Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Stubble amount"

Field studies undertaken at Armidale in 1982-84 demonstrated that the principal factors determining the effect of retained stubble on the growth and yield of wheat were the species of the crop from which the stubble had been derived, the amount and distribution of rainfall and the degree of decomposition that the stubble had undergone prior to the next crop. Stubbles were phytotoxic only prior to leaching by rain or decomposition, with unweathered sorghum stubble proving more inhibitory to wheat than unweathered sunflower, field pea, wheat or oilseed rape stubble. The availability of soil nitrate had no influence on the degree of phytotoxicity of any stubble type. Decomposed crop stubbles stimulated wheat growth, with the greatest stimulation recorded in the presence of oilseed rape stubble.

Abstract.The amount ofsugarcane stubble left in field is a major contributor to the total sugarcane loss in mechanical harvesting. Thus, reducing stubble height is an effective way to improve sugarcane recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate how harvester off-track errors affect sugarcane stubble height and stubble loss. In this study, stubbles were sampled after harvesting, off-track errors and stubble weight were measured, and regression methods were used to model their relationships. Results showed an average stubble height as low as 0.16 m could be achieved if the harvester could track the crop row accurately. Based on the analysis of 33 randomly selected cane stools in the field, as the off-track error (the offset of actual harvester position from ideal position) increased from 0 to 1.46 m, the average stubble height increased from 0.13 to 1.41 m, which resulted in the average amount of stubble left in the field increasing from 0.07 to 0.80 kg. The results showed a strong positive correlation between stubble height (R2=0.91) or stubble weight (R2=0.89) and off-track errors. There were whole canes being completely left in the field either being missed or pushed down by the harvester when the off-track error was more than 0.76 m. Results suggest that improving the tracking accuracy during mechanical harvesting could substantially reduce stubble loss, leading to higher feedstock harvesting efficiency when using the existing sugarcane harvester. Keywords: Actual stubble height, Feedstock harvesting efficiency, Off-track error, Stubble loss, Sugarcane harvesting.

Grazing crop stubbles affects soil structure, groundcover, and the productivity of subsequent crops, but the cost of this practice is highly variable and not easily compared against the value of feed provided to livestock. To compare with and without grazing stubbles in terms of whole-farm profit and water-use efficiency we created a mixed enterprise farm model using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator and GRAZPLAN biophysical simulation submodels, and the Model of Integrated Dryland Agricultural System linear programming model. We hypothesised that grazing crop stubbles would increase farm profit by an amount equivalent to the value of the metabolisable energy (ME) consumed by sheep when they grazed the crop stubbles. Representative mixed farms where sheep were or were not allowed to graze crop stubbles were compared for two locations in the wheatbelt of Western Australia (Cunderdin and Geraldton) at two stocking rates. Across locations and stocking rates, the estimated value of the ME intake from crop stubbles was 2.2 times the increase in farm gross margin when stubble grazing was allowed. Contributing to this difference was that stubble grazing provided a less flexible feed source than supplementary feeding and in the absence of adjustments in stocking rates sheep tended to utilise more of the annual and permanent pastures when stubble grazing was not permitted. Therefore, the value of grazing crop stubbles to the profitability of the farm enterprise was overestimated by the ME value of the intake. Owing to reduced consumption of supplementary feed by livestock, whole-farm water-use efficiency of protein production was increased by 15% when grazing of crop stubbles was permitted. This simulation study shows that the value of grazing crop stubbles cannot be predicted well using energy intake from stubble grazing or reduced supplementary feeding costs.

Conservation practices that involve leaving mulch on the soil are known to increase soil fertility. However, mulch is an important source of feed for ruminant livestock. Accordingly, the trade-offs between mulching and stubble uptake by livestock are currently hot topics in the research field. In this study, a comparison between the quality of stubbles of wheat grown in no-tillage and conventional tillage fields and the rumen fermentation characteristics of Barbarine ewes grazing in the two fields was carried out. Samples were collected four times after wheat grain harvesting. Immediately after harvest, stubble biomass was slightly higher under no-tillage than conventional tillage. The ewes displayed different grazing behavior, with feeding at a higher rate on the conservative stubble than the conventional stubble. This feeding behavior seemed to be an adaptive strategy to offset the decline in the nutritional quality of stubbles from no-tillage-grown wheat. Indeed, dry matter, protein, fiber, and ash contents were lower in stubbles from no-tillage than conventional tillage at the second sampling time. Consequently, the concentration of the volatile fatty acid, propionic acid, was lower in ewes grazing in the conservative plots. However, this feeding behavior did not cause any body weight impairment during the two-month experimental period. At the end of grazing, the no-tillage practice was found to be comparable to the conventional tillage system according to the amount of residue remaining on the soil surface. Therefore, no-tillage could not be used to solve the competition between crops and livestock for residues.

As a means of providing nutrition on dry pasture in the wheatbelt of Western Australia, supplements of lupin grain were fed to late-born Merino lambs and their dams before weaning onto lupin stubble. Each ewe-lamb pair consumed an average 19.5 kg lupin grain over the 46 days before weaning. This produced an extra 3.6 kg (P<0.01) liveweight gain by these lambs compared with their unsupplemented cohorts at weaning. The growth of the weaned lambs grazing phomopsis-resistant lupin stubbles was primarily influenced by the amount of residual lupin grain available to each sheep and liver injury caused by ingestion of phomopsins. In the first 69 days of stubble grazing, sheep stocked at 10ha gained 7.3 kg while those stocked at 20ka gained 2.1 kg (P<0.001). In the first 13 months of life, lambs supplemented with lupin grain before weaning grew more (P<0.05) clean wool by 0.17 kg than the unsupplemented lambs. However, the value of this extra wool would not have covered the cost of the lupin grain eaten. Wool staples produced by sheep grazed at 10/ha on lupin stubble were stronger (P<0.001) than those produced by sheep grazed at 20ha (24.4 v. 17.7 N/ktex). The position of greatest weakness in the staple coincided with weight loss prior to removal from the stubble. Singleton lambs born in September and weaned onto a phomopsis-resistant lupin stubble reached liveweights consistent with survival over the summer and good productivity in their first year of life. The effects of lupinosis and reductions in wool staple strength may have been avoided by monitoring liveweight change and taking the sheep off the stubbles when they were near peak liveweight.

To improve the stubble avoidance rate of no-till wheat seeders under the environment of corn stubble, the side-shift stubble avoidance system was developed in the present study based on deviation-perception fusion technology. Firstly, the amount of implement deviation compensation was accurately obtained by the information sensing system. Then, a fuzzy PID algorithm was proposed to optimize the performance of the control system. Finally, the simulation model of the control system was developed by Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results showed that the regulation time required for the system response curve to reach the steady state was 1.0 s, and the maximum overshoot was 8.2%. To verify the performance of the side-shift stubble avoidance system, an orthogonal test was conducted. The optimal combination of parameters was obtained, including the operation speed of 1.3 m/s, the hydraulic cylinder speed of 25 mm/s, and the straw mulch amount of 1.2 kg/m2. The field verification test was performed under the optimal parameters, showing the stubble avoidance rate was 90.6%, and the mean value of the sowing variation coefficient was 27.12%, which fully satisfied the requirements of stubble avoidance and sowing operation.

A field study by using simulated rain and run-on water was carried out to determine the effects of different amounts of wheat stubble mulch (ranging from 0.1 to 3 t ha-1) and increasing discharge on erosion. Rain-flow erosion decreased with increasing amounts of stubble. Concentrations of bed-load sediment carried by rain-flow decreased with increasing plot discharge. As discharges increased, overland flow probably became too deep for drop impact to effectively disturb the soil surface and entrain sediment. Only plots carrying 0.1 t ha-1 stubble showed definite scour by overland flow. However, sediment concentrations produced by scour were well below those measured in rill flow on bare soil at this site, showing that even very small rates of stubble mulch can, in some situations, significantly reduce erosion. Discharges at which rilling develops fully must be much larger than those at which scour by overland flow is initiated. Future work will need to consider discharges much larger than those used in this study.

Increasingly, wheat rotations on sand-plain soils in Western Australia are being managed with stubble retention practices for reasons of moisture and soil conservation. A major concern in stubble retention practices is an associated increase in risk from septoria nodorum blotch (Phaeosphaeria nodorum) and yellow spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis). These pathogens frequently occur together in the region and survive in crop surface residues. The amount of disease carry-over on stubble is an important determinant of the severity of leaf diseases during the entire crop season. To provide a rationale for wheat leaf disease management in stubble retention rotation systems the extent to which retained wheat stubble induces disease in rotated crops was investigated. The frequency with which wheat stubble, which had been retained through a 1-year rotation, induced significant disease in seedling wheat was low (14%) over the 4-year period of study. While disease carry-over from wheat stubble retention in rotations is possible, it appears to be uncommon. The small proportion (1–8%) of retained wheat stubble that remained after germination of the return wheat crop in typical Western Australian farming systems further indicates that in general retained wheat stubble is not a significant source of disease carry-over in rotation wheat crops in this environment.

A medium-term (10 years) stubble x tillage field experiment was established in 1984 on a red-brown earth at Tarlee, 70 km north of Adelaide, to develop a suitable system for sustaining the soil resource. Measurements of infiltration capacity, soil detachment rate, and erosion were taken in summer, autumn, winter, and spring 1989-90. The rotation was wheat-barley-grain legume, and treatments included 3 levels of stubble retention (0.5, 3.0, 5.0 t/ha.year) and 4 types of tillage [no-tillage (NT), direct drill (DD), reduced tillage (RT), conventional cultivation (CC)]. NT was seeded with narrow points (30 mm) and the other tillage treatments with wide shares (150 mm). The Northfield rainfall simulator with an erosive rainfall of 100 mm/h and an energy of 28.6 J/ m2.mm was used to measure runoff and soil and nutrient loss. This paper reports on erosion from this experiment. The results show that runoff was reduced through farming practices such as the retention of adequate stubble residue (about 3-5 t/ha.year of cereals), NT, or a combination of these factors. Increasing the average - - - annual stubble retention decreased runoff and soil loss linearly. The greater the amount of stubble retained annually, the less the runoff and soil loss, whether or not the soil surface was protected. The significant sediment release and soil loss from bared soil is inversely related to soil stability measured by a reduction in soil organic matter. Crop type also influenced erosion; for example, soil was more vulnerable to erosion after peas than after cereal. The amount of stubble after harvest was usually greater with cereals than with grain legumes. Runoff as a percentage of applied rain, and soil loss, ranged from 26 to 60% and 0.52 to 1 .I t/ha for 0.5 t/ha. year stubble (means of all treatments) for April 1989 and August 1990, respectively, and from 5 to 35% and 0.03 to 0.8 t/ha for 5.0 t/ha.year stubble for the same simulation period. Runoff rates in the last 3 min of 18 min simulation ranged from 0.4 to 1.1 mm/min for 5.0 t/ha.year stubble and from 0.8 to 1.7 mm/min for 0.5 t/ha.year stubble. The runoff rates recorded at the 18th minute of simulation ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 mm/min for NT and 0.7 to 1.5 mm/min for CC.

Trends in wheat yield responses to conservation cropping in Australia were analysed using data from 33 medium-term (3-5 year) and long-term (>5 year) agronomic experiments. The overall effect of tillage (direct drilled v. cultivated) was small in all regions (-0.18 to +0.06 t/ha), while stubble retention (stubble retained v. stubble burnt) reduced yield in all regions (-0.31 to -0.02 t/ha). There was large year-to-year variation in the yield response to both tillage and stubble retention at all sites, but no consistent relationship between yield variation and amount or pattern of seasonal rainfall based on monthly totals. There was also little evidence that the yield of direct-drilled and stubble-retained treatments increased relative to cultivated or stubble-burnt treatments with the duration of the experiments, despite the improvement in soil conditions reported at many sites. The factors thought responsible for the year-toyear variation in yield response varied within and between regions, although some consistent effects emerged. Reduced early seedling growth of directdrilled crops was considered a major factor underlying the yield response at most sites, and this was rarely associated with the availability of water or nitrogen. High soil strength and increased severity of rhizoctonia root rot were responsible for these effects at some sites, but at others the cause remains unclear. Stubble retention influenced yield in many ways but the significance of the allelopathic effects of stubble, suspected by many authors to influence crop growth, is poorly understood. Adoption of direct drilling and stubble retention is likely to remain low in areas where no long-term yield benefit can be demonstrated and where greater management flexibility is offered by systems of reduced cultivation and late stubble burning-incorporation. Further research should identify and develop strategies to overcome the constraints to yield in conservation farming systems, particularly stubble retention, and assess the sustainability of recent innovations incorporating minimum disturbance and partial stubble retention. The more rapid adoption of such intermediate strategies will hasten the move of the grains industry toward sustainable production.

Tillage, stubble retention and nitrogen fertilization are management practices that influence the productivity and sustainability of rainfed cropping systems. However, the application of these practices is limited by our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to crop growth and yield, including water and nitrogen use efficiency. Canopy development and patterns of leaf senescence alter the partitioning of water and nitrogen (N) use, both before and after flowering, which impacts grain yield. The two central questions for this research were: (1) what are mechanisms of canopy development that contribute to yield in no-till and stubble retention systems?; and (2) under what circumstances do they increase yield, water and N use efficiency? The aims for this thesis were to evaluate crop response to no-till, stubble retention and N fertilization, in the contrasting systems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.), to better understand mechanisms that regulate crop growth, patterns of senescence and yield, in addition to water and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A physiological approach that linked the traits regulating crop growth and yield was used to interpret crop responses to treatments. It is hypothesised that there are similarities in the mechanisms operating in no-till and stubble retention systems that could be improved to increase yield. Field experiments were conducted in the dryland wheat growing environments of southern Australia and in maize systems in a sub-humid tropical environment in Kenya. In Australia, experiments were conducted at Roseworthy and Karoonda using two tillage treatments (conventional tillage, CT and no-till, NT), four rates of stubble (zero, low, moderate and high) and three N timings, splitting the application of 100 kg N ha⁻¹ between sowing, tillering (GS22) and awn emergence (GS49) in the ratios of 100-0-0, 25-50-25, 0-50-50. At Roseworthy, historic Australian wheat varieties were evaluated under NT with the retention of moderate amounts of stubble and under CT without stubble. In Kenya, field experiments were conducted at Embu research station to evaluate the responses of maize to CT and NT, three amounts of stubble (0, 3 and 5 t ha⁻¹) and N rates of 0, 80 and 120 kg N ha⁻¹, as well as timing the of supply of 80 kg N ha⁻¹ at sowing, six leaf stage (V6) and 12-leaf stage (V12) in the fractions of 0-0-0, 80-0-0, 27-53-0, 27-27-27 and 0-40-40. Wheat grain yield ranged from 1.5-3.2 t ha⁻¹, and the effects of tillage were marginal. Grain yield increased from bare ground up to the application of moderate amounts of stubble but reduced at high amounts of stubble. Benefits of water capture and storage did not improve with the application of high amounts of stubble. Crop growth rate (CGR) between stem elongation and flowering was inversely correlated with tiller numbers, and explained most of the treatment differences. Sowing application of N produced large vegetative biomass which led to a decrease in CGR and radiation use efficiency between stem elongation and flowering, resulting in a decrease in grain yield compared with delayed N supply. Five decades of selection has not provided greater adaptation to NT and stubble retention in Australian wheat, despite grain yield increases of 21 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ between 1958 and 2011. Substantial changes in canopy architecture were detected from older taller varieties with closed canopies to modern short-stature varieties with more open canopies. Modern varieties had greener leaves but showed faster rates of leaf senescence compared with the older counterparts. Maize grain yield ranged from 2.3-5.3 t ha⁻¹, with small effects from tillage and stubble supply. Rate and timing of N supply produced large effects and modified crop response to tillage and stubble. When stubble was removed, grain yield reduced by 10% while water storage at sowing decreased by 8% under NT compared with CT. Crop growth rate between six-leaf stage (V6) and flowering, and nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) partially explained treatment differences. Retention of stubble reduced CGR and NNI compared with bare ground. The value of stubble in water storage at sowing, and crop growth and yield was greater in a season that received < 300 mm rainfall compared with where rainfall was > 600 mm. Delaying N supply increased NNI, CGR and traits associated with NUE and grain yield compared with sowing applications of N. Patterns of senescence in maize, at both whole-plant and canopy-layer scales were marginally impacted by tillage and stubble retention. Leaf senescence was primarily driven by N supply and sink size. Time to loss of 50% of maximum leaf greenness was earlier in fertilized crops but delayed in the unfertilized controls. Rate of senescence was faster in fertilized crops compared with unfertilized controls at both whole-plant and canopy-layer scales. Grain yield, kernel number and nitrogen remobilization efficiency were associated with a faster rate of senescence in the top and mid layer leaves but with slower rates of senescence in the bottom layer. There were similarities in treatment effects and the mechanisms that regulated crop growth and yield between the two systems: (1) Grain yield was a function grain number, which in turn was proportional to CGR during the critical period of determination. Strategic supply of N at sowing and later stages increased CGR during the critical period for grain set, improved NNI and increased RUE, hence higher grain yield; (2) Grain yield was maximized at 2-3 t ha⁻¹ of stubble as demonstrated by the analysis of yield gaps, potentially due to water capture and storage and the regulation of soil temperature which impacted emergence and early growth; (3) N supply and sink size modified the patterns of senescence in both crops, whereby faster rates of senescence were associated with higher grain yield; and (4) N supply modified crop response to tillage and stubble. Treatment interactions were few, and varied with N supply and season. Effects of tillage system were marginal and independent of season. A mechanistic approach is discussed, which links treatment effects and the mechanisms regulating grain yield. In conclusion, the mechanisms of canopy development and yield limitation operating in NT and stubble retention were similar in both cropping systems. Higher fertilizer N rates and better timing of N supply are required for yield improvement in NT and stubble retention systems. While NT alone reduced yield, moderate amounts of stubble can improve water storage and grain yield, but this is subject to seasonal rainfall. Critical thresholds of 2-3 t ha⁻¹ of stubble indicate amounts over this limit could be allocated to alternative uses. Results show the importance of interpreting crop responses to NT and stubble retention on the basis of physiological principles.
Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2018

More social participation is regarded as one of the potential benefits of digitalisation. What are the opportunities offered by digitalisation and what are the risks of social groups being marginalised? What responsibilities do welfare organisations, social services, politics and administrative bodies have in this respect? In this book, the authors address political, technical and ethical questions. They reveal which structures lead to increased social participation and examine how these structures are organised for, among others, families, young people, people with disabilities, people with immigrant backgrounds and the unemployed. This special volume provides a comprehensive insight into the subject of social participation as a key aspect of the digital revolution. In order to promote increased participation, it presents how the effects of digitalisation on social participation have developed and suggests concrete courses of action. With contributions by Daniel Dettling, Eva M. Welskop-Deffaa, Sabine Skutta / Joß Steinke, Hannes Jähnert / Mike Weber, Johannes Feldmann, Niklas Kossow, Ulrike Wagner, Rainer Sprengel, Daniel Kämpfe-Fehrle, Hannah Kappes, Welf Schröter, Antje Draheim, Rose Volz-Schmidt, Dietrich Engels, Stefan Göthling / Kerstin Uelze, Tanja Zagel / Sebastian Seitz, Anne-Marie Kortas, Gabriele Groß / Nadja Saborowski, Christine Weiß / Julian Stubbe, Christian Hener / Karolina Molter, Björn Stahlhut / Benjamin Fehrecke-Harpke.

The ecological significance of leguminous crops grown in modern intensive crop rotation in Ukraine is considered. In particular, the sown areas of common leguminous crops in Ukraine and the level of their productivity have been analyzed. A comparison is made with the acreage of common field crops in Ukraine. The volume of accumulation of by-products in the form of their straw and stubble is calculated. A comparison is made for these indicators with the most widespread grain crops grown in Ukraine. The data on the content of the main nutrients in the by-products of leguminous crops – nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium are given. On the basis of these indicators, a calculation was made of the accumulation of the main nutrients in the soil, which can come with by-products of leguminous crops at their average yield. We also compared the obtained indicators with the input of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium into the soil with by-products of the most common grain crops. Calculated symbiotic nitrogen fixation by leguminous crops. Based on this, a conclusion was made about the most effective leguminous crops, the cultivation of which in the modern intensive crop rotation of Ukraine will more contribute to the stabilization of the agroecological state of the soil. It is proved that an increase in the areas of leguminous crops in the intensive crop rotation of Ukraine will have a positive effect on the agroecological state of the soil. In particular, growing beans allows you to get the highest mass of by-products, which can be buried in the soil – 3.5 t/ha. Also, the by-products of beans provide the input into the soil of all mineral phosphorus – 12.6 kg/ha of all leguminous crops, as well as potassium – 16.5 kg/ha. By-products allow to accumulate more mineral nitrogen in the soil with by-products – 38.4 kg/ha. Also, soybeans are characterized by a high symbiotic nitrogen-fixing ability among all leguminous crops – 120 kg/ha.

In Romania forest fires have a strong annual and seasonal variability, having a distribution pattern correlated with human activities like stubble burning practices. The most fire affected region is located in the southwest of Romania, in the counties of Mehedinți and Gorj with mosaic landscapes of forests with agricultural land and human settlements. Although the year 2021 was generally a mild fire season at national level, almost 60% of the forests burned area occurred in Mehedinți, county whose surface covers 2.06% of the national territory. The affected area is determined by measurements with GPS receivers or by an approximate estimate of the percentage of affected area in a forest parcel. The accuracy of those determinations is not being verified through other procedures like remote sensing-based methods, thus there is a need for independent evaluation of the reported fire impact. The aim of this research is to perform a quick robust enough assessment of the areas affected by forest fires in August 2021 and their severity in a forested area covered mostly by black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), located in the southwestern part of Mehedinți county, using Sentinel 2 imagery and in field validation. In order to assess the degree of damage of the forest stands, Sentinel 2 satellite images were used, before, during and after the fire events. Additionally, official RGB and CIR aerial orthophoto images with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m from 2015 were used together with ultra-high resolution orthoimages obtained by processing RGB aerial photographs taken post-fire event with an UAV. Several remote sensing-based indices mostly used in forest fire-science literature were tested in order to extract the affected burn area and burn severity, among which the Difference Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) proved to give the best estimates. A field inspection was carried out in order to verify whether the burn severity classes are corresponding to the ground truth impact of the fires. By comparing the dNBR mapping with terrain observations, we found that burn severity is corelated with canopy density and height of the trees, at least in black locust stands, who naturally have lower canopy density than other deciduous tree species. The correlation between dNBR and the density of the trees is negative, that means low density shows a false high severity on dNBR map and vice versa because the burnt grass and understory layer is more visible from above and denser in sparse forest stands. Also, low height of the trees induces high severity on the dNBR, the flames and heat produced by the burnt understory reaching easily to the canopy level. These observations were afterwards used to adjust the burn severity map.

The article compares and analyzes the productivity and composition of nutrients of two different agricultural crops of corn variety Sinyu No. 29 and fodder sorghum Jinmu No. 1, cultivated in stubble crops after winter wheat using the same technology. sorghum Jinmu No. 1 has the property of regrowing after the first mowing, which allows you to harvest two crops and increase the overall yield per unit area. The harvest of green mass of fodder sorghum variety Jinmu No. 1 was 120.9% higher than that of maize variety Sinyu No. 29 and amounted to 169762.78 kg / ha and 78277.87 kg / ha, respectively. Similarly, compared to Sinu No. 29 maize, Jinmu No. 1 fodder sorghum has a higher yield, higher crude protein content, higher crude ash and higher water content, which means better silage quality. basis for the promotion and use of fodder sorghum．

The aim of the study was to determine the level of emission reduction of selected harmful gases and odours following immediate manure incorporation into soil, using the prototype manure applicator. The research was carried out at the Experimental Station of the National Research Institute of Animal Production, in September 2016. Two experimental fields size 6 x 100 m were located on corn stubble in the distance of 40 m. In field A, the solid manure was incorporated into the soil using the prototype manure applicator. In field B, manure application was made by manure spreader. The prototype manure applicator was designed and made by Industrial Institute of Agricultural Engineering. The concentration of harmful gases (NH3, CO2, CH4, N2O) and odours was measured during the study. Measurements were made in the following periods: immediately after application and 2, 4, 6, 10 and 14 hours after application. The concentration of studied gases was measured immediately after sampling by the photoacoustic spectrometer (Multi Gas Monitor Innova 1312). The odours concentration was determined within 30 hours after air sampling by dynamic olfactometry using the TO 8 olfactometer. The solid manure incorporation reduced NH3 emissions by an average of 66%. For the other studied gases the differences in concentration were too small or this concentration was similar to concentration of these gases in surrounding air. The incorporation of solid manure limited also odour emissions. The level reduction decreased with time and amounted to an average of 25%.