differ greatly in mechanics and control theory, and this special issue focuses on the first group — flexible objects — mechanical collection and transport studies, control, and software. Recent studies on their handling are classified into four groups for convenience based on handled objects and types of handling task: (a) Control of deformation, internal force, and vibration or path planning of flexible objects (mainly thin plates and beams) using single or multiple manipulators. (b) Task understanding in insertion of elastic into rigid parts and vice versa, and the study of human skills to help robots accomplish these task. (c) Approaches on improved accuracy, intelligent control, and vibration damping in handling and transfer of sheets and strings with low flexural rigidity, represented by paper or wire. (d) Strategies for grasping and unfolding sheets such as cloth whose flexural rigidity is almost nil. For (a), studies are active on deformation control by two robot hands attempting to grasp cloth. 1-3) In the automobile industry, so-called flexible fixtureless assembly systems are advancing in which two robots process or assemble parts in mid-air without a fixed table to reduce lead time and cost. These systems are mostly developed assuming handled parts are rigid. Nguyen et al. work assuming parts such as sheet metal whose deformation must be taken into consideration.1) Nakagaki et al. propose form estimation that considers even plastic deformation in wire handling by robots, in connection with the development of robots for electric wire installation.4) Many studies cover flexible wire as elastic beams,3-9) but comparatively few focus on bending deformation of thin plates. This special edition includes a paper by Kosuge et al. on thin-plate deformation control. Vibration control of grasped objects becomes important as speed increases. Matsuno kindly contributed his paper on optimum path planning in elastic plate handling. In controlling the deformation of elastic bodies, the mechanics of objects handled is often unknown. This special issue features a paper by Kojima et al. on an approach to this problem by adaptive feed-forward control. For (b), we consider three cases: (1) A cylindrical rigid body inserted into a hole on an elastic plate. (2) An elastic bar inserted into a hole on a rigid body. (3) A tubular elastic body put on a cylindrical rigid body. This special issue carries papers on these problems by Brata et al., Matsuno et al., and Hirai. For (2), a paper by Nakagaki et al.10) covers electric wire installation. For (3), the paper by Shima et al.11) covers insertion of a rigid axis into an elastic hose. Robot skill acquisition is an important issue in robotics in general, and the above papers should prove highly interesting and information because they treat studies by comparing robot and human skills in accomplishing work and acquiring concrete skills knowledge. For (c), attempts are made to theoretically analyze sheet handling mechanisms and control developed based on trial and error, and to structure design theory based on such analysis. These attempts are related to the increased accuracy and speed and enhanced intelligence of sheet-handling office automation equipment such as printers, facsimile machines, copiers, and automated teller machines. Yoshida et al. conducted a series of studies on the effects of guides forming paper feed paths and of inertia force of paper by approximating sheets with a chain of discrete masses and springs.12-14) This special edition also features a study on sheet sticking and jamming. Okuna et al. handles a system of similar nature, mechanical studying the form of paper guides.15) Introducing mechanisms to control the positioning of sheets is effective in raising sheet transfer accuracy. Feedback control that regulates feed roller skew angle as a manipulated variable is proposed.16) Increased reliability in separating single sheets from stacked effectively reduces the malfunction rate in sheet-handling equipment. Ways of optimizing the form of sheet-separation rollers17) and estimating frictional force between separation gates and sheets 18) are also proposed. This special issue contains a proposal by Nakazawa et al. of a mechanism that uses reactive sheet buckling force, made in connection with development of a newspaper page turner for the disabled as technology for separating single sheets. Dry frictional force is most widely used for transporting sheets, but is not stable and may even act as an obstacle to improving accuracy. Niino et al. propose a sheet transfer mechanism that uses electrostatic force.19) For improving the accuracy of flexible wire transmission, this special issue carries a study on transporting flexible thin wire through tension control at multiple points, from a study by Morimitsu et al. on optical fiber installation. The thickness of wire used in equipment is becoming increasingly slim and flexible, along with the equipment it is used in. Tension control in the production process is an important factor in the manufacture of such thin wire. Production efficiency constantly calls for increased transfer speed. It has thus become important to estimate air resistance and inertia and to measure and control the tension of running wire. Studies20,21) by Batra, Fraser, et al. which deal the motion of string in the spinning process provide good examples for learning analytical techniques for air drag and inertia. In string vibration where inertia dominates, attempts are made to control vibration by boundary shaking22,23) and feed-forward/back control.24) For (d), highly versatile robots for handling cloth are being developed, and the software technology for automatic cloth selection and unfolding by robot hands is a popular topic.25-27) Ono et al. comment on the nature of problems in developing intelligent systems for handling cloth and similar objects whose bending rigidity is low and which readily fold and overlap—a paper that will prove a good reference in basic approaches in this field. Mechanical analyses are indispensable to studies on (a) through (c). In contrast, information technology such as characteristic variable measurement, image processing, and discrimination, rather than mechanical analyses, play an important roles in studies on (d). This special issue features a study by Hamashima, Uraya et al. on cloth unfolding as an example of such studies. Studies up to now largely assumed that properties of grasped objects did not change environmental influences such as temperature and humidity. Such influence is often, however, a major factor in handling fiber thread and cloth. This special issue has a paper contributed by Taylor, who studies handling method to prevent influence by such environmental factors. The objective of this special issue will have been achieved if it aids those studying the handling of flexible objects by providing approaches and methodologies of researchers whose target objects differ and if it aids those planning to take up study in this field by providing a general view of this field. References: 1) Nguyen, W. and Mills, J., ""Multi-Robot Control For Plexible Fixtureless Assembly of Flexible Sheet Metal Auto Body Parts,"" Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2340-2345, (1996). 2) Sun, D. and Shi, X. and Liu, Y., ""Modeling and Cooperation of Two-Arm Robotic System Manipulating a Deformable Object,"" Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2346-2351, (1996). 3) Kosuge, K., Sakaki, M., Kanitani, K., Yoshida, H. and Fukuda, T., ""Manipulation of a Flexible Object by Dual Manipulators,"" IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 318-323, (1995). 4) Nakagaki, H., Kitagaki, K., Ogasawara, T. and Tukune H., ""Handling of a Flexible Wire -Detecting a Deformed Shape of the Wire by Vision and a Force Sensor,"" Annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ROBOMEC'96), 207-210, (1996). 5) Wakamatsu, H., Hirai, S. and Iwata, K., ""Static Analysis of Deformable Object Grasping Based on Bounded Force Closure,"" Trans. of JSML, 84-618 (C), 508-515, (1998). 6) Katoh, R. and Fujmoto, T., ""Study on Deformation of Elastic Object By Manipulator -Path Planning of End -Effector-,"" J. of the Robotics Society of Japan, 13-1, 157-160, (1995). 7) Yukawa, T., Uohiyama, M. and Inooka, M., ""Stability of Control System in Handling a Flexible Object by Rigid Arm Robots,"" JSME Annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ROBOMEC'95), 169-172, (1995). 8) Yukawa, T., Uohiyama, M. and Cbinata, G., ""Handling of a Vibrating Flexible Structure by a Robot,"" Trans. JSME, 61-583, 938-943, (1995). 9) Sun, D. and Liu, Y., ""Modeling and Impedance Control of a Two-Manipulator System Handling a Flexible Beam,"" Trans. of the ASME, 119, 736-742, (1997). 10) Nakagaki, H., Kitagaki, K. and Tukune, H., ""Contact Motion in Inserting a Flexible Wire into a Hole,"" Annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ROBOMEC'95), 175-178, (1995). 11) Shimaji, S., Brata, A. and Hattori, H., ""Robot Skill in Assembling a Cylinder into an Elastic Hose,"" Annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ROBOMEC'95), 752-755, (1995). 12) Yoshida, K. and Kawauchi, M., ""The Analysis of Deformation and Behavior of Flexible Materials (1st Reprt, Study of Spring-Mass Beam Model of the Sheet,"" Trans. of JSME, 58-552, 1474-1480, (1992). 13) Yoshida, K., ""Analysis of Deformation and Behavior of Flexible Materials (2nd Report, Static Analysis for Deformation of the Sheet in the Space Formed by Guide Plates),"" Trans. JSME, 60-570, 501-507, (1994). 14) Yoshida, K., ""Dynamic Analysis of Sheet Defofmation Using Spring-Mass-Beam Model,"" Trans. JSME, 63-615, 3926-3932 (1997). 15) Okuna, K., Nishigaito, T. and Shina, Y., ""Analysis of Paper Deformation Considering Guide Friction (Improvement of Paper Path for Paper-Feeding Mechanism),"" Trans. JSME, 60-575, 2279-2284, (1994). 16) Fujimura, H. and Ono, K., ""Analysis of Paper Motion Driven by Skew-Roll Paper Feeding System,"" Trans. JSME, 62-596, 1354-1360, (1996). 17) Shima, Y., Hattori, S., Kobayashi, Y. and Ukai, M., ""Optimum of Gate-Roller Shape in Paper Isolating Methods,"" Conference of Information, Intelligence and Precision Equipment (IIP'96), 61-62, (1996). 18) Suzuki, Y, Hattori, S., Shima, Y. and Ukai, M., ""Contact Analysis of Paper in Gate-Roller Handling Method"", Conference on Information, Intelligence and Precision Equipment (IIP'95), 19-20, (1995). 19) Niino, T., Egawa, S. and Higuchi, T., ""An Electrostatic Paper Feeder,"" J. of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, 60-12,1761-1765, (1994). 20) Batra, S., Ghosh, T. and Zeidman, M., ""An Integrated Approach to Dynamic Analysis of the Ring Spinning Process , PartII: With Air Drag,"" Textile Research Journal, 59, 416-424, (1989). 21) Fraser, W., Ghosh, T. and Batra, S., ""On Unwinding Yarn from a Cylindrical Package,"" Proceedings of Royal Society of London, A, 436, 479-438, (1992). 22) Jacob, S., ""Control of Vibrating String Using Impedance Matching,"" Proceedings of the American Control Conference (San Francisco),468-472, (1993). 23) Lee, S. and Mote, C., ""Vibration Control of an Axially Moving String by Boundary Control,"" Trans. of the ASME, J. of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, 118, 66-74, (1996). 24) Ying, S. and Tan, C., ""Active Vibration Control of the Axially Moving String Using Space Feedforward and Feedback Controllers,"" Trans. ASME, J. of Vibration and Acoustics, 118, 306-312, (1996). 25) Ono, E., Ichijo, H. and Aisaka, N., ""Flexible Robotic Hand for Handling Fabric Pieces in Garment Manufacture,"" International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 4-5,18-23, (1992). 26) Paraschidis, K., Fahantidis, N, Petridis, V., Doulgeri, Z., Petrou, L. and Hasapis, G, ""A Robotic System for Handling Textile and Non Rigid Flat Materials,"" Computers in Industry, 26, 303-313, (1995). 27) Fahantidis, N., Paraschidis, K, Petridis, V., Doulgeri, Z., Petrou, L. and Hasapis, G., ""Robot Handling of Flat Textile Materials,"" IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 4-1, 34-41, (1997).

IntroductionAccording to modern scholars (N. Maslova, B. Astafiev), one of the important reasons for the global planetary crisis, including modern educational system in particular, is violation of the conformity of nature principles in the process of perception and cognition of the world, which is conditioned by the advantages of the development of logical and rational thinking and insufficient development of figurative, spiritual-intuitive thinking in the contemporary school of all levels.The modern system of education at all levels (school, higher education, postgraduate studies, and doctorate) is aimed primarily at the development of mechanisms of the left hemisphere that are rational, logical thinking, and analytical perception of reality.Such a one-way orientation leads to inhibition of right-sided processes, does not contribute to the development of creativity, disclosure and activation of the spiritual and intuitive capabilities of the individual, as well as to alienation of individual from the World, loss of personal sense of integrity, unity with the World; that is, to the disharmony of individual with his/her own nature and environment.Personal development of an individual in modern conditions takes the form of "Homo technicus" ("technical person"), "Homo informaticus" (“informational and technogenic person”), "Нomо соnsumens" (“person who consumes”), "Reified man" ("material surplus person"), "Nomo Festivus" ("person who has fun") (Butenko, 2017). As a result, a person with a technocratic, rational thinking, pragmatic and consumer attitude towards the world is brought up, and as a consequence, harmony in the "man-man", "man-nature", "man-society", "man-universe" systems, and correspondingly, the equilibrium in the integrated information-energy system interaction "Man – Society – Earth –Universe" are violated.Approach In contemporary education of all levels, high ontological and existential goals are not set, and not enough attention is paid to the spiritual and mental health of the individual, in particular to problems of spiritual self-knowledge, self-development, self-regulation and self-realization, thus leading to the formation of consumer psychology, dominance of pragmatic values, loss of spirituality, upbringing of a human – destroyer, a soulless person, but not a creator.One of the ways out from the planetary global crisis in the area of a contemporary education in particular, is the noosphereization of education, the imperative task of which is formation of the noospheric individual, actualization of his/her spiritual and intuitive potential, training of the noosphere integral harmonious bioadequate environmentally healthy mindset, which is based on a conscious total ownership of logical (left cerebral hemisphere) and creative, spiritual-intuitive (right cerebral hemisphere) thinking that, due to correspondence with both huamn nature and the laws of the cosmoplanetary world, will provide the individual with possibilities to adequately and fully (at the information and energy levels) perceive and recognize the surrounding world, and to interact with it on a spiritual basis.Results and Discussion The problem of intuition always remains relevant throughout the history of mankind. Among the scholars of the late XX century - beginning of the XXI century the problem of intuition and harmonization of the activity of the left and right hemispheres of the brain has been studied by such researchers as G. Kurmyshev, N. Maslova, Osho Bhagwan Sri Rajneesh, I. Smokvina and others. Modern psychophysiological science explains the nature of intuitive thinking and cognition: the human mind combines the ability to integrate and develop both intellectual and intuitive knowledge that modern scientists associate with the activity of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. According to psychological science, the two hemispheres of the brain cognize and reflect the surrounding world differently and, thereafter transform information in their own ways. The left hemisphere "sees" objects as discrete, separated; it is responsible for logic and intellect, verbal thinking, application of sign information (reading, counting, language), and is characterized by the ability for logical, rational, mathematical, and scientific thinking. The right hemisphere binds objects into a single whole; it is responsible for emotions, creative thinking, intuition (unconscious processes). Thanks to the right hemisphere, a holistic image of the world is formed, and the left hemisphere gradually collects the model of the world from separate, but carefully studied details. "Left- hemisphered" thinking is associated with the ability for consistent, step-by-step cognition, which has respectively analytical rather than synthetic character. "Right- hemisphered" thinking is linked to the ability for integral, voluminous and complete cognition, space spatial immediate perception of the world in all of its information-energy interrelations and interactions.Logic and intuition, rational and intuitive paths – are different aspects of the unified process of cognition, and if the intellect can be regarded as the earthly beginning in humans, then intuition – is a spiritual primary source, a phenomenon of nonlinear, unearthly thinking, the logic of the Higher Being, the logic of the Almighty. As was very wittily pointed out by Osho Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, logic – the way our mind cognizes our reality, intuition – is how the spirit passes through the experience of reality (Maslova, 2006). Therefore, logic and intuition are two mutually conditioned mechanisms of scientific cognition that supplement and do not exist in isolation from one another. If the function of intuition in this interaction lies in creative discoveries, inventions, awareness of the true essence of things and phenomena, then the task of the scientific method, acting as an assistant of intuition, is to endeavor to comprehend new ideas, explain them from the point of view of earth science at the logical level, and "adapt" to our reality.Given this, rational and intuitive paths must complement, enrich and explain each other, interact in sync, in synthesis.Intuition is an organic component of the spiritual and psychic nature of the individual. Therefore, the problem of the development of intuition and harmonization of the discourse-logical and spiritual-intuitive components of thinking is extremely important at all levels of contemporary education. This is especially true for student youth, since students are the future spiritual and creative potential of the country, and therefore it is extremely important to reveal and develop their spiritual and intuitive abilities, to harmonize their mental-spiritual sphere, which promotes spiritual self-healing of both the individual and the environment, and harmonization of relations in the world. In the context of the modern information and energy paradigm, intuition is considered as a special mental state of a highly spiritual person, in which he/she deliberately initiates informational and energetic contact with any object of the Universe, in the physical or subtle world, "connects" to its information field, "reads out", "decrypts" and analyzes necessary information. This information-energy interaction is perceived by the individual as the process of connection, merging with the object being studied, which enables instant cognition of its true essence (Smokvina, 2013). As the analysis of the literature on the research problem testifies, if the activity mechanisms of the left hemisphere of the brain are relatively studied in modern science, the problems of the individual’s intuitive updating potential and harmonization of the activity of logical and intuitive cognitive processes are being investigated.According to many scholars, the ability for intuition is inborn in every human; however, unfortunately, in most people it is in a latent state. And only due to intense conscious work of the individual regarding their own spiritual self–cognition and self–perfection, one can discover and develop personal spiritual and intuitive abilities.According to the results of our theoretical study the general conditions contributing to the disclosure and development of intuition are as follows: (Tyurina, 2017) • Ability to cope with one’s own passions, emotions, feelings, thoughts, and achievement of the state of internal silence, voicelessness;• Formed self-motivation for spiritual self–cognition and self–perfection;• Achievement by the individual of the corresponding spiritual level: the higher the spirituality of the human, the more clearly his/her ability is expressed to obtain a higher spiritual knowledge: information and energy interaction, contact with higher levels of psychic reality;• Conscious desire, willingness of the individual to use intuitive cognition that helps overcome information-power resistance, the barrier that exists between a subject and an object, helps create harmony, assonance, interaction with the object being studied;• Intuitive human confidence: deep inner belief in personal intuitive capabilities and ability for intuitive cognition and self-cognition;• Humanistic orientation of the individual and his/her internal psychological properties such as: altruism, active love for all living beings on the Earth, empathy, ability to express compassion, care, and self-consecration, conscious desire to live in harmony with oneself and the world;• Nonjudgmental practice, which consists of the ability of a person to abandon assessments, classifications, analysis, which creates favorable conditions for immersion into the information space around us, makes it possible to connect to the information-energy field (biofield) of the object being studied;• Sense of inner unity with the world, awareness of oneself as a part of mankind, of the Earth, of the Universe, and a feeling of deep responsibility for the world and for ourselves in the world;• Striving for personal self-realization for the benefit of the cosmoplanetary world.In our opinion, the ways of actualization of intuition and harmonization of the activity of logical and intuitive components of the process of cognition should be attributed to the following (Tyurina, 2018):• Concentration, concentration of human consciousness of the subject being studied, deep and thorough knowledge of it.Psychological mood, deep concentration, focus of human consciousness on the subject of research lead to intuitive penetration into its essence, comprehension of the subject of study as if "from within." An intuitive act of cognition is the result of a huge concentration of all human efforts on a particular problem, deep and thorough knowledge of it, mobilization of all its potencies. In particular, for almost 20 years, D. Mandeleev worked continuously on the systematization of chemical elements, and only after that he "saw" his periodic system of elements in his dream. At academician M. Shchetynin school students spend 21 days (6 lessons daily) studying only one academic discipline for the purpose of deep penetration into its essence - information-energy merger, connection with the subject being studied, into a single whole, that is, achieving an intuitive level of comprehension.• Spiritual practices (prayer, meditation).Prayer and meditation are effective ways of spiritualizing a person, awakening and activating his/her intuitive potential. Through prayer, meditation a person learns to adjust to nature and Cosmos, eternity and infinity, the World Harmony, reaches consonance with the World, and permeates its inner essential depth with the heart.It is believed that it is prayer that promotes the spiritual purification of both the human soul and the surrounding world. During a heart-warming prayer a human comes to enlightenment and spiritual enlightenment, intuitive enlightenment.In the process of prayer, meditation, the right and left hemispheres of the brain begin to work synchronously, which makes the brain function in resonance with the Field of Consciousness or the Field of Information - Noosphere.• Spiritual processing of the corresponding religious, spiritual and philosophical sources, fine arts, classical music, information-energy interaction which raises the spiritual level of an individual, awakens his/her intuitive abilities.Spiritual literature is an important way of discovering and developing intuition and harmonizing the activity of intuitive and logical components of thinking, since information and energy interaction with spiritual literature contributes to individual’s spiritual growth, disclosure and development of intuition, and harmonization of personal intuitional and intellectual sphere.It should be noted that various forms of art, in particular, visual and musical, play a special role in the process of disclosure and development, intuition, harmonization of the logical and figurative, spiritual and intuitive perception of reality.The spiritual potential of art is, first of all, that in itself, creating spiritual values, spiritualizes a person, and interprets personality as a phenomenon of a global planetary-cosmic nature. True art has an ecumenical, cosmic dimension. The best masterpieces of world art transfer the idea of unity of humans with the world, their harmonious interaction.The creativity of great artists contributes to the disclosure and development of the personality's spirituality, the heart's perception of the world, the cultivation of the Cosmic Worldview, and directs the person to high ideals.Musical art is one of the most important means of revealing and developing intuition, harmonizing its spiritual and intuitive basis.The results of research by modern scholars show that classical, spiritual music activates the spiritual-intuitive sphere, harmonizes the person, gives a sense of joy and rest, and helps to restore spiritual and mental balance.It has been scientifically proven that classical musical compositions based on the perfection of harmony and rhythm, especially the works of J. Bach, L. Beethoven, J. Brahms, A. Vivaldi, G. Handel, F. List, F. Mendelssohn, A. Mozart, S. Rakhmaninov, O. Scriabin, P. Tchaikovsky, F. Chopin, F. Schubert, R. Schumann and others have a positive effect on the individual on the spiritual, mental and physiological levels, since classical music relates mainly to the natural rhythms of the human body. This music causes not only positive emotions, but also represents a powerful energy force that inspires humans and the world: makes a person more perfect and the world more beautiful.Consequently, fine arts, classical music, contribute to the disclosure and development of the spiritual and intuitive potential of the individual, to harmonization of his/her intuitive-intellectual sphere; they help the person to grow spiritually and be filled with high spiritual energy, accordingly, to change, and improve the natural and social environment.- Bioadequate REAL-methodology of noosphere education (N. Maslova), in which stages of relaxation (accumulation of information, work of the right creative hemisphere in a state of rest), alternating with stages of activity (training of the left hemisphere: logic, analysis, synthesis of information) are presented. As a result, the work of the left and right cerebral hemispheres is synchronized, which promotes harmonization of consciousness, carries a beneficial influence on the spiritual, mental, social and physical health of the student's personality.The fundamental characteristics of the bioadequate method of noospheric education are:1. Health preserving - does not violate the nature of perception, processing and preservation of information.2. Corrective - restores the natural genetic sequence of work with the information and health of the student and the teacher.3. Developing - improves the body's reserves.4. Harmonizing - integrates all systems of the body and personality (Vernadsky, 2002).According to studies of the neuropathologist I. Smokvinova, PhD, bioadequate methods of noosphere education, taking into account the physiological and informational and energy resources of the individual, contribute to the harmonization of the work of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, awaken higher feelings, recharge with life energy, teach the ability to direct vitality to the realization of one’s own higher potential, which also has a beneficial effect on the spiritual, mental and physical health of the individual. Moreover, due to the application of a bioadequate technique, psychological and physiological stress is eliminated, and a positive emotional mood is created that heals the body and the student's psychics (Osho, 2000). According to N. Maslova, holistic thinking contributes to the acquisition of basic energy, biologically adequate to livelihoods programs (Kurmyshev, 2013).Many independent groups of scientists (teachers, psychologists, physicians, biologists) have proved that noosphere education, harmonizing the left and right hemispheres thinking, has a healing effect on the body of both the student and the teacher, contributes to the development of natural creativity.Practical valueResults of our study can be used in lectures and practical classes with students in medical psychology, psychology of creativity, social, general, pedagogical psychology, pedagogy (sections of didactics, spiritual and moral education), sociology, philosophy, etc.ConclusionsThus, the actualization of the spiritual and intuitive potential of the individual and the harmonization of the activity of the left and right cerebral hemispheres stimulates the disclosure of spiritual and creative abilities of the individual, fills the individual with spiritual energy, and the person becomes a source of spiritualization of himself/herself and the world, thus contributing to the spiritual and psychological improvement of society, humanity, and civilization in general, since at the information-energy level, "Man - Society - Earth - Universe" this is the only cosmoplanetary organism, all parts of which are mutually interconnected, interact and stipulate with one another. We consider that it is important in the future to develop appropriate special disciplines for all the sections of modern school and keep working in the direction of developing and incorporating into the content of the curricula, relevant pedagogical technologies aimed at the disclosure and development of the intuitive-mental sphere of the individual

This study presents a comparative analysis of the phonological systems of the Yorůbá, Owé, Igala and Olůkůmi languages of the Defoid language family of Benue Congo. Data were collected from native speakers using the Ibadan Four Hundred Word List of Basic Items. Using discovered common lexemes in the languages, the classification of the languages sound systems and syllable systems are carried out in order to determine the major patterns of differences and similarities. Some major sound changes were discovered in the lexical items of the languages. The systematic substitutions of sounds also constitute another major finding observed in the languages. It was established in this study that there exists a very strong relationship among these languages. The languages are found to be mutually unintelligible except for Owé that has a degree of mutual intelligibility with Yoruba. The paper concludes that the major reason for divergence is language contact.

The world’s languages with clitic clusters pattern with four major types of the word order systems, depending on the presence or absence of the 2P condition and the parameter of clitic-verb adjacency. Bulgarian has a double-focus system of clitic placement (2P condition and clitic-verb adjacency), which has typological parallels outside Europe but lacks direct counterparts in modern European languages. Neither the analogy with standard 2P languages without clitic-verb adjacency nor the analogy with the Romance systems with vP-internal clitics captures the profile of the Bulgarian clitic syntax. Historically, the rise of the clitic-verb adjacency is an innovation of Bulgarian, but its exact time and triggers are unclear. The language of the Wallachian letters (ca. 1386-1509) has a marked tendency towards the clitic-verb adjacency and is typologically similar to Modern Bulgarian but still has residual #XP – CL – [Y] – V orders. This idiom spoken by the L2 speakers of Middle Bulgarian cannot be viewed as a source of the Modern Bulgarian but hints that the clitic-verb adjacency parameter could develop in the history of Bulgarian because of the contact influence on the part of some Non-Slavic clitic systems.

Abstract We find vowel harmony systems in many non-standard varieties of modern Armenian. It has been speculated that these may have acquired vowel harmony due to contact with Turkic varieties (Scala 2018). On the basis of an exploration of the synchrony and typology of Armenian vowel harmony, consideration of historical changes that could have caused harmony to develop, and evaluation of new data bearing on the origins of backness and rounding harmony in Oghuz, we propose that the vowel harmony systems of the modern Armenian dialects show evidence of having been influenced by Turkish, but the numerous differences between Armenian and Turkish vowel harmony point against a straightforward copying of the Turkish phonological system. We theorize that vowel harmony in Armenian arose due to a combination of language-internal and ‑external factors: vowel shifts in some Armenian dialects, alongside universal analytic and channel biases, provided the necessary preconditions for the development of vowel harmony by the 11th century AD, prior to the arrival of Turkic speakers in the Armenian homeland. Extensive contact with Turkic vowel systems may then have encouraged the phonologization of this assimilation process, but in strikingly different ways than are found in Turkic languages.

AbstractThis paper re-evaluates hypotheses about the agreement behaviour of nouns using plural suffixes in the Baïnounk languages (Niger Congo/ Atlantic/ North Atlantic). Although these languages dispose of a large and complex prefixing noun class systems which are involved in expressing number distinctions, a subgroup of nouns uses a suffix for pluralisation. It is shown here that plural-suffixing nouns do not engage in the typologically rare process of phonological agreement copying as has been claimed previously. Instead, they are prefixed nouns, triggering alliterative agreement. Several scenarios about the origin and further development of the plural suffixes are presented. Synchronic data suggest that plural suffixes are older than the split of Nyun-Buy languages from a common ancestor. It is highly unlikely that it is borrowed from Mandinka, a regionally influential lingua franca which does not have noun classes. Instead, it seems plausible that plural suffixes have arisen through internal processes in which animacy and collective semantics have played a role. Potential candidates for a source morpheme for the plural suffix include a plural morpheme from the verbal domain or alternatively an associative plural. The role and impact of language contact and large scale borrowing on the extent of plural suffixation in the various Baïnounk languages is discussed.

AbstractAs the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and the fourth industrial revolution advance, smart factories and machines increasingly gain intelligent features that enable the integration of more sophisticated functionalities. Approaches to achieving this intelligence involve both internal systems, such as human–machine interface (HMI), and external systems, such as big data platforms and cloud services. Although current research leans toward studying external systems, accomplishing intelligent functions through such means poses more challenges in achieving real-time responses during machining processes than using internal systems. When intellectualizing machine tools through internal HMI systems, three critical issues must be addressed. First, HMI functions are structured to depend on the HMI itself, leading to a ripple effect where a problem occurring in one HMI function impacts the entire system. Second, owing to differences in development tools and programming languages, the interconnectivity between functions developed by multiple stakeholders to be loaded onto the HMI may suffer, leading to potential inefficiencies and increased maintenance costs. Third, although various types of computer numerical control (CNC) machines need to communicate with the HMI function, the diverse communication methods and development tools used by each CNC manufacturer result in identical intelligent functions being developed separately for each CNC type. To address these challenges, this study proposes an innovative HMI platform capable of executing and developing various intelligent functions. The HMI platform and its major components are designed and implemented through component-based development (CBD). Subsequently, the performance and effectiveness of the platform are validated using quality attribute scenarios.

This article is devoted to a study of the geometry and kinematics of the Mecanum wheels, also known as Ilon wheels or the Swedish wheels. The Mecanum wheels are one of the types of omnidirectional wheels. This property is provided by peripheral rollers whose axes are deviated from the wheel one by 45 degrees. A unified approach to studying the geometry and kinematics of the Mecanum wheels on a plane and on the internal or external surface of a sphere is proposed. Kinematic relations for velocities at the contact point of the wheel and the supporting surface, and angular velocities of the roller relative to the supporting surface are derived. They are necessary to describe the dynamics of the Mecanum systems taking into account forces and moments of contact friction in the presence of slipping. From the continuous contact condition, relations determining the geometry of the wheel rollers on a plane and on the internal or external surface of a sphere are obtained. The geometric relations for the Mecanum wheel rollers could help to adjust the existing shape of the Mecanum wheel rollers of spherical robots and ballbots to improve the conditions of contact between the rollers and the spherical surface. An analytical study of the roller geometry was carried out, and equations of their generatrices were derived. Under the no-slipping condition, expressions for rotational velocities of the wheel and the contacting roller are obtained. They are necessary for analyzing the motion of systems within the framework of nonholonomic models, solving problems of controlling Mecanum systems and improving its accuracy. Using the example of a spherical robot with an internal three-wheeled Mecanum platform, the influence of the rollers on the robot movement was studied at the kinematic level. It has been established that the accuracy of the robot movement is influenced not only by the geometric parameters of the wheels and the number of rollers, but also by the relationship between the components of the platform center velocity and its angular velocity. Results of the numerical simulation of the motion of the spherical robot show a decrease in control accuracy in

Dealing with convergence in German speech islands in Russia, Brazil and the United states the article discusses the linguistic phenomena related to the notion of convergence from different vantage points including intralinguistic convergence (due to dialect-dialect contact), interlinguistic convergence (due to language-language contact), typological "convergence" (or intralinguistic change), pidginization, and cognitive processes of simplification. Most of the German speech islands are considered to be contracting - if not dying - varieties with respect to the reduction of their grammatical systems. Evidently, for a long time language contact (and sometimes variety contact) have severely increased. Linguistic norms have been weakened in terms of both norm certainty and norm loyalty thus giving way to processes similar to those common to pidgin languages. External induced changes are highly remarkable in all German speech islands. But the susceptibility for change and the ways of change are structured by systematical and typological constraints which probably turn out to be cognitive processes underlying quite "normal" linguistic change. This change is discussed as a subsequent process of "regularization" (of irregular forms), simplification (of rules) and loss of grammatical distinctions (and their compensation). The linguistic description of these interrelated processes is based on an integrated approach providing methodology from sociolinguistics, dialectology and research on language change, including the attempt to highlight the cognitive structures which furrow the line for internal simplifications under external pressure. Comparative speech island research seems to be a promising field of application for the description of the intermesh of these processes.

Abstract We present the physical parameters (p, T, q, i, f) of 380 Kepler contact binary systems (hereafter called CBs). A statistical study on the CBs is carried out based on a Kepler photometric database. Our samples were selected from the Kepler Eclipsing Binary Catalogue of EW-type eclipsing binaries with periods around 0.2–1 d and amplitudes greater than $5\%$. The physical parameters were obtained by fitting the Kepler light curves with the Wilson–Devinney eclipsing binary modeling program. Our sample of CBs contains 160 A-type and 220 W-type CBs. The fill-out factor distribution indicated that CBs generally have shallow fill-out; the proportion of CBs with fill-out factors less than $30\%$ is around $70\%$, which may be related to the formation and evolution of the CBs. The period–temperature relationship of CBs is consistent with previous studies, which is the well-known period–color relationship. The distribution between mass ratio and fill-out factor can provide some information for studying the deep, low-mass ratio contact binaries and CBs which have a large mass ratio. The mass–radius diagram shows that there is a similar linear relationship between the primary and secondary stars while the primary stars are located almost on the ZAMS line; this could be related to the internal nuclear reaction within the primary and secondary stars.