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1
Jiao, Shuang Jian, Shuai Wang, and Yong Guo. "Research on Properties of Coastal Natural Spherical Aggregate Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1810.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our country has a long coastline and there are a lot of natural pebbles in coastal region. Applying natural pebbles in concrete is of great engineering significance and prospect. To measure the performance of coastal natural pebbles concrete and study the effect of aggregate on concrete properties, this article put forward a new comparison conditionthe same slump constant and cement dosage based on properties of coastal natural pebbles concrete and crushed stone concrete. Prepare different strength concrete under this condition. The compressive strength of pebble concrete is 100.5%110.7% times of stone concrete. The bending strength and fatigue strength are 97.8%108.1%, 135.8%176.6% respectively. This explains good static and fatigue properties of coastal natural pebbles. Pebble concrete has significant fatigue strength advantages in cement concrete pavement and concrete member under dynamic loading.
2
Banović, Ivan, Jure Radnić, and Nikola Grgić. "Shake Table Study on the Efficiency of Seismic Base Isolation Using Natural Stone Pebbles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (December 20, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1012527.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The results of a shake table study of the efficiency of a seismic base isolation using a layer of natural stone pebbles are presented. Models of stiff and medium-stiff buildings were tested. Case studies were conducted with the foundation of model on the rigid base and on four different layers of pebbles (thin and thick layer with small and large pebbles). Four different horizontal accelerograms were applied, and the characteristic displacements, accelerations, and strains were measured. Strains/stresses of the tested models remained in the elastic area. It was concluded that the effectiveness of the stone pebble layer under the foundation, i.e., the reduction in the seismic forces and stresses in the structure compared to the classical solution of foundation, significantly depends on the type of the applied excitation and depends relatively little on the layer thickness and pebble fraction. The results of the study showed that a layer of pebbles can significantly reduce the peak acceleration and strains/stresses of the model, with acceptable displacements. Further research is expected to confirm the effectiveness of this low-cost and low-tech seismic base isolation and to pave the way to its practical application.
3
Silva-Gago, María, Flora Ioannidou, Annapaola Fedato, Timothy Hodgson, and Emiliano Bruner. "Visual Attention and Cognitive Archaeology: An Eye-Tracking Study of Palaeolithic Stone Tools." Perception 51, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211069504.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study of lithic technology can provide information on human cultural evolution. This article aims to analyse visual behaviour associated with the exploration of ancient stone artefacts and how this relates to perceptual mechanisms in humans. In Experiment 1, we used eye tracking to record patterns of eye fixations while participants viewed images of stone tools, including examples of worked pebbles and handaxes. The results showed that the focus of gaze was directed more towards the upper regions of worked pebbles and on the basal areas for handaxes. Knapped surfaces also attracted more fixation than natural cortex for both tool types. Fixation distribution was different to that predicted by models that calculate visual salience. Experiment 2 was an online study using a mouse-click attention tracking technique and included images of unworked pebbles and ‘mixed’ images combining the handaxe's outline with the pebble's unworked texture. The pattern of clicks corresponded to that revealed using eye tracking and there were differences between tools and other images. Overall, the findings suggest that visual exploration is directed towards functional aspects of tools. Studies of visual attention and exploration can supply useful information to inform understanding of human cognitive evolution and tool use.
4
Korneva, T. V. "Geometric Images on Pebbles and Stone Tablets in the Paleolithic of Northern Eurasia: Comparative Analysis and Possibilities of Interpretation." Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 41 (2022): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2022.41.57.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is devoted to geometric images (also called “abstract” and “non-figurative”) on pebbles and stone tablets that are represented in the context of cave and open Paleolithic sites of Europe and Russia. Terms such as “geometric image” and “symbolic image” reflect different approaches to the study of non-figurative images - morphological and semiotic. Geometric images chronologically appeared earlier than figurative ones: the first evidence of nonutilitarian activity in the form of notches and strokes is known at the sites of the Acheulean time, and for the Middle Paleolithic their number reached several dozen. With the onset of the Upper Paleolithic, the heyday of Paleolithic art begins. Since the Magdalenian, there has been a sharp development of non-figurative art, which reached its apogee in the final Paleolithic. It was during this period that Azil pebbles appeared, and geometric images on stones became serial and standardized, primarily in Western Europe. Pebbles and stone tablets with signs are found on the territory of Central and Eastern Europe, the Urals and Siberia, up to Kamchatka. Some geometric images are found both in mobile and in rock art, but in most cases, it is impossible to consider the signs separately from the object on which they are applied. Pebbles and stone tablets are usually decorated with different motifs. They existed in different contexts and cultures: tablets were more often used as a base in the Magdalenian, and pebbles – in the Azilian. They probably had different meanings and were created for different purposes. The technique of image creation was also important: it is no accident that drawings made with paint rarely have analogies among engraved images, even within the one site. The application of the semiotic approach allows us to identify groups of images that can be considered elements of sign systems. The Azilian pebbles of Western Europe can be attributed to the sign systems. Stone objects with geometric images from Eastern Europe and Siberia do not form such a unity: they are represented by single artifacts, diverse in morphology, age, technique and the type of the stone object. Some objects found at the sites of the Northern Asia, from the Urals to Kamchatka, show similarities with European artifacts. However, such examples are rare, and similar stones with geometric images were found at sites very remote from each other, so it is too early to draw conclusions about their relationship.
5
Banović, Ivan, Jure Radnić, and Nikola Grgić. "Geotechnical Seismic Isolation System Based on Sliding Mechanism Using Stone Pebble Layer: Shake-Table Experiments." Shock and Vibration 2019 (March 27, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9346232.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using a shake-table, the effects of several stone pebble layer parameters (the layer thickness, the fraction of pebbles, the pebble compaction, the pebble moisture, the vertical contact stress below the foundation, and the effect of repeated excitations) on layer aseismic efficiency were investigated. For each considered parameter, a model of a rigid building on an aseismic layer was exposed to four different accelerograms, with three levels of peak ground acceleration (PGA), while all other layer parameters were kept constant. For each test, the characteristic displacements and accelerations were measured. Based on the test results, the main conclusions regarding the effect of the considered parameters on the effectiveness of the adopted aseismic layer are given.
6
NOVICHIKHIN, A. M. "Stone Weights from Gorgippia." Ancient World and Archaeology 19 (December 18, 2019): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0320-961x-2019-19-367-375.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two stone weights, which are large rounded stones (pebbles) with signs applied to them, found in archaeological excavation of Gorgippia Weights belong to the Hellenistic time. The first weight with the inscription ΤΡΕΙΣ (three) weighing 1 518 g corresponds to three mines of the Persian weight system. The second weigh weighing 5 730 g has a sign Μ (40), indicating the weight of fortythirds of the mines of the Euboean-Attic weight system. The monogram ΠΑ on the opposite side of the stone may evidence, that the weight indicated on it was approved by the corresponding magistracy in Panticapaeum.
7
Rose, Jeffrey I. "New Evidence for the Expansion of an Upper Pleistocene Population out of East Africa, from the Site of Station One, Northern Sudan." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14, no. 2 (October 2004): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774304000137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Evidence for a hunter-gatherer range-expansion is indicated by the site of Station One in the northern Sudan, a surface scatter of chipped stone debris systematically collected almost 40 years ago, though not studied until present. Based on technological and typological correlates in East Africa, the predominant use of quartz pebbles for raw material, and the production of small bifacial tools, the site can be classified as Middle Stone Age. While often appearing in East African assemblages, quartz was rarely used in Nubia, where ferrocrete sandstone and Nile pebble were predominantly used by all other Middle Palaeolithic/Middle Stone Age populations. Additionally, façonnage reduction is characteristic of lithic technology in East Africa in the late Middle Stone Age, while Middle Palaeolithic industries in the Nile Valley display only core reduction. It is proposed this assemblage represents a range-expansion of Middle Stone Age hunter-gatherers from East Africa during an Upper Pleistocene pluvial.
8
Shen, Yinlan, Xingchen Yan, Hui Liu, Guofang Wu, and Wei He. "Enhancing the In-Plane Behavior of a Hybrid Timber Frame–Mud and Stone Infill Wall Using PP Band Mesh on One Side." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040773.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditional village dwellings in China consisting of timber frames with mud and stone infill walls represent an important part of cultural heritage and civilization. Due to the lack of an effective link between the wood frame and the infill and the poor cohesiveness of clay, the masonry infill can collapse during an earthquake, whereas the wood frame suffers minimal damage. In this study, current retrofitting techniques for village buildings were investigated and discussed. A method using polypropylene (PP) band mesh and cement mortar to retrofit the timber frame with a mud and stone infill was proposed and the connection construction details were designed. In-plane static cyclic tests were conducted on two full-scale wood–stone hybrid walls reinforced on one side with different grid sizes of the PP band mesh. The failure behaviors of the reinforced and non-reinforced sides of the specimens were compared, and the failure mechanics and seismic capacity of the two specimens, i.e., the strength, stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation, were investigated. The results were also compared with those of a previous frame with stone infill without pebbles and no reinforcement. The study indicated that the retrofitting method strengthened the integrity and lateral resistance of the hybrid structure and prevented the collapse of the stone infill of the reinforced surface in a plane earthquake. The grid size of the PP band mesh substantially affected the lateral performance of the reinforced specimens. The hybrid wall with the narrow PP band mesh grid (150 mm × 150 mm) had a higher lateral stiffness (79%) and lateral capacity (50%) than the wall with the wide grid (250 mm × 250 mm). However, the narrow PP band mesh resulted in a lower ductility of the wall than the wide PP band mesh. The involvement of pebbles in the stone infill led to collapses sooner and a weaker lateral resistance than in the structure without pebble infill.
9
Sorrentino, Giusi, Laura Longo, Theodor Obada, Alessandro Borghi, Alessandro Re, Marco Paggi, and Alessandro Lo Giudice. "Tracing Old Gestures: A Multiscale Analysis of Ground Stone Tools Developed on Sequential Lab-Controlled Replicative Experiments." Heritage 6, no. 6 (June 10, 2023): 4737–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6060252.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents an analytical procedure developed to replicate, document, and analyse the formation and evolution of use-wear traces on task-specific ground stone tools. The purpose of this study is to build a reference collection for wear patterns that occurred during the processing of vegetal resources, specifically those compatible with the MIS 3 period. To create the collection, riverine slabs and pebbles were utilised and various aspects related to their use in the transformation of aerial and underground plant organs were explored. Moreover, the feasibility of using perishable supports, such as a wooden base, for processing tasks was examined. The experiments explored the transformation of pebble stone surfaces during repeated cycles of processing plant organs by monitoring and recording the features at fixed intervals. Several variables that affect the surface texture, morphology, distribution, and extent of use-wear traces are identified and discussed. The influential factors under control included the petrographic and morphological characteristics of the unused stones, the type and amount of transformed vegetables, and the duration of the process, as well as monitoring human factors. The documentation strategy applied at various stages of the experiment was found to be suitable for tracing the cumulative development of wear. The replicative collection was tailored to the morphological and petrographic characteristics of the ground stone tools retrieved from the level attributed to the Prut River culture of Brînzeni I, a cave site located in NW Moldova.
10
Choudhary, Sandeep, and Nupoor Dewangan. "A Review-on Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Pervious Concrete by Various Shape and Sizes of Aggregate." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: A mixture of concrete and a water level of 0.35. Normally flowing concrete has little or no aggregate and has just enough cement to cover the coarse particles while maintaining the voids. In this paper the effects of aggression combined on concrete compression strength and PC stiffness, cubes were studied using experiments. The coarse aggregate shape used by the flaky is a penetrating effect but also reduces the power of the PC. cubes tossed using standard size, 20-10mm, 10-4.75mm green stones, pebbles and standard collections. It is well known that different types of mixing produce different levels of performance when applied to concrete mixes of given mixes and water / cement ratios. Flaky is a term used for flat and thin aggregates in terms of their width and height. Weak ratings will reduce the performance of the concrete mix and may affect long-term durability. Three compounds of PCs were prepared in different types of composites [stone, angular and stone]. The study concluded that the integrated type has a significant impact on PC properties. And finally review some of the exploratory methods currently being developed to find a continuous concrete and summarize the research methods under consideration. Keywords: No fines concrete, Pervious concrete, Pebbles, flaky and elongates aggregate.
11
MAENO, Norikazu. "Curl Mechanism of a Curling Stone on Ice Pebbles." Bulletin of Glaciological Research 28 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5331/bgr.28.1.
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12
Dzikowski, Bartosz, Jerzy Weremczuk, and Marek Pachwicewicz. "Acceleration-Based Method of Ice Quality Assessment in the Sport of Curling." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite the significant influence of ice conditions on results in the sport of curling, players and ice technicians lack a measurement device that would objectively measure ice quality during a curling competition. This paper presents such a new measurement method by using a device consisting an inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the handle of the curling stone and data processing software. IMU is used to measure the vibration of curling stone during its movement on the surface of the ice. The acceleration signal is recorded, and then the software calculates the value of so-called R parameter in frequency domain. The value of R allows one to determine if an ice sheet had been pebbled and if the shape of pebbles is suitable for the game of curling. The presented system was tested in various ice conditions—on both freshly prepared and used ice. Ice technicians and players may use the proposed system to decide whether the ice surface is suitable for play or if it should be remade.
13
Ribeiro, S., E. M. B. Santos, G. C. R. Garcia, and J. A. Rodrigues. "Elastic Work and Fracture Energy of Concretes Made with Crushed Stones and Pebbles Aggregates." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1215.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work examines the elastic work and fracture energy of a mortar and two concretes using the wedge splitting method to attain stable crack propagation. A comparison was made of the fracture energy in mortar and concrete using two different aggregates: crushed stone and pebbles, both with sizes between 4.8 and 9.5 mm. The mortar was made of sand, Portland cement and water, using a cement: sand ratio of 1:2. The water content was 0.46 of the cement mass. The samples were molded and then cured for seven days at 25oC in 100% relative humidity. After curing, the samples were dried at 55oC for 48 hours. The concretes were produced using the same procedure, but with the addition of the aggregates. The amount of aggregate was 10 wt.% of the total weight of cement plus sand. After curing and drying, the samples were subjected to the wedge splitting procedure. The tests were carried out at a constant displacement rate of 0.030 mm/min. The following results were obtained: elastic work: 80.4 ± 0.6, 114 ± 9 and 110 ± 12 mJ, and fracture energy: 30.3 ± 0.6, 40 ± 1, and 40 ± 5 J.m-2, respectively, for the mortar and for the concretes containing crushed stone and pebbles. These results allow us to conclude that the aggregates improved the elastic work and the fracture energy of the concretes. However, the type of aggregate did not make any difference to the properties. These findings contradict what is generally known, i.e., “that concrete produced with pebbles is inferior to concrete made with crushed stone”, at least insofar as it concerns the energies associated with the fracture process.
14
Neradovsky, Y. N., Y. A. Miroshnikova, A. A. Kompanchenko, and A. V. Chernyavsky. "On unique stone beaches on the Arctic coast of the Kola Peninsula." Vestnik MGTU 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2021-24-1-46-56.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The results of studies of 11 stone beaches on the coast of the Barents Sea in the area of the Teriberskaya Bay have been presented. The studies were carried out from 2017 to 2019. As a result of the work, the structure of the beaches, their size, the composition of clastic material and the relationship with bedrocks were studied in detail. The genetic link between beaches and sea terraces has been established. Special attention has been paid to the morphology of beach clastic material, the conditions of its formation, and its role in abrasion activity. It has been shown that the clastic material of the beaches mainly corresponds to boulders equal to 100-1,000 mm, to a lesser extent to pebbles 10-100 mm, and rarely - gravel 1-10 mm. Individual boulders reach 2,000 mm. Sandy fractions in the composition of beach sediments are practically absent. The roundness of the fragments is high, semi-circular and rounded grains predominate, the most perfect shape of the rounded fragments is a biaxial ellipsoid or egg. Perfectly rounded boulders and pebbles in some areas account for up to 30 % of beach deposits. Measurements of the parameters of the egg-shaped pebbles have shown that they are close to the parameters of the "golden section" of the egg, i. e. meet the most durable form, resistant to destruction. Thus, the process of abrasion of the beach debris is directed towards their acquisition of the most energetically stable state. This suggests that the original shape of the debris contained a solid core in the form of a biaxial ellipsoid.
15
Christiansen, Morten H., and Maryellen C. MacDonald. "Fractionated working memory: Even in pebbles, it's still a soup stone." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 1 (February 1999): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99251783.
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Serikov, Yu B. "STONE INVENTORY OF THE III BEREGOVAIA SITE OF THE GORBYNOVSKY PIT BOG (MIDDLE TRANSURALS)." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 4, no. 1 (2022): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-4-1-108-125.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The coastal sites of the Gorbunovsky peat bog have been studied by archaeologists since pre-war times. However, not all identified complexes are fully published. The article publishes previously unknown materials from the Stone and Bronze Ages of the 3-rd Coastal site. Statistical-typological, tracological and mineralogical methods were used in the analysis of stone products. The study of the stone inventory made it possible to identify features uncharacteristic for settlement complexes (Paleolithic bifaces, trapezes with side recesses, comb stamps, pendants, unusual types of tools). Among the non-utilitarian items, stone pendants, stripes and ochre-colored objects should be noted. The inhabitants of the peat bog made extensive use of the local raw material base. The list of mineral raw materials reaches 20 names, which represent the composition of local pebbles. The products made of volcanomictics and stone, siliceous shales and milky quartzdominate on the site.
17
BRADY, KEVIN, OLIVIA LELONG, COLLEEN BATEY, LOUISE GIDNEY, RUBY CERÓN-CARRASCO, JENNIFER MILLER, and SUSAN RAMSAY. "A Pictish burial and Late Norse/Medieval settlement at Sangobeg, Durness, Sutherland." Scottish Archaeological Journal 29, no. 1 (March 2007): 51–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e147157670800020x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Salvage excavation was carried out on an archaeological site, discovered during the North Sutherland Coastal Zone Assessment Survey in 1998, in dunes at Sangobeg, near Durness in northern Sutherland. The excavation, conducted in 2000, uncovered the fragmentary remains of probable Norse-period settlement, including stone walling, a hearth and occupation deposits that had been truncated by erosion. Sealed beneath the Norse-period remains was the burial of a child of indeterminate sex, aged between 8–10 years, who had been placed in a flexed position on a bed of quartzite pebbles and covered with a mound of clean sand, capped with larger quartzite stones. The burial was dated by radiocarbon to 170 cal BC–cal AD 30 (GU-12535).
18
Kurbanov, R. N., A. G. Rybalko, and T. A. Yanina. "Chronology and Periodization of Paleolithic Complexes of South-Eastern Dagestan (Based on the Evidence from the Darvagchai-Zaliv-4 Site)." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0161-0166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the results of interdisciplinary research at the Darvagchai- Zaliv-4 site. Long-term excavations at the site have revealed archaeological evidence confirming the presence of three complexes of artifacts belonging to different periods. A preliminary chronological framework of stone industries has been proposed based on malacofaunal analysis and paleomagnetic studies. For establishing the exact age, absolute dating of all geological horizons of the site was carried out using the OSL method, yielding thirteen dates which make it possible to determine the age of cultural horizons at the site. The collection of artifacts from the first complex is distinguished by Levallois splitting technique and typical Middle Paleolithic toolkit; the artifacts were located in the paleosoil horizon (layer 1b). Chronologically, this horizon belongs to the Riess-Wurm (Eem, Mikulin) interglacial in the interval of 125,000-110,000 BP (MIS 5e). Artifacts of another complex discovered in layer 3 (pebble-gravel deposits) belong to the Final Acheulean. Their age corresponds to the chronological range of 250,000-220,000 BP (MIS 7). The collection of stone objects from layer 5 (sea pebbles and sands) belongs to the Late Acheulean and testifies to the earliest appearance of ancient humans in that territory in 370,000-330,000 BP (MIS 11-10).
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Derevianko, A. P., A. V. Kandyba, Khac Su Nguyen, S. A. Gladyshev, Gia Doi Nguyen, V. A. Lebedev, A. M. Chekha, A. G. Rybalko, V. M. Kharevich, and A. A. Tsybankov. "THE DISCOVERY OF A BIFACIAL INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 3 (September 21, 2018): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.3.003-021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study deals with the origin of bifacial industry in the Lower Paleolithic of Southeast Asia. We describe stone tools from the stratifi ed sites of Goda and Rocktyng near the town of Ankhe, Vietnam. The lithics represent a homogeneous industry characterized by uniform Lower Paleolithic techniques of primary and secondary reduction. Cores and tools were made of pebbles, and some tools were manufactured on fl akes. The tool-kit includes bifaces, pics, becs, carinate end-scrapers, various types of side-scrapers, choppers and chopping tools, denticulate and notched pieces. Bifaces and pics are the principal types. Primary reduction was aimed at manufacturing simple pebble cores with cortex striking platforms, whereas radial and orthogonal cores are less frequent. Tektites found with the lithics were dated by 40K/38Ar-method to 806±22 and 782±20 ka BP. We propose to name this industry the Ankhe culture. It likely emerged by convergent evolution of the pebble-fl ake industry associated with the fi rst wave of Homo erectus migration from Africa 1.8–1.6 million years BP, and is unrelated to the Acheulean tradition introduced by the second migration wave from Africa.
20
McNiven, Ian, and Peter Hiscock. "Small unifacial pebble cores from Fraser Island, southeast Queensland." Queensland Archaeological Research 5 (January 1, 1988): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/qar.5.1988.164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the 1970's Lauer (1977, 1978) identified and collected numerous surface scatters of stone artefacts from Fraser Island in an attempt to reconstruct prehistoric Aboriginal activities. The assemblages which he recovered displayed a wide range of artefact forms, including some which had not previously been described. One class of artefact, which Lauer (1978:65-6) termed the "pebblescraper", has a distinctive morphology which he interpreted as a reflection of a woodworking function. In this paper we argue that many of these artefacts are cores made on small, thin pebbles, and that their morphology reflects an attempt by prehistoric knappers to effectively work small pieces of stone
21
Hayden, Brian. "Insights into early lithic technologies from ethnography." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1682 (November 19, 2015): 20140356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0356.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Oldowan lithic assemblages are often portrayed as a product of the need to obtain sharp flakes for cutting into animal carcases. However, ethnographic and experimental research indicates that the optimal way to produce flakes for such butchering purposes is via bipolar reduction of small cryptocrystalline pebbles rather than from larger crystalline cores resembling choppers. Ethnographic observations of stone tool-using hunter-gatherers in environments comparable with early hominins indicate that most stone tools (particularly chopper forms and flake tools) were used for making simple shaft tools including spears, digging sticks and throwing sticks. These tools bear strong resemblances to Oldowan stone tools. Bipolar reduction for butchering probably preceded chopper-like core reduction and provides a key link between primate nut-cracking technologies and the emergence of more sophisticated lithic technologies leading to the Oldowan.
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Русинова, Ирина Ивановна. "Stones in the Folk Magic and Medicine of Russians in the Perm Territory: Types, Names, Methods and Rules for Use." ТРАДИЦИОННАЯ КУЛЬТУРА, no. 4 (November 25, 2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26158/tk.2021.22.4.002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Статья посвящена описанию видов, названий, способов и правил использования камней в народной магии и медицине русских Пермского края. Материалом исследования послужили мифологические тексты региона, лексические материалы из пермских и других русских диалектных словарей, этнографические сведения. В источниках встречается около 20 названий таких камней. Наиболее частотной единицей является номинативное сочетание «громовая стрела». Громовой стрелой называют разные виды камней: белемнит, фульгурит, гематит, мелкие окатыши, камень со сквозным отверстием. Это сочетание также может обозначать кусок дерева или металла, используемые для лечения. На основе изученных материалов установлены следующие способы использования камней в народной магии: диагностика болезни, «зачерчивание» больного места, применение настоев на камнях и порошка для приготовления лечебного раствора или засыпки ран; использование искр от камня; «перевод» болезни на камень; плевание на камень; постукивание камнем по больным зубам; длительный контакт с камнем для воздействия на внутренние болезни. Все эти действия обычно сопровождаются заговорами. Существуют определенные правила использования громовой стрелы: камень нельзя передавать другому человеку, нельзя делить, иначе он потеряет свою магическую силу This article describes the types, names, methods and rules for the use of stones in the folk magic and medicine of Russians in the Perm Territory. The materials of the study include mythological texts from the region, materials on the vocabulary of Perm, as well as other Russian dialect dictionaries and ethnographic data. The sources mention about 20 names of stones. The name “thunderstone” is the most frequent, and refers to different types of stones: belemnite, fulgurite, hematite, small pebbles, and stones with holes that go through them. This name may also refer to a piece of wood or metal used in medicine. On the basis of the material analyzed the following uses of stones in folk practices have been identified: using them to diagnose disease; to “outline” a sore spot; the use of stone infusions and powder to prepare a healing solution or to sprinkle on wounds; using sparks from a stone; “translating” disease to a stone; spitting on a stone; striking sick teeth with a stone; and long contact with a stone to alleviate internal sickness. All of these actions are accompanied by a spell. There are specific rules for the use of stones; in the case of a thunderstone, the stone can’t be given to another person and it can’t be divided or cut; otherwise it will lose its magic power.
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Lamprecht, Roman, Gert Goldenberg, Markus Staudt, and Peter Tropper. "Stone Tools from Prehistoric Mining Sites in North Tyrol, Austria: Typology – Terminology – Material Properties." METALLA 26, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/metalla.v26.2022.i2.141-164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mining archaeological field prospections and excavations conducted by the Research Center HiMAT at the University of Innsbruck yielded proof of extensive copper ore mining from the late Middle Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age (1300 - 700 BC) in the mining regions of Kitzbühel-Jochberg and Schwaz-Brixlegg in Northern Tyrol. This paper deals with stone tools collected at prehistoric mining sites and focusses on their typology, material properties and the problem of terminology. Petrographic analyses show a conscious selection of special stone materials for different applications. Typically, hard and tough metamorphic rocks collected from river gravel banks or glacial deposits of alpine valleys were used as raw materials for tool production. In general, well-rounded pebbles and boulders of amphibolite, garnet-amphibolite and eclogite were the preferred rock type used for percussion tools. According to the archaeological evidence, such stone tools were mostly used in the ore beneficiation process (crushing, to some extend also grinding) and have only rarely been found in connection with underground mining activities. For further beneficiation processes (grinding), other properties of the stone material such as abrasive capacity were required. In this context, boulders of orthogneiss/gneiss were the favoured rock material for netherstones (anvil stones and lower grindstones) and upper grindstones. The investigation of hafting modifications visible on stone tools shows that several hafting methods can be discussed, and that cords from plant fibres as well as straps of animal skin/leather could have been used for this purpose. Analysis of traces of wear provide information on the former function of the stone tools as well as on their practical application.
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Kwon, Young-il, Tae-whan Kim, and Sang-hyup Choi. "Analysis of muscle mobilization patterns and stop position of stones during sweeping each section of curling hog to hog." Korean Journal of Sport Science 32, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/kjss.2021.32.1.170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This is to provide essential data for training necessary for sweeping through the analysis of muscle activity generated at this time and how much sweeping and what trajectory moves the stone when the movement of the stone is controlled through sweeping. Methods To check and record the distance between the stones by checking the stop position of the stone made by sweeping each section, the length (progress distance) and width (progress direction) were recorded using a reference table and a record preparation table. With the EMG attached, a total of 60 sweeps were made 20 times each from the beginning of the section to the end of the section. Sweeping subjects were asked to sweep as much as possible under the same conditions in all three sections. Results As a result of the study, the muscle mobilization patterns of the 1st and 2nd sections of the stone with the faster speed and the 3rd section with the stone's slower speed appeared differently. It was confirmed that the sweeping motion of curling is a motion that is used evenly among the muscles of the upper extremity, and it can be verified that it is a suitable item for the development of upper body muscles. Also, the right deltoid's muscle activity rate during push and the right triceps brachii during pull was high. Conclusion Each section of the stone's sweeping effect is an exercise that has many variables, such as changes in atmospheric temperature and humidity, changes in ice temperature, temperature-size-number of pebbles, and the edge state-resilience of stones, etc. It is judged that experience can cope with these variables and requires training.
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Ansari, Samsad Hussain, and Mahesh Ram Patel. "An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Pervious Concrete by Various Shape and Sizes of Aggregate." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44008.
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Abstract: For many projects water cutting on the highway and in parking lots is a big issue especially during heavy rains as the pavements and floors are often inadequate. This results in significant investments in repairing and deploying storm water drainage systems, which may be trapped during large-scale flow. Three compounds of PCs were prepared in different types of composites [stone, angular and stone]. The study concluded that the integrated type has a significant impact on PC properties. And finally review some of the exploratory methods currently being developed to find a continuous concrete and summarize the research methods under consideration. Keywords: No fines concrete, Pervious concrete, Pebbles, flaky and elongates aggregate.
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Choudhary, Sandeep, and Nupoor Dewangan. "Study on the Various Properties of Rigid Pavement Concrete Using Different Types of Waste Materials." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: A mixture of concrete and a water level of 0.35. Normally flowing concrete has little or no aggregate and has just enough cement to cover the coarse particles while maintaining the voids. In this paper the effects of aggression combined on concrete compression strength and PC stiffness, cubes were studied using experiments. The coarse aggregate shape used by the flaky is a penetrating effect but also reduces the power of the PC. cubes tossed using standard size, 20-10mm, 10-4.75mm green stones, pebbles and standard collections. It is well known that different types of mixing produce different levels of performance when applied to concrete mixes of given mixes and water / cement ratios. Flaky is a term used for flat and thin aggregates in terms of their width and height. Weak ratings will reduce the performance of the concrete mix and may affect long-term durability. Three compounds of PCs were prepared in different types of composites [stone, angular and stone]. The study concluded that the integrated type has a significant impact on PC properties. And finally review some of the exploratory methods currently being developed to find a continuous concrete and summarize the research methods under consideration.
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Ansari, Md Shamshad Hussain, and Mahesh Ram Patel. "A Review on Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Pervious Concrete by Various Shape and Sizes of Aggregate." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1829–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: A mixture of concrete and a water level of 0.51. Normally flowing concrete has little or no aggregate and has just enough cement to cover the coarse particles while maintaining the voids. In this paper the effects of aggression combined on concrete compression strength and PC stiffness, cubes were studied using experiments. The coarse aggregate shape used by the flaky is a penetrating effect but also reduces the power of the PC. cubes tossed using standard size, 20-10mm, 10-4.75mm green stones, pebbles and standard collections. It is well known that different types of mixing produce different levels of performance when applied to concrete mixes of given mixes and water / cement ratios. Flaky is a term used for flat and thin aggregates in terms of their width and height. Weak ratings will reduce the performance of the concrete mix and may affect long-term durability. Three compounds of PCs were prepared in different types of composites [stone, angular and stone]. The study concluded that the integrated type has a significant impact on PC properties. And finally review some of the exploratory methods currently being developed to find a continuous concrete and summarize the research methods under consideration.
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Bushozi, Pastory Magayane. "Middle and Later Stone Age Symbolism." Utafiti 15, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-15010020.
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Abstract The archaeological remains found in the Mumba rock-shelter in northern Tanzania – where continuous deposits span from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) to the historical period – provide a unique opportunity to study trends in technology and behavioural change of early humans. Developments in symbolic thought may be evident in the production and use of ochre pigments, beads and rock art. At this site, beads and other symbolic artefacts are represented in varying quantities through the late MSA, the Later Stone Age (LSA), Neolithic, and post Stone Age cultures. Such beaded ornaments were made from various raw materials including ostrich eggshells, stone pebbles, and arthropod shells. Ancient beading technologies, discovered at Mumba and other MSA sites across the East African region, contribute to clarifying the origin and development of representational cognition in the distant past. These artefacts also reveal components of personal identity and creative expression, whose recorded remains are patchy and infrequently discussed in Sub-Saharan Africa. From a Darwinian perspective, these archaeological finds demonstrate the empirical issue of environmentally selected human responses to local stimuli. They are remnants of the synergistic adaptation that led more generally to the broader technological innovations and behavioural changes occurring through the late Middle Stone Age and later flourishing universally during the Late Stone Age culture.
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Falótico, Tiago, and Eduardo B. Ottoni. "The manifold use of pounding stone tools by wild capuchin monkeys of Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil." Behaviour 153, no. 4 (2016): 421–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003357.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of pounding stone tools (PSTs) is a customary behaviour in several wild populations of capuchin monkeys; most of these monkeys use PSTs primarily to open hard palm nuts. Here, we describe the use of PSTs in two not previously studied groups of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) in Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP), northeastern Brazil, and compare them to other groups and populations. Capuchins from SCNP are one of the only known population that habitually use PSTs for several purposes other than nut processing, including cracking seeds and fruits, breaking and/or enlarging holes in tree trunks or rocks, and pulverizing pebbles. Moreover, they use PSTs sequentially with probe stick tools to access hidden prey. The average size of PSTs was larger than the average locally available stones, suggesting active choice. The two groups exhibited more diversity in the use of PSTs than any other known population to date.
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Timoshchenko, A. A., O. A. Mitko, A. A. Morozov, V. S. Zubkov, A. I. Poselyanin, Ya V. Frolov, Yu V. Teterin, R. V. Davydov, and I. S. Polovnikov. "Excavations of the Tesin and Tashtyk Graves at the Sagayskaya Protoka 2, 5 and 8 Burial Yards." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 1020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.1020-1027.
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In 2021, the Sagai archaeological team of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS excavated four funerary and memorial complexes in the construction zone of the «Second track on the Chаrtykovsкy - Kamyshta stretch of the Krasnoyarsk railway». Mound 2 of the Sagayskaya protoka 2 burial ground contained 11 graves. Traces of diverse funeral rites were noted: intact corpses and partial burials of adults and infants in stone boxes and ground pits without stone structures. The grave inventory is poor - vessels and two iron objects (a knife and a buckle). Petroglyphic images were noted on the slabs of the boxes. Among them, there is a composition of the battle of two warriors, one of whom is on skis. At the site of the “Single kurgan Sagayskaya protoka 5”, Tesinsky graves 1 and 3 were made in the stone ceiling of the Saragash grave. In grave 1, two adults were buried. A partial burial (grave 2) was found at some distance. The burials are tentatively dated to the range of the 1st century BC - 1st century AD. In addition to the burials, an excavation trench was established revealing cultural layer containing roughly made stone tools from river pebbles, fragments of animal bones and ceramic vessels with ornaments typical for the Tashtyk pottery. In the areas associated with burial mound 6 (burial site Sagayskaya protoka 2) and burial mounds 1 and No. 2 (burial ground Sagayskaya protoka 8), 39 cult sites were recorded. By their construction, the sites can be classified into several groups: ground pits with animal bones and vessels under the stone work ceiling; ground pits with the remains of wooden posts; ground pits filled with rubble stones; slabs with the edge dug in the ground or tumbled down. The features of the ceramics make it possible to attribute the graves to the Tashtyk culture.
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MONNIOT, FRANÇOISE. "A new Octacnemidae (Ascidiacea) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Zootaxa 2864, no. 1 (May 3, 2011): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2864.1.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new deep sea Octacnemidae (Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia) was collected by IFREMER during the Hydrosnake cruise on the N.O. Nadir in July 1988 with the submersible Nautile. The site is located on the Mid-Atlantic ridge, in the Kane fracture zone at 2100m depth. The substratum consists of masses of fallen basalt blocks lying on black pebbles. A single specimen was attached to an easily breakable black stone with manganese particles. This ascidian represents the second specimen of the genus Myopegma Monniot & Monniot, 2003 previously known from the Pacific Ocean off New Calédonia.
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Serikov, Yu B. "STONE TOOLS OF THE NEOLITHIC SETTLEMEMT JURINSKOE (KOCHAROVSKY PEAT, MIDLE TRANS-URALS)." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 1 (56) (2022): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2022-1-72-85.
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The article analyzesthe complex of stone products from the Yuryinskoe settlement excavated by V. F. Starkov in 1964. The settlement is located on the south bank of Kocharovsky peat (Sverdlovsk region). In the centreof the settlement,a famous cultic site of the Neolithic epoch –Kocharovsky hill –is situated. On the settlement,a small admixture of Mesolithic and Eneolithic stone products is presented. Mesolithic is represented by micronuclei and insert plates. The Eneolithic complex consists of single arrowheads and platesof regular faceting from rare types of jasper. The main part of the stone inventory belongs to the Neolithic epoch. The stone splitting technology was fo-cused on obtaining plates 1.5–2.5 cmwide. The plates were processed mainly by dorsal retouching. The plates served as the initial semi-finished product for the manufacture of knives, arrowheads, spear-head, scrapers,and points. Dou-ble-sided retouching was used to process arrowheads and knives. For the manufacture of chopping tools (axes and adzes) and knives, abrasive technique was also used. From other products on the settlement, abrasives, tool blanks, slats, pestles, a bump and fishing sinkers were identified. A special feature of the complex is the presence of a large number (up to 57 %) of stones without processing, pebbles and debris. On the settlement,a variety of mineral raw materials obtained from local sources were used. Almost 30% of the products have preserved the primary crust. In the collection,the products made of gray siliceous rock, siliceous shale and volcanomictic sandstone dominated. Flint, chalcedony, quartz, jasper, quartzite, granodiorite, sandstone and slate were applied less frequently. Tuff, car-nelian and asbestos were used only singly.
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Oladoja, Nurudeen A., and Imohimi O. Asia. "Studies on the Use of Fortified Kaolinitic Soil-Clay in Industrial Wastewater Treatment." Water Quality Research Journal 40, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2005.054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study aimed to design an uncomplicated, reliable, technologically simple and low energy consuming decentralized wastewater treatment system using kaolinitic soil-clay fortified with stone pebbles to enhance the permeability to water. Soilclay samples were obtained from different deposits in Nigeria viz: Auchi (AU), Ozanagogo (OZ) and Ubulu-Uku (UB). The geochemical analysis of the soil-clay samples was done using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The mineralogical analysis, studied with an X-ray diffractometer, revealed the presence of kaolinite as the domineering clay mineral present. Illite was also found in the clay OZ and AU (6.50% and 0.50%, respectively). Composite wastewater samples were obtained from brewery, textile and polymer industries. Performance efficiency studies were conducted to determine the best combination ratio of pebbles/soil-clay. Soil-clay fortified with pebbles in combination ratios of 1:3 (i.e., pebbles: soil-clay = 1:3 [w/w]) showed optimum water treatment while the combination 3:1 gave the least. The flow rate studies showed that the wastewater had a longer residence time in non-fortified soil-clay than in fortified soil-clay. Two modes of treatment methods were employed: single and double column treatment (SCT and DCT). The two methods gave effluents with goodquality characteristics but those from the DCT were of better quality. The quality of effluents also varied from one fortified column to another. The fortified column containing OZ exhibited the best performance while UB showed the least performance in the entire treatment processes. Results obtained from the studies on the effects of repeated use on the performance efficiency of the fortified soil-clay showed that the pH of effluents decreased with time toward acidity; the amount of TS also decreased with time; and, as the COD value increased, depletion in the DO was also recorded.
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Antonovic, Dragana, and Josip Saric. "Stone tools from locality Crkvine in Stubline." Starinar, no. 61 (2011): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1161061a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Stone artifacts from excavations in Crkvine in 2008. originate from two stratigraphic units, both chronologically defined as the final stage of the Vinca culture: 1. distruction layer above and 2. from the floor of House 1/2008. None of the stone artifact types showed any specific regularity in vertical distribution. However, in the southern part of the Structure/House 1 there is higher abundance in horizontal distribution of both types of tools. Abundance of cores, blades for rejuvenation of the cores and unretouched blades among the chipped artifacts suggest that, most probably, this object was a working place where the artifacts were made (Fig. 9/1). Ground stone artifacts - all rought-out and final products, whole and fragmented pieces, ground-edge and abrasive tools, are equally distributed in the House 1/2008 as well as in the distruction layer above it. Only non-determined fragments and pieces of raw material, both defined as products of making stone tools, are far more numerous in the distruction layer above the House 1/2008. Higher concentrations of finds are situated in the House 1/2008, especially in its southern part, on the floor and above it, while the number of finds out of the House significantly decreases (Fig. 9/2). Such distribution of ground stone artifacts indicates that the production of stone artifacts was done within the household (large number of flakes of ?light white stone?, presence of grindstone and whetstone), as well as that there occurred active preparation of food within the Vinca?s objects (querns and pounders within the houses). Findings of numerous quartzite, chert and jasper pebbles out of the House 1/2008, 2 metres away from the northeastern angle of the House (pottery group 1), could not be connected with production of chipped and ground stone artifacts. There are no any traces of treatment and utilization on the pebbles, and the pebbles themselves do not belong to raw material of good quality due to small dimensions and numerous natural fractures. We suppose that the pebbles present waste material and that the Pottery group 1 represented a dump place next to the house. It is possible that this stone material was crushed and added in clay used for making pottery vassels. This conclusion is done on the basis of two facts: within the Pottery group 1there were found numerous ceramic fragments that could not be used for reconstruction of any vessel, and ceramics from the locality Crkvine was baked from soil with lot of fine grained quartzite. Taking into consideration that only the small part of the setlement (practically one hose) was excavated in 2008, it is still too early to make general conclusions about the mentioned distribution of the stone findings. Moreover, in this part of the locality, the Vinca layers are disturbed by a necropole from 17-18. centuries, and maybe that could made increasing of stone findings distribution abouve and around the graves, in southern part of the House 1/2008. Obsereved as whole, with all defined basic types of chipped artifacts, this collection does not provide observation of possible local characteristics which could specifically and obviously indicate big diferences between material of the Late Vinca and older neolithic period. Number of samples is too small with prevailed unretouched flakes and blades which represent more than a half of the findings, while the retouched samples show an average degree of production quality. The artifacts do not exhibit unusual and for previous periods unknown technological procedures in making tools. The retouched artifacts fit to the already defined typological frame which, at the end of the Neolithic, unequivocally announce gradual degradation and slow extinction of the technology which has labelled the largest period of prehistory and established the fundament of civilization. The largest significance of this small collection is obvious in the presence of white and grayish-green chert artifacts, which indicate the same primary sources of raw material. These sources were most probably used by population of the locality Kremenite njive in Barajevo and Salitrena pecina in the vicinity of the Brezdje village, near Valjevo. Typology and raw material structure from Trench 5/2008 in Crkvine in a whole are in accordance with the general image of the ground stone industry in the final stage of the Vinca culture. Among the tools prevailed abrasive artifacts (grindstones, whetstone, pounders and querns), while ground-edge tools are significantly rare appearing only as adze or as extremely rare occurrences of chisle. Non-defined fragments are most abundant , at first place the flakes made of ?ligth white stone? representing half-fabricates of the polished stone industry. This implies that the production of tools from this raw material was local in character, possibly even organized within households. The habitants of this Late Vinca settlement, according to the raw material used for their massive tools, most probably have undertaken stone exploitation from quarries. Striving to select appropriate row material for making high quality querns, they discovered a greywacke deposit and used the same raw material for making other abrasive tools as well. The presence of other rock types indicates that alluvium material in the vicinity of the locality was possibly used, as well. The presence of abundant ?light white stone? artifacts confirms that the raw material was exploited from a narrow local area. Utilization of this type of raw material cannot be connected with the ? ligth white stone? found on contemporaneous localities in the vicinity: magnesite was used in Vinca, diatomite on Ilica brdo, tuff in Crkvine near Mali Borak. It is most likely that each settlement exploited deposits of the given stone type in its immediate vicinity. The Late Vinca settlement in Crkvine had a surface of more than 16 ha, however, only a small area (in 2008 two trenches of total surface of 89 m?) was so far archaeologicaly investigated. Accordingly, the conclusions about raw material exploitation, production and usage of stone tools are considered preliminary. Metal is not registered in Crkvine, but we assume that its existence was known to the habitants of this settlement, and that they even used it. It is confirmed by a finding from the structure 1/2008. It is represented by ceramic figurines who carry perforated hamer-axes of the the Plocnik type made from copper, as well as by the fact that small metallic tools for ephemeral usage appear in even in Early Neolithic settlements. If the stone tools were used only as cheaper replacements of those made of metals, than the careless behaviour of the habitants from the Vinca settlement in Crkvine towards the ?out-of-date? types of tools and the production of good quality grind tools, probably used in additional mechanical treatments of metallic tools are not unusual.
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Belousova, N. E., M. V. Seletskiy, and A. Yu Fedorchenko. "Tools for Stone Raw Material Treatment in the Initial and Early Upper Palaeolithic Industries of the Ust-Karakol-1 Site (Excavation Area, 1986)." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 22, no. 3 (March 2, 2023): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-36-48.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose. This article studies tools for stone raw material treatment found in the Ust-Karakol-1 site collection in Altai (excavation area, 1986).Results. We have established that the latest industry of this site, tentatively correlated with the Middle stage of the Upper Palaeolithic, includes one hammer made of the endcore of fine-grained sedimentary rock. We have identified a pebble hammer flake and retouchers made of coarse-grained sedimentary rocks in the Ust-Karakolian horizon of the Early Upper Palaeolithic. The site inhabitants used flattened and end natural surfaces of pebbles’ fragments for retouching, in some cases the base was additionally modified by flakes. We only recorded tools for pecking on the horizons of the Early Upper Palaeolithic Kara-Bomian tradition. These tools are distinguished by the secondary use of cores and technical flakes as bases, the choice of workpieces from homogeneous fine-grained volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and the use of subrectangular sections of the flaked surface with pronounced edges. These tools are characterized by several working zones and intensive modification of the original relief as a result of utilization.Conclusion. We consider the noted features of percussive-abrasive tools at different stages of site settlement are conditioned by technological and raw material strategies of the bearers of the Early and Initial Upper Palaeolithic traditions, their economic and cultural stereotypes.
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Stepanova, Kseniya, Anna Malyutina, Alexander Bessudnov, and Evgeny Girya. "Personal Ornaments from Kostenki 17, Layer II: Manufacturing, Usage and Cultural Context Within the Initial Upper Palaeolithic of Eastern Europe." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp221193220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Layer II of Kostenki 17 has yielded one of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic assemblages in Eastern Europe. In addition to lithic and bone implements, the collection includes numerous ornaments with perforated holes made from fox teeth, petrified remains and soft stones. This collection of ornaments is unique in both the variety of raw materials and the peculiarity of manufacturing technologies. The paper presents the results of a use-wear study of these ornaments, designed to answer the questions about how the raw materials were selected and processed, how the finished adornments were used and what could have been the ways of their getting into the cultural layer. All petrified remains as well as pebbles and faunal materials come from local sources. The processing of belemnite rostras involved a rather complex sequence of different techniques from drilling and engraving to termo-chemical surface treatment. Cutting and abrasion were used to produce some pendants made of soft stone. It is shown that the set of techniques used to make stripes of fox teeth was more diverse than previously thought.
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Hlavenchuk, A. V. "FLINT RAW MATERIALS ON THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT ANETIVKA 2 IN THE GRANITE-STEPPE AREA OF THE SOUTHERN BUG REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 45, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.04.06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In modern research of the habitats of people of the late Paleolithic, mainly mineral raw materials and products were removed from the cultural layer, as they are the least susceptible to destruction over time. Archaeological site Anetivka 2, is located in the granite-steppe area of the Southern Bug, allows to present the width and intensity of use of mineral row matireals. During the excavations, about 2000 m2 of the site area was studied and a huge collection of stone and bone products, faunal finds was collected. The age of the site according to radiocarbon dating is 18—19 thousand years, which corresponds to the maximum of the last glaciation. The production complex of Anetivka 2 is characterized by the presence of a complete cycle of flint splitting: from split pebbles and nucleus to ready-made tools and hunting weapons. The flint industry of the site represents a spectacular feature of Epigravettian.
The industry of stone knapping and production of tools and hunting weapons at the site Anetivka 2 is based on the flint raw materials. The flint has a different quality and different degrees of patination. The flint raw materials that had been brought to the settlement of Anetivka 2 for use were of different sizes, primary and secondary occurrence, in the form of nodules, pebbles, tiles. The flint has different geological origin: from the layers of both the Upper Cretaceous and Sarmatian age. Widespread local flint (the so-called «Bakshalsky», such as Anetivka 13) is mainly in the form of nodule. To the recent, the outcrops of such flint can be observed near the confluence of the river Bakshala in the river Southern Bug. Flints, like other minerals from Anetivka 2, provides an example of the use of both local, nearby, easily accessible raw materials and stone raw materials that were delivered from afar.
The mineral raw materials of Anetivka 2 (including flint) have been studied for many years by a geologist and petrographer Victor F. Petrun (both in the field and laboratory — macroscopic and microscopic studies using a polarizing microscope). In 1991—1994, Victor F. Petrun, was a direct participant in the Anetian Paleolithic expedition, which explored the site of the Anetian region.
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Yurgenson, G. A., and P. V. Moroz. "The River Pebbles and Boulders of Transbaikalia as Sources of Raw Materials in the Stone Age." Humanitarian Vector 13, no. 6 (2018): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2018-13-6-94-104.
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Hutsal, Anatolii, Vitalii Hutsal, and Oleksandr Mohylov. "A Mound of the Early Scythian Period near Shutnivtsi Village in Middle Dnister Region." Arheologia, no. 4 (December 23, 2022): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.04.083.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is dedicated to the description of the mound no. 5 contents near Shutnivtsi village of Kamianets-Podilskyi region, Khmelnytskyi Oblast. The monument was explored in 1999 by the Expedition of Kamianets-Podilskyi University and headed by A. F. Hutsal. The height of the mound was 0.5—0.6 m, the diameter — 8 m. The embankment consisted of soil with stones. Under the embankment, after rabotage, there were discovered the remains of stone structures concentrated above and around the grave. In section, they had a shape close to the square with dimensions of 5.5 × 4.5 m. Its outer contours were limited by large stones. They lay in three parallel rows close to each other. Between them and on top of them there were small stones. Under the mound there was found a burial vault with four pillars. It was located along the northwest-southeast axis. Its dimensions were 2.3 × 3.35 m, the depth was 0.95—1.0 m. The north-western wall of the burial chamber was obviously lined with stones. The floor of the crypt was paved with stone tiles. They were closely adjacent to each other, but in the southern part of the grave and in the western corner the tiles were taken away by robbers. There were pillar pits in each corner of the grave. They were round in section. Their bottom was paved with stone tiles. Depth: 0.97—1.15 m; diameter: 0.71—0.75 m. All the pits were filled with stones and grey earth, and below them there was clay, sand, and pebbles. Only wooden decay remained from the pillars. The thickness of the pillars was 0.2—0.3 m. They could have supported the wooden structure of the ceiling of the crypt. The burial chamber was heavily robbed. Almost all inventory was removed or stolen by them. Only some areas survived. In the northern corner of the crypt, on a stone floor tile, a part of the lower human jaw, four bronze pins and a piece of ocher were found. The clay ladle and fragments of the pot were found near the south-western wall. The bronze arrowhead was discovered in the eastern corner. Most of the objects were moved from their original place. Parts of the bones of the human skeleton were found in the burial pit. Fragments of several ladles, two pots and a bowl were examined in different places. About 265 glass beads and their fragments were also discovered in the grave. The mound can be dated to the early Kelermes period (middle — second half of the 7th century BC). It could have belonged to a wealthy family of one of the local communities. It can also be assumed that the people buried in the mound might have been the clergy of a religious body.
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Kufel-Diakowska, Bernadeta, Justyna Baron, Aneta Buchner, Michał Lipert, and Izabela Ziewiecka. "Functions of early Iron Age handstones. Experimental and traceological approach." Praehistorische Zeitschrift 95, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2020-0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe multi-faceted analyses proved that the community of early Iron Age settlement (7th century BC) at Milejowice in SW Poland used easily accessible, erratic pebbles of similar shapes for various purposes. Referring to the results of our experimental work, we examined a collection of 46 stone objects found in various contexts. Using microscopic analysis of use-wear, we identified the handstones for grinding grain and plant stalks and also used for pottery production (grog obtaining) and decoration (red pigment powdering). Some of the handstones served for only one purpose, while the other might have been used to process both hard and soft materials. The distribution of the handstones in the settlement area showed that they were strongly associated with household activities which included both food processing and pottery manufacturing.
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Umudi, E. Q., E. Adaikpo, I. E. Obukohwo, J. Igborgbor, and A. Egheneji. "Evaluation of Kaolin as Adsorbent for Chlorine Reduction in Seawater from Forcados/Ogulagha Axis of Southwest Delta State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 2 (May 3, 2022): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i2.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper evaluates the use of three Nigerian clay types Otorho (OT, Abbi (BB) and Umutu (UM) as adsorbent for the reduction of chlorine in seawater from (Forcados/Ogulagha aix in Southwest Delta State using XRD X ray diffraction and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The alumino silicate nature of the clays was confirmed by the presence of SiO2 and Al2O3 and the presence of other elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Ti) in trace quantities. Percolation rate studies showed that clay UN had the lowest while OT had the highest. Clays fortified with stone pebbles in ratios 1:3 in columns in one flow-through and three flow troughs were used in different arrangements. Fortified clay (UM) gave the highest percentage reduction of 99.9%, BB clay 98.0% and OT clay 99.2%. The results showed that clay UM removed >99% of chloride.
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Czajkowski, Michael, and Andrew V. Okulitch. "An unusual stone circle, Chilcotin Range, British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 12 (December 2011): 1523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A unique circular feature of uncertain origin lies above the tree line on the eastern flanks of the Coast Range of British Columbia, Canada. It is composed of white, fractured, angular cobbles to boulders predominantly under 1 m across, arrayed in a slightly flattened circle nearly 50 m in diameter with the ring mostly about 4 m in width. The felsic granitoid lithology of the circle is unlike any in the immediate region, and no clasts of this composition occur within the circle. The debris rests on soliflucted soil containing rounded pebbles to cobbles of granodiorite that forms the regional lithology. The age of the circle is deglacial with post-glacial modification. Given the absence of similar lithologic units in the region and no obvious symbolic purpose for such a feature, an anthropogenic origin for the circle is improbable. Mechanisms for transporting the foreign rock unit to its final location, distributing fragments into a circle, and preserving it include flow of alpine and fringing continental ice masses, deglaciation, freeze–thaw cycles, and post-glacial solifluction and erosion. One large slab was either entrained within or fell onto a flowing glacier from some unknown outcrop at least 2 km from the site of the circle. During deglaciation, the insulating cap preserved the ice beneath it forming an isolated stagnant mass of ice. Freeze–thaw cycles likely affected the slab when it was on the surface of the ice, but it remained coherent, otherwise glacial flow or meltwater streams might have scattered loose clasts. Once the ice became stagnant, continued freeze–thaw cycles eventually created a rubble pile, which slid off the presumably symmetrical mass of ice to become arranged in a roughly circular ring. Having lost its protective cover, the ice melted and subsequent solifluction slightly modified the ring.
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Pankhurst, Richard. "The Indian Door of Tāfāri Mākonnen's House at Harar (Ethiopia)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1, no. 3 (November 1991): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300001206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indian commercial relations with the Red Sea area, and in particular with Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, date back to the dawn of history. Craftsmen from the sub-continent were also active in the Ethiopian region for many centuries, most notably in the early 1620s when “a noble Indian” there is said, by the Jesuit Affonso Mendes, to have thrown white pebbles into the fire, as he had seen done in Cambay, and to have thereby produced “a very glutinous lime”. The then ruler of the country, Emperor Susenyos, was reported by another of the Jesuits, Manoel de Almeida, to have shortly afterwards given orders for the construction of a stone bridge which was erected by a craftsman from India. The latter, according to a contemporary Ethiopian chronicle, was a Banyan called Abdāl Kerim who was also responsible for building Susenyos a palace at his capital Dānqāz.
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Jones, Andy M., Jane Marley, Henrietta Quinnell, Steve Hartgroves, Richard P. Evershed, Anna Lawson-Jones, Sue Jones, et al. "On the Beach: New Discoveries at Harlyn Bay, Cornwall." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 77 (2011): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000645.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1990 a stone covered pit containing a Trevisker Ware vessel was found eroding from the cliffs at Harlyn Bay and excavated. The vessel contained cremated bone from several individuals with some animal bone, quartz pebbles, and a small bronze pendant. A radiocarbon date on the cremated bone fell in the range 2120–1880 calbcand is a valuable addition to the small number of securely-dated Early Bronze Age burials in Cornwall with metalwork associations. This early date also makes a major contribution to the debate on the sequence of Trevisker Ware as the vessel, of gabbroic clay, has a band of incised chevron decoration. Lipid residue analysis showed traces of ruminant dairy fat. This paper examines the significance of unmounded burial sites in Cornwall and also assesses the importance of Early Bronze Age burials around Harlyn Bay which have produced an unusually wide range of artefacts.
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Zhang, Xiangyu, Guanghai Shi, Guowu Li, and Xin Li. "Weathered Cortex of Eluvial–Deluvial Jadeite Jade from Myanmar: Its Features, Formation Mechanism, and Implications." Minerals 12, no. 7 (June 22, 2022): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070797.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Myanmar is the principal provider country of high-quality jadeite jade in the world, including so-called primary and secondary stones. The secondary stones occur as rounded pebbles, boulders, and blocks in eluvium–alluvium and often hold varying degrees of weathering. Unlike common rocks, such as granite, gabbro, schist, gneiss, and amphibolite, secondary jadeite stones frequently have weathered cortexes that vary in appearance, depth, texture, and mineral components compared with those of inner primary bodies. In this study, representative samples of secondary eluvial–deluvial jadeite stones with varying weathered cortexes were selected, and their appearances, textures, mineral components, and chemical composition features were analyzed. Their weathered cortexes were red, yellow, white, or black, and were 0.01–1.80 cm thick. The cortexes were opaque, often with soil luster and a fansha phenomenon. The body of the jade was usually translucent, and green and white in color. Along the border between the weathered cortex and the body of a certain jade stone, the textures were the same for the successive grain sizes. The only difference was that there were more cracks, cleavage planes, and fissures in the cortex. Jadeite was the main mineral component of both; however, minor late-stage supergene minerals (such as gibbsite, kaolinite, and halloysite) and Fe-bearing colloidal minerals were identified along the grain boundaries in the cortex. Studies of the textures and mineral components of weathered cortexes have gemmological applications including the identification and grading raw jadeite, as well as its design and carving. Moreover, such studies might provide information for improving our understanding of the unique weathering processes of monomineralic aggregates relative to multiple-mineral rocks, as well as gambling jadeite jade pieces through analyzing their cortex.
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Berdnikov, I. M., N. E. Berdnikova, I. V. Ulanov, K. A. Krutikova, M. E. Abrashina, D. P. Zolotarev, and T. A. Abdulov. "New Data on the Mesolithic of the Southern Angara Region (Based on Materials of the Priyut Sukacheva 2 Site)." Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 29 (2019): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2019.29.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The results of archaeological works carried out in 2017 at the Priyut Sukacheva 2 site (Irkutsk) and analysis of the Mesolithic stone industry are presented. During the excavation, we uncovered the Pleistocene and Holocene deposits and identified two cultural layers. Mixed and poorly informative materials were found in the 1th layer, which is dated, in accordance with the ceramics, to a wide period from Neolithic to the Middle Ages. The most interesting finds of this layer are a flint zoomorphic figurine and a sandstone bait fish. The most representative is the collection of the 2nd layer. Three fireplaces made of pebbles were found here, which were severely destroyed because of cryogenic processes at the end of the Early – beginning of the Middle Holocene. The collection includes almost 6 thousand finds, among which were noted: debitage, cores and precors, end-scrapers (the most numerous category), incisors, borers, points, combined and notched tools, abrasive tools, preforms of tools, a knife, a side-scraper, pebbles and pieces of rock. The collection also consist of a few faunal remains (Equus ferus, Cervidae and ungulates). According to the specificity of lithic assemblage and the presence of large fireplaces, we can assume that there was a short-term settlement of hunter-gatherers. Here, the primary stone knapping was carried out, that indicated by the finds of cores, precors, flakes, and pieces of rock. Along with this, intensive economic activities were carried out, which was probably associated with various works on skin dressing, processing bone and wood. Despite of the lack of radiocarbon dates, the lithic assemblage of the 2nd layer is sufficiently expressive for a detailed comparison with materials from other sites. As a result of the collection analysis, the greatest similarity with the Late Mesolithic complexes of the Lisikha site, located on the opposite bank of Angara river, was found. Both sites have a similarity in the preferences of the inhabitants in the choice of raw materials (mudstone), the shape of cores and tools, and the stratigraphic position of the archaeological materials. Taking into account all the data, the age of complexes from the 2nd layer at the Priyut Sukacheva 2 site should be determined by the Final Mesolithic (~9.5–8.5 ka cal BP). The results of stratigraphic analysis do not contradict these conclusions.
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Mamuladze, Shota, Kakhaber Kamadadze, and Emzar Kakhidze. "Avgia Church (Batumi, Georgia)." Światowit, no. 59 (June 27, 2021): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/0082-044x.swiatowit.59.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The church discussed in the paper is situated in Avgia, on the outskirts of Batumi. It is an early Christian period hall-type church with northern and southern wings. The ground plan of the whole structure resembles the well-known layout of the croixlibre. The whole building is 23.85 m long and 19.0 m wide – including the arms. It has a projecting semi-circular apse whose radius is 6.05 m. The main space of the church is divided into three parts. It consists of a transverse hall, which may have operated as a narthex, a hall, and an altar apse. The floor of the structure was covered with pinkish lime mortar, a mixture of small pebbles and ceramic powder. The only central entrance to the church was located on the west side. The northern annex had an entrance in the north-western corner, and the southern one – in the south-eastern corner. The church seems to have been built of rubble stone. The construction style, layout, and archaeological evidence from the site narrow down its chronology to the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
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Wang, Xi. "The discovery and characterization of handaxes in the Baise Basin, China - with a focus on the Fengshudao site." Journal of Korean Palaeolithic Society 47 (June 30, 2023): 31–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52954/kps.2023.1.47.31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper collates information on the current status of investigations and related handaxes in the Baise Basin over the last 50 years, focusing on the Fengshudao site, through a metrological analysis of handaxes Type,Shape, size, lithology and other attributes) and other areas (other sites in the Baise Basin, the Luonan Basin, the Imjin/Hantan River Basins , the Geum River Basin, the Yeongsan River Basin, the Acheulian handaxes in the western Old World) for comparative analysis and to understand their nature.
The Baise handaxe belongs to the pebble industry in southern China. Because its cultural attributes include Acheulean technology, it occupies a pivotal position in the pebble culture of southern China and Asia. From its discovery in the early 1970s to the present, in the past 50 years, relevant investigations and research have achieved scientific research results, which have attracted widespread attention from the international academic community. Therefore, Chinese academic circles have also begun to discuss the ‘Movius line’. At present, there are 41 sites containing handaxes in the Baise Basin, and a total of 499 handaxes have been found. Among them, 11 were excavated from strata, and the rest were collected from the surface.
The Fengshudao handaxes were basically made from large flakes and pebbles, with three types of stone: sandstone, quartzite and igneous rock. The sandstone is the most abundant and has the most stable ‘broadness’(B/L) and ‘flatness’(Th/B). According to the results of the metrological analysis, the ‘broadness’ (B/L) and ‘flatness’ (Th/B) indices of the Fengshudao handaxes are relatively high, and the ‘Pointness’ (B1/B2) index is relatively low. A comparison with other sites in the Baise Basin, the Luonan Basin, the Imjin/Hantan River Basins , the Geum River Basin, the Yeongsan River Basin, the Acheulian handaxes in the western Old World Acheulean handaxe shows that the Fengshudao handaxe is broader, thicker and has a more pointed base. In terms of industrial assemblages, handaxes and picks are common forms of assemblage in the Baise Basin, while Cleavers are rare, which is a clear difference from the Acheulian industry of the western Old World.
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Ogbe, Ovie B., Jerry Osokpor, Chukwunomso V. Emelue, and Azuka Ocheli. "Morphometric analysis of pebbles in verification of transport processes and interpretation of palaeoenvironment: A case study from the Ogwashi Formation (Oligocene), Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria." Geologos 29, no. 1 (May 8, 2023): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/logos.2023.29.1.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present paper discusses a palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Oligocene Ogwashi Formation (Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria) through morphometric analysis of pebbles, a research method essentially depending on the quantitative evaluation of pebble size and shape which change during transport processes in a range of depositional environments. The relationship of bivariate and ternary-diagram plots of independent functions was determined from freshly exposed sandstone sections in quarries at Ibusa, near Asaba, Nigeria. The grain size of pebbles ranges from fine (11.00 mm) to very coarse (41.33 mm), with a mean size of 21.05 mm (coarse pebbles). A bivariate plot of the flatness index vs maximum projection sphericity index shows 37% of the pebbles to fall within a beach (marine) environment, and 33% within a fluvial environment; the remaining 30% are uncertain. The maximum projection sphericity index vs oblate-prolate index bivariate plot indicates that 47% of pebbles fall within a marine environment and 22% within a fluvial environment, while the remaining 31% are uncertain. The sphericity-form ternary diagram plot shows that the pebbles primarily comprise bladed, platy, very bladed and very platy of near-equal proportions with minor elongate and very elongate stones, which suggests that the pebbles are diverse in origin. The sphericity-form bivariate plot indicates that the pebbles are largely of disc and blade shapes with a minor number of spherical and rod shapes. The near-equal proportion of pebbles in different segments of the bivariate and ternary diagram plots, and the wide distribution of the pebble grain sizes and shapes suggest the Ogwashi Formation is composed of redeposited sediments that likely were transported and deposited in a mix of marine and fluvial settings with possible transitional environments. In other words, the pebbles can be interpreted as marine-influenced fluvial sediments in marginal-marine settings.
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Pavlenok, K. K., G. D. Pavlenok, S. A. Kogai, G. Mukhtarov, and М. Khuzhinazarov. "Raw Material Selection Strategies in the Kulbulak Middle Paleolithic Complexes." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0216-0221.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper addresses analyses of the raw material of the Middle Paleolithic lithic complexes of the Kulbulak site (layers 12.1, 12.3, 14, 16, and 17.1). The lithic industries described in the paper are characterized by the nearest provenance of raw materials (within 1.5 km) including flint outcrops and alluvial effusive pebbles. Flint predominated; it was used for both Levallois and bladelet production, the bladelet share increases up the profile. Effusive rocks were used for large flake and point production through the Levallois and radial techniques. Other Middle Paleolithic raw material selection strategies were noted in the neighbor valleys (within 30 km from the Kulbulak site). Kattasai-1 and -2 and Ertashsai-9 show the preference of effusive or metamorphic rocks despite availability of flint in relative proximity. These industries do not have any Upper Paleolithic features in their technological repertoire and show practicing the Levallois technology in several versions. Such raw material choice could indicate the absence of the Upper Paleolithic skills in stone working or their uselessness. Thus, the Kulbulakian version of raw material procurement demonstrates the greatest variability in terms of technological necessity among mentioned Middle Paleolithic complexes.