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1
Armstrong, Paul W., and Frans Van de Werf. "STREAM characterisation correction." Lancet 389, no. 10084 (May 2017): 2102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31335-1.
2
Reed, Grant W., and Christopher P. Cannon. "STREAM characterisation correction – Authors' reply." Lancet 389, no. 10084 (May 2017): 2102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31336-3.
3
Carter, James H., and Graham J. Hutchings. "Recent Advances in the Gold-Catalysed Low-Temperature Water–Gas Shift Reaction." Catalysts 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8120627.
Анотація:
The low-temperature water–gas shift reaction (LTS: CO + H2O ⇌ CO2 + H2) is a key step in the purification of H2 reformate streams that feed H2 fuel cells. Supported gold catalysts were originally identified as being active for this reaction twenty years ago, and since then, considerable advances have been made in the synthesis and characterisation of these catalysts. In this review, we identify and evaluate the progress towards solving the most important challenge in this research area: the development of robust, highly active catalysts that do not deactivate on-stream under realistic reaction conditions.
4
Kawashima, Nobuyuki, Lina Shi, Ning Xu, Jun Li, and Andrea R. Gerson. "Characterisation of single-stream Bayer plant heat exchanger scale." Hydrometallurgy 159 (January 2016): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.10.025.
5
Strutwolf, Jörg, Grégoire Herzog, Alexandra Homsy, Alfonso Berduque, Courtney J. Collins, and Damien W. M. Arrigan. "Potentiometric characterisation of a dual-stream electrochemical microfluidic device." Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 6, no. 2 (June 20, 2008): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10404-008-0319-z.
6
Ramos, P., C. Mateu, T. Antoja, A. Helmi, A. Castro-Ginard, E. Balbinot, and J. M. Carrasco. "Full 5D characterisation of the Sagittarius stream with Gaia DR2 RR Lyrae." Astronomy & Astrophysics 638 (June 2020): A104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037819.
Анотація:
Context. The Sagittarius (Sgr) stream is one of the best tools that we currently have to estimate the mass and shape of our Galaxy. However, assigning membership and obtaining the phase-space distribution of the stars that form the tails of the stream is quite challenging. Aims. Our goal is to produce a catalogue of the RR Lyrae stars of Sgr and obtain an empiric measurement of the trends along the stream in sky position, distance, and tangential velocity. Methods. We generated two initial samples from the Gaia DR2 RR Lyrae catalogue: one selecting only the stars within ±20° of the orbital plane of Sagittarius (Strip), and the other resulting from application of the Pole Count Map (nGC3) algorithm. We then used the model-independent, deterministic method developed in this work to remove most of the contamination by detecting and isolating the stream in distance and proper motions. Results. The output is two empiric catalogues: the Strip sample (higher-completeness, lower-purity) which contains 11 677 stars, and the nGC3 sample (higher-purity, lower-completeness) with 6608 stars. We characterise the changes along the stream in all the available dimensions, namely the five astrometric dimensions plus the metallicity, covering more than 2π rad in the sky, and obtain new estimates for the apocentres and the mean [Fe/H] of the RR Lyrae population. Also, we show the first map of the two components of the tangential velocity thanks to the combination of distances and proper motions. Finally, we detect the bifurcation in the leading arm and report no significant difference between the two branches in terms of metallicity, kinematics, or distance. Conclusions. We provide the largest sample of RR Lyrae candidates of Sgr, which can be used as input for a spectroscopic follow-up or as a reference for the new generation of models of the stream through the interpolators in distance and velocity that we constructed.
7
Koppelman, Helmer H., and Amina Helmi. "Time evolution of gaps in stellar streams in axisymmetric Stäckel potentials." Astronomy & Astrophysics 649 (May 2021): A55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039968.
Анотація:
Context. When a subhalo interacts with a cold stellar stream, the otherwise nearly smooth distribution of stars is disturbed, and this creates a gap. The properties of these gaps depend on the interaction parameters. Their characterisation could thus lead to a determination of the mass spectrum of the perturbers and might reveal the existence of dark subhalos orbiting the Milky Way. Aims. Our goal is to construct a fully analytical model of the formation and evolution of gaps embedded in streams orbiting in a realistic Milky Way potential. Methods. To this end, we extended our previous model for spherical potentials and predict the properties of gaps in streams evolving in axisymmetric Stäckel potentials. We used action-angles and their simple behaviour to calculate the divergence of initially nearby orbits that are slightly perturbed by the interaction with a subhalo. Results. Our model, corroborated by N-body experiments, predicts that the size of a gap grows linearly with time. We obtain analytical expressions for the dependences of the growth rate on the orbit of the stream, the properties of the subhalo (mass and scale radius), and the geometry of the encounter (relative velocity and impact parameter). We find that the density at the centre of the gap decreases with time as a power law in the same way as the density of a stream. This causes the density contrast between a pristine and a perturbed stream on the same orbit to asymptotically reach a constant value that only depends on the encounter parameters. Conclusions. We find that at a fixed age, smallish gaps are sensitive mostly to the mass of the subhalo, while gaps formed by subhalo flybys with a low relative velocity, or when the stream and subhalo move in parallel, are degenerate to the encounter parameters.
8
Risch, Denise, Nienke van Geel, Douglas Gillespie, and Ben Wilson. "Characterisation of underwater operational sound of a tidal stream turbine." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147, no. 4 (April 2020): 2547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0001124.
9
Fritz, Ken M., and Walter K. Dodds. "Harshness: characterisation of intermittent stream habitat over space and time." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 1 (2005): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04244.
Анотація:
Frequently disturbed environments, such as intermittent streams, are ecologically useful for studying how disturbance characteristics (e.g. frequency, magnitude) affect community structure and succession. We developed a harshness index that quantifies ecologically pertinent spatial and temporal characteristics of prairie intermittent streams that may limit or reduce diversity and abundance to predict benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage characteristics. The index incorporates 11 variables that describe the hydrological regime (e.g. average flow, flow variability, drying and flooding) and distance to perennial surface water. We started with 27 variables, but removed 16 that did not increase the predictive value of the index. The relationships among index values and annual mean macroinvertebrate assemblage characteristics (taxonomic richness, diversity, evenness and abundance) were tested over two years using seven sites that represent a range of flow permanence (recent and historical), flood magnitude (recent and historical) and surface-water connectivity. Mean annual taxonomic richness was significantly related to the harshness index. Evenness and abundance were not related to harshness. Further analyses indicated that distance to the nearest permanent habitat was less important than annual or historical hydrological parameters, even though prior research had documented higher rates of colonisation at sites that were closer to nearest permanent habitat. Both annual factors that can alter abundance and colonisation immediately (e.g. floods, drought in each year) and historical factors (e.g. probability of drying, average length of dry period over decades) may influence assemblage characteristics. Historical factors may influence evolutionary adaptations of invertebrates and may predominate when relative disturbance rates are lower such as in years with less flooding.
10
Ward, Sophie L., Peter E. Robins, Matt J. Lewis, Gregorio Iglesias, M. Reza Hashemi, and Simon P. Neill. "Tidal stream resource characterisation in progressive versus standing wave systems." Applied Energy 220 (June 2018): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.059.
11
Shand, P., A. H. Haria, C. Neal, K. J. Griffiths, D. C. Gooddy, A. J. Dixon, T. Hill, D. K. Buckley, and J. E. Cunningham. "Hydrochemical heterogeneity in an upland catchment: further characterisation of the spatial, temporal and depth variations in soils, streams and groundwaters of the Plynlimon forested catchment, Wales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 6 (December 31, 2005): 621–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-621-2005.
Анотація:
Abstract. The heterogeneous nature of upland hard-rock catchments in terms of geology, geomorphology, superficial deposits, soil type and land use gives rise to a range of hydrochemical characteristics in stream waters. This is further complicated by the large and often rapid changes in stream flow typical of storm events. The sources of solutes and flow pathways in hard-rock catchments are still poorly understood, in particular the role of bedrock groundwater. Spatial variations in water chemistry are presented for stream waters, soils and groundwaters in the forested Plynlimon catchment of Wales, UK. The results highlight a large degree of spatial heterogeneity in each of these systems. This has major implications for the application of end-member mixing analysis and presents serious problems for modelling in scaling up from study sites to catchment scale. However, such data provide important constraints on sources, flow pathways and residence times within individual catchment compartments, knowledge of which is essential for understanding how such catchments function. The characterisation of sub-surface waters in upland catchments requires a great deal of care during sampling as well as high spatial and temporal resolution of sampling, and further work is required to characterise the Plynlimon catchments fully. Nevertheless, the presence of an active and highly stratified groundwater system is considered important as a source of solutes and water to streams. It also provides a storage medium that is likely to make a major contribution to explaining the strongly damped rainfall Cl and d2H signals measured in the streams.
12
HAMILTON, ALISTER, STEPHEN CHURCHER, PETER J. EDWARDS, GEOFFREY B. JACKSON, ALAN F. MURRAY, and H. MARTIN REEKIE. "PULSE STREAM VLSI CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS: THE EPSILON NEURAL NETWORK CHIPSET." International Journal of Neural Systems 04, no. 04 (December 1993): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065793000328.
Анотація:
An analogue CMOS VLSI neural processing chip has been designed and fabricated. The device employs "pulse-stream" neural state signalling and is capable of computing some 360 million synaptic connections per second. In addition to basic characterisation results, the performance of the chip in solving "real-world" problems is also demonstrated. The experience gained from the development of this device has resulted in the design of a second "pulse-stream" chip with improved performance and features. It is anticipated that this second device will be integrated into a standard bus-based system and find early application in robotic control.
13
David, Musyimi M., Wekulo K. John, and Jiveri Bonface. "Bacteriological and Physicochemical Characterisation of Aora Loko Stream Water, Maseno, Kenya." Journal of Asian Scientific Research 7, no. 3 (2017): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.2.2017.74.119.128.
14
Bourke, Sarah A., Peter G. Cook, Margaret Shanafield, Shawan Dogramaci, and Jordan F. Clark. "Characterisation of hyporheic exchange in a losing stream using radon-222." Journal of Hydrology 519 (November 2014): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.06.057.
15
Butturini, A. "Uncertainty of solute flux estimation in ungauged small streams: potential implications for input-output nutrient mass balances at stream reach scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 6 (December 31, 2005): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-675-2005.
Анотація:
Abstract. Input-output mass balances within stream reaches provide in situ estimates of stream nutrient retention/release under a wide spectrum of hydrological conditions. Providing good estimates of the mass balances for nutrients depends on precise hydrological monitoring and good chemical characterisation of stream water at the input and output ends of the stream reach. There is a need to optimise the hydrological monitoring and the frequencies of water sampling to yield precise annual mass balances, so as to avoid undue cost - high resolution monitoring and subsequent chemical analysis can be labour intensive and costly. In this paper, simulation exercises were performed using a data set created to represent the instantaneous discharge and solute dynamics at the input and output ends of a model stream reach during a one year period. At the output end, stream discharge and water chemistry were monitored continuously, while the input end was assumed to be ungauged; water sampling frequency was changed arbitrarily. Instantaneous discharge at the ungauged sampling point was estimated with an empirical power model linking the discharge to the catchment area (Hooper, 1986). The model thus substitutes for the additional gauge station. Simulations showed that 10 days was the longest chemical sampling interval which could provide reach annual mass balances of acceptable precision. Presently, the relationship between discharge and catchment area is usually assumed to be linear but simulations indicate that small departures from the linearity of this relationship could cause dramatic changes in the mass balance estimations.
16
Strand, Per, Nick Jefferies, Yoshikazu Koma, and Jo Plyer. "Methodological developments and practice in characterisation of unconventional and legacy waste." Journal of Radiological Protection 42, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 020501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6498/ac4b02.
Анотація:
Abstract Radioactive waste management requires planned and systematic actions to provide confidence that the entire system, processes and final products will satisfy given requirements for quality. The characterisation process is dependent on setting clear characterisation objectives and gathering the right information to underpin the decisions that need to be taken to manage the waste safely. This paper reviews experience of characterisation of waste generated from past nuclear activities that were not conducted in compliance consistent with current criteria, or from unexpected situations that were not planned for. This experience shows that the development of a reliable and efficient characterisation and categorisation methodology is a common challenge for such wastes, referred to here as unconventional and legacy (UL) waste. Through the activites of the Nuclear Energy Agency Expert Group on the Characterisation of Unconventional and Legacy Waste, consideration has been given to widely used waste stream characterisation procedures and methods that were originally developed primarily for application in conventional decommissioning work. Although they provide a substantial basis for characterisation, there are various additional factors that commonly need to be taken into account in the case of UL waste. By analysing the challenges and lessons learned from a variety of case studies and other international experience, it has been possible to identify opportunities for adaptations and enhancements to these characterisation methologies, and these are set out and explained. The need for integration of waste characterisation with other aspects of strategic planning for UL waste management is discussed, including characterisation to address any non-radiological hazards. The analysed case studies have also highlighted the importance of developing a robust legislative and regulatory framework in parallel with an appropriate waste infrastructure to treat, store and dispose of UL waste. Finally, the basic features of a UL waste characterisation roadmap are presented, including the interactions within a wider UL waste management programme and key areas for further consideration and possible development. It is anticipated such work can be supported by continued international cooperation.
17
Slingsby, James, Beth E. Scott, Louise Kregting, Jason McIlvenny, Jared Wilson, Ana Couto, Deon Roos, Marion Yanez, and Benjamin J. Williamson. "Surface Characterisation of Kolk-Boils within Tidal Stream Environments Using UAV Imagery." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050484.
Анотація:
High-flow tidal stream environments, targeted for tidal turbine installations, exhibit turbulent features, at fine spatio-temporal scales (metres and seconds), created by site-specific topography and bathymetry. Bed-derived turbulent features (kolk-boils) are thought to have detrimental effects on tidal turbines. Characterisation of kolk-boils is therefore essential to inform turbine reliability, control, and maintenance strategies. It will also improve the understanding of potential ecological interactions with turbines, as marine animals use these sites for foraging. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), or drone, imagery offers a novel approach to take precise measurements of kolk-boil characteristics (distribution, presence, and area) at the surface. This study carried out sixty-three UAV surveys within the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth, Scotland, UK, over four-day periods in 2016 and 2018. Kolk-boil characteristics were examined against relevant environmental covariates to investigate potential drivers of presence and area. The results show that distribution at the surface could be predicted based on tidal phase, with current velocity significantly influencing presence above 3.0 m/s. The technique can be used to inform turbine development, micro-siting and provide better understanding of environmental implications of turbine operation. Finally, it highlights the suitability of UAVs for capturing rapid fine-scale hydrodynamic data in the absence of in situ measurements.
18
Margonis, A., A. Christou, and J. Oberst. "Characterisation of the Perseid meteoroid stream through SPOSH observations between 2010–2016." Astronomy & Astrophysics 626 (June 2019): A25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834867.
Анотація:
We have characterised the Perseid meteoroid stream from data acquired in a series of observing campaigns between 2010 and 2016. The data presented in this work were obtained by the Smart Panoramic Optical Sensor Head (SPOSH), an all-sky camera system designed to image faint transient noctilucent phenomena on dark planetary hemispheres. For the data reduction, a sophisticated software package was developed that utilises the high geometric and photometric quality of images obtained by the camera system. We identify 934 meteors as Perseids, observed over a long period between late July (~124°) and mid-to-late August (~147°). The maximum meteor activity contributing to the annual shower was found at λ⊙ = 140°.08 ± 0°.07. The radiant of the shower was estimated at RA = 47°.2 and Dec = 57°.5 with a median error of 0°.6 and 0°.2, respectively. The mean population index of the shower between solar longitudes of 120°.68 and 145°.19 was r = 2.36 ± 0.05, showing strong temporal variation. A predicted outburst in shower activity for the night of August 11–12, 2016 was confirmed, with a peak observed 12.75 hr before the annual maximum at 23:30 ± 15′ UT. We measure a peak flux of 6.1 × 10−4 km−2 hr−1 for meteoroids of mass 1.6 × 10−2 g or more, appearing in the time period between 23:00 and 00:00 UT. We estimate the measured flux of the outburst meteoroids to be approximately twice as high as the annual meteoroid flux of the same mass. The population index of r = 2.19 ± 0.08, computed from the outburst Perseids in 2016, is higher than the value of r = 1.92 ± 0.06 derived from meteors observed in 2015 belonging to the annual Perseid shower which was active near the time of the outburst. A dust trail with an unusually high population index of r = 3.58 ± 0.24 was encountered in 2013 between solar longitudes 136°.261 and 137°.442. The relatively high r-value implies an encounter with a dust trail rich in low-mass particles.
19
Keel, Tom, Chris Brierley, and Tamsin Edwards. "jsmetrics v0.2.0: a Python package for metrics and algorithms used to identify or characterise atmospheric jet streams." Geoscientific Model Development 17, no. 3 (February 14, 2024): 1229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1229-2024.
Анотація:
Abstract. The underlying dynamics controlling jet streams are complex, but it is expected that they will have an observable response to changes in the larger climatic system. A growing divergence in regional surface warming trends across the planet, which has been both observed and projected since the start of the 20th century, has likely altered the thermodynamic relationships responsible for jet stream formation and control. Despite this, the exact movements and trends in the changes to the jet streams generally remain unclear and without consensus in the literature. The latest IPCC report highlighted that trends both within and between a variety of observational and modelling studies were inconsistent (Gulev et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2021). Trends in jet streams were associated with low to medium confidence, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. However, what is often overlooked in evaluating these trends is the confused message in the literature around how to first identify, and then characterise, the jet streams themselves. We classify the methods for characterising jet streams in the literature into three broad strategies: statistics that isolate individual values from the wind speed profile (jet statistics), methods for quantifying the sinuosity of the upper air (waviness metrics), and algorithms that identify a mask related to the coordinates of fast-flowing wind throughout the horizontal and/or vertical plane (jet core algorithms). While each approach can capture particular characteristics and changes, they are subject to the spatial and temporal specifications of their definition. There is therefore value in using them in combination to assess parametric and structural uncertainty and to carry out sensitivity analyses. Here, we describe jsmetrics version 0.2.0, a new open-source Python 3 module with standardised versions of 17 metrics that have been used for jet stream characterisation. We demonstrate the application of this library with two case studies derived from ERA5 climate reanalysis data.
20
Ramos, P., C. Mateu, T. Antoja, A. Helmi, A. Castro-Ginard, E. Balbinot, and J. M. Carrasco. "Full 5D characterisation of the Sagittarius stream with Gaia DR2 RR Lyrae (Corrigendum)." Astronomy & Astrophysics 640 (August 2020): C5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037819e.
21
Allmark, Matthew, Roger Grosvenor, and Paul Prickett. "An approach to the characterisation of the performance of a tidal stream turbine." Renewable Energy 111 (October 2017): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.010.
22
Kaur, M., S. Singh, V. K. Verma, and B. Pateriya. "Quantitative Geomorphological Analysis & Land Use/ Land Cover Change Detection of Two Sub-Watersheds in NE region of Punjab, India." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-371-2014.
Анотація:
Morphometric analysis is the measurement and mathematical analysis of the landforms. The delineation of drainage system is of utmost importance in understanding hydrological system of an area, water resource management and it's planning in an effective manner. Morphometric analysis and land use change detection of two sub-watersheds namely Kukar Suha and Ratewal of district Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar, Punjab, India was carried out for quantitative description of drainage and characterisation. The stream order, stream number, stream length, mean stream length, and other morphometric analysis like bifurcation ratio, drainage density, texture, relief ratio, ruggedness number etc. were measured. The drainage pattern of Kukar Suha and Ratewal is mainly dendritic. The agriculture and settlements came up along the drainage network causes the pattern disturbance in the watershed. The study was undertaken to spotlight the morphometric parameters, their impact on the basin and the land use land cover changes occurred over the period of time. Morphometric parameters such as linear aspect, areal aspect and relief aspect of the watershed are computed. The land use/land cover change was extracted from LISS IV Mx + Cartosat1 PAN data. ASTER data is used to prepare DEM (digital elevation model) and geographical information system (GIS) was used to evaluate various morphometric parameters in ArcGIS10 software.
23
Fronzi, Davide, Mattia Gaiolini, Elisa Mammoliti, Nicolò Colombani, Stefano Palpacelli, Mirco Marcellini, and Alberto Tazioli. "Groundwater-surface water interaction revealed by meteorological trends and groundwater fluctuations on stream water level." Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7343/as-2022-574.
Анотація:
The importance of considering groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) as a single resource of two interconnected components has rapidly increased during the last decades. To investigate GW-SW interaction in an aquifer system exploited by several pumping wells, an integrated continuous monitoring of the hydrological conditions was carried out. The sub-catchment (14 km2), located in the Aspio basin near Ancona (Central Italy), is drained by a small stream named Betelico, and it is characterised by the presence of an unconfined alluvial aquifer and a semi-confined limestone aquifer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the drivers of stream drying up occurred during the last couple of years. This has been achieved by applying a trend analysis on rainfall, air temperatures, piezometric and stream level, and well pumping rates. Precipitation trends were analysed over a 30-years period through the calculation of the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and through heavy rainfall events frequency plots, while the correlation between piezometric stream levels and pumping rate was analysed during the last six years. The groundwater level was compared with the stream baseflow level, highlighting the interconnection between GW-SW over the years. The analysis on the water surplus (WS) trend, together with the rainfall events characterisation, supports the hypothesis of the decrease in recharge rate as the main driver of the stream drying up. This case study stresses the importance of studying GW-SW interactions in a continuously changing climatic context characterised by a decreasing precipitation trend, coupling both the advantages of a robust method like trend analysis on time series and the field continuous monitoring.
24
Bagastyo, A. Y., J. Keller, and D. J. Batstone. "Size fractionation characterisation of removed organics in reverse osmosis concentrates by ferric chloride." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 9 (May 1, 2011): 1795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.379.
Анотація:
Reverse osmosis membrane separation is the leading method for manufacturing potable purified water. It also produces a concentrate stream, namely reverse osmosis concentrates (ROC), with 10–20% of the water, and almost all other compounds. One method for further treating this stream is by coagulation with ferric chloride. This study evaluates removed organics in ROC treated with ferric chloride. Fractionation with ultrafiltration membranes allows separation of organics based on a nominal molecular weight. A stirred cell system was applied for serial fractionation to classify organic compounds into six groups of <0.5 kDa, 0.5–1 kDa, 1–3 kDa, 3–5 kDa, 5–10 kDa and >10 kDa. The study found that raw ROC is rich in low molecular weight compounds (<1 kDa) with almost 50% of the organics. These compounds include soluble microbial products (SMPs) and smaller humic and fulvic acids as indicated by fluorescence scanning. Conversely, colour was mostly contributed by medium to large molecules of humic and fulvic acids (>0.5 kDa). Organics and colour were reduced in all molecular groups at an optimum treatment dose 1.48 mM FeCl3 and a pH of 5. However, ferric seemed to effectively remove colour in all size ranges while residual nitrogen was found mostly in the <1 kDa sizes. Further, the fluorescence indicated that larger humic and fulvic acids were removed with considerable SMPs remaining in the <0.5 kDa.
25
Moore, C. L., B. R. Jenkins, A. L. Cowood, A. Nicholson, R. Muller, A. Wooldridge, W. Cook, et al. "Hydrogeological Landscapes framework: a biophysical approach to landscape characterisation and salinity hazard assessment." Soil Research 56, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16183.
Анотація:
In Australia, salinity has the potential to affect up to 17million hectares of agricultural and pastoral land. For many degraded sites, biophysical hazards are often poorly understood and consequently poorly managed. Attempts to remediate areas affected by salinity have met with varying degrees of success. The New South Wales (NSW) Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW Department of Primary Industries, University of Canberra and Geoscience Australia have collaborated to develop a biophysical expert-based approach for the assessment and management of salinity within landscapes. The Hydrogeological Landscape (HGL) framework provides a structure for understanding how salinity manifests in the landscape, how differences in salinity are expressed across the landscape and how salinity may best be managed. The HGL framework merges the flow dynamics of the groundwater flow system with the landscape elements of the soil landscape or regolith landform approaches. This is the first approach to specifically address all three manifestations of salinity: land salinity, in-stream salt load and in-stream salt concentration. The HGL framework methodology recognises the interplay between surface and subsurface flow systems, as well as the capacity for water to interact with salt stores in the landscape, and identifies biophysical landscape characteristics (e.g. amount and type of vegetation cover, typical land use practice) that affect these interactions. The HGL framework is an expert system that integrates the spatial variability of landscape characteristics and salinity processes to produce a salinity hazard assessment for any given area.
26
Vriesekoop, Frank, Carolyn Russell, Athina Tziboula-Clarke, Céline Jan, Marine Bois, Stephanie Farley, and Allison McNamara. "The Iconisation of Yeast Spreads—Love Them or Hate Them." Beverages 8, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages8010016.
Анотація:
The production of beer yields a number of by-product streams, with spent brewers’ yeast being the second most abundant in volume. The high nutritional value of spent yeast has seen a large proportion of spent brewers’ yeast being used for both food and feed purposes. One of the uses of spent brewers’ yeast for human consumption has been the production of yeast spreads, which came onto the market in the early 20th century, first in the United Kingdom and shortly thereafter in the commonwealth dominions, especially Australia and New Zealand. In this research we investigated the national status of yeast spreads in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. We show that a brewery by-product such as spent brewers’ yeast is more than a mere novel utilisation of a waste stream but have become inherently associated with national identities of these countries to such an extent that some brands have become iconicised. Furthermore, some yeast spread brands have become a symbol of (inter)national polarisation, purely based on its initial sensorial characterisation.
27
Baráth, Kornél, and Peter Erzberger. "Heterocladium heteropterum, a new member of the Hungarian bryophyte flora." Studia botanica hungarica 50, no. 2 (2019): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17110/studbot.2019.50.2.323.
Анотація:
During the systematic field studies aimed at exploring the recent bryophyte flora of the Kőszeg Mts and in the framework of grid-cell based bryophyte recording, Heterocladium heteropterum was discovered in the valley of the stream Hármas-patak, as a new moss species for Hungary. The size of the population is estimated and the habitats are characterised. Taxonomic characterisation and illustrations are provided to distinguish it from H. dimorphum, which is the only related species growing in Hungary. Since H. heteropterum is known only in one location in the country so far, we suggest considering it as a critically endangered (CR) species.
28
Toreti, A., E. Xoplaki, D. Maraun, F. G. Kuglitsch, H. Wanner, and J. Luterbacher. "Characterisation of extreme winter precipitation in Mediterranean coastal sites and associated anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2010): 1037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1037-2010.
Анотація:
Abstract. We present an analysis of daily extreme precipitation events for the extended winter season (October–March) at 20 Mediterranean coastal sites covering the period 1950–2006. The heavy tailed behaviour of precipitation extremes and estimated return levels, including associated uncertainties, are derived applying a procedure based on the Generalized Pareto Distribution, in combination with recently developed methods. Precipitation extremes have an important contribution to make seasonal totals (approximately 60% for all series). Three stations (one in the western Mediterranean and the others in the eastern basin) have a 5-year return level above 100 mm, while the lowest value (estimated for two Italian series) is equal to 58 mm. As for the 50-year return level, an Italian station (Genoa) has the highest value of 264 mm, while the other values range from 82 to 200 mm. Furthermore, six series (from stations located in France, Italy, Greece, and Cyprus) show a significant negative tendency in the probability of observing an extreme event. The relationship between extreme precipitation events and the large scale atmospheric circulation at the upper, mid and low troposphere is investigated by using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. A 2-step classification procedure identifies three significant anomaly patterns both for the western-central and eastern part of the Mediterranean basin. In the western Mediterranean, the anomalous southwesterly surface to mid-tropospheric flow is connected with enhanced moisture transport from the Atlantic. During ≥5-year return level events, the subtropical jet stream axis is aligned with the African coastline and interacts with the eddy-driven jet stream. This is connected with enhanced large scale ascending motions, instability and leads to the development of severe precipitation events. For the eastern Mediterranean extreme precipitation events, the identified anomaly patterns suggest warm air advection connected with anomalous ascent motions and an increase of the low- to mid-tropospheric moisture. Furthermore, the jet stream position (during ≥5-year return level events) supports the eastern basin being in a divergence area, where ascent motions are favoured. Our results contribute to an improved understanding of daily precipitation extremes in the cold season and associated large scale atmospheric features.
29
Abdullahi, Saleh M., Abubakar Halidu, Sanni J. Enewo, and Usman H. Ahmed. "Characterisation and Migration of Microplastics (MPs.) from Leachate." International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology 9, no. 1 (September 25, 2023): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56201/ijemt.v9.no1.2023.pg69.82.
Анотація:
SW are household refuse found within socioeconomic environment in the forms of biomass and non-decomposable materials, and general method of disposals are controlled and uncontrolled. However, control measures are through ISWM of recovery, recycle, reuse, reduce (4Rs) figure 1 of sustainable waste management system. Similarly, GHGs; Plastics and Leachate fluids are potential hazards in MSW sites which leads to negative environmental footprint. Leachate fluids provides for easy transportation of MPs. figure 2, as well as NPs. pollution of underground water reservoir, and subsequent pollution of available surface water and nearby soils through surface runoff. The consequential effect is general threat to biodiversity and the ecosystem. Methodological analysis of this research are as outlined in Figure 3 and 4 respectively. Furthermore, it can be deduced from this research, that plastic wastes is the second most largest form of waste stream found on most landfills as well as the physical environment, and in view of this, its negative effects cannot be over emphasized. However, its herein recommended that; there’s the need to holistically invest in MSW renewable energy sources specifically, solids and leachate wastes to drastically reduce the prevalence of contaminating the air, environment as well as both surface and under-ground water bodies due to MPs, NPs. and leachate.
30
Boxall, Naomi J., Jason J. Plumb, Amanda L. Tilbury, Hugh J. Nyeboer, Matt E. Sumich, and D. C. Sutton. "Characterisation of Oxalate-Degrading Microorganisms in Bioreactors Treating Bayer Liquor Organic Materials." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.129.
Анотація:
When bauxite is digested during Bayer processing, associated organic compounds and humic acids are degraded to produce sodium salts of organic acids, including sodium oxalate. If not removed from the liquor stream, sodium oxalate co-precipitates with the aluminium hydroxide resulting in poor crystallization and alumina and soda loss. Aerobic bioremediation processes have been developed as an economic and environmentally sound option for oxalate removal. Little research has been directed at characterising the microbial communities and biological processes underpinning these processes. Analysis of samples from both a moving bed biofilm reactor and bioreactor effluent using PCR-DGGE of 16S rRNA genes showed microorganisms of the genus Halomonas dominated the process. Most Probable Number (MPN) analyses also showed Halomonas spp. to be numerically dominant in all bioreactor samples.
31
Napoleoni, Felipe, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Neil Ross, Michael J. Bentley, Andrés Rivera, Andrew M. Smith, Martin J. Siegert, et al. "Subglacial lakes and hydrology across the Ellsworth Subglacial Highlands, West Antarctica." Cryosphere 14, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 4507–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4507-2020.
Анотація:
Abstract. Subglacial water plays an important role in ice sheet dynamics and stability. Subglacial lakes are often located at the onset of ice streams and have been hypothesised to enhance ice flow downstream by lubricating the ice–bed interface. The most recent subglacial-lake inventory of Antarctica mapped nearly 400 lakes, of which ∼ 14 % are found in West Antarctica. Despite the potential importance of subglacial water for ice dynamics, there is a lack of detailed subglacial-water characterisation in West Antarctica. Using radio-echo sounding data, we analyse the ice–bed interface to detect subglacial lakes. We report 33 previously uncharted subglacial lakes and present a systematic analysis of their physical properties. This represents a ∼ 40 % increase in subglacial lakes in West Antarctica. Additionally, a new digital elevation model of basal topography of the Ellsworth Subglacial Highlands was built and used to create a hydropotential model to simulate the subglacial hydrological network. This allows us to characterise basal hydrology, determine subglacial water catchments and assess their connectivity. We show that the simulated subglacial hydrological catchments of the Rutford Ice Stream, Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier do not correspond to their ice surface catchments.
32
Fielden, I. M. "Results from In-Situ, Real-Time SEM Observations of Grain Growth in Polycrystalline Metal." Materials Science Forum 467-470 (October 2004): 875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.875.
Анотація:
The development of the converter plate detector has allowed the generation of real-time, in-situ image sequences of evolving microstructures in model and industrial polycrystalline metals. The principal metals investigated were steel, aluminium and gold. The raw video results allow a number of qualitative statements to be made about grain growth behaviour in these systems and some simplistic quantitative statements. However, the sheer volume and variety of data available in the time-stream of micrographs presents its own problems in identifying and extracting the information most useful for rigorous characterisation of the behaviour of a dynamically evolving microstructure. We present and discuss our approach to the analysis of this data and results of that analysis.
33
Thomas, K. V., M. R. Hurst, P. Matthiessen, D. Sheahan, and R. J. Williams. "Toxicity characterisation of organic contaminants in stormwaters from an agricultural headwater stream in South East England." Water Research 35, no. 10 (July 2001): 2411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00535-2.
34
Macdonald, R. J., P. G. Middlewood, and R. L. MacManus. "Development and characterisation of a vacuum flash evaporator for concentrating a heat sensitive aqueous peptide stream." Desalination 218, no. 1-3 (January 2008): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.019.
35
Gwos Nhiomock Serge Roger, Foto Menbohan Samuel, Nyame Mbia Donald-Or, Biram A Ngon Eric Belmond, and Laura Balzani. "Physicochemical characterization of the waters of the Lep'oo river in Mbanda (Bot-Makak) and structuring of the benthic macroinvertebrate community." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 13, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): 001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.13.3.0137.
Анотація:
A study on the characterisation of the Lep'oo stream waters in Mbanda (BotMakak) by physicochemical parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates community was conducted from February to July 2016. Physicochemical parameters were measured according to Rodier's recommendations, while benthic macroinvertebrates were collected using the multihabitat approach. The physicochemical analysis showed that the waters of the Lep'oo stream were well oxygenated (71.16%), slightly acidic (6.36 UC), with low values of nitrogen and orthophosphates reflecting litter decomposition. A total of 2019 benthic macroinvertebrates were collected, divided into 4 phyla, 7 classes, 15 orders, 40 families and over 60 genera. The phylum Arthropoda was the most abundant with 98.61% relative abundance, followed by Molluscs (0.99%) and Annelids (0.29%). The greatest number of organisms collected belonged to the class Hexapoda, which represented 56.76% of relative abundance, followed by Malacostraca (41.75%). Within the Hexapoda class, the order Hemiptera predominated with 18.22% relative abundance and in the Malacostraca class, the order Decapoda predominated with 41.75% relative abundance. These two orders were dominated by the families Atyidae, Libellulidae, Gerridae, Leptophlebidae and Hydroptilidea. In the upper part of the Lep'oo stream, the families Libellulidae and Belostomatidae were dominant. The station Lep2 was most colonised by the families Atyidae, Libellulidae, Belostomatidae, Hydrometridae, and Gerridae, while station Lep3 was dominated by the families Atyidae, Hydroptilidae and Leptophlebidae. The Shannon and Weaver (H') and Piélou equitability (J) index showed a greater diversity of taxa downstream of the stream at station Lep3, where conditions seem more favourable to the development of benthic macroinvertebrates as indicated by the physicochemical results. The NGBI index characterized water quality from mediocre to excellent. Finaly, the Lep'oo watercourse had a poor and diversified population of benthic macroinvertebrates, showing a relative good ecological quality of water.
36
Van Yken, Jonovan, Ka Yu Cheng, Naomi J. Boxall, Chris Sheedy, Aleksandar N. Nikoloski, Navid R. Moheimani, and Anna H. Kaksonen. "A Comparison of Methods for the Characterisation of Waste-Printed Circuit Boards." Metals 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11121935.
Анотація:
Electronic waste is a growing waste stream globally. With 54.6 million tons generated in 2019 worldwide and with an estimated value of USD 57 billion, it is often referred to as an urban mine. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a major component of electronic waste and are increasingly considered as a secondary resource for value recovery due to their high precious and base metals content. PCBs are highly heterogeneous and can vary significantly in composition depending on the original function. Currently, there are no standard methods for the characterisation of PCBs that could provide information relevant to value recovery operations. In this study, two pre-treatments, smelting and ashing of PCB samples, were investigated to determine the effect on PCB characterisation. In addition, to determine the effect of particle size and element-specific effects on the characterisation of PCBs, samples were processed using four different analytical methods. These included multi-acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis, nitric acid digestion followed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, multi-acid digestion followed by fusion digestion and analysis using ICP-OES, and microwave-assisted multi-acid digestion followed by ICP-OES analysis. In addition, a mixed-metal standard was created to serve as a reference material to determine the accuracy of the various analytical methods. Smelting and ashing were examined as potential pre-treatments before analytical characterisation. Smelting was found to reduce the accuracy of further analysis due to the volatilisation of some metal species at high temperatures. Ashing was found to be a viable pre-treatment. Of the four analytical methods, microwave-assisted multi-acid digestion offered the most precision and accuracy. It was found that the selection of analytical methods can significantly affect the accuracy of the observed metal content of PCBs, highlighting the need for a standardised method and the use of certified reference material.
37
Cavalli, M., and L. Marchi. "Characterisation of the surface morphology of an alpine alluvial fan using airborne LiDAR." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 2 (April 11, 2008): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-323-2008.
Анотація:
Abstract. Alluvial fans of alpine torrents are both natural deposition areas for sediment discharged by floods and debris flows, and preferred sites for agriculture and settlements. Hazard assessment on alluvial fans depends on proper identification of flow processes and their potential intensity. This study used LiDAR data to examine the morphology of the alluvial fan of a small alpine stream (Moscardo Torrent, Eastern Italian Alps). A high-resolution DTM from LiDAR data was used to calculate a shaded relief map, plan curvature and an index of topographic roughness based on the standard deviation of elevation within a moving window. The surface complexity of the alluvial fan, also influenced by human activities, clearly arose from the analysis. The surface roughness, defined here as the local topography variability, is compared with a previous classification of the fan surface based on field surveys. The results demonstrate that topographic analysis of ground based LiDAR DTM can be a useful tool to objectively investigate fan morphology and hence alluvial fan hazard assessment.
38
Sayuti, Muhammad, Reza Putra, and Muhammad Yusuf. "The characterisation of magnetic materials extracted from the aceh iron sand." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 26, no. 2 (2020): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq190325029s.
Анотація:
This study aims to identify the content and particle shape, and to determine the type, of iron oxide in the magnetic material from Aceh iron sand. The samples were taken from four seacoast locations, namely Mon Klayu, Mantak Tari, Lam Panah and Syiah Kuala beaches. The magnetic materials are separated from the iron sand using an external magnet, washed out with distilled water and dried at 80 ?C. The materials were characterized by XRD and SEM. The results show that the magnetic materials sampled from Aceh iron sand contain 88.93, 96.3, 92 and 85% of Fe, respectively. The iron oxide found in Aceh iron sand was predominantly magnetite (Fe3O4) or ilmenite (Fe,Ti3)O4; however, there are also other oxide impurities, such as silica and chromium oxides. The identified minerals were classified as lithogenous sedimentary volcanic minerals, which have a black colour and spherical shape. Related to that, the sampling locations of these minerals were types of volcanic minerals and lithogenous sediments, since the position of the coast locations is adjacent to Burni Telong, Peut Sago and Seulawah volcanos, and the minerals are carried by the stream to the beaches through the river flow, which further supports the assumption of their volcanic origins.
39
Walling, Sam A., Marcus N. Kauffmann, Laura J. Gardner, Daniel J. Bailey, Martin C. Stennett, Claire L. Corkhill, and Neil C. Hyatt. "Characterisation and disposability assessment of multi-waste stream in-container vitrified products for higher activity radioactive waste." Journal of Hazardous Materials 401 (January 2021): 123764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123764.
40
Jurkowska, Elżbieta A. "Inspiracje neostoickie w „Sylorecie” Wacława Potockiego." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 52, no. 3 (December 13, 2021): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.633.
Анотація:
Classified among the short story-romance stream of Wacław Potocki’s works, Syloret occupies an important place in the poet’s epic legacy. Throughout the extensive digressive parts of this work, Lusatia-based writer spins erudite reflections on the nature of the world, the human condition, the essence of human fate, and explicates the thoughts of ancient philosophers (e.g. Seneca). Potocki turns to philosophical theories – above all to Christianised stoicism (neostoicism), which becomes the proper subject of his literary discourse. In the article the author undertakes research on the most important concepts of Stoic ethics (fortune, nature, virtue), to which the poet refers in his romance poem. An attempt is also made to answer the question of the seventeenth-century author’s use of an extensive characterisation of the principles of this philosophy.
41
Reid, M. A., and M. C. Thoms. "Surface flow types, near-bed hydraulics and the distribution of stream macroinvertebrates." Biogeosciences 5, no. 4 (July 28, 2008): 1043–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1043-2008.
Анотація:
Abstract. Spatial variation in hydraulic conditions in streams often results in distinct water surface patterns, or surface flow types. Visual assessments of the distribution of surface flow types have been used to provide rapid assessment of the habitat heterogeneity. The efficacy of this approach is predicated on the notion that surface flow types consistently represent a distinct suite of hydraulic conditions with biological relevance. This study tested this notion, asking three specific questions. First, do surface flow types provide a characterisation of physical habitat that is relevant to macroinvertebrates? Second, how well do near-bed hydraulic conditions explain macroinvertebrate distributions? Third, what components of near-bed hydraulic conditions exert the strongest influence on macroinvertebrate distributions? Results show that hydraulic conditions (incorporating direct measurements of near-bed velocity and turbulence in three dimensions) and substratum character (incorporating estimates of particle size distribution, and biofilm and macrophyte cover) within each surface flow type were largely distinct and that macroinvertebrate assemblages differed across flow types in taxon richness and assemblage composition, thus supporting the notion that rapid assessments of surface flow type distributions provide biologically relevant information. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were most strongly correlated with water depth, size of a flow type patch, near-bed velocity in the downstream direction, turbulence in the transverse direction, % pebble, % sand, % silt and clay and macrophyte cover. This study suggests that surface flow type mapping provides an assessment of physical habitat that is relevant to macroinvertebrates. The strong relationship detected between macroinvertebrate assemblages and transverse turbulence also highlights the value of directly measuring near-bed hydraulics. Further investigations are required to test the mechanisms underlying this relationship.
42
Reid, M. A., and M. C. Thoms. "Surface flow types, near-bed hydraulics and the distribution of stream macroinvertebrates." Biogeosciences Discussions 5, no. 2 (March 12, 2008): 1175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-5-1175-2008.
Анотація:
Abstract. Spatial variation in hydraulic conditions in streams often results in distinct water surface patterns, or surface flow types. Visual assessments of the distribution of surface flow types have been used to provide rapid assessment of habitat heterogeneity. The efficacy of this approach is predicated on the notion that surface flow types consistently represent a distinct suite of hydraulic conditions with biological relevance. This study tested this notion, asking three specific questions. First, do surface flow types provide a characterisation of physical habitat that is relevant to macroinvertebrates? Second, how well do near-bed hydraulic conditions explain macroinvertebrate distributions? Third, what components of near-bed hydraulic conditions exert the strongest influence on macroinvertebrate distributions? Results show that hydraulic conditions (incorporating direct measurements of near-bed velocity and turbulence in three dimensions) and substratum character (incorporating estimates of particle size distribution, and biofilm and macrophyte cover) within each surface flow type were largely distinct and that macroinvertebrate assemblages differed across flow types in taxon richness and assemblage composition, thus supporting the notion that rapid assessments of surface flow type distributions provide biologically relevant information. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were most strongly correlated with water depth, size of a flow type patch, near-bed velocity in the downstream direction, turbulence in the transverse direction, % pebble, % sand, % silt and clay and macrophyte cover. This study suggests that surface flow type mapping provides an assessment of physical habitat that is relevant to macroinvertebrates. The strong relationship detected between macroinvertebrate assemblages and transverse turbulence also highlights the value of directly measuring near-bed hydraulics. Further investigations are required to test the mechanisms underlying this relationship.
43
Middleton, Jen A., Pauline F. Grierson, Neil E. Pettit, Liam N. Kelly, Daniel C. Gwinn, and Leah S. Beesley. "Multi-scale characterisation of stream nutrient and carbon dynamics in sandy near coastal catchments of south-western Australia." Science of The Total Environment 720 (June 2020): 137373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137373.
44
Petitjean, A., N. Forquet, J. M. Choubert, M. Coquery, M. Bouyer, and C. Boutin. "Land characterisation for soil-based constructed wetlands: Adapting investigation methods to design objectives." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.078.
Анотація:
Buffer zones between wastewater treatment plants and receiving water bodies have recently gained interest in France. These soil-based constructed wetland (SBCW) systems receive treated wastewater and may have various designs aiming to mimic ‘natural’ wetlands. Research is needed to assess the treatment efficiency of such systems. To this aim, a comprehensive study is carried out to understand the fate of water, conventional pollutants (suspended solids, organic carbon, ammonium, and phosphates), micro-pollutants that are refractory to up-stream biological treatment, and pathogens. Special attention must be paid to understand the fate of the infiltrated treated wastewater in the field where systems are built, in order to ensure their long-term operation and to protect the underground water bodies. To address these issues, we propose a comprehensive strategy combining successive steps using either geological or hydrological methods. It provides the following prominent information for a proper design of SBCW: (1) the number and the location of the different soil layers; (2) the infiltration capacity of each layer; (3) the water table depth. The paper presents a successful application of the proposed strategy to evaluate the fate of the infiltrated treated wastewater before the implementation of a semi-industrial scale SBCW in Bègles (France). Moreover, methods used for long-term efficiency assessment are introduced.
45
Dvorak, Martin, Isabel L. Dittmann, Veronika Pedrini-Martha, Ladislav Hamerlík, Peter Bitušík, Evzen Stuchlik, Daniel Vondrák, Leopold Füreder, and Reinhard Lackner. "Molecular and morphological characterisation of larvae of the genus Diamesa Meigen, 1835 (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Alpine streams (Ötztal Alps, Austria)." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (February 15, 2024): e0298367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298367.
Анотація:
Diamesa species (Diptera, Chironomidae) are widely distributed in freshwater ecosystems, and their life cycles are closely linked to environmental variables such as temperature, water quality, and sediment composition. Their sensitivity to environmental changes, particularly in response to pollution and habitat alterations, makes them valuable indicators of ecosystem health. The challenges associated with the morphological identification of larvae invoke the use of DNA barcoding for species determination. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is regularly used for species identification but faces limitations, such as similar sequences in closely related species. To overcome this, we explored the use of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region in addition to COI for Diamesa larvae identification. Therefore, this study employs a combination of molecular markers alongside traditional morphological identification to enhance species discrimination. In total, 129 specimens were analysed, of which 101 were sampled from a glacier-fed stream in Rotmoostal, and the remaining 28 from spring-fed streams in the neighbouring valleys of Königstal and Timmelstal. This study reveals the inadequacy of utilizing single COI or ITS genes for comprehensive species differentiation within the genus Diamesa. However, the combined application of COI and ITS markers significantly enhances species identification resolution, surpassing the limitations faced by traditional taxonomists. Notably, this is evident in cases involving morphologically indistinguishable species, such as Diamesa latitarsis and Diamesa modesta. It highlights the potential of employing a multi-marker approach for more accurate and reliable Diamesa species identification. This method can be a powerful tool for identifying Diamesa species, shedding light on their remarkable adaptations to extreme environments and the impacts of environmental changes on their populations.
46
Oliveira, Juliano de, Ana Lúcia Hanisch, and Daniel da Rosa Farias. "SAFA FAO as an assessment tool for family farming under the sustainability bias." Sustainability in Debate 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v14n1.2023.47089.
Анотація:
The use of Rapid Assessment Protocols can characterise environmental problems such as the degradation of river sources, help understand the socio-environmental scenario of rural communities, and contribute to a more in-depth characterisation of the context and the elaboration of public policies for its solution. This work aims to evaluate the sustainability index (SI) of rural properties using the SAFA tool. Indicators were selected that can contribute to identifying the advantages and limitations of rural properties inserted in a stream micro-basin in Brazil (Barra Grande, Canoinhas, Santa Catarina State). The community generally has a good SI, mainly due to economic resilience and social well- being dimensions, with lowest scores in environmental integrity and good governance. On the other hand, themes that should receive attention to increase the SI of the families are related to the increase of biodiversity in the properties, with an emphasis on forest coverage.
47
Preusser, F. "Characterisation and evolution of the River Rhine system." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 87, no. 1 (March 2008): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600024008.
Анотація:
AbstractThe River Rhine and its tributaries represent one of the largest drainage systems in Europe. Its prominence among other fluvial systems is due to the location of its headwaters within the central Swiss Alps, which were repeatedly glaciated during the Quaternary, and the concurrence of major parts of the River Rhine course with the European Cenozoic Rift System. Sediments of the Rhine have thus recorded both changes in climate and tectonic activity as well as sea level change in the lower part of the river course.The River Rhine is composed of different subdivisions characterised by distinct geographical and geological settings. Vorder-and Hinterrhein in the headwaters are inner-alpine rivers frequently influenced in their course by tectonic lines and the blockage of valley floors by the deposits of mass movements. The Alpenrhein is located in a main Alpine valley that drains into a large foreland basin, the Bodensee (Lake Constance). The Hochrhein flows out of the lake following the Jura Mountains in a western direction. All these areas display a series of geological features such as moraine ridges and outwash plains, which directly reflect Quaternary glaciations of the Alps. The Oberrhein (Upper Rhine) Valley, as a graben structure, is part of the rifting system that started to develop during the middle Tertiary. The northern end of the graben is represented by the triple junction of the Mainz Basin, which is mainly characterised by the remains of marine transgressions that occurred during the initial rifting phase. The Rhine continues following the western branch of the tectonic system by passing through the Rhenish Massif. Uplift in this so-called Mittelrhein (Middle Rhine) area is well documented by a flight of late Tertiary to Quaternary river terraces. This region is also characterised by young volcanic activity as found, for example, in the Eifel volcanic field. The Niederheinische Bucht (Lower Rhine Embayment), especially the Roer Valley Rift System, represents the northern continuation of the rifting system. This area is characterised by differential uplift in the southern and subsidence in the northern part of the basin, which continues into the Netherlands. Here, the main stream of the River Rhine is separated into different branches developing an active delta at the coast of the North Sea. When the North Sea Basin was covered by ice during the Elsterian, Saalian and probably also the Weichselian glaciation and global sea level was low, the Rhine continued its course through the English Channel and flowed into the North Atlantic off Brittany.
48
Singh, S., B. Dhawan, A. Kapil, SK Kabra, A. Suri, V. Sreenivas, and BK Das. "Coagulase-negative staphylococci causing blood stream infection at an Indian tertiary care hospital: Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular characterisation." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 34, no. 4 (October 2016): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.195374.
49
Ukanwa, Kalu Samuel, Kumar Patchigolla, Ruben Sakrabani, and Edward Anthony. "Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 5028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215028.
Анотація:
This study explores the use of a novel activating agent and demonstrates the production and characterisation of activated carbon (AC) from a combine palm waste (CPW) in 3:2:1 proportion by weight of empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre and palm kernel shell. The resulting biomass was processed by a microwave-assisted method using trona and compared with material produced by conventional routes. These results demonstrate the potential of trona ore as an activating agent and the effectiveness of using a combined palm waste for a single stream activation process. It also assesses the effectiveness of trona ore in the elimination of alcohol, acids and aldehydes; with a focus on increasing the hydrophilicity of the resultant AC. The optimum results for the conventional production technique at 800 °C yielded a material with SBET 920 m2/g, Vtotal 0.840 cm3/g, a mean pore diameter of 2.2 nm and an AC yield 40%. The optimum outcome of the microwave assisted technique for CPW was achieved at 600 W, SBET is 980 m2/g; Vtotal 0.865 cm3/g; a mean pore diameter 2.2 nm and an AC yield of 42%. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analyses showed that palm waste can be combined to produce AC and that trona ore has the capacity to significantly enhance biomass activation.
50
Hnat, Jaromir, Karel Denk, Roman Kodým, Martin Paidar, and Karel Bouzek. "Characterisation of the Operational Parameters of the Laboratory-Scale Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis Stack." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 26 (July 7, 2022): 1227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01261227mtgabs.
Анотація:
Alkaline water electrolysis utilising porous diaphragm type separator of the electrode compartments represents industrially well-established technology of hydrogen production. This is due to the durable and stable operation utilizing abundant materials as iron, nickel, or stainless steel. However, many of the designs, construction solutions and approaches originate in the historical demands on the process (like mentioned durability rather than flexibility) and do not reflect up to date demands. Current demands on water electrolysis are given by the expected connection of water electrolysis technology with renewable sources of energy. The role of the water electrolysis is to use the surplus electrical energy in periods of the high output and/or low need for production of hydrogen. Hydrogen in such scheme represents an energy vector, which can be stored and used for electricity production in periods of the insufficient output of the renewable sources and/or high demand. Alternatively, hydrogen can be used as a fuel in fuel cell-based cars or as feedstock in industry. Due to connection with unpredictable renewable source, it is necessary for water electrolysis technologies to be flexible, highly efficient and be able to produce hydrogen of high purity. Current alkaline water electrolysis failed in several of these demands. Nowadays demands on water electrolysis are met by process utilizing proton exchange membrane (PEM) as separator of the electrode compartments. Unfortunately, PEM water electrolysis is limited by the need of the materials like titanium, platinum and iridium, which are rare, to be involved as electrodes, or catalysts of electrode reactions. The significant effort is paid to the possibility to combine advantages of both, alkaline and PEM processes by replacing porous diaphragm by dense anion-selective polymer membrane (ASM). Such change would allow to reduce the interelectrode distance to the thickness of the ASM used as separator of the electrode compartments, which would increase the performance of the membrane alkaline water electrolysis process. Utilisation of the ASM would also allow to decrease concentration of circulating electrolyte from commonly used 25 – 30 wt.% KOH to 1 – 5 wt.% KOH, increasing thus safety and flexibility. Another important beneficial impacts of ASM application are related to the improved current efficiency at low current densities and purity of the produced gasses, again especially at low current densities. Significant development was achieved in ASM synthesis in last decade and first promising materials are being commercially available. Despite the fact that many of the novel materials are tested in single cells under conditions of the membrane alkaline water electrolysis, the information on the stack behaviour are rare. In our work, we focused on the comparison of the porous diaphragm type and ASM separators in short stack comprising of 3 cells and geometrical area of the separator 78.5 cm2 under different operational conditions in terms of performance achieved. Besides the performance characterisation by mean of the load curve measurement, the complementary information on the gas purity, current efficiency and long-term stability were gathered for ASM separator. Zirfon Perl UTP 500 (Agfa, Belgium) was used as diaphragm type separator, meanwhile chloromethylated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene backbone functionalized by DABCO groups was used as ASM (TailorMem s.r.o., Czech Republic). Different concentrations of the liquid electrolyte represented by KOH solution were used in the range 1 – 15 wt.%. The temperature effect was verified at the same time by using the temperature of 25 and 40 °C. Load curves were measured galvanostically up to current density of 600 mA cm-2. The current efficiency was calculated based on the Faradays law by measuring the real oxygen production and comparing with theoretical value. The gas purity was measured for oxygen stream as the penetration of hydrogen into the oxygen stream is more important. Gas chromatography was used to measure the oxygen stream composition. The long-term stability was measured in 10 wt.% KOH solution at 40 °C at 240 mA cm-2. The results obtained indicate that at low KOH concentrations the performance of membrane alkaline water electrolysis is significantly better when compare to application of the diaphragm type separator. The differences in performance mitigated at increasing concentration. The characterisation of the membrane alkaline water electrolysis short-stack showed possibility to achieve high purity of the produced gasses and current efficiency even at low current densities. The long-term test showed excellent stability of the used ASM. Acknowledgement: This project has received funding from the European Union‘s Horizon 2020 Research and innovation action under grant agreement No 862509. Financial support by the Technology agency of the Czech Republic within the framework of the project No. TK02030103 is gratefully acknowledged.