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1
Kargin, Nikolay, and Yuliya Laamarti. Theoretical foundations human health and its formation by means of physical culture and sports. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1070927.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The textbook examines the basic concepts, theoretical and methodological approaches to the assessment of the status, functioning and human development and its individual organs and subsystems in the structure of life, the basic principles of course of organismal and behavioral processes that support human adaptation to the external environment and the effectiveness of the behavior in terms of specific activities.
Discusses the meaning of "health" in its broadest sense: physical, social, spiritual — and the ways, methods and tests examination of functional state of human organism and various systems and organs. Given the characteristics of statistically valid norms of health and its individual components, the effect of various tools, techniques, methods and technologies of developing and improving orientation on the formation mechanism of adaptation to conditions of activity and environment.
Offers tested in practice and selected according to the degree of effectiveness of the tools, techniques and technologies of correction of the functional systems of the organism, providing high performance, health and performance of behavioral reactions and the subject in General.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
Intended for graduate students and faculty whose interests are related to the problems of human adaptation to the environment and professional activity.
2
Mel'nikov, Vladimir. State and municipal procurement: in 2 parts. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1096100.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The second part of the textbook "State and municipal procurement" is devoted to the theoretical and methodological aspects of reforming the procurement system of products for public needs in Russia as a distribution mechanism that contributes to the achievement of economic policy goals. Special attention is paid to the institutional and behavioral factors of economic reforms, the place and role of public procurement in the structure of state regulation of the economy. A comparative analysis of conceptual approaches to the organization of the procurement is given, allowing the use of the state contract system as a mechanism of proactive economic policy aimed at the formation of economic orders.
For master's degree students of economic specialties of higher educational institutions, as well as for training in the framework of retraining programs for state and municipal employees.
3
Gibbins, Stuart F. M. Geology, geochemistry, stratigraphy, and mechanisms of emplacement of the Onaping formation, Dowling area, Sudbury structure, Ontario, Canada. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 1994.
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4
Yapaskurt, Oleg, and Evgeniya Karpova. Stadial analysis of lithogenesis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The tutorial deals with modern methods stadial analysis which allows you to retroactively recreate the stages of the successive changes in the substance of sludge as its transformation into the breed and during the stay of the breed in stratisphere. Seems some of the techniques of deciphering and mineral structural and textural transformations, corresponding to different stages of lithogenesis and early metamorphism using optical and electron microscopy, as well as methods of synthesis of such observations on genetic (lithofacies and formational) basis, theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of multivariate processes of sedimentary rock formation, the problems of their classification and relationships with Genesis.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation.
For students of geological specialties, undergraduates, graduate students and research generalists.
5
1975-, Reguera D., Bonilla L. L. 1956-, and Rubí J. M, eds. Coherent structures in complex systems: Selected papers of the XVII Sitges Conference on Statistical Mechanics, held at Sitges, Barcelona, Spain, 5-9 June 2000 : preliminary version. Berlin: Springer, 2001.
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6
Mal'shina, N., and Andrey Garnov. MODERN PRINCIPLES ANALYSIS OF RESOURCE FLOWS IN CRISIS CONDITIONS: CULTURE AND CREATIVE INDUSTRY. xxu: Academus Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/978-1-4946-0018-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The culture industry should become attractive for capital investment through the development of organizational-economic mechanisms of support in the form of integrated structures as well as through the development of mechanisms of its financing: systems of culture multi-channel backing and state-private partnership which would allow to create prerequisites for the appearance and implementation of new ideas and projects in the culture field, contributing to culture sphere formation as a full-fledged source of state income.
As a result of this project implementation, original new fundamental theoretical assumptions and empirical data in the culture industry field and the regional development will be obtained.
The project focuses on the study of fundamental basics research of the culture industry functioning, solves scientific problems of the culture industry effectiveness evaluation and direction justification of its support and funding; there are being worked out strategies and mechanisms of the culture industry efficiency development and increase in accordance with the characteristics and needs of regional economies.
7
Lam, Lui. Nonlinear Structures in Physical Systems: Pattern Formation, Chaos, and Waves Proceedings of the Second Woodward Conference San Jose State University November 17-18, 1989. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990.
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8
Mal'shina, Nataliya, and Andrey Garnov. Culture and creative industry: the control of flow processes. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1158704.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cultural industry should become attractive for capital investment through the development of project activities, organizational and economic support mechanisms in the form of integrated structures, as well as through the development of mechanisms for its financing: multi-channel cultural financing systems and public-private partnerships that would create prerequisites for the emergence and implementation of new ideas and projects in the field of culture, contributing to its formation as a full-fledged source of state income. As a result of the implementation of this project, original new fundamental theoretical positions and empirical data in the field of the cultural and creative industries were obtained. The research focuses on the analysis of the fundamental foundations of the functioning of the cultural and creative industries, solves the scientific problems of evaluating its effectiveness and justifying the directions of support and financing, develops strategies and mechanisms for the development of the Russian cultural industry in accordance with the specifics and needs of regional economies. For a wide range of readers interested in the development of the cultural industry.
9
Lobanov, Aleksey. Medical and biological bases of safety. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1439619.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The textbook considers the subject and tasks of the discipline, highlights the medical and biological foundations of ensuring human security in the conditions of natural, man-made and biological-social emergencies, as well as when using modern weapons of destruction by a probable enemy.
Briefly, but quite informative, the structure of the human body and the basics of its functioning are described. The specificity and mechanism of the toxic effect of harmful substances on a person, the energy effect and the combined effect of the main damaging factors of the sources of emergency situations of peacetime and wartime are shown. The article highlights the medical and biological aspects of ensuring the safe life of people in adverse environmental conditions, including in regions with hot and cold climates (the Arctic). The methods of forecasting and assessing the medical situation in emergency zones and lesions are presented.
The means and methods of medical and biological protection and first aid to the affected are shown. The main tasks and organizational structure of formations and institutions of the medical rescue service of the GO, the All-Russian Service of Disaster Medicine and medical formations of the EMERCOM of Russia are considered. Organizational issues of medical and biological protection in emergency situations are highlighted. The features of the organization of medical support for those affected by terrorist attacks are considered.
It is intended for students and cadets of educational institutions of higher education studying under the bachelor's degree program in the following areas of training: "Technosphere security", "Infocommunication technologies and communication systems", "Information systems and technologies", "State and municipal management", "Economics", "Mechatronics and robotics", "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes", "Informatics and computer engineering", "Air Navigation", "System analysis and management". It can also be useful for researchers and a wide range of specialists engaged in practical work on planning and organizing medical and biological protection of the population.
10
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Mechanics of the crack path formation. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.
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11
Blair, Mitch. Delivering and managing an effective child health programme across the UK. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter describes the evidence base supporting effective implementation of the child health programme at national and local levels. It reviews the contribution of implementation and improvement science. Training accreditation and the use of learning sets and data feedback loops are described. A key organizational mechanism to ensure local quality assurance and accountability is the formation of a local child health programme steering group. The structure and functions of such are described.
12
Zeitlin, Vladimir. Resonant Wave Interactions and Resonant Excitation of Wave-guide Modes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The idea of resonant nonlinear interactions of waves, and of resonant wave triads, is first explained using the example of Rossby waves, and then used to highlight a mechanism of excitation of wave-guide modes, by impinging free waves at the oceanic shelf, and at the equator. Physics and mathematics of the mechanism, which is related to the phenomena of parametric resonance and wave modulation, are explained in detail in both cases. The resulting modulation equations, of Ginzburg–Landau or nonlinear Schrodinger type, are obtained by multi-scale asymptotic expansions and elimination of resonances, after the explanation of this technique. The chapter thus makes a link between geophysical fluid dynamics and other branches of nonlinear physics. A variety of nonlinear phenomena including coherent structure formation is displayed. The resonant excitation of wave-guide modes provides an efficient mechanism of energy transfer to the wave guides from the large to the small.
13
Duman, Ronald S. Neurotrophic Mechanisms of Depression. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Early theories of depression and treatment response were centered on the monoamine neurotransmitters, but more recent work has focused on functional and structural synaptic plasticity and the role of neurotrophic factors, particularly brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neurotrophic factors regulate all aspects of neuronal function, including adaptive plasticity, synapse formation, and neuronal survival. Chronic stress and depression cause reductions in levels of BDNF and other key factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), in cortical regions that contribute to atrophy and loss of neurons observed in depressed patients and rodent stress models. In contrast, these neurotrophic factors are upregulated by chronic administration of typical antidepressants and are required for antidepressant responses. Moreover, fast acting, highly efficacious antidepressant agents such as ketamine rapidly increase BDNF release and synapse formation, paving the way for a new generation of medications for the treatment of depression.
14
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Structural ensembles of the north belt of Venus deformations and possible mechanisms of their formation. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1987.
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15
Wetzel, Ronald, and Rakesh Mishra. Structural Biology. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199929146.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The 3,144–amino acid huntingtin protein (HTT) folds in water into a structure consisting of compact, organized domains interspersed with intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) elements. The IDPs function as sites of post-translational modifications and proteolysis as well as in targeting, binding, and aggregation. Although the dominant structural motif of HTT is the α-helix–rich HEAT repeat, the expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) toxicity responsible for Huntington’s disease is most likely played out within intrinsically disordered HTT exon 1–like fragments consisting of the 16– to 17–amino acid N-terminal HTTNT segment, the polyQ segment, and a proline-rich segment. The physical behavior of HTT exon 1 fragments is dominated by interactive, polyQ repeat length–dependent structural transitions responsible for membrane and protein–protein interactions and the formation of tetramers, higher oligomers, amyloid fibrils, and inclusions. Understanding the basis of this solution behavior may be the key to disease mechanisms and molecular therapeutic strategies.
16
Polesel, John. Pre-Employment Skill Formation in Australia and Germany. Edited by John Buchanan, David Finegold, Ken Mayhew, and Chris Warhurst. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199655366.013.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter provides a critical analysis of the role that vocational education and training plays in preparing young people for the labour market in two contrasting systems – Australia and Germany. In Germany, this occurs mainly within the structure of the “dual system”. In Australia, it occurs within a system of comprehensive high schools, where vocational studies are located within the senior secondary certificates. In Australia, it also occurs to an extent in the adult sector VET institutions and in some specialist providers which focus on school-aged youth. The concepts of education logic and employment logic and the type of welfare state, whether neocorporatist or neoliberal, are used to analyse important differences between Australia and Germany. The chapter argues that the skills formation of young people requires both symbolic and financial support and an approach to upper secondary education which is not captive to the sorting and selection mechanisms of universities.
17
W, Clary David, Ramachandra M. K, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Shock tube study of the fuel structure effects on the chemical kinetic mechanisms responsible for soot formation: Part II. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1985.
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18
Lories, Rik. Mechanisms of bone destruction and proliferation in psoriatic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease that can affect both the peripheral and axial skeleton. The clinical presentation of psoriatic arthritis is very heterogeneous and different subforms have been described. Structural damage to the joint is a feared complication of psoriatic arthritis. The severity of joint inflammation and subsequent damage can range from mild to extreme. Over the last decade, insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the skeletal changes in psoriatic arthritis have gradually increased although translational validation of concepts using patient-derived materials still lags behind. Current treatment strategies directed against key mediators of inflammation appear to have good effects on joint destruction, but their short and long-term impact on new bone formation and ankylosis is still unclear. The identification of the role that key growth factors play in the latter process identifies new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
19
Calvert, Jack G., John J. Orlando, William R. Stockwell, and Timothy J. Wallington. The Mechanisms of Reactions Influencing Atmospheric Ozone. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190233020.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ozone, an important trace component, is critical to life on Earth and to atmospheric chemistry. The presence of ozone profoundly impacts the physical structure of the atmosphere and meteorology. Ozone is also an important photolytic source for HO radicals, the driving force for most of the chemistry that occurs in the lower atmosphere, is essential to shielding biota, and is the only molecule in the atmosphere that provides protection from UV radiation in the 250-300 nm region. However, recent concerns regarding environmental issues have inspired a need for a greater understanding of ozone, and the effects that it has on the Earth's atmosphere. The Mechanisms of Reactions Influencing Atmospheric Ozone provides an overview of the chemical processes associated with the formation and loss of ozone in the atmosphere, meeting the need for a greater body of knowledge regarding atmospheric chemistry. Renowned atmospheric researcher Jack Calvert and his coauthors discuss the various chemical and physical properties of the earth's atmosphere, the ways in which ozone is formed and destroyed, and the mechanisms of various ozone chemical reactions in the different spheres of the atmosphere. The volume is rich with valuable knowledge and useful descriptions, and will appeal to environmental scientists and engineers alike. A thorough analysis of the processes related to tropospheric ozone, The Mechanisms of Reactions Influencing Atmospheric Ozone is an essential resource for those hoping to combat the continuing and future environmental problems, particularly issues that require a deeper understanding of atmospheric chemistry.
20
(Editor), D. Reguera, L. L. Bonilla (Editor), and J. M. Rubi (Editor), eds. Coherent Structures in Complex Systems: Selected Papers of the XVII Sitges Conference on Statistical Mechanics. Held at Sitges, Barcelona, Spain, 5-9 June ... Version (Lecture Notes in Physics). Springer, 2001.
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21
D’Amato, Gaetano, Guillermo Luxán, and José Luis de la Pompa. Defining cardiac domains from the inside: NOTCH in endocardial–myocardial interactions. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this chapter we illustrate the signalling interactions of the endocardium with the other cardiac tissues to coordinate cardiac development. First, we describe the developmental origins of the endocardium. Then we focus on the Notch pathway because of its unique signalling activity in the endocardium, and briefly describe the elements of this signalling mechanism and the key cardiogenic processes that require endocardial Notch signalling: patterning of the early embryonic endocardium into prospective territories for valves and ventricular chambers, early valve formation, ventricular trabeculation, and compaction. Finally, we discuss how Notch dysfunction in the endocardium results in cardiac structural malformations that can lead to congenital heart disease.
22
Boero, Mauro, and Masaru Tateno. Quantum-theoretical approaches to proteins and nucleic acids. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article describes quantum methods used to study proteins and nucleic acids: Hartree–Fock all-electron approaches, density-functional theory approaches, and hybrid quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics approaches. In addition to an analysis of the electronic structure, quantum-mechanical approaches for simulating proteins and nucleic acids can elucidate the cleavage and formation of chemical bonds in biochemical reactions. This presents a computational challenge, and a number of methods have been proposed to overcome this difficulty, including enhanced temperature methods such as high-temperature molecular dynamics, parallel tempering and replica exchange. Alternative methods not relying on the knowledge a priori of the final products make use of biasing potentials to push the initial system away from its local minimum and to enhance the sampling of the free-energy landscape. This article considers two of these biasing techniques, namely Blue Moon and metadynamics.
23
Marlow, Heather, ed. Evolutionary Development of Marine Larvae. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Access to a growing number of marine invertebrates with genetic and genomic tools has broadened our understanding of the diversity of developmental mechanisms, informing our understanding of larval evolution by allowing the identification of shared or divergent programs for the formation of body plan patterning and organ formation. Two such genetic programs are the apical plate patterning network and the hox/parahox trunk and gut patterning network common to larval and adult forms, respectively. While mounting evidence supports an ancient origin at the base of the Bilateria for both adult and larval forms, it is clear that many distinct organs and structures have appeared independently and can be shifted between the larval and adult phase frequently. Future advances in our understanding of larval evolution are likely to emerge from exhaustive studies of marine invertebrate cell types by single-cell sequencing technologies and through the study of the genetic basis of the metamorphic transition.
24
Rothstein, Mikael. Rituals and Ritualization in New Religions Movements. Edited by James R. Lewis and Inga Tøllefsen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466176.013.24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New religions are religions. The fact that they are new is important, but it does not change the fact that they are religions. Similarly, rituals in new religions are rituals with the same functions and basic structures as those found in traditional religious settings. However, during the formative period of any given religion, the religious emphasis will be of a special kind. Members of new religions typically consider themselves an elite, they believe that they live in special times, they await great transformations, sometimes their teachings is clouded in esoteric structures, and they position themselves in a more or less outspoken opposition to the prevailing societal and religious order. These traits are all identifyable in the new religions’ ritual lives. Introducing several examples this chapter illustrates some of the more important aspects of these mechanisms.
25
Bleck, Thomas P. Pathophysiology and causes of seizures. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0231.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seizures result from imbalances between excitation and inhibition, and between neuronal synchrony and dyssynchrony. Current models implicate the cerebral cortex in the genesis of seizures, although thalamic mechanisms (particularly the thalamic reticular formation) are involved in the synchronization of cortical neurons. Often, the precipitants of a seizure in the critical care setting are pharmacological. Several mechanisms linked to critical illness can lead to seizures. Failure to remove glutamate and potassium from the extracellular space, functions performed predominantly by astrocytes, occurs in trauma, hypoxia, ischaemia, and hypoglycaemia. Loss of normal inhibition occurs during withdrawal from alcohol and other hypnosedative agents, or in the presence of GABA. Conditions such as cerebral trauma, haemorrhages, abscesses, and neoplasms all produce physical distortions of the adjacent neurons, astrocytes, and the extracellular space. Deposition of iron in the cortex from the breakdown of haemoglobin appears particularly epileptogenic. Although acute metabolic disturbances can commonly produce seizures in critically-ill patients, an underlying and potentially treatable structural lesion must always be considered and excluded.
26
Wordsworth, B. P. Skeletal dysplasias. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bone is metabolically active throughout life and metabolic disturbances may have wide-ranging consequences that are not restricted to altering its mechanics. The study of some genetic bone diseases has already provided remarkable insights into the normal regulation of bone metabolism. Skeletal dysplasias are developmental disorders of the chondro-osseous tissues commonly resulting in short stature, which is often disproportionate. The underlying mutations are often in the structural genes encoding components of the matrix but may also involve growth factors or cell signalling. In contrast, the dysostoses tend to affect single bones or groups of bones, reflecting the transient nature of the many different signalling factors to which they are responsive during development. Abnormalities of bone density (high or low) may be due to primary deficiency of bone matrix synthesis (e.g. osteogenesis imperfecta and hypophosphatasia) but may also reflect an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. This may be caused by abnormalities of bone formation (e.g. hyperostosis/sclerosteosis and osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome) or bone resorption (e.g. classic osteopetrosis and fibrous dysplasia).
27
Scerri, Eric. The Periodic Table. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914363.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The periodic table of elements is among the most recognizable image in science. It lies at the core of chemistry and embodies the most fundamental principles of science. In this new edition, Eric Scerri offers readers a complete and updated history and philosophy of the periodic table. Written in a lively style to appeal to experts and interested lay-persons alike, The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance begins with an overview of the importance of the periodic table and the manner in which the term "element" has been interpreted by chemists and philosophers across time. The book traces the evolution and development of the periodic table from its early beginnings with the work of the precursors like De Chancourtois, Newlands and Meyer to Mendeleev's 1869 first published table and beyond. Several chapters are devoted to developments in 20th century physics, especially quantum mechanics and and the extent to which they explain the periodic table in a more fundamental way. Other chapters examine the formation of the elements, nuclear structure, the discovery of the last seven infra-uranium elements, and the synthesis of trans-uranium elements. Finally, the book considers the many different ways of representing the periodic system and the quest for an optimal arrangement.
28
Anderson, James A. After Digital. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We are surrounded by digital computers. They do many things well that humans do not and have transformed our lives. But all computers are not the same. Although digital computers dominate today’s world, alternative ways to “compute” might be better and more efficient than digital computation when mechanically performing those tasks, important to humans, that we think of as “cognition.” Cognition, after all, was originally developed to work with our own specific biological hardware. Digital computers require elaborate detailed instructions to work; they are flexible but not simple. Analog computers are designed to do specific tasks. They can be simple but not flexible. Hardware matters. The book discusses two classic kinds of computer, digital and analog, and gives examples of their history, functions, and limitations. The author suggest that when brain “hardware,” with its associated brain “software” work together, it could form a computer architecture that would be useful for the efficient performance of cognitive tasks. This book discusses the essentials of brain hardware—in particular, the cerebral cortex, where cognition lives—and how cortical structure can influence the form taken by the computational operations underlying cognition. Topics include association, understanding complex systems through analogy, formation of abstractions, and the biology of number and its use in arithmetic and mathematics. The author introduces novel “brain-like” control mechanisms: active associative search and traveling waves. There is discussion on computing across scales of organization from single neurons to brain regions containing millions of neurons.
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Bulutgil, H. Zeynep. The Origins of Secular Institutions. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197598443.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Why do some countries adopt secular institutions while others do not? The Origins of Secular Institutions offers a theory that combines ideational and organizational mechanisms to understand the origins of institutional secularization. The theory proceeds in two moves. First, it focuses on why political groups with a secularizing political agenda emerge. The argument is that the circulation of Enlightenment literature among the elite and the existence of associations through which the elite could exchange ideas were the main factors that influenced the early emergence of secularizing movements. Second, the theory turns to the conditions under which these movements succeed. The book argues that secularizing political groups have a comparative disadvantage in recruiting grassroots support because, unlike religious actors, they cannot rely on a preexisting institutional structure. Secularizing groups overcome this obstacle if they have time to build a robust organization before religious political movements emerge and if the social landscape includes civic associations that they can utilize. The book supports these arguments by combining statistical analysis of original historical data with comparative historical analysis of countries in Europe (France, Spain, United Kingdom) and the Middle East/North Africa (Turkey, Morocco, and Tunisia). The comparative analysis evaluates the fine-grained empirical implications that follow from the causal story that relate to the timing and sequence of events. Overall, the book contributes to the literatures on political institutions, religion and politics, and state formation by developing and corroborating a novel theory that links the dissemination of ideas and organizational timing to the emergence of secular institutions.
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Thurner, Stefan, Peter Klimek, and Rudolf Hanel. Introduction to the Theory of Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821939.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book is a comprehensive introduction to quantitative approaches to complex adaptive systems. Practically all areas of life on this planet are constantly confronted with complex systems, be it ecosystems, societies, traffic, financial markets, opinion formation, epidemic spreading, or the internet and social media. Complex systems are systems composed of many elements that interact with each other, which makes them extremely rich dynamical systems showing a huge range of phenomena. Properties of complex systems that are of particular importance are their efficiency, robustness, resilience, and proneness to collapse. The quantitative tools and concepts needed to understand the co-evolutionary nature of networked systems and their properties are challenging. The intention of the book is to give a self-contained introduction to these concepts so that the reader will be equipped with a conceptual and mathematical toolset that allows her to engage in the science of complex systems. Topics covered include random processes of path-dependent processes, co-evolutionary dynamics, the statistics of driven nonequilibrium systems, dynamics of networks, the theory of scaling, and approaches from statistical mechanics and information theory. The book extends well beyond the early classical literature in the field of complex systems and summarizes the methodological progress over the past twenty years in a clear, structured, and comprehensive way. The book is intended for natural scientists and graduate students.
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Kenyon, Ian R. Quantum 20/20. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808350.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This text reviews fundametals and incorporates key themes of quantum physics. One theme contrasts boson condensation and fermion exclusivity. Bose–Einstein condensation is basic to superconductivity, superfluidity and gaseous BEC. Fermion exclusivity leads to compact stars and to atomic structure, and thence to the band structure of metals and semiconductors with applications in material science, modern optics and electronics. A second theme is that a wavefunction at a point, and in particular its phase is unique (ignoring a global phase change). If there are symmetries, conservation laws follow and quantum states which are eigenfunctions of the conserved quantities. By contrast with no particular symmetry topological effects occur such as the Bohm–Aharonov effect: also stable vortex formation in superfluids, superconductors and BEC, all these having quantized circulation of some sort. The quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect are ab initio topological. A third theme is entanglement: a feature that distinguishes the quantum world from the classical world. This property led Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen to the view that quantum mechanics is an incomplete physical theory. Bell proposed the way that any underlying local hidden variable theory could be, and was experimentally rejected. Powerful tools in quantum optics, including near-term secure communications, rely on entanglement. It was exploited in the the measurement of CP violation in the decay of beauty mesons. A fourth theme is the limitations on measurement precision set by quantum mechanics. These can be circumvented by quantum non-demolition techniques and by squeezing phase space so that the uncertainty is moved to a variable conjugate to that being measured. The boundaries of precision are explored in the measurement of g-2 for the electron, and in the detection of gravitational waves by LIGO; the latter achievement has opened a new window on the Universe. The fifth and last theme is quantum field theory. This is based on local conservation of charges. It reaches its most impressive form in the quantum gauge theories of the strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, culminating in the discovery of the Higgs. Where particle physics has particles condensed matter has a galaxy of pseudoparticles that exist only in matter and are always in some sense special to particular states of matter. Emergent phenomena in matter are successfully modelled and analysed using quasiparticles and quantum theory. Lessons learned in that way on spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductivity were the key to constructing a consistent quantum gauge theory of electroweak processes in particle physics.
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Tibaldi, Stefano, and Franco Molteni. Atmospheric Blocking in Observation and Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.611.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The atmospheric circulation in the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres is usually dominated by westerly winds and by planetary-scale and shorter-scale synoptic waves, moving mostly from west to east. A remarkable and frequent exception to this “usual” behavior is atmospheric blocking. Blocking occurs when the usual zonal flow is hindered by the establishment of a large-amplitude, quasi-stationary, high-pressure meridional circulation structure which “blocks” the flow of the westerlies and the progression of the atmospheric waves and disturbances embedded in them. Such blocking structures can have lifetimes varying from a few days to several weeks in the most extreme cases. Their presence can strongly affect the weather of large portions of the mid-latitudes, leading to the establishment of anomalous meteorological conditions. These can take the form of strong precipitation episodes or persistent anticyclonic regimes, leading in turn to floods, extreme cold spells, heat waves, or short-lived droughts. Even air quality can be strongly influenced by the establishment of atmospheric blocking, with episodes of high concentrations of low-level ozone in summer and of particulate matter and other air pollutants in winter, particularly in highly populated urban areas.Atmospheric blocking has the tendency to occur more often in winter and in certain longitudinal quadrants, notably the Euro-Atlantic and the Pacific sectors of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, blocking episodes are generally less frequent, and the longitudinal localization is less pronounced than in the Northern Hemisphere.Blocking has aroused the interest of atmospheric scientists since the middle of the last century, with the pioneering observational works of Berggren, Bolin, Rossby, and Rex, and has become the subject of innumerable observational and theoretical studies. The purpose of such studies was originally to find a commonly accepted structural and phenomenological definition of atmospheric blocking. The investigations went on to study blocking climatology in terms of the geographical distribution of its frequency of occurrence and the associated seasonal and inter-annual variability. Well into the second half of the 20th century, a large number of theoretical dynamic works on blocking formation and maintenance started appearing in the literature. Such theoretical studies explored a wide range of possible dynamic mechanisms, including large-amplitude planetary-scale wave dynamics, including Rossby wave breaking, multiple equilibria circulation regimes, large-scale forcing of anticyclones by synoptic-scale eddies, finite-amplitude non-linear instability theory, and influence of sea surface temperature anomalies, to name but a few. However, to date no unique theoretical model of atmospheric blocking has been formulated that can account for all of its observational characteristics.When numerical, global short- and medium-range weather predictions started being produced operationally, and with the establishment, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, it quickly became of relevance to assess the capability of numerical models to predict blocking with the correct space-time characteristics (e.g., location, time of onset, life span, and decay). Early studies showed that models had difficulties in correctly representing blocking as well as in connection with their large systematic (mean) errors.Despite enormous improvements in the ability of numerical models to represent atmospheric dynamics, blocking remains a challenge for global weather prediction and climate simulation models. Such modeling deficiencies have negative consequences not only for our ability to represent the observed climate but also for the possibility of producing high-quality seasonal-to-decadal predictions. For such predictions, representing the correct space-time statistics of blocking occurrence is, especially for certain geographical areas, extremely important.
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Hupaniittu, Outi, and Ulla-Maija Peltonen, eds. Arkistot ja kulttuuriperintö. SKS Finnish Literature Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/tl.268.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Archives and the Cultural Heritage The edited volume Archives and the Cultural Heritage focuses on archives as institutions and to their tense relationship with archives as material. These dynamics are discussed in respect of the past, the present, and the future. The focus lies in the mechanisms the Finnish archive institutions have utilised when taking part in forming the cultural heritage and in debating the importance of the private archives in society. Within social sciences and history from the early 1990s onwards, the effects of globalisation have been seen as a new focal point for research. Momentarily, the archives saw the same paradigm shift as the focus of the archival studies proceeded from state to society. This brought forth the notion that the values of society are reflected in the acquisition of archival material. This archival turn draws attention to the archives as entities formed by cultural practices. The volume discusses cultural heritage within Finnish archives with diverse perspectives and from various time periods. The key concepts are cultural heritage and archives – both as institution and as material. Articles review the formation of archival collections spanning from the 19th to the 21st century and highlight that the archives have never been neutral or objective actors; rather, they have always been an active process of remembering and forgetting, a matter of inclusion and exclusion. The focus is on private archives and on the choices that guided the creation of the archives and the cultural perceptions and power structures associated with them. Although private archives have considerable social and research value, and although their material complements the picture of society provided by documentary data produced by public administrations, they have only risen to the theoretical discussions in the 21st century. The authors consider what has happened before the material ends up in the archive, what happens in the archive and what can be deduced from this. It shows how archival solutions manifest themselves, how they have influenced research and how they still affect it. One of the key questions is whose past has been preserved and whose is deemed worthy of preservation. Under what conditions have the permanently preserved documents been selected and how can they be accessed? In addition, the volume pays attention to whose documents have been ignored or forgotten, as well as to the networks and power of the individuals within the archival institution and to the politics of memory. The Archives and the Cultural Heritage is an opening to a discussion on the mechanisms, practices and goals of Finnish archival activities. It challenges archival organisations to reflect on their own operating models and to make visible their own conscious or unconscious choices. It raises awareness of the formation of the Finnish documentary cultural heritage, produces new information about private archives and participates in the scientific debate on the changing significance of archives in society. The volume is related to the Academy of Finland research project “Making and Interpreting National Pasts – Role of Finnish Archives as Networks of Power and Sites of Memory” (no 25257, 2011–2014/2019), University of Turku. Project partners Finnish Literature Society (SKS) and Society of Swedish Literature in Finland (SLS).