Статті в журналах: "Streptococcus pneumonias"

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Martynova, A. V., L. A. Balabanova, and O. A. Chulakova. "MULTILOCI SEQUESTERANT STRAINS OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE ISOLATED FROM ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 13, no. 3 (June 28, 2014): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2014-3-40-45.

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Comuunity-acquired pneumonias in aged patients is the significant epidemiology problem for the public health of almost all the countries. Even more important the problem of microbiological monitoring and epidemiology surveillance for the S. pneumoniae strains as one of the ubiquitous pathogens causing as the community-acquired pneumonias as well the other infections of respiratory tract, what defines their different epidemiological meaning.Multilocus sequence typing is the perspective method of molecular epidemiological surveillance allowing to define the epidemiologically dangerous clones of the ubiquitous microorganisms as Streptococcus pneumomiae. The aim of our research was to conduct the multilocus sequence typing of pneumococci strains isolated in patients with community acquired pneumonias, bronchitis in aged patients.Materials and methods. There were taken 14 strains of S. pneumoniae, isolated in patients with community-acquired pneumonias (seven of them were multiresistant), eight strains were isolated from patients with the chronical onstructive lung diseases and four strains from carriers. Multilocus sequence typing was conduected according to method to M.C. Enright and B.G. Spratt (1998).Results. The strains, isolated in all populations were the related isolates of the species S. pneumoniae, the most of them had the unique genotype defining the sequence type for every strain. There were 6 strains of Taiwan 19F-14 genotype from 14 strains isolated in aged patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Among strains isolated from carriers there were prevailing the strai of R6 genotype.Conclusion. Multilocus sequence typing allows to identify the new genotypes and to prognose the appearing of epidemiologically dangerous strains with new peculiarities.

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Schleupner, Charles J., and David K. Cobb. "A Study of the Etiologies and Treatment of Nosocomial Pneumonia in a Community-Based Teaching Hospital." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 13, no. 9 (September 1992): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646591.

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AbstractObjective:To compare the frequency of the pathogens of nosocomial pneumonia in a community-based teaching hospital to the frequencies previously published, and to evaluate recommendations for the therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in this setting.Design:Retrospective review of prospectively acquired data accrued during 9 randomized single-blinded and 4 single-agent investigational antibiotic studies for the therapy of pneumonia in hospitalized patients between 1981 and 1989.Setting:The study was performed at a university affiliated, community-based teaching Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center.Patients:Patients were hospitalized on the acute medical/surgical and intermediate medicine wards. Informed consent was obtained prior to enrolling patients into the respective antimicrobial studies. Pneumonia was documented radiographicahy and clinically for each patient.Results:Two hundred thirty-one episodes of nosocomial pneumonia were treated. Overall, 51% of pneumonias were caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Hemophilus influenzae with or without other organisms that were not gram-negative bacilli. Gram-negative bacilli, with or without other organisms, accounted for only 26% of all nosocomial pneumonias. Overall, monotherapy with a cephalosporin (usually a broad-spectrum agent) was equally efficacious compared with combination therapy (87% versus 81%, respectively). Cure rates for nosocomial pneumonias from gram-negative bacilli treated with these 2 therapies also were similar (70% versus 60%, respectively).Conclusions:In nontertiary care settings, gram-negative bacilli may cause fewer episodes of nosocomial pneumonia (26% in this study) than noted by previously published reports, which indicated that these organisms account for 50% of nosocomial pneumonias. Further, S pneumoniae and H influenzae may account etiologicahy for many of these nosocomial pneumonias. Monotherapy with an extended-spectrum cephalosporin may be more appropriate than combined treatment with a b-lactam and an aminoglycoside in a nontertiary care setting, thereby reducing potential toxicity in an older, hospitalized patient population.

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Чулакова, O. Chulakova, Балабанова, L. Balabanova, Мартынова, A. Martynova, Шепарев, and A. Sheparev. "Molecular-Epidemiological Monitoring of Strains of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Isolated from Elderly Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia." Journal of New Medical Technologies 21, no. 3 (September 5, 2014): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5902.

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Community-acquired pneumonias in the elderly patients are the significant epidemiological problem for the public health of almost all countries. Especially urgent is the problem of microbiological and epidemiological monitoring for the S.pneumoniae strains as one of the ubiquitary pathogens, causing the community-acquired pneumonias and the other respiratory tract infections of various severities, what is determined by their different epidemiological significance. Multiloci sequesterant is a promising method of molecular-epidemiological monitoring, identifying epidemically dangerous clones such ubiquitaria of the pathogen as S.pneumoniae. The purpose of this research was to carry out the multilocus sequence typing of strains of pneumococcus isolated in the elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonias, bronchitis. Materials and methods were 14 strains of S.pneumoniae, isolated in patients with community-acquired pneumonias (7 of them – multiresistant), 8 strains were isolated from the patients with the chronic pulmonary obstructive diseases and 4 strains – from carriers of activators. Multilocus sequence typing was carried out according to method of M.C. Enright and B. G. Spratt (1998). Results: all strains, isolated in all populations were the related isolates of the species Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most of them (18 of 26) have a unique genotype, determining the presence of one sequence-type for each strain. From 14 strains, isolated from the elderly with community-acquired pneumonia, 6 were related to the profile Taiwan 19F-14. Among strains isolated from the patients with COPD, the prevalence of any genotype wasn’t identified. Conclusion: multilocus sequence typing allows to identify the new genotypes and to predict the appearing of epidemiologically dangerous strains with new proprieties.

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Szabó, Bálint Gergely, Katalin Szidónia Lénárt, Béla Kádár, Andrea Gombos, Balázs Dezsényi, Judit Szanka, Ilona Bobek, and Gyula Prinz. "A Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) -infekciók ezer arca." Orvosi Hetilap 156, no. 44 (November 2015): 1769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2015.30293.

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Incidence and mortality rates of infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are high worldwide and in Hungary among paediatric as well as adult populations. Pneumococci account for 35–40% of community acquired adult pneumonias requiring hospitalization, while 25–30% of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonias are accompanied by bacteraemia. 5–7% of all infections are fatal but this rate is exponentially higher in high risk patients and elderly people. Mortality could reach 20% among patients with severe invasive pneumococcal infections. Complications may develop despite administration of adequate antibiotics. The authors summarize the epidemiology of pneumococcal infections, pathogenesis of non-invasive and invasive disease and present basic clinical aspects through demonstration of four cases. Early risk stratification, sampling of hemocultures, administration of antibiotics and wider application of active immunization could reduce the mortality of invasive disease. Anti-pneumococcal vaccination is advisable for adults of ≥50 years and high risk patients of ≥18 years who are susceptible to pneumococcal disease. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(44), 1769–1777.

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Nikolenko, V. V., A. V. Nikolenko, and M. R. Minikeeva. "Nutritive status changes, studied in hiv-positive patients with pneumonias, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae." Perm Medical Journal 35, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj35414-19.

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Aim. To study the changes in nutritive status of HIV-positive patients, hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonias, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Materials and methods. During 2014–2017, clinicolaboratory examination of 676 HIV-positive patients was carried out on the basis of Perm Regional Clinical Infectious Hospital. There were formed the groups of “observation”, including patients with pneumonias, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae with lethal outcomes, and groups of “comparison”, including patients, discharged from hospital in satisfactory status. Results. Negative dynamics of nutritive status, caused by progression of the main disease and addition of bacterial agent was revealed. The moderately severe and severe changes were registered in patients with lethal outcomes already at the moment of hospitalization. Conclusions. Direct correlation between the protein-energy insufficiency and the number of life-threatening complications was determined.

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6

Doerschuk, C. M., R. K. Winn, H. O. Coxson, and J. M. Harlan. "CD18-dependent and -independent mechanisms of neutrophil emigration in the pulmonary and systemic microcirculation of rabbits." Journal of Immunology 144, no. 6 (March 15, 1990): 2327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.144.6.2327.

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Abstract Neutrophil (PMN) migration in the systemic and pulmonary circulation of rabbits was compared by using different inflammatory stimuli to determine the role of the leukocyte adhesion complex, CD11/CD18, in each of these vascular beds. The adhesion complex was blocked by administering the anti-CD18 mAb 60.3. The data show that mAb 60.3 blocks PMN emigration into inflammatory foci in the abdominal wall produced by implanting sponges containing either hydrochloric acid, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli endotoxin, or PMA. mAb 60.3 also inhibited PMN emigration in response to peritoneal instillation of S. pneumoniae. The effect of mAb 60.3 on PMN emigration in the lungs varied depending upon the stimulus. PMN failed to migrate into the PMA-induced pneumonia; however, mAb 60.3 pretreatment only partially inhibited endotoxin-induced pneumonia and did not inhibit S. pneumoniae or hydrochloric acid-induced pneumonias. PMN lavaged from the alveolar spaces in the Streptococcal pneumonia had similar quantities of mAb 60.3 bound to their surfaces as the circulating PMN. We conclude that the CD11/CD18 complex mediates PMN adherence in the systemic circulation. However, PMN adherence in the pulmonary circulation may occur by either CD18-dependent or -independent mechanisms that are specific to the inciting stimulus.

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7

Laitinen, LA, AK Miettinen, E. Kuosma, L. Huhtala, and K. Lehtomaki. "Lung function impairment following mycoplasmal and other acute pneumonias." European Respiratory Journal 5, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 670–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.05060670.

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We prospectively studied the lung function of 106 consecutive young patients with pneumonia. At the time of hospital admission we observed impaired spirometric function in 48% of the patients. During and following treatment, the frequency of abnormalities in pulmonary function tests decreased rapidly. However, at the 15th day of hospitalization, abnormal ventilatory function was still demonstrated in 21% of the patients. Such prolonged impairment of ventilatory function was significantly more likely to result from pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae than from forms caused by adenovirus or Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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Briones, Maria Luisa, José Blanquer, David Ferrando, Maria Luisa Blasco, Concepción Gimeno, and Julio Marín. "Assessment of Analysis of Urinary Pneumococcal Antigen by Immunochromatography for Etiologic Diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 10 (October 2006): 1092–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00090-06.

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ABSTRACT The limitations of conventional microbiologic methods (CMM) for etiologic diagnosis of community pneumococcal pneumonia have made faster diagnostic techniques necessary. Our aim was to evaluate the usefulness of the immunochromatography (ICT) technique for detecting urinary Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen in the etiologic diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonias (CAP). This was a prospective study on in-patients with CAP in a tertiary hospital conducted from October 2000 to March 2004. Apart from using CMM to reach an etiologic diagnosis, we determined pneumococcal antigen in concentrated urine by ICT. We also determined the urinary pneumococcal antigen (UPA) content in patients from two control groups to calculate the specificity of the technique. One group was comprised of in-patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma, with respiratory infection, and without pneumonia; the other group included fractures. We studied 959 pneumonia patients and determined UPA content in 911 (95%) of them. We diagnosed the etiology of 253 cases (28%) using CMM; S. pneumoniae was the most common etiologic agent (57 cases). ICT analysis was positive for 279 patients (31%). Using this technique, the percentage of diagnoses of pneumococcal pneumonias increased by 26%, while the overall etiologic diagnosis increased from 28 to 49%. The technique sensitivity was 81%; the specificity oscillated between 80% in CAP with nonpneumococcal etiology and 99% for patients with fractures without infections. Determination of UPA is a rapid, simple analysis with good sensitivity and specificity, which increased the percentage of etiologic diagnoses. Positive UPA may persist in COPD patients with probable pneumococcal colonization or recent pneumococcal infections.

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Cirino, Luís Marcelo Inaco, Filumena Maria da Silva Gomes, and Bernardo Nogueira Batista. "The etiology of extensive pleural effusions with troublesome clinical course among children." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 122, no. 6 (December 2004): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802004000600008.

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CONTEXT: In São Paulo, pneumonia is the main infectious cause of death among children. Parapneumonic pleural effusion is a possible complication and has to be treated surgically when the patient does not respond to antibiotics. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of the etiology of complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions that needed surgical intervention. TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital of the University of São Paulo. METHOD: Analysis of 4,000 files on children hospitalized with pneumonia from November 1986 to November 1996 had shown that 115 of these children presented a total of 117 cases of pleural empyema that required surgical procedures. The children's clinical condition was assessed in relation to radiological findings and to their nutrition and immunization status. Previous antimicrobial therapy and pleural effusion bacterioscopy were also evaluated. RESULTS: Streptococcus pneumoniae was the agent found most commonly, as frequently in blood cultures as in pleural effusions. DISCUSSION: Data on vaccination coverage, birth weight and nutritional status are analyzed and compared to other publications. We observed that pleural effusion has a high potential for discomfort, and in most cases it is not a complication of the first pulmonary disease episode. Previous use of antibiotics interfered with culture positivity. The agent most frequently found was Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is in accordance with the findings from other authors. Nonetheless, the antibiotics used to treat the patients after the procedure were the same used in non-complicated pneumonias, which has led us to conclude that the worse outcome in this cases was not due to drug resistance. CONCLUSION: The bacteriological profile in our series of complicated pneumonia cases was similar to what has been described for non-complicated pneumonia cases. Future studies will be necessary to determine why these children presented a worse outcome.

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Ahn, Danielle, and Alice Prince. "Participation of Necroptosis in the Host Response to Acute Bacterial Pneumonia." Journal of Innate Immunity 9, no. 3 (2017): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000455100.

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Common pulmonary pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the host-adapted pathogens responsible for health care-associated pneumonias, such as the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcecsens, are able to activate cell death through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL cascade that causes necroptosis. Necroptosis can influence the pathogenesis of pneumonia through several mechanisms. Activation of this pathway can result in the loss of specific types of immune cells, especially macrophages, and, in so doing, contribute to host pathology through the loss of their critical immunoregulatory functions. However, in other settings of infection, necroptosis promotes pathogen removal and the eradication of infected cells to control excessive proinflammatory signaling. Bacterial production of pore-forming toxins provides a common mechanism to activate necroptosis by diverse bacterial species, with variable consequences depending upon the specific pathogen. Included in this brief review are data demonstrating the ability of the carbapenem-resistant ST258 K. pneumoniae to activate necroptosis in the setting of pneumonia, which is counterbalanced by their suppression of CYLD expression. Exactly how necroptosis and other mechanisms of cell death are coregulated in the response to specific pulmonary pathogens remains a topic of active investigation, and it may provide potential therapeutic targets in the future.

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Goud, E. M. Varshini, Roshan Ali, V. V. Rajesham, and T. Rama Rao. "CASE REVIEW ON EFFECTS OF AZITHROMYCIN AND ERYTHROMYCIN ON LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, no. 11 (December 31, 2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.2022131107.

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Lower respiratory infections are generally caused by viral or bacterial agents. The majority of bronchitis and bronchiolitis cases are caused by viruses. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial agent in community-acquired pneumonias. An open, randomized study of the efficacy and safety of the prototype antibiotics azithromycin, and erythromycin in the treatment of lower respiratory infection were compared. Azithromycin and Erythromycin doses were administered and studied on various cases, in the treatment of lower respiratory infections, azithromycin seems to be as effective as erythromycin and better tolerated with lower side effects and effective therapeutic effects.

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COSTA-CARVALHO, BEATRIZ TAVARES, RENATA RODRIGUES COCCO, WALDINEI M. RODRIGUES, VIVIANE A. COLLA, DIRCEU SOLÉ, and MAGDA M. CARNEIRO-SAMPAIO. "Pneumonias de repetição em paciente com deficiência de anticorpos e imunoglobulinas normais." Jornal de Pneumologia 28, no. 3 (June 2002): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-35862002000300008.

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É relatado o caso de uma menina de sete anos de idade com infecções de vias aéreas de repetição (otites, pneumonias e sinusites) desde os cinco meses de vida. A avaliação imunológica demonstrou produção inadequada de anticorpos ao Streptococcus pneumoniae após imunização para todos os sorotipos (1, 3, 5, 6, 9 e 14) testados, embora a paciente apresentasse níveis normais de imunoglobulinas. A avaliação radiológica, no momento da admissão, demonstrou presença de atelectasias difusas associadas a bronquiectasias. Após início do tratamento com imunoglobulina endovenosa e fisioterapia respiratória houve esvaecimento gradual até reversão das alterações radiológicas. Demonstrou-se, assim, a importância de um diagnóstico preciso para início de tratamento específico, com melhora gradual do quadro clínico e radiológico, evitando seqüelas pulmonares irreversíveis.

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Xin, Gang, Erika Wissinger, and Tracy Hussell. "Blockade of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) signalling during a primary influenza infection reduces susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia (37.21)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 37.21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.37.21.

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Abstract TREM-1 is a cell surface receptor, first described in neutrophils and monocytes, which act synergistically with Toll-like receptors and Nod-like receptors to enhance inflammation. In addition, soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) has also been detected in mouse and human sera, where it regulates TREM-1 signals by competing for binding to the as-yet-unknown natural TREM-1 ligand. sTREM-1 has been used as a predictive biomarker due to the fact that it is detected at high levels during severe pneumonia and sepsis. TREM-1 signalling has been manipulated experimentally in mouse models of septic shock using a synthetic peptide (LP-17) which blocks the interaction between TREM-1 and its ligand. LP-17 treatment significantly reduces the inflammatory responses associated with sepsis and improves the outcome of a lethal secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice undergoing a primary influenza infection. Treatment with LP-17 also reduced bacterial colonization of the nasopharyngeal cavity and the airway. These data support the idea that manipulating TREM-1 is a suitable therapeutic strategy to control secondary bacterial pneumonias.

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Lima, Rômulo de Morais, Stephannye Campelo De Araújo, Diogo Lima Cunha, and Alícia Del Carmen Candebat Assunção Araujo. "Estudo dos casos de pneumonia por pneumonia no município de Parnaíba-PÍ." Brazilian Journal of Development 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): 78404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n12-106.

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A pneumonia é uma patologia infecciosa ocasionada por numerosos microrganismos infecciosos como bactérias, vírus, fungos, protozoários e helmintos; e por agentes não infecciosos como alergia, produtos químicos que ataca os pulmões. O agente infeccioso relevante a bactéria Streptococcus pneumoniae, o pneumococo, sendo este o microrganismo mais corrente desta doença. A pneumonia pode ser desenvolvida no âmbito hospitalar se revelando após 48 horas da internação, ou associada a ventilação mecânica (PVA) em pacientes que estão em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) e também pode ser adquirida na comunidade (PAC) . Apesar das ascensões obtidas nas áreas de vacinas, diagnósticos e terapêuticas com remédios eminentemente eficazes , ainda considera-se um imponente problema de saúde pública nos dias de hoje. Objetivo: analisar a faixa etária de pacientes internados por pneumonia, com ou sem comorbidade, diferenciar pneumonia adquirida na Comunidade (PAC) e no hospital (PAH), determinar as causas mais frequentes do aumento de pneumonia, descrever os tratamentos mais indicados para pneumonia. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo das pneumonias pneumocócicas reconhecidas em pacientes internados em hospitais da rede pública da cidade de Parnaíba- Pi , no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2018 com base de analise de dados em sistema de informação à saúde . Perspectivas: Este estudo destacou-se que a pneumonia é um problema significativo de Saúde Pública relacionada à elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade e a um custo excedente de recursos de saúde, pretendemos destacar a notabilidade da problemática da pneumonia para a saúde publica e contribuir para assistência do paciente portador de pneumonia.

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Donalisio, Maria Rita, Carlos Henrique Mamud Arca, and Paulo Roberto de Madureira. "Perfil clínico, epidemiológico e etiológico de pacientes com pneumonia adquirida na comunidade internados em um hospital geral da microrregião de Sumaré, SP." Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 37, no. 2 (April 2011): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37132011000200010.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar aspectos clínicos, etiológicos e epidemiológicos das pneumonias adquiridas na comunidade (PAC) em indivíduos internados. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados prospectivamente 66 pacientes com PAC maiores de 14 anos no Hospital Estadual Sumaré, localizado na cidade de Sumaré (SP), entre outubro de 2005 e setembro de 2007. Coletamos dados sobre história clínica, exame clínico, escore pneumonia severity index (PSI) e exames laboratoriais (hemocultura, bacterioscopia/cultura de escarro, sorologias para Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae e Legionella pneumophila, além de antígenos urinários de Legionella sp. e Streptococcus pneumoniae). RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 53 anos, a maioria tinha baixa escolaridade, e 55,7% apresentavam pelo menos uma comorbidade no momento da internação. O percentual de idosos vacinados contra influenza entre os internados foi significativamente menor que os da comunidade dos municípios da microrregião de Sumaré (52,6% vs. > 70%). A febre foi menos frequente entre os idosos (p < 0,05). A evolução clínica se associou com o escore PSI, mas não com a idade. A etiologia foi confirmada em 31 (50,8%) dos casos, sendo 21 (34,4%) devido a S. pneumoniae, detectado principalmente pelo antígeno urinário; seguido de C. pneumoniae, em 5 (8,2%). Receberam alta hospitalar por cura 80,3% dos pacientes. A taxa de letalidade foi de 4,9%. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento do perfil etiológico de PAC no âmbito regional favorece a escolha adequada da terapia empírica, que é particularmente relevante em pacientes idosos e naqueles com comorbidades. A falta da vacinação contra influenza em idosos é um fator de risco de internação por PAC.

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MacDonald, Brian A., Krishnan V. Chakravarthy, Bruce A. Davidson, Barbara A. Mullan, Ravi Alluri, Anders P. Hakansson, and Paul R. Knight. "Halothane Modulates the Type I Interferon Response to Influenza and Minimizes the Risk of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia through Maintenance of Neutrophil Recruitment in an Animal Model." Anesthesiology 123, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 590–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000766.

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Abstract Background: To minimize the risk of pneumonia, many anesthesiologists delay anesthesia-requiring procedures when patients exhibit signs of viral upper respiratory tract infection. Postinfluenza secondary bacterial pneumonias (SBPs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. An increased host susceptibility to SBP postinfluenza has been attributed to physical damage to the pulmonary epithelium, but flu-induced effects on the immune system are being shown to also play an important role. The authors demonstrate that halothane mitigates the risk of SBP postflu through modulation of the effects of type I interferon (IFN). Methods: Mice (n = 6 to 15) were exposed to halothane or ketamine and treated with influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bronchoalveolar lavage and lung homogenate were procured for the measurement of inflammatory cells, cytokines, chemokines, albumin, myeloperoxidase, and bacterial load. Results: Halothane exposure resulted in decreased bacterial burden (7.9 ± 3.9 × 105vs. 3.4 ± 1.6 × 108 colony-forming units, P < 0.01), clinical score (0.6 ± 0.2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.2, P < 0.0001), and lung injury (as measured by bronchoalveolar lavage albumin, 1.5 ± 0.7 vs. 6.8 ± 1.6 mg/ml, P < 0.01) in CD-1 mice infected with flu for 7 days and challenged with S. pneumoniae on day 6 postflu. IFN receptor A1 knockout mice similarly infected with flu and S. pneumoniae, but not exposed to halothane, demonstrated a reduction of lung bacterial burden equivalent to that achieved in halothane-exposed wild-type mice. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the use of halogenated volatile anesthetics modulates the type I IFN response to influenza and enhance postinfection antibacterial immunity.

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Mizgerd, Joseph P., Bruce H. Horwitz, Henry C. Quillen, Martin L. Scott, and Claire M. Doerschuk. "Effects of CD18 Deficiency on the Emigration of Murine Neutrophils During Pneumonia." Journal of Immunology 163, no. 2 (July 15, 1999): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.995.

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Abstract We hypothesized that CD18 deficiency would impair the ability of neutrophils to emigrate from pulmonary blood vessels during certain pneumonias. To directly compare the abilities of wild-type (WT) and CD18-deficient neutrophils to emigrate, mice with both types of leukocytes in their blood were generated by reconstituting the hemopoietic systems of lethally irradiated C57BL/6 mice with mixtures of fetal liver cells from WT and CD18-deficient mice. Percentages of CD18-deficient neutrophils in the circulating and emigrated pools were compared during experimental pneumonias. Similar percentages were observed in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 6 or 24 h after intratracheal instillation of Streptococcus pneumoniae, demonstrating that no site on the CD18 molecule was required for either its adhesive or its signaling functions during neutrophil emigration. However, 6 h after instillation of Escherichia coli LPS or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the percentage of CD18-deficient neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was only about one-fourth of that observed in the blood. This difference persisted for at least 24 h after instillation of E. coli LPS. Thus, neutrophil emigration elicited by the Gram-negative stimuli E. coli LPS or P. aeruginosa was compromised by deficiency of CD18. These data, based on comparing WT and gene-targeted CD18-deficient neutrophils within the same animals, provide evidence for molecular pathways regulating neutrophil emigration, which could not be appreciated in previous studies with pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of CD18.

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Park, Hee Kuk, Sang-Jae Lee, Jang Won Yoon, Jong Wook Shin, Hyoung-Shik Shin, Joong-Ki Kook, Soon Chul Myung, and Wonyong Kim. "Identification of the cpsA gene as a specific marker for the discrimination of Streptococcus pneumoniae from viridans group streptococci." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 10 (October 1, 2010): 1146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.017798-0.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae, the aetiological agent of pneumonia and non-gonococcal urethritis, shares a high degree of DNA sequence identity with the viridans group of streptococci, particularly Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis. Although their clinical and pathological manifestations are different, discrimination between S. pneumoniae and its close viridans cocci relatives is still quite difficult. Suppression subtractive hybridization was performed to identify the genomic differences between S. pneumoniae and S. mitis. Thirty-four resulting S. pneumoniae-specific clones were examined by sequence determination and comparative DNA sequence analysis using blast. S. pneumoniae-specific primers were subsequently designed from one of the clonal DNA sequences containing the cps gene (coding for capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis). The primer specificities were evaluated using 49 viridans streptococci including 26 S. pneumoniae, 54 other streptococci, 14 Lactococcus species, 14 Enterococcus species and three Vagococcus species, and compared with the specificities of previously described autolysin (lytA), pneumolysin (ply), Spn9802 and Spn9828 primers. The newly designed cpsA-specific primer set was highly specific to S. pneumoniae and was even better than the existing primers. These findings may help improve the rapid identification and differentiation of S. pneumoniae from closely related members of the viridans group streptococci.

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Abdullah, Bilal Bin, Mohammed Zoheb, Syed Mustafa Ashraf, Sharafath Ali, and Nida Nausheen. "A Study of Community-Acquired Pneumonias in Elderly Individuals in Bijapur, India." ISRN Pulmonology 2012 (May 13, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/936790.

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Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in elderly has different clinical presentation and higher mortality than CAP in other age group. Clinical presentation may vary from mere presence of fever to altered sensorium. The incomplete clinical picture of CAP in the elderly may be associated with a delay in establishing the diagnosis and, consequently, in starting adequate antibiotic therapy. Delay in diagnosis and treatment may contribute to the higher observed death rate in the elderly population with CAP. Hence the following study was undertaken to study the clinical, radiological, and bacteriological profile of community-acquired pneumonia in elderly. A total of 50 patients were studied. Age group varied from 66 years to 88 years. Presentation varied from typical symptoms to altered sensorium. Smoking and COPD were most common predisposing conditions. Most common organisms responsible were Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas, H. influenza, and Staphylococcus aureus. Etiological agents could not be identified in many cases because of difficulty in collecting sputum in elderly patients, lower yield of culture, and various atypical and difficult to isolate causative organisms. Hence there is need for an empirical therapy covering both typical and atypical organisms. Better understanding of these aspects may help a long way in managing elderly patients with pneumonia.

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Pinheiro, Maria De Fátima Da Silva, and Cecília Mattos Ulson. "Estudo da etiologia das pneumopatias agudas da infância através da aspiração pulmonar transtorácica, São Paulo, Brasil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, no. 4 (August 1987): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000400009.

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No período de abril de 1979 a julho de 1980 foram estudadas 45 crianças, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 2 meses a 5 anos de idade, selecionadas entre as atendidas no Instituto da Criança "Pedro Alcântara" do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, e acometidas de pneumopatias agudas. Dos 45 pacientes estudados, a maioria (46,7%) encontrava se na faixa de 2-12 meses de idade e, quanto ao estado nutricional, 42,2% eutróficos e 57,8% desnutridos, variando essa desnutrição do grau I ao grau III. Empregando amostras obtidas por aspiração pulmonar e examinando-as pelo método de coloração de Gram e cultura, foi possível identificar o agente etiológico de 26 (57,7%) pneumonias bacterianas nos 45 casos estudados. A identificação direta pelo método de Gram mostrou-se útil como orientação inicial para antibioticoterapia em 44,4% dos casos. Houve nítida predominância do Streptococcus pneumoniae como agente etiológico bacteriano nas pneumopatias agudas da criança nas várias faixas etárias estudadas seguido do Haemophilus influenzae e o Staphylococcus aureus. O estudo comparativo da cultura do aspirado pulmonar e da hemocultura permitiu maior precisão diagnostica (56,7%), revelando-se a hemocultura positiva em apenas 30,0% dos casos. Não foi constatada nenhuma participação de germes anaeróbios nas pneumopatias da amostragem estudada.

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Wyllie, Anne L., Yvonne Pannekoek, Sandra Bovenkerk, Jody van Engelsdorp Gastelaars, Bart Ferwerda, Diederik van de Beek, Elisabeth A. M. Sanders, Krzysztof Trzciński, and Arie van der Ende. "Sequencing of the variable region of rpsB to discriminate between Streptococcus pneumoniae and other streptococcal species." Open Biology 7, no. 9 (September 2017): 170074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.170074.

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The vast majority of streptococci colonizing the human upper respiratory tract are commensals, only sporadically implicated in disease. Of these, the most pathogenic is Mitis group member, Streptococcus pneumoniae . Phenotypic and genetic similarities between streptococci can cause difficulties in species identification. Using ribosomal S2-gene sequences extracted from whole-genome sequences published from 501 streptococci, we developed a method to identify streptococcal species. We validated this method on non-pneumococcal isolates cultured from cases of severe streptococcal disease ( n = 101) and from carriage ( n = 103), and on non-typeable pneumococci from asymptomatic individuals ( n = 17) and on whole-genome sequences of 1157 pneumococcal isolates from meningitis in the Netherlands. Following this, we tested 221 streptococcal isolates in molecular assays originally assumed specific for S. pneumoniae , targeting cpsA , lytA , piaB , ply , Spn9802, zmpC and capsule-type-specific genes. Cluster analysis of S2-sequences showed grouping according to species in line with published phylogenies of streptococcal core genomes. S2-typing convincingly distinguished pneumococci from non-pneumococcal species (99.2% sensitivity, 100% specificity). Molecular assays targeting regions of lytA and piaB were 100% specific for S. pneumoniae , whereas assays targeting cpsA , ply , Spn9802, zmpC and selected serotype-specific assays (but not capsular sequence typing) showed a lack of specificity. False positive results were over-represented in species associated with carriage, although no particular confounding signal was unique for carriage isolates.

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Mayanskiy, N. A., A. Z. Kvarchiya, E. A. Brzhozovskaya, O. A. Ponomarenko, O. A. Kryzhanovskaya, and Tatyana V. Kulichenko. "SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST ORAL STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED IN CHILDREN." Russian Pediatric Journal 22, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2019-22-3-153-161.

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Oral streptococci can exchange genetic material with other bacteria colonizing the same loci of the body, their resistance profiles can serve as markers of the risk of the developing resistance to certain antibiotics in closely related bacteria, in particular, Streptococcus pneumoniae. Materials and Methods To describe the species composition of oral streptococci and to detect the profile of their sensitivity to a wide range of antibiotics there were investigated oral streptococcal isolates isolated from oropharyngeal smears sown in children of various ages with acute respiratory infections not receiving antibacterial therapy for selective streptococcal medium with penicillin (Pen, 1 mg/l) or erythromycin (Ery, 2 mg/l). 253 oropharyngeal smears were studied. Results. The most frequent sowings were Pen-resistant and Ery-resistant Streptococcus mitis, found in 158 (62.5%) and 169 (66.8%) studied, respectively. Ery-resistant Streptococcus salivarius group was detected in 107 (42.3%) samples, Pen-resistant streptococcus from this group were found much less frequently in 16 (6.3%) samples. Pen and Eri-resistant isolates of Streptococcus sanguinis group were present in 69 (27.3%) and 49 (19.4%) samples respectively. All the streptococcus specimens studied were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid and (except for one) levofloxacin; about 90% were sensitive to daptomycin, rifampicin and chloramphenicol. Sensitivity to tetracycline was lower at 57.5%. Multiple drug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 groups of antibiotics) had 93 (58.1%) isolates; the most common combination of penicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline resistance was found in 53 (57%) MDR isolates. Streptococcus mitis/oralis were characterized by higher MPCs of penicillin, ampicillin and ceftriaxone, as well as the frequency of stable forms, including MDR, as compared to other streptococci. Streptococcus mitis, first S. mitis oralis group streptococcus predominate in the species structure of antibiotic-resistant oral streptocococci, among which MDR is widespread, including resistance to β-lactams.

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Jensen, Anders, Oskar Valdórsson, Niels Frimodt-Møller, Susan Hollingshead та Mogens Kilian. "Commensal Streptococci Serve as a Reservoir for β-Lactam Resistance Genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, № 6 (6 квітня 2015): 3529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00429-15.

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ABSTRACTStreptococcus pneumoniaeis a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and middle ear infections. The incidence ofS. pneumoniaeisolates that are not susceptible to penicillin has risen worldwide and may be above 20% in some countries. Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance in pneumococci is associated with significant sequence polymorphism in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Commensal streptococci, especiallyS. mitisandS. oralis, have been identified as putative donors of mutated gene fragments. However, no studies have compared sequences of the involvedpbpgenes in large collections of commensal streptococci with those ofS. pneumoniae. We therefore investigated the sequence diversity of the transpeptidase region of the threepbpgenes,pbp2x,pbp2b, andpbp1ain 107, 96, and 88 susceptible and nonsusceptible strains of commensal streptococci, respectively, at the nucleotide and amino acid levels to determine to what extent homologous recombination between commensal streptococci andS. pneumoniaeplays a role in the development of beta-lactam resistance inS. pneumoniae. In contrast to pneumococci, extensive sequence variation in the transpeptidase region ofpbp2x,pbp2b, andpbp1awas observed in both susceptible and nonsusceptible strains of commensal streptococci, conceivably reflecting the genetic diversity of the many evolutionary lineages of commensal streptococci combined with the recombination events occurring with intra- and interspecies homologues. Our data support the notion that resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in pneumococci is due to sequences acquired from commensal Mitis group streptococci, especiallyS. mitis. However, several amino acid alterations previously linked to beta-lactam resistance in pneumococci appear to represent species signatures of the donor strain rather than being causal of resistance.

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Гатагонова, Tamara Gatagonova, Цаллагова, Olga Tsallagova, Болиева, and Laura Bolieva. "Antibiotic resistance of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in the republic of North Ossetia-Alania." Vladikavkaz Medico-Biological Bulletin 20, no. 30 (November 1, 2014): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11806.

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An increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria, in particular, Streptococcus pneumoniae, has been registered recently in most developed countries. This necessitates the study of regional characteristics of etiological structure of causative bacterial agents of community-acquired pneumonia and their sensitivity to antibiotics. The aim of the study was to study the spectrum of bacterial pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia and the sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae to antimicrobial agents in hospitalized patients in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania. Bacteriological examination of sputum with definition of sensitivity of isolated strains of bacteria to antibiotics was performed in 270 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. According to our data, the main causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is Streptococcus pneumoniae. III generation cephalosporins, respiratory fluoroquinolones, macrolides, showed high activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from hospitalized patients. Low activity of natural and semi-synthetic penicillins was shown. The obtained results allow optimizing of antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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Kim, Gyu-Lee, Seung-Han Seon, and Dong-Kwon Rhee. "Pneumonia and Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine." Archives of Pharmacal Research 40, no. 8 (July 22, 2017): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0933-y.

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Woo, Patrick CY, Jade LL Teng, Kit-wah Leung, Susanna KP Lau, Herman Tse, Beatrice HL Wong, and Kwok-yung Yuen. "Streptococcus sinensis may react with Lancefield group F antiserum." Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45745-0.

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Lancefield group F streptococci have been found almost exclusively as members of the ‘Streptococcus milleri’ group, although they have been reported very occasionally in some other streptococcal species. Among 302 patients with bacteraemia caused by viridans streptococci over a 6-year period, three cases were caused by Streptococcus sinensis (type strain HKU4T, HKU5 and HKU6). All three patients had infective endocarditis complicating their underlying chronic rheumatic heart diseases. Gene sequencing showed no base differences between the 16S rRNA gene sequences of HKU5 and HKU6 and that of HKU4T. All three strains were Gram-positive, non-spore-forming cocci arranged in chains. All grew on sheep blood agar as α-haemolytic, grey colonies of 0.5–1 mm in diameter after 24 h incubation at 37 °C in ambient air. Lancefield grouping revealed that HKU5 and HKU6 were Lancefield group F, but HKU4T was non-groupable with Lancefield groups A, B, C, D, F or G antisera. HKU4T was identified by the Vitek system (GPI), API system (20 STREP) and ATB system (ID32 STREP) as 99 % Streptococcus intermedius, 51.3 % S. intermedius and 99.9 % Streptococcus anginosus, respectively. Using the same tests, HKU5 was identified as 87 % Streptococcus sanguinis/Streptococcus gordonii, 59 % Streptococcus salivarius and 99.6 % S. anginosus, respectively, and HKU6 as 87 % S. sanguinis/S. gordonii, 77 % Streptococcus pneumoniae and 98.3 % S. anginosus, respectively. The present data revealed that a proportion of Lancefield group F streptococci could be S. sinensis. Lancefield group F streptococci should not be automatically reported as ‘S. milleri'.

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Sadowy, Ewa, Agnieszka Bojarska, Alicja Kuch, Anna Skoczyńska, Keith A. Jolley, Martin C. J. Maiden, Andries J. van Tonder, Sven Hammerschmidt, and Waleria Hryniewicz. "Relationships among streptococci from the mitis group, misidentified as Streptococcus pneumoniae." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 1865–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03916-6.

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Abstract The aim of our study was to investigate phenotypic and genotypic features of streptococci misidentified (misID) as Streptococcus pneumoniae, obtained over 20 years from hospital patients in Poland. Sixty-three isolates demonstrating microbiological features typical for pneumococci (optochin susceptibility and/or bile solubility) were investigated by phenotypic tests, lytA and 16S rRNA gene polymorphism and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). All isolates had a 6-bp deletion in the lytA 3′ terminus, characteristic for Mitis streptococc and all but two isolates lacked the pneumococcal signature cytosine at nucleotide position 203 in the 16S rRNA genes. The counterparts of psaA and ply were present in 100% and 81.0% of isolates, respectively; the spn9802 and spn9828 loci were characteristic for 49.2% and 38.1% of isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic trees and networks, based on the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme, ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST) scheme and core-genome analysis, clearly separated investigated isolates from S. pneumoniae and demonstrated the polyclonal character of misID streptococci, associated with the Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis groups. While the S. pseudopneumoniae clade was relatively well defined in all three analyses, only the core-genome analysis revealed the presence of another cluster comprising a fraction of misID streptococci and a strain proposed elsewhere as a representative of a novel species in the Mitis group. Our findings point to complex phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships among S. mitis-like bacteria and support the notion that this group may in fact consist of several distinct species.

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Huang, Allen R., and Dalius J. Briedis. "Group C Streptococcal Endocarditis Presenting as Clinical Meningitis: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 3, no. 5 (1992): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1992/597941.

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Lancefield group C streptococci are known to be pathogenic in a number of animal species, but cause human disease much less commonly than do streptococci of scrogroups A or B. Reported cases of bacteremic infection, pneumonia or meningitis in humans have been very severe with a grave prognosis. The authors describe a patient who presented with classic clinical and laboratory evidence of bacterial meningitis which proved to be a complication of endocarditis caused by a group C streptococcus. This is the first reported case in which meningitis was the presenting manifestation of group C streptococcal endocarditis and is only the second case in which group C streptococcal meningitis and endocarditis have been associated in the same patient. A total of 13 cases of group C streptococcal meningitis have now been reported in the medical literature. Five of these patients died, and four others recovered only to be left with neurological sequelae. The current case confirms the seriousness of group C streptococcal infections in humans. Such infections are associated with a poor prognosis despite apparently adequate antimicrobial therapy.

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Ip, Margaret, Shirley S. L. Chau, Fang Chi, Julian Tang, and Paul K. Chan. "Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Atypical Pneumococci and Oral Streptococci: Evidence of Horizontal Gene Transfer of Fluoroquinolone Resistance Determinants from Streptococcus pneumoniae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 8 (June 4, 2007): 2690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00258-07.

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ABSTRACT Atypical strains, presumed to be pneumococcus, with ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥4.0 μg/ml and unique sequence variations within the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrase and topoisomerase genes in comparison with the Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 strain, were examined. These strains were reidentified using phenotypic methods, including detection of optochin susceptibility, bile solubility, and agglutination by serotype-specific antisera, and genotypic methods, including detection of pneumolysin and autolysin genes by PCR, 16S rRNA sequencing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The analysis based on concatenated sequences of the six MLST loci distinguished the “atypical” strains from pneumococci, and these strains clustered closely with S. mitis. However, all these strains and five of nine strains from the viridans streptococcal group possessed one to three gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes whose QRDR sequences clustered with those of S. pneumoniae, providing evidence of horizontal transfer of the QRDRs of the gyrase and topoisomerase genes from pneumococci into viridans streptococci. These genes also conferred fluoroquinolone resistance to viridans streptococci. In addition, the fluoroquinolone resistance determinants of 32 well-characterized Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis strains from bacteremic patients were also compared. These strains have unique amino acid substitutions in GyrA and ParC that were distinguishable from those in fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococci and the “atypical” isolates. Both recombinational events and de novo mutations play an important role in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance.

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Limelette, Anne, Thomas Guillard, Marie Laure Boubee, Jean Sébastien Petit, Véronique Vernet-Garnier, Antoine Grillon, Olivier Toubas, and Christophe De Champs. "Necrotizing pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae." Annales de biologie clinique 73, no. 4 (July 2015): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/abc.2015.1064.

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Palmer, D. L. "Laboratory Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia." Journal of Infectious Diseases 151, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/151.2.378.

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Bauer, Torsten, Santiago Ewig, María A. Marcos, Gerhard Schultze-Werninghaus, and Antoni Torres. "STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN COMMUNITY-AQUIRED PNEUMONIA." Medical Clinics of North America 85, no. 6 (November 2001): 1367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70385-0.

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Koshkarina, Е. A., O. V. Kovalishena, N. V. Saperkin, V. V. Krasnov, Р. G. Zubarov, and O. М. Chekanina. "Assessment of current laboratory diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia." Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 5, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2020-5-4-21-29.

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Aim. To investigate the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised children and to evaluate the accuracy of the methods for its laboratory confirmation. Materials and Methods. We performed descriptive and cross-sectional epidemiological studies. Results of the rapid immunochromatographic assay (ICT) were compared with those obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. DNA of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was found in 65.5% and 13.8% of the patients. Microbial associations were observed in 13.7% of patients (Mycoplasma pneumoniae + Streptococcus pneumoniae, 10.3%; Streptococcus pneumoniae + Haemophilus influenzae, 3.4%). Chlamydophila pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 were not detected. The cause of community-acquired pneumonia was not identified in 6.9% of the cases. A diagnostic accuracy of ICT was 27.58% and its sensitivity was relatively small (9.09%; 95% CI 1; 29), compared with a relatively high specificity (85.7%; 95% CI 42; 100). Conclusions. Rapid ICT assay must be accompanied by the PCR or other diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in children.

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Okahashi, Nobuo, Tomoko Sumitomo, Masanobu Nakata, Hirotaka Kuwata, and Shigetada Kawabata. "Oral mitis group streptococci reduce infectivity of influenza A virus via acidification and H2O2 production." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): e0276293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276293.

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Members of the mitis group streptococci are the most abundant inhabitants of the oral cavity and dental plaque. Influenza A virus (IAV), the causative agent of influenza, infects the upper respiratory tract, and co-infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity during influenza epidemics. S. pneumoniae is a member of mitis group streptococci and shares many features with oral mitis group streptococci. In this study, we investigated the effect of viable Streptococcus oralis, a representative member of oral mitis group, on the infectivity of H1N1 IAV. The infectivity of IAV was measured by a plaque assay using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. When IAV was incubated in growing culture of S. oralis, the IAV titer decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner and became less than 100-fold, whereas heat-inactivated S. oralis had no effect. Other oral streptococci such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius also reduced the viral infectivity to a lesser extent compared to S. oralis and Streptococcus gordonii, another member of the oral mitis group. S. oralis produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a concentration of 1–2 mM, and its mutant deficient in H2O2 production showed a weaker effect on the inactivation of IAV, suggesting that H2O2 contributes to viral inactivation. The contribution of H2O2 was confirmed by an inhibition assay using catalase, an H2O2-decomposing enzyme. These oral streptococci produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetic acid as a by-product of sugar metabolism, and we also found that the inactivation of IAV was dependent on the mildly acidic pH (around pH 5.0) of these streptococcal cultures. Although inactivation of IAV in buffers of pH 5.0 was limited, incubation in the same buffer containing 2 mM H2O2 resulted in marked inactivation of IAV, which was similar to the effect of growing S. oralis culture. Taken together, these results reveal that viable S. oralis can inactivate IAV via the production of SCFAs and H2O2. This finding also suggests that the combination of mildly acidic pH and H2O2 at low concentrations could be an effective method to inactivate IAV.

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Arhin, Francis F., Deborah C. Draghi, Chris M. Pillar, Thomas R. Parr, Gregory Moeck, and Daniel F. Sahm. "Comparative In Vitro Activity Profile of Oritavancin against Recent Gram-Positive Clinical Isolates." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 11 (September 8, 2009): 4762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00952-09.

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ABSTRACT Oritavancin activity was tested against 15,764 gram-positive isolates collected from 246 hospital centers in 25 countries between 2005 and 2008. Organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (n = 9,075), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 1,664), Enterococcus faecalis (n = 1,738), Enterococcus faecium (n = 819), Streptococcus pyogenes (n = 959), Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 415), group C, G, and F streptococci (n = 84), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 1,010). Among the evaluated staphylococci, 56.7% were resistant to oxacillin. The vancomycin resistance rate among enterococci was 21.2%. Penicillin-resistant and -intermediate rates were 14.7% and 21.4%, respectively, among S. pneumoniae isolates. Among nonpneumococcal streptococci, 18.5% were nonsusceptible to erythromycin. Oritavancin showed substantial in vitro activity against all organisms tested, regardless of resistance profile. The maximum oritavancin MIC against all staphylococci tested (n = 10,739) was 4 μg/ml; the MIC90 against S. aureus was 0.12 μg/ml. Against E. faecalis and E. faecium, oritavancin MIC90s were 0.06 and 0.12, respectively. Oritavancin was active against glycopeptide-resistant enterococci, including VanA strains (n = 486), with MIC90s of 0.25 and 1 μg/ml against VanA E. faecium and E. faecalis, respectively. Oritavancin showed potent activity against streptococci (n = 2,468); MIC90s for the different streptococcal species were between 0.008 and 1 μg/ml. These data are consistent with previous studies with respect to resistance rates of gram-positive isolates and demonstrate the spectrum and in vitro activity of oritavancin against a wide variety of contemporary gram-positive pathogens, regardless of resistance to currently used drugs. The data provide a foundation for interpreting oritavancin activity and potential changes in susceptibility over time once oritavancin enters into clinical use.

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Rai, Prashant, Marcus Parrish, Ian Jun Jie Tay, Na Li, Shelley Ackerman, Fang He, Jimmy Kwang, Vincent T. Chow, and Bevin P. Engelward. "Streptococcus pneumoniaesecretes hydrogen peroxide leading to DNA damage and apoptosis in lung cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 26 (June 15, 2015): E3421—E3430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424144112.

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Streptococcus pneumoniaeis a leading cause of pneumonia and one of the most common causes of death globally. The impact ofS. pneumoniaeon host molecular processes that lead to detrimental pulmonary consequences is not fully understood. Here, we show thatS. pneumoniaeinduces toxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in human alveolar epithelial cells, as indicated by ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM)-dependent phosphorylation of histone H2AX and colocalization with p53-binding protein (53BP1). Furthermore, results show that DNA damage occurs in a bacterial contact-independent fashion and that Streptococcus pyruvate oxidase (SpxB), which enables synthesis of H2O2, plays a critical role in inducing DSBs. The extent of DNA damage correlates with the extent of apoptosis, and DNA damage precedes apoptosis, which is consistent with the time required for execution of apoptosis. Furthermore, addition of catalase, which neutralizes H2O2, greatly suppressesS. pneumoniae-induced DNA damage and apoptosis. Importantly,S. pneumoniaeinduces DSBs in the lungs of animals with acute pneumonia, and H2O2production byS. pneumoniaein vivo contributes to its genotoxicity and virulence. One of the major DSBs repair pathways is nonhomologous end joining for which Ku70/80 is essential for repair. We find that deficiency of Ku80 causes an increase in the levels of DSBs and apoptosis, underscoring the importance of DNA repair in preventingS. pneumoniae-induced genotoxicity. Taken together, this study shows thatS. pneumoniae-induced damage to the host cell genome exacerbates its toxicity and pathogenesis, making DNA repair a potentially important susceptibility factor in people who suffer from pneumonia.

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37

Stroo, Ingrid, Sacha Zeerleder, Chao Ding, Brenda Luken, Joris Roelofs, Onno de Boer, Joost Meijers, Francis Castellino, Cornelis van ’t Veer, and Tom van der Poll. "Coagulation factor XI improves host defence during murine pneumonia-derived sepsis independent of factor XII activation." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 117, no. 08 (2017): 1601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th16-12-0920.

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SummaryBacterial pneumonia, the most common cause of sepsis, is associated with activation of coagulation. Factor XI (FXI), the key component of the intrinsic pathway, can be activated via factor XII (FXII), part of the contact system, or via thrombin. To determine whether intrinsic coagulation is involved in host defence during pneumonia and whether this is dependent on FXII activation, we infected in parallel wild-type (WT), FXI knockout (KO) and FXII KO mice with two different clinically relevant pathogens, the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae and the Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae, via the airways. FXI deficiency worsened survival and enhanced bacterial outgrowth in both pneumonia models. This was accompanied with enhanced inflammatory responses in FXI KO mice. FXII KO mice were comparable with WT mice in Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. On the contrary, FXII deficiency improved survival and reduced bacterial outgrowth following infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae. In both pneumonia models, local coagulation was not impaired in either FXI KO or FXII KO mice. The capacity to phagocytose bacteria was impaired in FXI KO neutrophils and in human neutrophils where activation of FXI was inhibited. Deficiency for FXII or blocking activation of FXI via FXIIa had no effect on phagocytosis. Taken together, these data suggest that FXI protects against sepsis derived from Streptococcus pneumoniae or Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia at least in part by enhancing the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils by a mechanism that is independent of activation via FXIIa.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.

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38

Al-Kaabi, Nawal, Ziad Solh, Samantha Pacheco, Louise Murray, Isabelle Gaboury, and Nicole Le Saux. "A Comparison of Group A Streptococcus Versus Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 25, no. 11 (November 2006): 1008–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000243198.63255.c1.

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39

Suzuki, Nao, Mayumi Yuyama, Sinsaku Maeda, Haruhiko Ogawa, Kazuyuki Mashiko, and Yusuke Kiyoura. "Genotypic identification of presumptive Streptococcus pneumoniae by PCR using four genes highly specific for S. pneumoniae." Journal of Medical Microbiology 55, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.46296-0.

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It was previously reported that two oligonucleotide primer sets (spn9802 and spn9828) for discriminating Streptococcus pneumoniae from pneumococcus-like oral streptococcal isolates using PCR had been developed. In this study, PCR amplification of the lytA, ply, spn9802 and spn9828 genes was used to identify presumptive S. pneumoniae. Two genetic groups were identified by analysing sputum samples from 28 patients with community-acquired pneumonia: the lytA-positive, ply-positive, spn9802-positive and spn9828-negative group, and the lytA-positive, ply-positive, spn9802-positive and spn9828-positive group. Isolates of the former group were resistant to optochin, while those of the latter group showed susceptibility to optochin. The lytA-positive, ply-positive, spn9802-negative and spn9828-negative isolates, and lytA-positive, ply-positive, spn9802-negative and spn9828-positive isolates, were not detected in sputum from patients with pneumonia. Subsequently, a total of 92 saliva samples from healthy individuals was screened by PCR using these primer sets. The lytA-positive, ply-positive, spn9802-positive and spn9828-negative group was identified more frequently in saliva from healthy children than in saliva from older healthy individuals and patients with pneumonia. The lytA-positive, ply-positive, spn9802-positive and spn9828-positive group was found frequently in saliva from healthy children, and in saliva and sputum from patients with pneumonia. This study demonstrates a rapid, optimal screening method for the genotypic identification of presumptive S. pneumoniae by PCR using four genes highly specific for S. pneumoniae.

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40

Jinno, Sadao, and Michael R. Jacobs. "Pneumonia Due to Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae." Current Infectious Disease Reports 14, no. 3 (April 4, 2012): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-012-0260-x.

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41

Shorr, A., M. Zilberberg, S. Micek, and M. Kollef. "Azithromycin and Mortality in Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia." Chest 142, no. 4 (October 2012): 147A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.1383017.

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42

FUKANO, Hiroshi, Naoyuki MIYASHITA, Kimihiro MIMURA, Keiji MOURI, Kouichiro YOSHIDA, Yoshihiro KOBASHI, Yoshihito NIKI, and Toshiharu MATSUSHIMA. "Comparison of Clinical Presentation of Mixed Pneumonia with Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae pneumonia." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 78, no. 2 (2004): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.108.

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43

Sadowy, Ewa, and Waleria Hryniewicz. "Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and other Mitis streptococci: importance of molecular methods." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 39, no. 12 (July 24, 2020): 2247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03991-9.

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AbstractThe Mitis group of streptococci includes an important human pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and about 20 other related species with much lower pathogenicity. In clinical practice, some representatives of these species, especially Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis, are sometimes mistaken for S. pneumoniae based on the results of classical microbiological methods, such as optochin susceptibility and bile solubility. Several various molecular approaches that address the issue of correct identification of pneumococci and other Mitis streptococci have been proposed and are discussed in this review, including PCR- and gene sequencing-based tests as well as new developments in the genomic field that represents an important advance in our understanding of relationships within the Mitis group.

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44

Balsalobre, Luz, María José Ferrándiz, Josefina Liñares, Fe Tubau, and Adela G. de la Campa. "Viridans Group Streptococci Are Donors in Horizontal Transfer of Topoisomerase IV Genes to Streptococcus pneumoniae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 7 (July 2003): 2072–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.7.2072-2081.2003.

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ABSTRACT A total of 46 ciprofloxacin-resistant (Cipr) Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were isolated from 1991 to 2001 at the Hospital of Bellvitge. Five of these strains showed unexpectedly high rates of nucleotide variations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of their parC, parE, and gyrA genes. The nucleotide sequence of the full-length parC, parE, and gyrA genes of one of these isolates revealed a mosaic structure compatible with an interspecific recombination origin. Southern blot analysis and nucleotide sequence determinations showed the presence of an ant-like gene in the intergenic parE-parC regions of the S. pneumoniae Cipr isolates with high rates of variations in their parE and parC QRDRs. The ant-like gene was absent from typical S. pneumoniae strains, whereas it was present in the intergenic parE-parC regions of the viridans group streptococci (Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis). These results suggest that the viridans group streptococci are acting as donors in the horizontal transfer of fluoroquinolone resistance genes to S. pneumoniae.

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45

Zhu, Huiping, Jianjun Dong, Xufeng Xie, and Lei Wang. "Comparison between the molecular diagnostic test and chest X-ray combined with multi-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of lobar pneumonia." Cellular and Molecular Biology 67, no. 3 (November 25, 2021): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2021.67.3.18.

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Lobar pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung that mainly affects the lobes of the lungs and the alveoli, and it is usually caused by a bacterial infection. There are many ways to diagnosis this disease. But an early and accurate method for lobar pneumonia diagnosis has an important role in its treatment. Therefore, in this study, a comparison between the molecular diagnostic test and chest x-ray combined with multi-slice spiral CT was done to find out better diagnosis of lobar pneumonia. For this purpose, 122 individuals suspected of lobar pneumonia were studied by clinical examination, chest X-ray, and multi-slice spiral CT. For the molecular diagnosis test, the multiplex PCR was used for two main causes of the disease, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results showed that the specificity for Chest X-ray + Multi-slice Spiral CT had the highest amount (82.8%), but high sensitivity (100%) belonged to a molecular diagnostic test for both bacteria. On the other hand, the sensitivity and specificity of Streptococcus pneumoniae were better than Klebsiella pneumoniae and the possibility of error in Streptococcus pneumoniae was lower than Klebsiella pneumoniae. In general, although the Chest X-ray + Multi-slice Spiral CT method was better than the molecular diagnosis test, it could not identify the causative agent and did not show a difference between pathogens for better antibiotic treatment, and also the possibility of diagnosis is low at the beginning of the disease. Therefore, according to the results of the current study, the best way to diagnose lobar pneumonia is to use both methods, simultaneously.

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46

Lezhenko, G. A., O. Ye Pashkova та L. I. Pantyushenko. "Раціональна антибактеріальна терапія захворювань органів дихання в дітей". CHILD`S HEALTH, № 8.51 (1 грудня 2013): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0551.8.51.2013.84993.

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У роботі наведено результати бактеріологічного моніторингу 563 дітей м. Запоріжжя та Запорізької області, хворих на гострі респіраторні захворювання (ГРЗ). Установлено, що в 15,3 % випадків збудником ГРЗ виступав Streptococcus pneumoniaе. Проведений аналіз антибіотикограм показав, що найбільшу чутливість Streptococcus pneumoniae проявляв щодо цефалоспоринів ІІІ покоління, ванкоміцину та ципрофлоксацину. Відмічалася висока антибіотикорезистентність Streptococcus pneumoniaе до кліндаміцину (50,0 %) та пеніцилінів (96,8 %). На основі отриманих даних обґрунтована доцільність застосування як стартового антибактеріального препарату в терапії ГРЗ у дітей цефподоксиму проксетилу.

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47

Bayazitova, L. T., O. F. Tupkina, T. A. Chazova, N. S. Konyshev, K. N. Syuzev, and G. Sh Isaeva. "Phage sensitivity profiles of a nasopharyngeal opportunistic pathogen in Streptococcus pneumoniae carrier children with recurrent respiratory infections." Kazan medical journal 101, no. 3 (June 13, 2020): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2020-330.

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Aim. To study the nature of microbiota and estimating the susceptibility to antibiotics and bacteriophages of conditionally pathogenic microflora of the nasopharynx in children-pneumococcal carriers with recurrent respiratory infections. Methods. Researching microflora was conducted in 182 pneumococcal carriers receiving help in Kazan Scientific and Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Microbial identification, testing of susceptibility to antibiotics and bacteriophages was carried out following the regulatory documentation. Bacterial isolates were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The phage titer was determined by the method of agar layers according to Grazia. Results. Nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae species was presented by Staphylococcus spp., Moraxella spp., Haemophilus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Klebsiella spp and Candida spp. The antimicrobial resistance profiles of Streptococcus pneumoniae: resistant to oxacillin was detected in 20.7% of strains, to erythromycin in 45.9%, to clindamycin in 20%, to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in 18.4%. 19.6% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR, resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial agents). Phage susceptibility test of S. pneumoniaе showed that 97.2% of isolates were resistant to streptococcal bacteriophage, 75% to pyobacteriophage. All antibiotic-resistant strains remained susceptible to Streptococcus phages. The phage titer of Klebsiella in agreement with Grazia method of Kl. pneumoniae ranged from 9106 to 5105 PFU/mL. The ranking results of activities of antistaphylococcal antibiotics (effectiveness descending): fusidic acid mupirocin chloramphenicol cyprofloxacin erythromycin. Conclusion. Nasopharyngeal microbiota of pneumococci carriers children is represented by a variable polymicrobial association; nasopharyngeal strains are effectively lysed by bacteriophages; mono- and polyvalent bacteriophages can be used as an alternative to antibacterial treatment in Streptococcus pneumoniae carriers children with recurrent respiratory infections.

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48

Toikka, P. "Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae coinfection in community acquired pneumonia." Archives of Disease in Childhood 83, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.83.5.413.

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49

Figueiredo, T. A., S. I. Aguiar, J. Melo-Cristino, and M. Ramirez. "DNA Methylase Activity as a Marker for the Presence of a Family of Phage-Like Elements Conferring Efflux-Mediated Macrolide Resistance in Streptococci." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 11 (September 5, 2006): 3689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00782-06.

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ABSTRACT Recently, two related chimeric genetic elements (Tn1207.3 and Φ10394.4) were shown to carry the macrolide efflux gene mef in Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci [GAS]). The dissemination of elements belonging to the Tn1207.3/Φ10394.4 family in recent isolates of GAS, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae recovered in Portugal was surveyed. In total, 149 GAS, 18 S. pneumoniae, 4 S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, and 5 S. agalactiae isolates from infections, presenting the M phenotype of macrolide resistance and containing the mef gene, were screened for the presence of Tn1207.3/Φ10394.4 by PCR targeting open reading frames (ORFs) specific for these related elements. All the GAS isolates tested and one of the S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates carried Tn1207.3. However, neither of these elements was found in the isolates of the other streptococcal species. It was also noted that the DNAs of the isolates carrying Tn1207.3 were resistant to cleavage by the endonuclease SmaI. Cloning and expression of ORF12 of Tn1207.3 in Escherichia coli showed that it encoded a methyltransferase that rendered DNA refractory to cleavage by SmaI (M.Spy10394I). Using this characteristic as a marker for the presence of the Tn1207.3/Φ10394.4 family, we reviewed the literature and concluded that these genetic elements are widely distributed among tetracycline-susceptible GAS isolates presenting the M phenotype from diverse geographic origins and may have played an important role in the dissemination of macrolide resistance in this species.

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50

Balsalobre, Luz, Montserrat Ortega, and Adela G. de la Campa. "Characterization of Recombinant Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pneumococcus-Like Isolates." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 1 (October 31, 2012): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01357-12.

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ABSTRACTFourteen fluoroquinolone-resistant streptococcal isolates with recombinant DNA topoisomerase genes, preliminarily identified as pneumococci, were further characterized using phenotypic and genotypic approaches. Phenotypic tests classified them as atypical pneumococci. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by using the sequences of seven housekeeping alleles from these isolates and from isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae,Streptococcus mitis,Streptococcus oralis, andStreptococcus pseudopneumoniae. Four isolates grouped withS. pneumoniae, seven grouped withS. pseudopneumoniae, and three grouped withS. mitis. These results generally agreed with those obtained with an optochin susceptibility test and with the organization of theatpoperon chromosomal region, encoding the FoF1H+-ATPase (the target of optochin). All seven isolates grouping withS. pseudopneumoniaeshare the samespr1368-atpC-atpAgene order; all four grouping withS. pneumoniaeshare thespr1368-IS1239-atpC-atpAorder, and two out of the three grouping withS. mitisshare thespr1284-atpC-atpAorder. In addition, evidence for recombination within the seven housekeeping alleles of theS. pseudopneumoniaepopulation was provided by several methods: the index of association (0.4598,P< 0.001), the pairwise homoplasy index, and the split-decomposition method. This study confirms the existence of pneumococci among the alpha-hemolytic streptococci with DNA topoisomerase genes showing a mosaic structure and reveals a close relationship between atypical pneumococci andS. pseudopneumoniae.

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