Статті в журналах: "Stormwater retention basins"

1

Gonzalez-Merchan, C., Y. Perrodin, C. Sébastian, C. Bazin, T. Winiarski, and S. Barraud. "Ecotoxicological characterisation of sediments from stormwater retention basins." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 5 (January 3, 2014): 1045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.006.

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Retention–detention basins are important structures for managing stormwater. However, their long-term operation raises the problem of managing the sediments they accumulate. Potential uses for such sediments have been envisaged, but each sediment must be characterised beforehand to verify its harmlessness. In this paper we address this issue through the development of a battery of bioassays specifically adapted to such sediments. We tested the method on samples taken from four retention basins in the region of Lyon (France). This battery focuses on the toxic effects linked to both the solid phase (ostracod and Microtox® solid-phase tests) and the liquid-phase (interstitial water) of sediments (rotifer and Microtox® liquid-phase tests). The results obtained permit the sorting of sediments presenting little toxicity, and which could therefore be potentially exploitable, from those from more polluted areas presenting higher toxicity that limits their use.

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2

Vergeynst, L., B. Vallet, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Modelling pathogen fate in stormwaters by a particle–pathogen interaction model using population balances." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 5 (March 1, 2012): 823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.818.

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Stormwater is polluted by various contaminants affecting the quality of receiving water bodies. Pathogens are one of these contaminants, which have a critical effect on water use in rivers. Increasing the retention time of water in stormwater basins can lead to reduced loads of pathogens released to the rivers. In this paper a model describing the behaviour of pathogens in stormwater basins is presented including different fate processes such as decay, adsorption/desorption, settling and solar disinfection. By considering the settling velocity distribution of particles and a layered approach, this model is able to create a light intensity, and particle and pathogen concentration profile along the water depth in the basin. A strong effect of solar disinfection is discerned. The model has been used to evaluate pathogen removal efficiencies in stormwater basins. It includes a population of particle classes characterized by a distribution of settling velocities in order to be able to reproduce stormwater quality and treatment in a realistic way.

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3

Park, M. H., I. K. Ridgeway, X. Swamikannu, and M. K. Stenstrom. "Evaluation of stormwater BMPs for implementing industrial stormwater permitting strategy." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 11 (December 1, 2010): 2558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.506.

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This study assesses the performance of stormwater best management practices (BMPs) in industrial sectors and their effluent quality to facilitate the development of technology-based numerical effluent criteria. Generally, retention ponds outperform other BMP types for reducing total suspended solids, and media filter and wetland basins outperform other BMPs for metal removal. Detention basins were not effective in reducing stormwater pollution although they can retain the stormwater before entering surface waters. However, many BMPs show high variability of influent and effluent concentrations and no significant difference between them, which makes it difficult to determine the effectiveness of the BMP. In some cases, low influent concentrations govern the distribution of effluent concentrations and effluent concentrations are often greater than inflow concentrations. The analysis results can be used to assist in the developing a watershed based multisector industrial stormwater general permit to ensure compliance with total maximum daily loads. The results also suggest the need for additional monitoring data.

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4

Wakelin, Sarah C., Panagiotis Elefsiniotis, and David G. Wareham. "Assessment of Stormwater Retention Basin Water Quality in Winnipeg, Canada." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.028.

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Abstract The water quality behaviour of 58 stormwater retention basins in Winnipeg, Canada, was intensively studied during a 5-month summer period (May to September). Dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, turbidity, transparency and depth were measured onsite. Samples analyzed in the laboratory included: total suspended solids (TSS), pH, chlorophyll α, fecal coliforms (FC), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia, nitrate, total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate. Results showed that increases in TSS and turbidity resulted from increased chlorophyll α concentrations associated with algal growth. TKN increases were partly the result of nitrogen incorporation into proteinaceous material in the algal cells. Ammonia concentrations showed a maximum attributed to chemoheterotrophic degradation of dead biomass. Orthophosphate made up 30% to 50% of the total phosphorus present and the two followed the same general trends. Temperature increased and then decreased over the summer months with no apparent thermal stratification. After starting the summer with no dissolved oxygen gradient between top and bottom, depletion of the dissolved oxygen at the bottom of the basins during the latter half of the summer was attributed to chemoheterotrophic degradation of dead biomass. Finally, substantial counts of fecal coliform bacteria occurred in the basins in response to Canada geese migration.

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5

Wong, Tony H. F., and N. L. G. Somes. "A stochastic approach to designing wetlands for stormwater pollution control." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0033.

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Central to wetland design for stormwater pollution management is the proper control of the hydrologic regime of these wetlands and wet detention basins. The paper proposes a stochastic approach in determining the appropriate wetland size for stormwater treatment in recognition of the inherent variability of stormwater runoff and pollutant load generation within a storm event and between storm event. The determination of wetland size would include the use of stochastic generation of stormwater runoff and continuous wetland behaviour simulation. A typical design chart summarising the interaction between wetland size, prescribed retention period of stormwater and wetland hydrologic effectiveness for Melbourne is presented. The chart enables the selection of the appropriate storage volume and outlet characteristics on the basis of long-term average effectiveness of the wetland to retain stormwater over a desired minimum period rather than a prescribed level of performance for an individual probablistic event.

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6

Dechesne, Magali, Sylvie Barraud, and Jean-Pascal Bardin. "Indicators for hydraulic and pollution retention assessment of stormwater infiltration basins." Journal of Environmental Management 71, no. 4 (July 2004): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.04.005.

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7

Mullapudi, Abhiram, Matthew Bartos, Brandon Wong, and Branko Kerkez. "Shaping Streamflow Using a Real-Time Stormwater Control Network." Sensors 18, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072259.

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“Smart” water systems are transforming the field of stormwater management by enabling real-time monitoring and control of previously static infrastructure. While the localized benefits of active control are well-established, the potential for system-scale control of watersheds is poorly understood. This study shows how a real-world smart stormwater system can be leveraged to shape streamflow within an urban watershed. Specifically, we coordinate releases from two internet-controlled stormwater basins to achieve desired control objectives downstream—such as maintaining the flow at a set-point, and generating interleaved waves. In the first part of the study, we describe the construction of the control network using a low-cost, open-source hardware stack and a cloud-based controller scheduling application. Next, we characterize the system’s control capabilities by determining the travel times, decay times, and magnitudes of various waves released from the upstream retention basins. With this characterization in hand, we use the system to generate two desired responses at a critical downstream junction. First, we generate a set-point hydrograph, in which flow is maintained at an approximately constant rate. Next, we generate a series of overlapping and interleaved waves using timed releases from both retention basins. We discuss how these control strategies can be used to stabilize flows, thereby mitigating streambed erosion and reducing contaminant loads into downstream waterbodies.

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8

GROSS, L., M. L. BORSA, and L. DEIRMENDJIAN. "Télédétection des cyanobactéries dans les bassins de rétention d’eaux pluviales de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines." Techniques Sciences Méthodes 11 (November 21, 2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36904/tsm/202211053.

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À l’échelle mondiale, les écosystèmes aquatiques en milieu continental sont soumis à une augmentation de l’intensité et de la durée des blooms ou efflorescences de cyanobactéries, probablement causées par le réchauffement climatique et l’augmentation des activités anthropiques dans les bassins versants. Dans les bassins de rétention d’eaux pluviales de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, les efflorescences de cyanobactéries (notamment en conditions estivales) génèrent une pollution visuelle, olfactive et toxique, qui peuvent potentiellement représenter un risque de santé publique. Usuellement, le suivi de la présence de ces bactéries nocives nécessite la mise en place de mesures in situ, qui peuvent être contraignantes en termes logistique et financier pour les gestionnaires de ces plans d’eau. La méthodologie proposée ici consiste à utiliser les données issues des observations satellitaires de la Terre afin d’évaluer la présence quantitative et spatiale des cyanobactéries dans les plans d’eau et, à terme, d’anticiper leur apparition pour en améliorer la gestion. Le sujet exposé présente un retour d’expérience opérationnel pour les gestionnaires de plans d’eau devant combattre les problèmes d’eutrophisation, qui sont souvent confrontés à la difficulté de mesures in situ et surtout à la difficulté d’anticiper l’apparition des efflorescences de cyanobactéries.

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9

Boguniewicz-Zabłocka, Joanna, and Andrea G. Capodaglio. "Analysis of Alternatives for Sustainable Stormwater Management in Small Developments of Polish Urban Catchments." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 10189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310189.

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Sustainable stormwater management approaches in accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) allow a source control to handle the quality and quantity of the runoff at local level or near the source. The most popular technologies applied in Europe are green roofs, porous pavements, retention basins and bioswales/raingardens. In this article, two of these solutions (retention tank with reuse, and rain garden, respectively), applied to single dwelling case studies in a suburban area in the Silesia Region (Poland), are illustrated and analyzed. The selected cases consider technical and economic aspects as the most important factors for decision on the selection of onsite stormwater management approach. Both systems have been operational for approximately two years. The retention tank proved a good solution, reducing stormwater overflows and allowing local water reuse for lawn irrigation; however, investment and maintenance costs in this case are relatively higher. The raingarden proved to work efficiently in this small scale implementation and implied much lower initial investment and costs. The economic sustainability of these interventions at single dwelling scale was analyzed, showing interesting returns, with outcome depending on the degree of possible water reuse (lower water bills) and availability of fiscal or fee incentives. Introduction of financial incentive schemes will encourage homeowners and developers to implement stormwater control solutions, allowing rapid amortization of investment costs with additional benefits to the community, such as reduced environmental impact of stormwater overflows and possible economies in the construction and management of stormwater systems.

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10

Kirker, Ashleigh N., and Laura Toran. "Dual isotopes of nitrate reveal varying flow paths to stormwater retention basins." CATENA 220 (January 2023): 106681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106681.

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11

Wakelin, S. C., P. Elefsiniotis, and D. G. Wareham. "Response of stormwater retention basins to two chemical aquatic weed control methods." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 85, no. 1-3 (June 2003): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0277224031000135058.

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12

Jeon, Seol, Siyeon Kim, Moonyoung Lee, Heejin An, Kichul Jung, Myoung-Jin Um, Kyungjin An, and Daeryong Park. "Insights into the Pollutant Removal Performance of Stormwater Green Infrastructures: A Case Study of Detention Basins and Retention Ponds." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 10104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910104.

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The quality of water has deteriorated due to urbanization and the occurrence of urban stormwater runoff. To solve this problem, this study investigated the pollutant reduction effects from the geometric and hydrological factors of green infrastructures (GIs) to more accurately design GI models, and evaluated the factors that are required for such a design. Among several GIs, detention basins and retention ponds were evaluated. This study chose the inflow, outflow, total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), watershed area, GI area (bottom area in detention basins and permanent pool surface area in retention ponds), and GI volume (in both detention basins and retention ponds) for analysis and applied both ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and multiple linear regression (MLR). The geometric factors do not vary within each GI, but there may be a bias due to the number of stormwater events. To solve this problem, three methods that involved randomly extracting data with a certain range and excluding outliers were applied to the models. The accuracies of these OLS and MLR models were analyzed through the percentage bias (PBIAS), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR). The results of this study suggest that models which consider the influent concentration combined with the hydrological and GI geometric parameters have better correlations than models that consider only a single parameter.

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13

Fischer, David, Emmanuel G. Charles, and Arthur L. Baehr. "Effects of Stormwater Infiltration on Quality of Groundwater Beneath Retention and Detention Basins." Journal of Environmental Engineering 129, no. 5 (May 2003): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:5(464).

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14

Kordana-Obuch, Sabina, and Mariusz Starzec. "Statistical Approach to the Problem of Selecting the Most Appropriate Model for Managing Stormwater in Newly Designed Multi-Family Housing Estates." Resources 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9090110.

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Stormwater is a valuable resource, whose management in harmony with nature is one of the main challenges of modern water management. The problems encountered are additionally exacerbated by the lack of space for the development of sustainable drainage systems. For that reason, new housing estates should be designed considering efficient stormwater management. This paper assesses five stormwater management models to determine the statistically most appropriate model for managing stormwater in newly designed multi-family housing estates using multi-criteria analysis. Various options were assessed by means of the scoring method based on six groups of criteria (political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental). The research considered the different views and priorities of the experts involved in stormwater management in Poland. A survey conducted among them showed that the statistically most suitable way of managing stormwater is its infiltration into the ground with the use of infiltration basins or tanks. Only if the possibility of their application is excluded, should the application of other models of stormwater management, especially its retention, be considered. It is expected that the research results presented in this paper will be a guide for investors and developers, and their use will allow people who are not experts in the field of stormwater management to make appropriate decisions.

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15

Hébrard, C., and C. Delolme. "Role of the biotic compartment in the transfer of zinc through the vadose zone - application to an infiltration system." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1999): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0120.

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Relatively little is known about the influence of microorganisms which develop in urban stormwater infiltration basins on the transfer of heavy metals, whereas many reports have emphasized their importance in the mechanisms of retention or solubilization of these elements. We therefore examined the transfer of zinc solutions (2-20 ppm) at different pH (4-7) by columns of sterile sand or sand colonized with Pseudomonas putida. The shape of the elution curves shows that the biofilm adsorbed zinc, causing its elution to be retarded. Adsorption seemed to be reversible, except at pH 6 and 7, and non-instantaneous. Consequently, the stormwater infiltration speed may be of considerable importance.

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16

Ow, Lai Fern Genevieve, and Dloysius Chow. "Urban Stormwater Management: Can Tree Roots and Structural Soils Improve Hydraulic Conductivity into Compacted Soils?" Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.007.

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Typically, surface precipitation runoff is a key source of flooding and water pollution in urban communities, and the costly and time-consuming process of installing bio-retention basins is one approach to overcoming these challenges. The implementation of structural soils in bio-retention basins designed to receive and retain stormwater provides these systems with additional functions to bear loads and facilitate tree root growth and exploration. The channels that tree roots produce as they grow can also aid in the flow of water down the soil profile. In this study, the potential for tree roots to penetrate compacted soils and increase rates of hydraulic conductivity were examined alongside the use of structural soil in the context of urban stormwater systems. For the first experiment, Pouteria obovata and Calophyllum soulattri together with a control (without tree) were placed in cylindrical planting sleeves surrounded by compacted clay loam at two compaction levels (bulk densities of 1.45 g cm−3 and 1.66 g cm−3). Roots of both species penetrated the compacted soil, and hydraulic conductivity was increased by an average of 50%. In the second experiment, the same species were grown in structural soil, and a geotextile separated the compacted soil (bulk density of 1.66 g cm−3) from the structural soil (compacted). A greater number of roots as well as larger root diameters from Pouteria obovata penetrated the geotextile, and hydraulic conductivity was enhanced twofold when compared to the controls that had no trees. Growing woody rooting plants and installing structural soils within urban stormwater systems may confer benefits of increased water infiltration and enhanced root development, alongside potential overall improvements to tree health for stormwater control systems in urban environments.

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17

De Vleeschauwer, K., J. Weustenraad, C. Nolf, V. Wolfs, B. De Meulder, K. Shannon, and P. Willems. "Green–blue water in the city: quantification of impact of source control versus end-of-pipe solutions on sewer and river floods." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 11 (July 24, 2014): 1825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.306.

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Urbanization and climate change trends put strong pressures on urban water systems. Temporal variations in rainfall, runoff and water availability increase, and need to be compensated for by innovative adaptation strategies. One of these is stormwater retention and infiltration in open and/or green spaces in the city (blue–green water integration). This study evaluated the efficiency of three adaptation strategies for the city of Turnhout in Belgium, namely source control as a result of blue–green water integration, retention basins located downstream of the stormwater sewers, and end-of-pipe solutions based on river flood control reservoirs. The efficiency of these options is quantified by the reduction in sewer and river flood frequencies and volumes, and sewer overflow volumes. This is done by means of long-term simulations (100-year rainfall simulations) using an integrated conceptual sewer–river model calibrated to full hydrodynamic sewer and river models. Results show that combining open, green zones in the city with stormwater retention and infiltration for only 1% of the total city runoff area would lead to a 30 to 50% reduction in sewer flood volumes for return periods in the range 10–100 years. This is due to the additional surface storage and infiltration and consequent reduction in urban runoff. However, the impact of this source control option on downstream river floods is limited. Stormwater retention downstream of the sewer system gives a strong reduction in peak discharges to the receiving river. However due to the difference in response time between the sewer and river systems, this does not lead to a strong reduction in river flood frequency. The paper shows the importance of improving the interface between urban design and water management, and between sewer and river flood management.

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18

Norman, Laura M., Benjamin L. Ruddell, Deborah J. Tosline, Michael K. Fell, Blair P. Greimann, and Jay R. Cederberg. "Developing Climate Resilience in Aridlands Using Rock Detention Structures as Green Infrastructure." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011268.

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The potential of ecological restoration and green infrastructure has been long suggested in the literature as adaptation strategies for a changing climate, with an emphasis on revegetation and, more recently, carbon sequestration and stormwater management. Tree planting and “natural” stormwater detention structures such as bioswales, stormwater detention basins, and sediment traps are popular approaches. However, the experimental verification of performance for these investments is scarce and does not address rock detention structures specifically. This 3-year study investigates the infiltration, peak flow mitigation, and microclimate performance of a natural wash stormwater retention installation using one-rock dams in an urban park in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Field data collected during the study do not depict change in the hydrogeomorphology. However, hydrologic modeling, using data collected from the field, portrays decreases in peak flows and increases in infiltration at the treated sites. Additionally, we observe a lengthening of microclimate cooling effects following rainfall events, as compared with the untreated sites. In this urban arid land setting, the prospect that rock detention structures themselves could reduce warming or heat effects is promising.

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19

Norman, Laura M., Benjamin L. Ruddell, Deborah J. Tosline, Michael K. Fell, Blair P. Greimann, and Jay R. Cederberg. "Developing Climate Resilience in Aridlands Using Rock Detention Structures as Green Infrastructure." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011268.

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The potential of ecological restoration and green infrastructure has been long suggested in the literature as adaptation strategies for a changing climate, with an emphasis on revegetation and, more recently, carbon sequestration and stormwater management. Tree planting and “natural” stormwater detention structures such as bioswales, stormwater detention basins, and sediment traps are popular approaches. However, the experimental verification of performance for these investments is scarce and does not address rock detention structures specifically. This 3-year study investigates the infiltration, peak flow mitigation, and microclimate performance of a natural wash stormwater retention installation using one-rock dams in an urban park in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Field data collected during the study do not depict change in the hydrogeomorphology. However, hydrologic modeling, using data collected from the field, portrays decreases in peak flows and increases in infiltration at the treated sites. Additionally, we observe a lengthening of microclimate cooling effects following rainfall events, as compared with the untreated sites. In this urban arid land setting, the prospect that rock detention structures themselves could reduce warming or heat effects is promising.

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20

Lassabatère, L., T. Winiarski, and R. Galvez-Cloutier. "Can geotextiles modify the transfer of heavy metals transported by stormwater in infiltration basins?" Water Science and Technology 51, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0029.

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Geotextiles are fibrous materials increasingly employed for the design of infiltration basins. However, their influence on the transfer of contaminants carried by stormwater has not been fully investigated. This study, based on column leaching experiments, aims at showing the effect of geotextiles on the transfer of three heavy metals (Zn, Pb and Cd) in a reactive soil (simulating an infiltration basin at laboratory scale). This effect depends on several factors, such as type of geotextile, hydric conditions (geotextile water content), hydraulic conditions (flow-rates) and the number of geotextiles installed. In all cases, geotextiles influence heavy metal retention by modifying flow and thus regulating contact between these metals and the reactive soil.

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21

Huebner, Martin, and Wolfgang F. Geiger. "Characterisation of the performance of an off line storage tank." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0412.

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A stormwater facility consisting of a hydrodynamic separator as an overflow device, an open concrete storage tank and two subsequent open earth retention basins was investigated. The results are used to characterise the qualitative performance of the storage tank. By evaluating the cumulative runoff volume and settleable solids load it is shown that the qualitative performance can be characterised by two effects: pollutants are retained because runoff is stored until the tank starts to overflow; pollutants are retained because the tank operates as a clarifier during the overflow period. The influencing factors on these two processes are discussed.

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22

Korgaonkar, Yoganand, David Phillip Guertin, Thomas Meixner, and David C. Goodrich. "Hydrological Modeling of Green Infrastructure to Quantify Its Effect on Flood Mitigation and Water Availability in the High School Watershed in Tucson, AZ." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10070443.

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Green Infrastructure (GI) practices are being implemented in numerous cities to tackle stormwater management issues and achieve co-benefits such as mitigating heat island effects and air pollution, as well as water augmentation, health, and economic benefits. Tucson, Arizona is a fast-growing city in the semiarid region of the southwest United States and provides a unique landscape in terms of urban hydrology and stormwater management, where stormwater is routed along the streets to the nearest ephemeral washes. Local organizations have implemented various GI practices, such as curb cuts, traffic chicanes, roof runoff harvesting, and retention basins, to capture the excess runoff and utilize it on-site. This study models the 3.31 km2 High School watershed in central Tucson using the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment (AGWA) tool and the Kinematic Runoff and Erosion (KINEROS2) model. Each parcel in the watershed was individually represented using the KINEROS2 Urban element to simulate small-scale flow-on/flow-off processes. Seven different configurations of GI implementation were simulated using design storms, and we stochastically generated 20 years of precipitation data to understand the effects of GI implementation on flood mitigation and long-term water availability, respectively. The design storm analysis indicates that the configuration designed to mimic the current level of GI implementation, which includes 175 on-street basins and 37 roof runoff harvesting cisterns, has minimum (<2%) influence on runoff volume. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the current level of GI implementation caused an increase (<1%) in peak flows at the watershed outlet but predicted reduced on-street accumulated volumes (>25%) and increased water availability via GI capture and infiltration. When the GI implementation was increased by a factor of two and five, a larger reduction of peak flow (<8% and <22%, respectively) and volume (<3% and <8%, respectively) was simulated at the watershed outlet. The 20-year analysis showed that parcels with roof runoff harvesting cisterns were able to meet their landscape irrigation demands throughout the year, except for the dry months of May and June. Additionally, stormwater captured and infiltrated by the on-street basins could support xeric vegetation for most of the year, except June, where the water demand exceeded volume of water infiltrated in the basins. The current level of GI implementation in the High School watershed may not have significant large-scale impacts, but it provides numerous benefits at the parcel, street, and small neighborhood scales.

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23

Geronimo, F. K. F., M. C. Maniquiz-Redillas, J. S. Hong, and L. H. Kim. "Nutrient concentration in sediments accumulated in pre-treatment basins of urban LID technologies." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 5 (January 23, 2019): 1000–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.033.

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Abstract In this study, the contribution of pre-treatment basins of low impact development (LID) technologies to nutrient reduction performance was evaluated by understanding the distribution of nutrient in sediments accumulated in each system. The captured sediments were mostly silt to medium sand ranging from 9% to 92% of the sediments collected. Greater average N and P concentrations were found in silt particles amounting to 345 mg/kg and 696 mg/kg, respectively compared to sand and gravel. Although, N concentrations in accumulated sediments were found to be highly variable at different particle sizes (CV: 0.24 to 0.77) compared to P concentration (CV: 0.08 to 0.36) attributed to effective P treatment mechanism through deposition compared to complex nitrogen removal mechanisms. In addition, the difference between N and P concentrations of sediments collected in the pre-treatment basins of LID technologies and in-situ soil was attributed to the continuous pollutant input to the LID technologies during storm events. The study proved that pre-treatment basins of stormwater LID technologies reinforced the nutrient removal performances through sediment retention. The findings of this research may be used to design pre-treatment basins of LID technologies considering nutrients as a limiting factor.

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24

Sobieraj, Janusz, Marek Bryx, and Dominik Metelski. "Stormwater Management in the City of Warsaw: A Review and Evaluation of Technical Solutions and Strategies to Improve the Capacity of the Combined Sewer System." Water 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132109.

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Urban flooding is an increasingly common phenomenon around the world. The reasons are usually attributed to the insufficient capacity of the combined sewer system and its inability to adapt to the changing dynamics of rainfall. This is also the case in Warsaw (the capital of Poland), where the sewage system was designed in the 1960s. The aim of the article is to highlight possible hydrological solutions that would significantly improve Warsaw’s situation in terms of rainfall runoff. The article looks at some solutions that were previously mentioned in the literature and presents an assessment of the possible changes in land use/land cover on the hydrological processes and improvements in the general hydrological situation of Warsaw. In addition, the article points out the need to update the programme and spatial approach to the discharge of water from specific watersheds in Warsaw, as well as to establish a single manager for stormwater drainage in the city of Warsaw. An important issue is the restoration of natural retention basins in the city and the construction of artificial basins in places with frequent local flooding. The article emphasises the importance of building individual detention basins (as well as low-impact developments) for newly planned investments. Other important aspects are as follows: the construction of suitable underground or open channels, the need to disconnect Ursynów’s stormwater runoff from the catchment area of the Służewiecki Stream and to channel it along the southern bypass for Warsaw (S-2) to the dry lakes and ponds in Wilanów. Finally, the article discusses the application of Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) and Real-Time Control (RTC) in urban drainage systems as a possible solution to improve wastewater management in urban areas.

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Mermillod-Blondin, Florian, Laurent Simon, Chafik Maazouzi, Arnaud Foulquier, Cécile Delolme, and Pierre Marmonier. "Dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through stormwater basins designed for groundwater recharge in urban area: Assessment of retention efficiency." Water Research 81 (September 2015): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.031.

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26

Prepas, Ellie E., Tom P. Murphy, W. Paul Dinsmore, Janice M. Burke, Patricia A. Chambers, and Sharon Reedyk. "Lake Management Based on Lime Application and Hypolimnetic Oxygenation: the Experience in Eutrophic Hardwater Lakes in Alberta." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.020.

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Abstract Many water bodies in western Canada experience high internal phosphorus recycling rates and excessive primary production, with associated water column anoxia and restricted fisheries habitat. Lime (Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3) application and hypolimnetic oxygenation were investigated in Alberta as nontoxic, inexpensive management alternatives. In hardwater lakes, multiple Ca(OH)2 applications at dosages <100 mg L-1 reduced chl a and TP concentrations by up to ~30 and 50%, respectively, often for several years. In contrast, high flushing rates in stormwater retention basins made repeated Ca(OH)2 treatment necessary. Hypolimnetic oxygenation in Amisk Lake from 1988-93 increased hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentrations from 0.9 to 4.6 mgL-1 in the treated basin while maintaining thermal stratification. Epilimnetic whole-lake chl a and TP concentrations were reduced by 55 and 13%, respectively. Deep-water habitat was improved for fish, zooplankton and macroinvertebrates. Our research shows that water quality can be improved in lakes that are naturally eutrophic (i.e., due to internal P cycling) and has implications for lake management projects worldwide.

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Kristvik, Erle, Birgitte Johannessen, and Tone Muthanna. "Temporal Downscaling of IDF Curves Applied to Future Performance of Local Stormwater Measures." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051231.

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Low-impact development (LID) structures are combined with traditional measures to manage stormwater and cope with increased runoff rates originating from heavy urbanization and climate change. As the use of LIDs for climate adaptation increases, practitioners need more knowledge on LID performance in future climates for successful planning and implementation. In this study, temporal downscaling of regional climate projections for three cities in Norway is performed, using the concept of scale invariance to downscale the distribution of extreme precipitation from daily to sub-daily timescales. From this, local-scale intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves for future precipitation were obtained. Using climate projections of daily temporal resolution as input to water balance models and the obtained IDF relationships as input to event-based models allowed for assessing the retention capacity, peak flow reduction potential and pollution control of three different types of LIDs: green roofs, bioretention cells, and detention basins. The downscaling resulted in large local variations in presumed increase of both precipitation amount and intensity, contradicting current design recommendations in Norway. Countrywide, a decrease in the overall LID performance was found, although some positive effects of temperature rises were detected. The study illustrated the importance of evapotranspiration- and infiltration-based processes in future stormwater management and how coupling of LID structures in series can significantly reduce required detention volumes.

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Kristanti, Risky Ayu, Wei Lin Wong, Yeti Darmayati, Ariani Hatmanti, Nilam Fadmaulidha Wulandari, Mada Triandala Sibero, Nur Fitriah Afianti, Erika Hernandes, and Flavio Lopez-Martinez. "Characteristics of Microplastic in Commercial Aquatic Organisms." Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution 2, no. 2 (December 14, 2022): 134–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v2i2.134.

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This study aims to review the occurrence of microplastics in some commercial aquatic organisms. Microplastics are small plastic particles with a diameter of less than 5 mm. Effluent, stormwater, agricultural, and surface runoff introduce microplastic to freshwater basins. Hydrodynamics and hydrology encompass microplastics. River flow speed can cause turbulence and riverbed instability, increasing microplastic concentrations. Fish, shellfish, and crustaceans ingest microplastics in proportion to their quantity in freshwater and marine environments. Human activities cause variations in the form, color, and size of microplastics in the biota. Animals absorb microplastics through trophic transfer. Increased microplastic residence time before ingestion promotes trophic transmission. Lower food concentration and aggregation enhance microplastic retention in zooplankton guts, increasing transmission to higher-trophic-level species. Most studies show that microplastics in biota are discovered in fish and crustacean intestines and bivalve tissues. Microplastic buildup can disrupt live organisms' growth and reproduction, induce oxidative stress, obstruct the digestive system, and damage the intestine. Microplastics may harm people's health if they eat contaminated seafood that contains them, but more research is needed.

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Kozak, Daniel, Hayley Henderson, Alejandro de Castro Mazarro, Demián Rotbart, and Rodolfo Aradas. "Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) in Dense Urban Watersheds. The Case of the Medrano Stream Basin (MSB) in Buenos Aires." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 11, 2020): 2163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062163.

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Conventional urban drainage approaches have historically focused on the volume of stormwater to be displaced with the aim of moving it as fast and as far as possible from the city. They have also been negligent regarding water quality and the inherent value of watercourses to distinct forms of life in cities, from maintaining biodiversity to providing recreational space for residents. Contemporary responses to these issues point to a paradigm change: They seek to replicate the natural mechanisms of absorption and retention, with the aim of addressing pluvial drainage needs closer to the site of origin. This article aims to explore the extent to which such an approach could be accommodated in one dense and highly impervious setting in the Global South. Specifically, it compares urban morphology, land value, hydraulic performance, and politico-institutional conditions of grey and Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) scenarios in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The findings suggest that even in very dense and impervious urban basins it is possible to implement BGI with a significant effect in achieving urban-sustainability goals. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that it is possible to deculvert watercourses in line with Compact City principles through the development of hybrid BGI/grey-infrastructure systems.

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Becouze-Lareure, Celine, Gislain Lipeme Kouyi, Carolina Gonzalez-Merchan, Christine Bazin, Christel Sebastian, Sylvie Barraud, and Yves Perrodin. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of sediment ecotoxicity in urban stormwater retention basins: Methodological approach and application to a pilot site close to Lyon in France." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 53, no. 13 (November 10, 2018): 1123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2018.1529894.

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31

Sébastian, Christel, Sylvie Barraud, Carolina Gonzalez-Merchan, Yves Perrodin, and Régis Visiedo. "Stormwater retention basin efficiency regarding micropollutant loads and ecotoxicity." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 5 (December 24, 2013): 974–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.807.

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Retention basin efficiency in micropollutant removal has not been very well studied, in particular for pollutants highlighted by the European Water Framework Directive of 2000 such as pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alkylphenols. This study is based on in situ experiments carried out on a stormwater retention basin with the aim of estimating the basin efficiency in trapping and removing micropollutants from stormwater run-off from an industrial catchment drained by a separate sewer system. Along with stormwater, the basin receives some dry weather effluent flows, which are supposedly non-polluted. Ninety-four substances from five families (metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PBDEs, alkylphenols and pesticides) were analyzed during 10 event campaigns in urban wet weather discharges at the inlet and outlet of the basin. The ecotoxicity of the samples was also tested. The results show high inter-event variability in both chemical and ecotoxic characteristics. They indicate good event efficiency concerning heavy metals and most PAHs. The studied pesticides, mainly found in the dissolved fraction, were not trapped. Particulate fraction study highlighted that settling is not the main process explaining micropollutant removal in a retention basin, as was noted for alkylphenols and PBDEs.

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Lee, J., K. Bang, J. Choi, L. H. Ketchum, and Y. Cho. "The vortex concentrator for suspended solids treatment." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0707.

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The use of vortex concentrators is becoming increasingly popular for suspended solids reduction in combined sewer overflows and stormwater. This study is a laboratory investigation of the use of vortex concentrators to reduce the solids concentration of synthesized stormwater. The synthesized stormwater was made with water and addition of particles; sand, granular activated carbon, and sewer sediments. The vortex concentrator was made of acryl resin 300 mm in diameter. To determine the efficiency for various influent suspended solids (SS) concentrations, tests were performed with different SS concentrations. The samples were taken simultaneously at the influent storage tank and effluent tank, and measured SS concentrations. The range of surface loading rates were 120 to 850 m3/m2/day, and influent SS concentrations were varied from 300 to 5,000 mg/L. To determine the optimum coagulant dosage, jar tests were conducted with coagulants such as PAM and PAC. It was found that optimum coagulant and its dosage were PAM and 2 mg/L. The overall SS removal efficiency of the vortex concentrator for typical stormwater was estimated at about 65%. With an increase of SS concentration, the removal efficiency was increased. Since the SS concentration of stormwater was higher than 1,000 mg/L, the removal efficiency of the vortex concentrator for stormwater could be estimated to be 65-70%. The SS removal efficiency was increased with an increase of retention time, and the optimum retention time was 0.15-1.0 minutes. With an increase of the foul to overflow QF/Qo, a key parameter for vortex concentrator operation, the removal efficiency was increased. An alternative solution to improve treatment efficiency might be to set a follow-up retention basin. Based on a series of settling tests on the treated overflow water from the vortex concentrator, 5 to 10 minutes hydraulic retention time in a follow-up retention basin would substantially improve the results.

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Herrmann, Thilo, and Karin Hasse. "Ways to get water: rainwater utilization or long-distance water supply? A holistic assessment." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1997): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0685.

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On the basis of a case study the costs of an existing long-distance drinking water supply system are compared to the potentiel costs of decentralized rainwater collection und usage systems. The costs of stormwater retention are included in the calculations in so far as rainwater utilization systems provide a retention capacity for stormwater in the cisterns. The results show, that in dependence of the market price of the rainwater usage systems, the decentral way to provide usage water to the households can be more cost effective compared to a central long-distance supply system.

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34

Birch, G. F., C. Matthai, and M. S. Fazeli. "Efficiency of a retention/detention basin to removecontaminants from urban stormwater." Urban Water Journal 3, no. 2 (June 2006): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730620600855894.

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35

Hopkins, Ben, and John R. Argue. "The New Brompton Estate Stormwater Management Trial: First Results." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0678.

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Runoff from the roofs of 15 houses in a medium-density residential development in suburban Adelaide, capital city of South Australia, is being collected and temporarily stored in a gravel-filled stormwater retention trench installed in a centrally located reserve. The site is underlain by an upper level Quaternary aquifer, ambient salinity 2000 mg/l, which receives stormwater supplied from the trench via a bore during large winter storm events. Water pumped from the aquifer in summer shows a quality suitable for open space irrigation. Observations made during the second half of 1992 have highlighted aspects of the design which require modification in order to improve the performance of the retention/recharge/retrieval system. Data collected between August and October have indicated that the volume of stormwater stored in the aquifer on an annual basis will be sufficient to meet the irrigation needs of the reserve.

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Noh, N. S. M., L. M. Sidek, S. H. Haron, A. H. M. Puad, and Z. Selamat. "Pollutant Loading Analysis of Suspended Solid, Nitrogen and Phosphorus at Bertam Catchment, Cameron Highlands using MUSIC." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.23100.

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This paper aimed to analyze the pollutant loading composition of suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in urban stormwater at Cameron Highlands which known as popular tourism, agriculture and function as reservoir water to generate electricity. Researchers found the urban stormwater quantity modeling has achieved sufficient accuracy benchmark. However, modeling stormwater runoff quality is relatively difficult and largely depends on catchment characteristics/land-uses. Model of Urban Stormwater Improvement Conceptualization (MUSIC) estimates pollutant transport from catchments and stormwater treatment through different application of Best Management Practices (BMPs). Result obtained from the observed and calculated data was compared with MUSIC's estimations under a similar scenario where no applications of BMPs. As a second scenario, series of treatment train is propose for each sub-catchments based on the suitability and verification on site that consists of constructed stormwater treatment BMPs (wetlands, bio-retention, on-site detention, sediment basin and gross pollutant traps). Implementation of BMPs reduce nearly 100% of gross pollutant, 65% - 83% TSS, 40% - 66% TP and 52% - 78% due to effectiveness of BMPs in treating the pollutant within different landuse. As a summary, MUSIC can conceptually determine the effectiveness of BMPs without giving a detailed design.

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37

Le Coustumer, S., and S. Barraud. "Long-term hydraulic and pollution retention performance of infiltration systems." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.114.

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Infiltration techniques are now widely used to manage stormwater in urban areas. These techniques are used and recognized around the world for their many advantages, such as decreasing stormwater flow in sewer systems and recharging groundwater. But numerous cases of infiltration devices that failed after a few years of operation are still being reported. This study, which is based on site-monitoring of operational infiltration systems, is part of the Field Observatory for Urban Water Management (OTHU). The main goals of this study are to improve knowledge of long-term hydraulic behaviour, especially as concerns the clogging speed and the quality of the runoff. This article will present the site, the monitoring process and the model that will be used to assess the hydraulic behaviour. First results of the calibration of the model show that the model is able to assess the hydraulic behaviour of the basin when it is clogged (average value of hydraulic resistance 17.1 h) and when it has been scraped (hydraulic resistance less than 3.8 h). However, further data are needed in order to validate the model. We also show that the experimental setup is well designed to assess the water volume and the sediment brought to the basin with low uncertainties.

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Jiang, Yu, Ling Qiu, Tian Gao, and Shuoxin Zhang. "Systematic Application of Sponge City Facilities at Community Scale Based on SWMM." Water 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040591.

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In the context of global climate change, many countries have taken corresponding measures to cope with the stormwater problems in urbanization. The Chinese government introduced the concept of Sponge City to improve the urban water ecological security, which is a systematic project. Taking the urban community as our research object, we studied the combination application of LID (low-impact development) measures and retention ponds in the community and then discussed the practicability of the systematic application of Sponge City facilities in the construction of community drainage systems. There are four simulation scenarios in SWMM (stormwater management model): traditional drainage scenario, LID scenario, retention pond scenario, and LID-retention pond scenario. By comparing the effects of different facilities on runoff and outflow under the six return periods of 1a, 2a, 5a, 10a, 20a, and 50a, we find that LID measures have evident effects on runoff and outflow reduction. Still, they are greatly affected by the return period. The retention pond has no noticeable impact on runoff, but it reduces the peak value of outflow and is less affected by the return period. The combination of LID and retention pond can combine their advantages, reduce the peak flow rate of the site stably and relieve the pressure of the urban drainage system. This study provides a basis for the graded implementation of Sponge City, especially for community-scale rainwater regulation.

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39

Wałęga, Andrzej, and Katarzyna Wachulec. "Effect of a Retention Basin on Removing Pollutants from Stormwater: A Case Study in Poland." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27, no. 4 (March 30, 2018): 1795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/76797.

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40

Cornu, Jean-Yves, David Huguenot, Karine Jezequel, and Thierry Lebeau. "Evaluation of sugar beet pulp efficiency for improving the retention of copper in stormwater basin." Journal of Soils and Sediments 13, no. 1 (November 23, 2012): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-012-0625-7.

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41

Jayawardena, H. M. I. D. P., and Marjorie van Roon. "Water sensitive planning and design as an ecologically inspired approach to delivering flood resilient urban environment in Sri Lanka." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 964–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.100.

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Abstract The paper draws on Colombo, Sri Lanka as the case study for developing Water Sensitive Planning and Design (WSPD) to deliver a flood resilient urban environment. Digital data and documentary data were evaluated to analyse water sensitive characteristics, potentials and constraints within the catchment. Spatial analysis tools in ArcGIS were used when analysing issues in the landscape mosaic. Evaluation of the landscape mosaic clearly identifies urban form and its significant issues in creating ecological links and patches, such as, marshes, streams, roads and shrubs that can create potential opportunities during stormwater management. Geographically, the low-lying area plays an important role as the natural detention/retention basin for stormwater of the urban catchment during intensive rainfall. In addition, increased impervious surfaces created by high-density urban development and the limited availability of space have created challenges for retrofitting additional stormwater infrastructure. The study identifies the important role that urban planning can play in safeguarding strategies to deal with urban water related issues in more compromising and accommodating ways when situating stormwater infrastructure to optimise the connectivity and corridors. The study demonstrated the importance of street layouts in the urban landscape to support the development of WSPD. This approach provides sustainable ecological protection and outcomes to achieve a flood resilient environment in the catchment.

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Brodeur-Doucet, Caroline, Béatrice Pineau, Juliette Corrivault-Gascon, Diane Arjoon, Paul Lessard, Geneviève Pelletier, and Sophie Duchesne. "Seasonal hydrological and water quality performance of individual and in-series stormwater infrastructures as treatment trains in cold climate." Water Quality Research Journal 56, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2021.026.

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Abstract The performance of stormwater treatment trains and of their individual green infrastructures was evaluated near Montreal, Canada. Three treatment trains were studied: Train 1 – five bioretention cells in series with a wet retention pond; Train 2 – an infiltration trench in series with a dry detention pond; and Train 3 – Train 2 in series with a wet retention pond. A total of 47 rain events were monitored to quantity the hydrological performance, while water quality samples were taken during 24 rainfall events. During the summer, the bioretention cells led to a reduction in runoff volumes varying from 8 to 100%. Overall, the three studied treatment trains and all of the individual infrastructures, except for the dry pond, provided reductions in the mean concentrations of total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and total phosphorous. Results also showed that the use of a train of stormwater infrastructures can be more effective to reach Quebec's legislated targets than single infrastructures, but only if the infrastructures are sequenced properly. Indeed, the addition of a dry basin at the end of Train 2 affected negatively the removal efficiency of the four studied contaminants.

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43

Markou, D. "Sustainable Stormwater Management at Urban Expansion Areas of Potential Significant Flood Risk." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012019.

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Abstract The Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment (PFRA) for the Greek territory, according to European Directive 2007/60/EC, was completed in 2012 and was revised in 2019. Areas of Potential Significant Flood Risk (APSFR) were defined (and revised) for each River Basin District (RBD). Meanwhile, in 2018, the Flood Risk Management Plans (FRMPs) were approved - by Greek Authorities - for each RBD. In the FRMPs specific measures are proposed for the funding of Stormwater Management (SM) projects that will be designed according to the principles of Sustainable Development (SD), i.e., Best Management Practices (BMPs), Green Infrastructure (GI), Low Impact Development (LID), Urban Natural Water Retention Measures (NWRM) and Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS). Within this framework, a preliminary study is drawn up in order to specify some innovative proposals for Sustainable Stormwater Management (SSM) in three areas located into the APSFR of RBD ‘EL11’ (Eastern Macedonia), located in Northern Greece. Two of these areas, Perigiali and Nea Peramos are coastal, while the third one, Doxato, is a continental, plain area. Urban expansion plans are approved for all three cases. The study proposes the implementation of an Innovative Stormwater Management Plan (ISMP) for each area.

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44

Christoffels, Ekkehard, Andrea Brunsch, Jens Wunderlich-Pfeiffer, and Franz Michael Mertens. "Monitoring micropollutants in the Swist river basin." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 10 (September 3, 2016): 2280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.392.

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Micropollutant pathways were studied for the Swist river basin (Western Germany). The aim was to verify the effectiveness of a monitoring approach to detect micropollutants entering the river. In a separate sewer system, water was frequently found to be contaminated with micropollutants. Improper connections of sewage canals to the stormwater network seemed to be the cause of pollution. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) exerted the largest influence on micropollutants for the receiving river. During a flu outbreak, antibiotics in the Swist stemming from WWTPs increased remarkably. Elevated levels of pharmaceuticals were measured in discharges from a combined sewer overflow (CSO). The study showed that the pharmaceutical load of a CSO was significantly reduced by advanced treatment with a retention soil filter. Painkillers, an anticonvulsant and beta blockers were the most often detected pharmaceuticals in the sewage of urban areas. Herbicides, flame retardants and industrial compounds were also observed frequently. On cropland, Chloridazon and Terbuthylazine compounds were often found in landscape runoff. Fungicides and insecticides were the most frequent positive findings in runoff from orchards. The paper shows that a coherent approach to collecting valid information regarding micropollutants and to addressing relevant pathways as a basis for appropriate management strategies could be established.

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45

Yurdusev, Mehmet A., Ahmet A. KumanlioĞlu, and Bekir Solmaz. "Assessment of retention basin volume and outlet capacity in urban stormwater drainage systems with respect to water quality." Sadhana 30, no. 6 (December 2005): 723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02716706.

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46

Sébastian, C., C. Becouze-Lareure, G. Lipeme Kouyi, and S. Barraud. "Event-based quantification of emerging pollutant removal for an open stormwater retention basin – Loads, efficiency and importance of uncertainties." Water Research 72 (April 2015): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.014.

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47

Zehnsdorf, Andreas, Keani C. U. Willebrand, Ralf Trabitzsch, Sarah Knechtel, Michael Blumberg, and Roland A. Müller. "Wetland Roofs as an Attractive Option for Decentralized Water Management and Air Conditioning Enhancement in Growing Cities—A Review." Water 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091845.

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While constructed wetlands have become established for the decentralized treatment of wastewater and rainwater, wetland roofs have only been built in isolated cases up to now. The historical development of wetland roofs is described here on the basis of a survey of literature and patents, and the increasing interest in this ecotechnology around the world is presented. In particular, this article describes the potential for using wetland roofs and examines experience with applications in decentralized water management in urban environments and for climate regulation in buildings. Wetland roofs are suitable as a green-blue technology for the future—particularly in cities with an acute shortage of unoccupied ground-level sites—for the decentralized treatment of wastewater streams of various origins. Positive “side effects” such as nearly complete stormwater retention and the improvement of climates in buildings and their surroundings, coupled with an increase in biodiversity, make wetland roofs an ideal multi-functional technology for urban areas.

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48

Wen, Dan, Andrea Valencia, Eranildo Lustosa, Diana Ordonez, Mohammad Shokri, Yuan Gao, Nyle Rice, Kelly Kibler, Ni-Bin Chang, and Martin P. Wanielista. "Evaluation of green sorption media blanket filters for nitrogen removal in a stormwater retention basin at varying groundwater conditions in a karst environment." Science of The Total Environment 719 (June 2020): 134826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134826.

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49

Saget, A., G. Chebbo, and A. Bachoc. "Evaluation of Urban Runoff Volume to Be Treated at the Outlet of Separately Sewered Catchments." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 8 (April 1, 1992): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0197.

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The purpose of this study was to estimate the volume of urban stormwater which must be treated in order to achieve a given efficiency in terms of pollutant retention in a storm basin. The data used for this were those from the French national programme (1980-82), collected in four separately sewered catchments whose area is less than 100 hectares. The intercepted loads for one year and for the most polluted events have been calculated for interception volumes varying between 0 and 300 m3 per impervious hectare. It was concluded that 100 m3/imp ha can intercept about 80% of the annual load of SS, BOD5 and COD. But for the most polluted events, to achieve the same efficiency (80% of the produced load), a reservoir volume of 200 m3/imp ha is needed. The reduction of frequency of the most polluted events was also studied: for the events of which the load is in excess of 5% of the annual load produced, even a storage volume of 200 m3/imp ha is insufficient to entirely prevent these occurring.

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50

Deska, Iwona, Maciej Mrowiec, Ewa Ociepa, and Katarzyna Łacisz. "Investigation of the Influence of Hydrogel Amendment on the Retention Capacities of Green Roofs." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2018-0025.

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Abstract Progressive economic development as well as urbanisation influence the characteristics of the stormwater runoff. Progressive sealing of drainage basin surface prompts the decrease of rainwater infiltration, thus increasing the runoff intensity. This results in an increase of flood risk. Thus, in urban areas the sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) are used in addition to the traditional sewer systems. The examples of SUDS strategy are, inter alia, the roofs covered with vegetation (the green roofs). The paper presents the results of research of retention capacities of 4 diverse green roof models with following growing media: (1) the typical green roof substrate without any additions, (2) the substrate with addition of about 1 % by weight of hydrogel (the cross-linked potassium polyacrylate), (3) the substrate with addition of about 0.25 % by weight of hydrogel, (4) the substrate with addition of expanded clay and perlite. The models did not have the vegetation layers in order to explore only the retention capacities of drainage layers and substrates. The aim of the first part of research was to investigate the retention capacities of green roof models after 1, 2, 6, 8 and 10 antecedent dry days. In the case of 1 and 2 antecedent dry days the best medium retention capacity had green roof model 2 (with substrate with addition of 1 % by weight of hydrogel), and the weakest medium retention capacity had green roof model 1 (without any additions). In the cases of precipitations which occurred after 6 as well as 8 and 10 antecedent dry days the best retention capacity had green roof model 3 (with addition of about 0.25 % by weight of hydrogel). The weakest retention capacity had in these cases green roof model 4 (with addition of expanded clay and perlite). The aim of the second part of research described in the paper was to investigate the retention capacities of green roof models during precipitations that occurred after long antecedent dry periods of time (34, 59 and 106 antecedent dry days). The substrates and drainage layers were air-dry directly before precipitations. The best retention capacity had in this case green roof model 3 (with the substrate with addition of about 0.25 % by weight of hydrogel). The second largest retention capacity had model 2 (with the substrate with addition of about 1 % by weight of hydrogel). The definitely weakest retention capacity had model 4 containing the substrate with addition of expanded clay and perlite. The results may indicate that the efficacy of hydrogel decreased over time probably due to its decay under the influence of solar radiation.

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