Книги з теми "Structural-typological features of languages"
Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Structural-typological features of languages.
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-40 книг для дослідження на тему "Structural-typological features of languages".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте книги для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
1
Garraffa, Maria. The grammatical nature of minimal structures: Impoverishment of grammatical features in a non-fluent aphasic speaker. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2011.
Знайти повний текст джерела
2
Kondrat'ev, Sergey. Theory and practice of personalized learning. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1098272.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph presents the psychological theory and organization of personalized learning in general education schools. The concept of integrative subjectivity of a person as a form of reflexive and areflexive self-existence is considered as the psychological basis of personalized learning. The author characterizes the personality and the social individual in the light of the humanitarian Christian paradigm: reveals the phenomenology of integrative subjectivity, its structural organization, levels and forms of development of the individual and the social individual. From the standpoint of the Christian psychology of education, the general psychological and socio-psychological aspects of personalized learning are revealed, the psychological typification of students and teachers is justified, the extraordinary pedagogical interaction as a psychological mechanism of personalized learning is presented, the experimental construction of psychological types of primary school students based on the perception of educational material, as well as the typological features of teachers. Technologies of personalized learning are presented. The monograph reflects the results of many years of theoretical and experimental research of the author. It is of interest to seminarians, students, postgraduates of Orthodox educational institutions, students of Higher theological courses, faculties of advanced training and retraining, as well as philosophers, psychologists, teachers, social workers, and specialists in the field of education.
3
Dabir-Moghaddam, Mohammad. Typological Approaches and Dialects. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern Persian reveals interesting typological properties. In terms of word order parameters, it has grammaticalized a number of OV-type and a number of VO-type parameters. As this mixed typological behaviour can be attested in Old Persian and Middle Persian, the implications of this observation for typology, formal linguistics, and theories of language change are worth pursuing. The agreement system of Modern Persian is Nominative-Accusative. However, the majority of Modern Iranian languages are split in this respect. Morphologically, Modern Persian is analytic. This morphological type can be observed in Middle Persian as well. This two-millennium-old typological property gives Persian a distinct place within the Indo-European languages. As Persian is spoken in a widespread geographical area, there are many Persian dialects currently in use. A number of grammatical features of Tajik Persian, Afghan (Dari) Persian, Isfahani Persian, and Gha’eni Persian are briefly mentioned.
4
Kononenko, Iryna. Typologia głównych członów zdania w językach słowiańskich. University of Warsaw Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323548577.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph presents a typological analysis of the main parts of two-part and single-member sentences in 15 Slavonic languages based on national, parallel and multi-language corpora. The research allows to identify universal syntax features of these languages as well as to define the characteristics of a group or a single language.
5
Nordlinger, Rachel. The Languages of the Daly River Region (Northern Australia). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.44.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter surveys the polysynthetic characteristics of the languages of the Daly River region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Although they are not all closely related, these languages share many typological features typical of polysynthesis, including the encoding of core arguments in the verbal word; noun incorporation; applicatives; and complex templatic verbal morphology. In addition the Daly languages exhibit complex verbal predicates composed of two discontinuous stems, one functioning broadly to classify the event type and the other providing more specific lexical semantics. These properties are surveyed across a range of Daly languages, considering both their similarities and their differences, and the implications they have for a cross-linguistic typology of polysynthesis.
6
Foley, William. Polysynthesis in New Guinea. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The New Guinea region is linguistically the most complex on earth: as many languages as in the Americas are spoken there. The typological diversity of Papuan languages is also great, though underestimated because of a tendency to survey data from languages of the Trans New Guinea family, the largest and most widespread. Its languages have provided a misleading picture of a ‘typical’ Papuan language, including the typological category of polysynthesis. Due to the generally low to moderately agglutinating structure of Trans New Guinea languages, the degree and range of polysynthesis in New Guinea has been under-recognized. By taking four parameters, head marking, verbal pronominal agreement affixes (polypersonalism), incorporation, and clause linkage by parataxis as diagnostic of polysynthesis, this chapter explores its range and degree across several Papuan language families. It argues that polysynthesis is a cluster of features a language can have to a greater or lesser degree.
7
Fortescue, Michael, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This handbook offers an extensive cross-linguistic and cross-theoretical survey of polysynthetic languages, in which single multi-morpheme verb forms can express what would be whole sentences in English. These languages and the problems they raise for linguistic analyses have long featured prominently in language descriptions, and yet the essence of polysynthesis remains under discussion, right down to whether it delineates a distinct, coherent type, rather than an assortment of frequently co-occurring traits. Chapters in the first part of the handbook relate polysynthesis to other issues central to linguistics, such as complexity, the definition of the word, the nature of the lexicon, idiomaticity, and to typological features such as argument structure and head marking. Part II contains areal studies of those geographical regions of the world where polysynthesis is particularly common, such as the Arctic and Sub-Arctic and northern Australia. The third part examines diachronic topics such as language contact and language obsolence, while Part IV looks at acquisition issues in different polysynthetic languages. Finally, Part V contains detailed grammatical descriptions of over twenty languages which have been characterized as polysynthetic, with special attention given to the presence or absence of potentially criterial features.
8
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., R. M. W. Dixon, and Nerida Jarkey, eds. The Integration of Language and Society. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845924.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Each language bears an imprint of the society that speaks it — speakers' relationships to each other, their beliefs and ways of viewing the world, and other facets of their social environment, alongside speakers' habitat, subsistence, and physical environment. A grammar of each language will relate to, and be integrated with, the meanings and the choices which reflect societal practices. Ihe integration of language and society, as reflected in grammatical features of languages, is what this volume is about. It starts with a typological introduction summarising the main issues relevant to the integration of language and society, with special focus on grammatical phenomena. These include honorific forms, genders and classifiers, possession, evidentiality, comparative constructions, and demonstrative systems. It is followed by several studies focused on the ways in which societal norms and beliefs are reflected in languages of diverse typological profiles. The data are drawn from languages of Australia and New Guinea (Dyirbal and Idi), South America (Chamacoco, Ayoreo, Murui, and Tariana), Asia (Japanese, Brokpa, and Dzongkka), and Africa (Iraqw). The volume advances our understanding of the ways in which non-linguistic traits have their correlates in language, and how they change if the society undergoes transformations. The outcomes will be a valuable resource for scholars and students of typology, general linguistics, linguistic and cultural anthropology, and social sciences.
9
Fortescue, Michael, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Introduction. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The first chapter of The Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis introduces the notion of polysynthesis and the related issues that the volume addresses, such as complexity, the definition of the word, the nature of the lexicon, idiomaticity, and typological features such as argument structure and head marking. It also outlines the part structure of the volume: Part I addresses polysynthesis from different perspectives; Part II contains areal studies of those geographical regions of the world where polysynthesis is particularly common, such as the Arctic and Sub-Arctic and northern Australia; Part III examines diachronic topics such as language contact and language obsolescence; Part IV looks at acquisition issues in different polysynthetic languages.
10
Temporal stability of linguistic typological features. LINCOM publishers, 2009.
Знайти повний текст джерела
11
Jany, Carmen. The Northern Hokan Area. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.34.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A number of languages indigenous to Northern California display structural similarities which raise interesting questions about possible contact effects on features of polysynthesis. In particular, the coding of grammatical relations and patterns of verbal compounding and lexical affixation reveal an undeniable areal distribution. The presence of these same features also defines the languages examined in this chapter (Chimariko, Shastan, Karuk, Yana, Atsugewi, Achumawi, and Pomoan) as polysynthetic. While other chapters in this volume are based on a single language family, the present chapter covers a hypothetical genetic grouping of languages spoken in a geographically contiguous area where structural similarities stem from language contact rather than from genetic affiliation.
12
Corbett, Greville G., and Sebastian Fedden. New approaches to the typology of gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nominal classification remains a fascinating topic. To make further progress in this area we need greater clarity of definition and analysis. We use canonical gender as an ideal against which we can measure the great variety of the actual gender systems we find in the languages of the world. Starting from previous work on canonical morphosyntactic features, particularly on how they intersect with canonical parts of speech, we establish the distinctiveness of gender, reflected in the Canonical Gender Principle: In a canonical gender system, each noun has a single gender value. We develop three criteria associated with this principle, which together ensure that canonically a noun has exactly one gender value. We give examples of non-canonicity for each criterion, and this establishes a substantial typological space, which accommodates the various non-canonical gender systems in the languages featured in this volume.
13
van der Hulst, Harry. Aperture harmony. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813576.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter analyzes a number of vowel harmony systems which have been described or analyzed in terms of aperture (lowering or raising, including complete harmony). This takes us into areas where the literature on vowel harmony discusses cases involving the following binary features: [± high], [± low], [± ATR], and [± RTR]. Raising has been thought of as problematic for unary ‘IUA’ systems as these systems lack a common element for high vowels. This chapter suggests that raising can be attributed to ATR-harmony. The chapter also discusses typological generalizations and analyzes metaphony in Romance languages.
14
Grant, Anthony P., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Language Contact. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199945092.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Every language has been influenced in some way by other languages through contact-induced linguistic change. Potentially any features can be transferred from one language to another if the sociolinguistic and structural circumstances are right. New languages –pidgins, creoles and mixed languages- can come into being as the result of language contact. This book examines the various forms of contact-induced linguistic change and the levels of language which have provided instances of these influences. In addition it provides accounts of how language contact has affected some twenty languages, spoken and signed, from all parts of the world. Each chapter is written by experts, in many cases native speakers of the language in question, each with many years of studying and analysing the field. Drawing on the most up-to-date work on relevant language an themes, this book is an invaluable account of the possibilities and products of contact-induced linguistic change.
15
Sadock, Jerrold. The Subjectivity of the Notion of Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is argued that no quantitative measures, nor any simple structural distinctions, can accurately separate languages that we would impressionistically count as polysynthetic from those that we would not. Rather, our intuitions are influenced by the type of morphology a language presents, by the phonological and lexical facts associated with its morphology, and by the degree to which its morphology does the work of syntax. Disregarding such features, it can be argued that biblical Hebrew is more synthetic than the Inuit language Kalaallisut, a conclusion that I, and perhaps most typologists would reject. I conclude that a thorough description of the morphology of language and its relation to the other components of grammar is superior to any method of placing that language on a scale of syntheticity.
16
Baerman, Matthew, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Inflection. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591428.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inflection is the expression of grammatical information through changes in word forms. This confrontation between general principles of syntactic organization and the often idiosyncratic properties of words has brought about systems whose properties—among them an often high degree of complexity—are an important object of investigation in their own right. Because it is something that many languages happily do without, inflection has a curious and often contentious status within linguistics. But even so, there is a fascinating and well-delimited set of facts out there to be explored, for which this handbook will be a guide. The volume is made up of twenty-four chapters, which together take a theoretically ecumenical approach, with particular attention paid to draw the examples from a wide variety of languages. The first section covers the fundamental building blocks of inflectional form and content: morphemes, features, and means of exponence. The second section focuses on what is probably the most characteristic property of inflectional systems, paradigmatic structure, and the non-trivial nature of the mapping between function and form. The third section covers change and variation over time, and the fourth section covers computational issues from a theoretical and practical standpoint. Section five addresses psycholinguistic questions. The final section is devoted to sketches of individual inflectional systems, illustrating a range of typological possibilities across a genetically diverse set of languages from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Australia, Europe, and South America.
17
Unger, Matthew Peter. Contingency and the Symbolic Experience of Christian Extreme Metal. Edited by Jonathan Dueck and Suzel Ana Reily. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859993.013.22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explores Christian extreme metal as a window on the way religion is expressed in contemporary Western culture, drawing on continental theorists of the post-secular. Christian extreme metal lyrics, sonic and structural musical features, and visual features are remarkably continuous with “secular” extreme metal, which positions itself in explicit opposition to Christianity and the “mainstream” world. But Christian extreme metal fans see Christian metal as qualitatively different from “secular” extreme metal. This apparent contradiction shows powerfully how religious symbols circulate in Western late modernity: religious symbols (e.g., biblical texts, stories, languages, and characters—and their symbolic inversions and opposites, drawn on in “secular” extreme metal) have been divested of their truth value and instead circulate as symbols, as meanings with experiential consequences. This allows for a surprising flow of symbols and meanings between secular and Christian extreme metal, and at the same time for qualitatively unique experiences.
18
Hu, Xuhui. Resultatives at synchronic and diachronic levels. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808466.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter investigates how a theory of events can be combined and be compatible with the theory of parametric variation in the generative tradition. At the diachronic level, Chinese resultatives developed from serial verb constructions with two subjacent verbal predicates in Old Chinese. The two adjacent verbs are reanalyzed as components of a single de-adjectival verb in the period of Middle Chinese due to language acquirers’ preference for structural simplicity. At the synchronic level, the preference for computational efficiency is also responsible for the fact that English style resultatives are not attested in Chinese. The English style resultatives are not attested in Romance languages due to a property in the lexicon of Romance languages: the valuation of the [uDiv] feature, or verbal feature, has to be achieved via incorporation in Romance languages, thus rejecting the operation of feature sharing that is crucial for the derivation of the English-style resultatives.
19
Whitman, John, and Yohei Ono. Diachronic interpretations of word order parameter cohesion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter uses statistical tools to investigate the interrelationship between typological features in the World Atlas of Language Structures Online (Dryer and Haspelmath 2013) in the WALS 201 language sample, with the objective of determining how crosscategorial word order generalizations might emerge as the result of syntactic change. Multiple Correspondence Analysis and a variety of cluster analyses show that word order features tend to group along the familiar lines of the Head Parameter. But there is an important caveat to this, previously noticed by Albu (2006): word order features in NP (e.g. [Order of noun and determiner], [Order of noun and adjective]) group separately from word order features in VP and PP, with the exception of [Order of noun and genitive]. We provide a diachronic explanation for this fact: nouns and their arguments may be reanalysed as PPs, or in the case of reanalysed nominalizations, clauses.
20
Canger, Una. Nawatl (Uto-Aztecan). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.37.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A brief introduction places the language, Nawatl, geographically and chronologically, with emphasis on dialect diversity and the long-documented history of the language. The dialect spoken in one community in Northern Puebla is in focus in the following. Basic typological features of this dialect are presented. A valency system based on verb derivation is outlined. A conceptual approach to valency is adopted, and it leads to no recognition of anti-passive in Nawatl. A suffix, ta/te:, the function of which is to broadly suspend referentiality to subject, object, and possessor, is presented. Reduplication is shown to be equally broadly used with several meanings. A brief presentation of a second Nawatl dialect shows that Nawatl dialects cannot all be said to display equally strong polysynthetic features.
21
Haspelmath, Martin. A Typological Perspective on Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the goals and methods of a typological perspective on indefinite pronouns. It begins with an overview of language typology and the reasons why typological research is very important to our understanding of human language. It then considers the four steps involved in a typological study. First, the domain of phenomena to be compared across languages is delimited by formulating a definition that is cross-linguistically applicable. Second, the space of typological variation is mapped out by providing a complete taxonomy of the various means by which the phenomenon under discussion is expressed in different languages. Third, correlations between individual structural options and other parts of the grammar are identified and formulated as implicational universals. Fourth, explanations for these universals are sought. General problems of typological sampling are highlighted and the two samples used in the typological study are described: the 40-language sample and the 100-language sample.
22
Drapeau, Lynn. Innu (Algonquian). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter is devoted to Innu (aka Montagnais), a member of the Algonquian language family, spoken by roughly 13,000 people in eleven communities scattered over Northeastern Québec and Labrador in Canada. The language forms part of the Cree-Innu-Naskapi dialect continuum (Quebec and Labrador) with ties to the other Cree dialects spoken west of Québec, all the way to the Rocky Mountains in Alberta.The chapter aims at providing a broad description of the main features of the language from a functional typological viewpoint with special emphasis on the aspects that are of interest to the study of polysynthesis (head-marking, word-formation processes including incorporation of nominals, identification of participants on the verb, and the referentiality of incorporated nominals).
23
Pawlak, Nina, and Izabela Will, eds. West African languages. Linguistic theory and communication. University of Warsaw Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323546313.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph covers the main aspects of studies on West African languages related to the diversity of structural patterns and complexity of their linguistic assignment. It includes various topics ranging from linguistic description and conceptualization patterns to the sociolinguistics of contemporary refugee camps. Typological diversity is enriched with the presentation of pidgin structures and sign languages. Structural differences between languages are seen from a comparative perspective, which also indicates the areal dimension of linguistic processes. The presentations of linguists from both Europe and Africa develop the idea of convergence area in West Africa, which is motivated by the contact between languages of different affiliations to language families and common cultural basis of language development.
24
Mathieu, Éric, and Robert Truswell. Micro-change and macro-change in diachronic syntax. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This introduction discusses current trends in diachronic linguistics with a focus on syntactic change and reviews the fifteen other chapters included in the volume. In the spirit of modern diachronic syntax, the selected articles show that very general patterns of change, emergent, multigenerational diachronic phenomena, interact with small, discrete, local, intergenerational changes in the lexical specification of grammatical features. General topics include acquisition biases, cross-categorial word order generalizations, typological particularities and universals, language contact, and transitional changes, while specific linguistic topics include tense and viewpoint aspect, directional/aspectual affixes, V2, V3, Stylistic Fronting, directional/aspectual prefixes, negation, accusative and dative marking, analytic passives, complementizer agreement, and control and raising verbs.
25
Zuckermann, Ghil'ad. Revivalistics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199812776.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This seminal book introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration. The book is divided into two main parts that represent Zuckermann’s fascinating and multifaceted journey into language revival, from the ‘Promised Land’ (Israel) to the ‘Lucky Country’ (Australia) and beyond: PART 1: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION The aim of this part is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the reclamation of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character. The book highlights salient morphological, phonological, phonetic, syntactic, semantic and lexical features, illustrating the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of ‘Israeli’, the language resulting from the Hebrew revival. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics or productivity. PART 2: LANGUAGE REVIVAL AND WELLBEING The book then applies practical lessons (rather than clichés) from the critical analysis of the Hebrew reclamation to other revival movements globally, and goes on to describe the why and how of language revival. The how includes practical, nitty-gritty methods for reclaiming ‘sleeping beauties’ such as the Barngarla Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, e.g. using what Zuckermann calls talknology (talk+technology). The why includes ethical, aesthetic, and utilitarian reasons such as improving wellbeing and mental health.
26
Magomedov, Magomed Abdulkadirovich, and Khizri Abdulmadzhidovich Yusupov. Caucasian Languages: Genetic-Typological Communities and Areal Relations. Collection of articles based on the materials of the VII International Scientific Conference. Edited by Boris Makhachevich Ataev. Publishing house "Alef", Makhachkala, Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/caucaslanguages2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The collection includes materials of the VII International Scientific Conference "Caucasian Languages: Genetic-Typological Communities and Areal Relations", held on June 24-25, 2021 in Makhachkala. Articles are written on the basis of reports read at this conference. They are devoted to various aspects of the study of genetic-typological communities and areal connections of the Caucasian and foreign-structural languages. For linguists, students of philological faculties of universities and a wide range of readers. Articles are published in the author's edition.
27
Polinsky, Maria, Nina Radkevich, and Marina Chumakina. Agreement between arguments? Not really. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767886.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter presents novel data from the Nakh-Dagestanian language Archi illustrating a typologically unusual phenomenon of apparent agreement between first person pronouns and absolutive-marked arguments. Apart from their typological significance, these facts challenge current approaches to agreement, which hold that Agree relations can be established only between heads and phrases. The chapter shows that Archi agreeing pronouns do not constitute a uniform class, but subdivide into simple weak pronouns and complex forms composed of a pronoun and a focus marker. Weak pronouns lack [CL] feature specification ([øCL]), and must therefore copy a class feature from the closest v to avoid violating the constraint that all DPs must be specified for [CL]. As a result, the apparent agreement between arguments can be reduced to the unsurprising agreement between the absolutive DP and a series of verbal heads, some of them morphologically null.
28
Fedden, Sebastian, Jenny Audring, and Greville G. Corbett, eds. Non-Canonical Gender Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Grammatical gender is famously the most puzzling of the grammatical categories. Despite our solid knowledge about the typology of gender systems, exciting and unexpected patterns keep turning up which defy easy classification and straightforward analysis. Some of these question, stretch, or even threaten to cross the outer boundaries of the category. These regions are largely unexplored, yet are essential for our understanding of gender, besides being interesting in their own right. The purpose of this book is to explore the outer boundaries of the category of gender and discuss their theoretical significance. Canonical Typology, a cutting-edge approach already successfully applied to a range of linguistic phenomena, provides the ideal framework for this endeavour. In this approach, a linguistic phenomenon—for example, a morphosyntactic feature like gender—is established in terms of a canonical ideal: the clearest instance of the phenomenon. The canonical ideal is a clustering of properties that serves as a baseline from which to measure the actual examples that are found. This approach allows us to analyse any gender system and determine for each of its component properties whether it is more or less canonical. The languages discussed in this volume all diverge from the canonical ideal in interesting ways. Each language is assessed by international experts, who approach their work from a typological perspective. The book explores a wide range of typologically different languages drawn from all over the world, from South America to Melanesia, from an Italo-Romance dialect of Central Italy to Mawng of Northern Australia.
29
Sedighi, Anousha, and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics is a comprehensive volume that offers a detailed overview of the field of Persian linguistics, discusses its development, and captures critical accounts of the cutting edge research within the major subfields of Persian linguistics. The handbook also discusses current debates and suggests productive lines of future research. Chapters are authored by internationally renowned leading scholars in the major subfields. The outline of the book is as follows: Chapter 1 is the introduction; Chapter 2 discusses the linguistic change from the Old to the New Persian; Chapter 3 is a discussion on the typological approaches and dialects; Chapter 4 focuses on phonetics, Chapter 5 on phonology, and Chapter 6 on the prosody. Chapter 7 focuses on generative approaches to Persian syntax, while Chapter 8 discusses other approaches to Persian syntax. Chapter 9 focuses on specific features of Persian syntax. Chapter 10 is on morphology, Chapter 11 on lexicography, and Chapter 12 introduces the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. Chapter 13 is on sociolinguistics, while Chapter 14 discusses language contact and multiculturalism in Iran. Chapter 15 discusses Persian as a heritage language and Chapter 16 is on Persian language pedagogy. Chapter 17 is focused on psycholinguistics, Chapter 18 on neurolinguistics, and Chapter 19 is on computational linguistics. The handbook, in one volume, gives critical expression to the Persian language and as such is a great resource for scholars, advanced students, and those researching in related areas.
30
Rumph, Stephen. Topical Figurae. Edited by Danuta Mirka. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841578.013.019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Musical topics have invited comparison with language ever since Leonard Ratner adopted the rhetorical termtopos. Yet topic theory has not addressed the “double articulation” of language: while words function as meaningful signs, they are articulated by meaningless elements, what Louis Hjelmslev referred to collectively as “figurae.” This chapter develops an analogous theory of topical figurae, structural features that articulate multiple topics but do not themselves signify topically, adapting concepts from phonology (deletion, markedness, assimilation, neutralization). The musical analyses explore both the semantic and syntactic implications of topical figurae, focusing on Beethoven’s “Eroica” Symphony and Mozart’s Piano Sonata in F major, K. 332. Embedded equally in the musical structure and the topical code, figurae bridge the gap between formal analysis and cultural hermeneutics and can lead to a more holistic understanding of topical meaning.
31
Glanzberg, Michael. About Convention and Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this essay, I explore the nature of convention in language. The common notion of convention focuses on social aspects of coordination, but I identify two others that make minimal use of social coordination. I then explore in depth one example of a feature of language that has appeared to some not to be conventional: the information-structural notion of topic. I argue that the evidence strongly supports a conventional view of topic; but I also argue that it suggests a sort of convention that relies only minimally on social aspects of coordination. From this example, I conclude that we can often extend the reach of conventions in language, but that we should be careful about what those conventions are. Not everything that looks conventional is the same, and as we expand the scope of convention in language, we uncover very different sorts of conventions.
32
Winner, Ellen. Wordless Sounds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863357.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Philosophers have worried that music cannot be sad or happy. Only sentient creatures can have emotions. However, empirical studies show that people do perceive emotions in music, including music from unfamiliar traditions. The question then becomes how music conveys emotion. Research shows that structural features in music mirror how emotions are conveyed by prosodic features of speech. When we are sad we speak slowly, softly, and in a low register; and when music is slow and soft and low, we perceive it as sad. Other emotional properties (like the link between the minor mode and sadness, the major mode and happiness) may be learned, but this matter remains in dispute. The research provides no support for the claim that music does not express emotions. The conventional wisdom that music is the language of the emotions holds up very well.
33
Sheehan, Michelle. Parameterizing Ergativity: An Inherent Case Approach. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter posits a parameter hierarchy to capture micro-parametric variation in ergative (or rather non-accusative) alignment, building on the proposal that ergative is an inherent case, assigned by little vs. Initial parameters determine the distribution of this inherent case across instances of little v in a given language, sensitive to various thematic features, and subsequent dependent parameters determine further properties of ergative-assigning vs such as the presence of a movement trigger and the suppression of structural Case features. This gives rise to a number of distinct ergative types depending on the distribution of ergative case, the presence/absence of syntactic ergativity, and the source of absolutive case in transitive contexts. The resultant parameter hierarchy serves to restrict the space of variation, modeling a number of proposed implicational universals in this domain, and provides a potential solution to the subset problem in acquisition by encoding a notion of relative markedness.
34
Cockett, J. R. B., and R. A. G. Seely. Proof Theory of the Cut Rule. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter describes the categorical proof theory of the cut rule, a very basic component of any sequent-style presentation of a logic, assuming a minimum of structural rules and connectives, in fact, starting with none. It is shown how logical features can be added to this basic logic in a modular fashion, at each stage showing the appropriate corresponding categorical semantics of the proof theory, starting with multicategories, and moving to linearly distributive categories and *-autonomous categories. A key tool is the use of graphical representations of proofs (“proof circuits”) to represent formal derivations in these logics. This is a powerful symbolism, which on the one hand is a formal mathematical language, but crucially, at the same time, has an intuitive graphical representation.
35
Kiss, Katalin É. The rise and fall of Hungarian complex tenses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter reconstructs how and why complex tenses appeared in Hungarian grammar in the late Proto-Hungarian period, and how and why they disappeared 1000 years later. It claims that the evolution of complex tenses started with a micro-change: the reanalysis of the feature content of a verbal suffix. This step initiated further processes of reanalysis, analogical extension, and abstraction, as a consequence of which the tense system inherited from Uralic, distinguishing only past and nonpast, developed into a complex system marking both tense and viewpoint aspect. The chapter argues that both the appearance of complex tenses, and their disappearance, i.e., the replacement of morphological viewpoint aspect marking by situation aspect marking via verbal particles, was triggered by language contact. In both cases, a translinguistic reanalysis took place: Hungarian speakers assigned to the Hungarian construction the structural–functional properties of the construction of the contact language.
36
Aldridge, Edith. Intransitivity and the Development of Ergative Alignment. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter surveys pathways that have been proposed for how ergative alignment develops diachronically in an accusative language. The most common source cited for ergative alignment is a clausal nominalization. This is because the v (or n) in the nominalization has the same case-licensing featural composition as transitive v in an ergative language: 1) the external argument in the specifier is assigned inherent (typically genitive) case; and 2) there is no structural licensing capability for an object. After reanalysis, the external argument continues to receive inherent case, and the object values nominative case with T, resulting in an ergative pattern in transitive clauses. Other proposed sources are also typically intransitive constructions lacking accusative objects and in which the external argument is assigned inherent case or is packaged as a PP, for example possessive constructions and passives
37
Bobaljik, Jonathan David, and Heidi Harley. Suppletion is local. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bobaljik (2012) proposes that the insertion of suppletive vocabulary items can be sensitive to features within the same maximal projection, but not across a maximal projection boundary. Among heads (X0 nodes), this condition restricts suppletion to synthetic formations and excludes suppletion in analogous analytic formations. In Hiaki, however, the number of a subject DP can trigger verbal suppletion in certain intransitive verbs. The verbs in question, however, can be shown by language-internal diagnostics to be unaccusative. Suppletion, then, is in fact triggered by an element within the maximal projection of the suppleting verb. The analysis supports the position that internal arguments are base-generated as sisters to their selecting verb (Kratzer 1996; Marantz 1997; Harley 2014). Further, we see that the locality condition does not distinguish between word-internal and word-external triggers of suppletion, but is rather a condition of structural locality, showing that morphological structure is, in a fundamental way, syntactic.
38
Grave, Floyd. Narratives of Affliction and Recovery in Haydn. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Haydn’s instrumental music is often marked by peculiarities—events that feature harmonic deflections, gasping pauses, metrically dissonant accents, and the like—for which the customary methods of structural and stylistic analysis can promise only limited explanation. The evolving language of Disability Studies in music offers a vantage point for contemplating such idiosyncrasies, most notably those that suggest musical equivalents of impairment and recovery. A disability-related perspective may serve as a guide in the search for appropriate metaphors: words and images that can help breathe life into our interaction with a given work as listeners and performers. As witnessed in certain passages from Haydn’s string quartets and a symphony, a reading that shows the music to embody disabling conditions and their remediation helps us connect with emotions and experiences that may resonate with the lives of the composer and his contemporaries as well as with our own.
39
Bidese, Ermenegildo, and Alessandra Tomaselli. Developing pro-drop. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The syntax of Cimbrian, a Germanic heritage language, is at a peculiar developmental stage: on the one hand it has lost the V2 linear restriction, but still maintains both pronominal subject inversion and a residual root-embedded word order asymmetry; on the other, it is characterized by both ‘free’ subject inversion (VP DP) and the systematic violation of the ‘that-trace’ filter, but does not allow null subjects (NSs). This specific mixture of both V2- and pro-drop properties gives us an opportunity to revisit the traditional assumption that Germanic V2 is incompatible with full pro-drop. In this work, we propose that the development of pro-drop crucially depends on the loss of V-to-Fin movement and, consequently, on the lowering of structural subject agreement within TP so that the whole complex process of feature sharing (KEEP, SHARE, DONATE) between C and I is restructured, changing from a C-dominant system to an I-dominant system.
40
Testelets, Yakov, and Yury A. Lander. Adyghe (Northwest Caucasian). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.51.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Adyghe, a polysynthetic language of the West Caucasian family, shows the typological characteristics of ergativity, left-branching word order, and the flexibility of the lexical categories. Its word has a high degree of morphological complexity and consists of five ordered morphological zones, within which the order of affixes can vary, and recursion is possible. The information encoded in the predicate includes the argument structure, causation, and various aspectual and modal characteristics. Many meanings can be expressed, either with a combination of morphemes, or a combination of words, or with both simultaneously. There are structural asymmetries at the clause level and the principle C violations in cross-clausal syntax—the phenomenon that has been recorded also in many polysynthetic languages of America.