Статті в журналах: "STIR CASTING METHOD"

1

Arulra, M., P. K. Palani, and L. Venkatesh. "Optimization of Process Parameters in Stir Casting of Hybrid Metal Matrix (LM25/SiC/B4C) Composite Using Taguchi Method." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 13, no. 11 (March 29, 2017): 6038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v13i11.5774.

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Aluminium based composites exhibit many attractive material properties such as increased stiffness, wear resistance, specific strength and vibration damping and decreased co-efficient of thermal expansion compared with the conventional aluminium alloys. Aluminium Matrix Composites consist of non-metallic reinforcement which offers advantageous properties over base material. Reinforcements like SiC, B4C and Al2O3 are normally preferred to improve the mechanical properties. Here Aluminum LM25 is selected as matrix material while Silicon carbide and Boron carbide are selected as reinforcement material. The fabrication of aluminium matrix was done by stir casting method. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of three major stir casting parameters (stir speed, stir duration and preheated temperature of reinforcement material) on stir casting of Aluminium LM25 - SiC - B4C composite. Experiments were conducted based on Taguchi methodology. Taguchi quality design concepts of L9 orthogonal array has been used to determine S/N ratio and through S/N ratio a set of optimum stir casting parameters were obtained. The experimental results confirmed the validity of Taguchi method for enhancing tensile strength of castings.

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2

Arulraj, M., P. K. Palani, and L. Venkatesh. "Optimization of Process Parameters in Stir Casting of Hybrid Metal Matrix (LM25/SiC/B4C) Composite Using Taguchi Method." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 13, no. 9 (February 22, 2017): 6475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v13i9.5777.

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Анотація:

Aluminium based composites exhibit many attractive material properties such as increased stiffness, wear resistance, specific strength and vibration damping and decreased co-efficient of thermal expansion compared with the conventional aluminium alloys. Aluminium Matrix Composites consist of non-metallic reinforcement which offers advantageous properties over base material. Reinforcements like SiC, B4C and Al2O3 are normally preferred to improve the mechanical properties. Here Aluminum LM25 is selected as matrix material while Silicon carbide and Boron carbide are selected as reinforcement material. The fabrication of aluminium matrix was done by stir casting method. In the present study an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of three major stir casting parameters (stir speed, stir duration and preheated temperature of reinforcement material) on stir casting of Aluminium LM25 - SiC - B4C composite. Experiments were conducted based on Taguchi methodology. Taguchi quality design concepts of L9 orthogonal array has been used to determine S/N ratio and through S/N ratio a set of optimum stir casting parameters were obtained. The experimental results confirmed the validity of Taguchi method for enhancing tensile strength of castings.

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3

Asokan, Manivannan, Sasikumar Rathinasabapathy, Shaik Dawood Abdul Khadar, and Mohammed Sadique Khan. "Novel Combined Feeding Approach to Produce Quality Al6061 Composites for Heat Sinks." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (February 25, 2019): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0009.

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AbstractThis elementary work aims to address agglomeration and non-uniform dispersion of reinforcement particles in stir casting using Al6061 alloy (AA 6061) as a matrix and Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) as reinforcement particles. A novel combined feeding method of Encapsulate feeding technique & Two Step Stir Casting was developed & attempted to produce good quality composites by varying weight fractions of Aluminium Oxide (0 to 5 wt.%). The wetting agent Mg (2 wt.%) added in all castings to ensure better binding between ceramics and matrix. The SEM photomicrograph ensures homogenous dispersion of reinforcement particles by combined feeding method. The thermal properties of produced good quality composites are enhanced with increase in Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) from 0 to 5 wt.%.

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Jayakumar, E., Jibin C. Jacob, T. P. D. Rajan, M. A. Joseph, and B. C. Pai. "Processing and Characterization of Hypoeutectic Functionally Graded Aluminum – SiC Metal Matrix Composites." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.456.

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The present study describes the processing and characterization of hypoeutectic A319 functionally graded Aluminium metal matrix composite (FGMMC) reinforced with 10 weight percentage SiCp particles of 23 μm size. FGMMC’s are processed by liquid stir casting method followed by vertical centrifugal casting. Metallographic analysis of FGMMC casting reveals the influence of the centrifugal force on the gradation of various phases in the matrix and an increasing gradient distribution of SiC reinforcements gradually from inner towards the outer periphery forming different zones. Tensile and the compressive tests show that the variation in properties are structure sensitive and is confirmed by the dry wear tests. The study clearly depicts the gradient nature in the structure and mechanical properties of the FGM castings produced by centrifugal casting method.

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Ashok Kumar, R., and T. S. Krishnakumar. "Casting and characterization of Al6063/SiC nano composites produced using stir casting method." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 11 (2018): 23853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.177.

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Verma, Rahul, and Rohit Srivastava. "Development of WC-Feal Composite by Stir Casting Method." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.2.5.

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7

Naikar, Ravi C. "Charecterization of Al-Redmud Composite using Stir Casting method." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology V, no. XI (November 6, 2017): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2017.11015.

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8

Bisht, Jeevan Singh, Akshay Dvivedi, and Apurbba Kumar Sharma. "Fabrication and Characterization of MMCs Using Stir Casting Method." i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering 4, no. 3 (July 15, 2014): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jme.4.3.2728.

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9

Hashim, J., L. Looney, and M. S. J. Hashmi. "Metal matrix composites: production by the stir casting method." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 92-93 (August 1999): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(99)00118-1.

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10

Ezhil, S. Shenbaga, A. Shanmuganathan, Ganganagunta Srinivas, K. Ashokkumar, Sultan Althahban, S. Mousa, Faez Qahtani, Yosef Jazaa, and Nagaraj Ashok. "Optimization on Tribological Characteristics of Stir-Casted AA7076/Nano Zirconium Dioxide/Boron Nitride Hybrid Composites by Taguchi Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (July 18, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5706132.

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Aluminum alloys are currently used in a wide variety of industries, and strong aluminum alloys are required for the creation of new components. As a result, multiple scientists are experimenting with various compositions of hybrid aluminum metal matrix composites. The purpose of this experiment was to generate hybridization on aluminum alloy 7076 using stir-casting and nano zirconium dioxide and BN reinforcements. Taguchi’s approach was used to optimize the stir-casting process criteria in this investigation. The parameters employed in this investigation were agitation speed, agitation time, and temperature. The chosen constraints are the percentage of reinforcement (0–12%), the agitation speed, the agitation time, and the molten state temperature. We used a wear tester and a Vickers hardness tester to determine the wear and microhardness of the produced stir casting materials. By optimizing wear parameters, the least wear rate is determined.

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11

Ananth, G., T. Muthu Krishnan, S. Thirugnanam, and Tewedaj Tariku Olkeba. "Optimization on Stir Casting Process Parameters of Al7050/Nano-B4C Metal Matrix Composites." Journal of Nanomaterials 2023 (April 28, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3615093.

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Aluminum matrix composites are widely employed in aerospace, military, automobile, and transport applications. The high-strength with low-weight materials are required to fulfill the requirement of high-performance applications. The low-weight materials are reinforced with hard reinforcements to obtain high-strength-to-weight properties for using high-performance applications. The process parameters of fabrication technique define the mechanical and tribological properties. Many types of optimization tools are used for optimizing the process parameters of fabrication method. In this research, the aluminum alloy 7050 and boron carbide are selected as matrix material and reinforcement material. The fabrication of Al7050/B4C composites is produced by the stir casting method. The optimization on stir casting process parameters is done by using the Taguchi approach. The L9 orthogonal array is chosen for this investigation. The chosen input stir casting process parameters are wt% B4C, stirring time (10, 15, and 20 min), stirring speed (300, 350, and 400 rpm), and melting temperature (700, 750, and 800°C). The microhardness is selected as a valuable response parameter for optimizing the stir casting process parameters. The influencing stir casting process parameter sequence is determined by using mean table. The influencing parameters of stir casting on microhardness are stirring speed, stirring time, wt% B4C, and melting temperature. The 9 wt% of boron carbide addition increases the microhardness, and it is higher than the other wt%. The optimum combination of input process parameter combination is 9 wt% boron carbide, 750°C melting temperature, 350 rpm stirring speed, and 15 min stirring time (A3B2C2D2). The percentage of microhardness value improvement is 20.3%.

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12

Poovazhagan, L., K. Kalaichelvan, V. R. Balaji, P. Ganesh, and A. Kali Avudaiappan. "Development of AA6061/SiC_p Metal Matrix Composites by Conventional Stir Casting and Ultrasonic Assisted Casting Routes – A Comparative Study." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.384.

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The major problem associated with the fabrication of cast metal matrix composites is the agglomeration tendency of the particles in the metal matrix. The agglomeration of the particles in the metal matrix greatly reduces the mechanical properties of the fabricated composite materials. In this work, to reduce the agglomeration tendency of SiC particles in Al matrix, different weight percentages of SiC particles reinforced Al composites were fabricated by the conventional stir casting and the ultrasonic cavitation assisted casting routes. Results indicate that in both the methods, particle distribution was uniform upto certain weight percentage after that agglomeration of particles were observed. The mechanical properties of the as-cast composites were superior to that of the as-cast alloys. Composites fabricated by the ultrasonic cavitation method showed slightly better mechanical properties than the composites fabricated by the conventional stir casting route. From the consolidated results it was also observed that 10 weight % of SiCpreinforced composite fabricated by the ultrasonic cavitation method yields the better mechanical properties when compared to the other composites fabricated in this study. Keywords: Metal Matrix Composites, Stir Casting, Ultrasonic Cavitation, Mechanical Properties, Microstructure, Comparative Study

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13

Ervina Efzan, Mohd Noor, N. Siti Syazwani, and Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah. "Fabrication Method of Aluminum Matrix Composite (AMCs): A Review." Key Engineering Materials 700 (July 2016): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.700.102.

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Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) are increasingly become attractive materials for advanced applications including aerospace and automotive applications because of their properties can be tailored through the addition of selected reinforcements. On viewing from both scientific and technological aspects, their excellent mechanical properties and relatively low production cost makes them a very viable candidate for a variety of applications. This paper focused on the suitable and common methods used to fabricate the AMCs such as powder metallurgy, stir-casting, squeeze casting and compo-casting method. The advantages and disadvantages of those fabrication methods are discovered through this paper.

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14

Prasad, Tankala Satya. "Characterization and Fabrication of AZ31/SiC/Graphite Reinforced Metal Matrix Hybrid Composites by Stir Casting Method." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP4 (March 31, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp4/20201459.

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15

Sakthivelu, S., P. P. Sethusundaram, M. Meignanamoorthy, and M. Ravichandran. "Synthesis of Metal Matrix Composites through Stir Casting Process – a Review." Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 22, no. 1 (August 12, 2020): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0029.

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AbstractMetal is the one of the important material in engineering materials because of their high strength to weight ratio. However the pure metals cannot be used as engineering materials due to their ductile property. So, to improve their mechanical properties, some of the high strength materials (not metals) were added as reinforcement to improve the mechanical properties of pure metals and the newly developed material is called as metal matrix composites. At present, Aluminium, Copper, Magnesium, Titanium and Iron have been used as matrix materials and materials like TiC, SiC, B4C, WC, Cr3 C, TiO2, ZrO2, Gr, MoS2 and Si3N4 have been used as reinforcements. There are many processing techniques to fabricate metal matrix composites namely stir casting, ultra-sonic assisted casting, compo-casting, rheo casting, powder metallurgy technique, etc,. Among these, stir casting process is the most suitable and economical method to fabricate the metal matrix composites. In this article, an effort has been made to review the work of various researchers to fabricate metal matrix composites through stir casting process.

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16

Kannan, C., R. Ramanujam, T. Vijayakumar, and Amitabh Das. "Optimization of Stir Casting Parameters for Manufacturing Aluminium Based Nanocomposites Through Numerical Investigation." Advanced Science Letters 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 5816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12202.

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Due to technological advancements, nanocomposites are being considered as one of the candidate materials for manufacturing wide variety of automobile components such as brake rotors, pistons, cylinder liners and transmission housings etc. Due to lower manufacturing cost and simplicity, stir casting is the most common method to produce the nanocomposites. The final properties of nanocomposites produced through stir casting primarily depend upon the uniform distribution of nanoparticles, but then influenced by stir cast processing parameters. The influence of stir casting parameters such as stirrer blade angle (90°, 70° and 50°), rotating speed (400 rpm, 600 rpm and 800 rpm) on the better distribution of nanoparticles (2% by wt.) in the molten aluminium alloy matrix was investigated using finite element analysis. These casting parameters were also optimized to provide a fluid flow behavior that results in the effective distribution of nanoparticles. The validation of numerical results was done by manufacturing a nanocomposite at these optimized processing conditions. The microstructural evaluation of the developed nanocomposite revealed the uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the base matrix.

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17

Saravanan, S. D., and S. Sendhil Kumar. "Optimization of Casting Parameters on Al/RHA Composite Using Taguchi Method." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.291.

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In the present work, Taguchi method was employed to optimize tensile strength and hardness of the stir casted Al/RHA composite. The composites were prepared by varying stir casting parameters like stirring time (6, 9, 12 min), stirring speed (100,200,300 r.pm), and weight percentage of RHA reinforcement (6, 9, 12 %). All the experiments were conducted based on plan of experiments (L9 Orthogonal array) generated through Taguchi Technique. The individual influence of each process parameters on the hardness and tensile strength was determined by using analysis of variance. The result implies that the wt. % of RHA reinforcement was found to be a highly influenced parameter followed by stirring time and stirring speed. Finally, confirmation test was done to verify predictive model with the experimental results.

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18

Thayumanavan, M., and K. RVijayaKumar. "Investigation on Stir Casting Fabrication Method Issues Analysis of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 44–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/10716.

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Among the various types of manufacturing process methods for discontinuous metal matrix composite, stir casting is the best suitable manufacturing process to fabricate particulate reinforced metal matrix composite. Its benefit is its simplicity, durability, and adaptability. The main issue in this process is proper wetting of reinforcement in aluminium matrix material. Only proper wetting results in a homogeneous dispersion of reinforcement material, and these homogeneous dispersions help to improve the properties of metal matrix composite material. The purpose of this paper was to discuss the outline of the stir casting process, process parameters, and the contribution effect of process parameters. This paper also presents about of the conditions should follow during the addition of reinforcement material and matrix material pouring in mould cavity. This paper also discusses the conditions that must be met during the addition of reinforcement material and matrix material pouring in the mould cavity. This paper also looked into the impact and contribution of stirring casting time, speed, and temperature in aluminium metal matrix composites, as well as processing issues in aluminium metal matrix composites, challenges, and research opportunities.

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19

Kareem, Ansar, Jaber Abu Qudeiri, Asarudheen Abdudeen, Thanveer Ahammed, and Aiman Ziout. "A Review on AA 6061 Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Casting." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010175.

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In recent years, many alloys as well as composites of aluminium were developed for enhanced material performance. AA 6061 is an aluminium alloy that has extensive applications due to its superior material characteristics. It is a popular choice of matrix for aluminium matrix composite (AMC) fabrication. This study provides a review on AA 6061 aluminium alloy matrix composites produced through the stir-casting process. It focusses on conventional stir-casting fabrication, process parameters, various reinforcements used, and the mechanical properties of the AA 6061 composites. Several research studies indicated that the stir-casting method is widely used and suitable for fabricating AA 6061 composites with reinforcements such as SiC, B4C, Al2O3, TiC, as well as other inorganic, organic, hybrid, and nanomaterials. The majority of the studies showed that an increase in the reinforcement content enhanced the mechanical and tribological properties of the composites. Furthermore, hybrid composites showed better material properties than single reinforcement composites. The usage of industrial and agricultural residues in hybrid composites is also reported. Future studies could focus on the fabrication of AA 6061 nanocomposites through stir casting and their material characterisation, since they have great potential as advanced materials.

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20

Gacem, Amel, Moamen S. Refat, H. Elhosiny Ali, S. C. V. Ramana Murty Naidu, B. Beenarani, Pranjali Deole, S. Sandeep Kumar, S. Rama, Amnah Mohammed Alsuhaibani, and Abdi Diriba. "Optimization and Mechanical Characteristics of AA6061/Zirconia Nanocomposites Fabricated by Ultrasonic-Aided Stir Casting Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2453412.

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Using the Taguchi Grey response surface approach, this study investigates the effect of novel ultrasonic-aided stir casting conditions on the production of AA6061/zirconia nanocomposites. A Taguchi L16 orthogonal array was utilized to conduct the researches, which included ultrasonic power (1.75-2.5 kW), time (5-20 min), temperature (750-900°C), which can cause premature solidification, stir pressure (100-250 MPa), and reinforcement weight percentage (wt% of reinforcement). Ultrasonic-aided stir casting technique has five adjustable parameters (2-5). The ultimate tensile strength, elongation percentage, hardness, and size of the grain material were some of the metrics used to evaluate the process performance. It was decided to employ the response surface approach to model and optimize the numerous replies into one grey relational analysis. AA6061/zirconia nanocomposites were studied using statistical methods such as 3D surface plots and variance analysis. 2.2537 kW, 16.28 min ultrasonic duration, weight % of reinforcement of 1.9, stirring temperature of 700.73°C, and stirring pressure of 142.63 MPa were found to be the best parameter values.

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21

Satishkumar, P., C. Saravana Murthi, Rohinikumar Chebolu, Yenda Srinivasa Rao, Rey Y. Capangpangan, Arnold C. Alguno, Vishnu Prasad Yadav, M. Chitra, and Mahesh Gopal. "Optimizing the Mechanical and Microstructure Characteristics of Stir Casting and Hot-Pressed AA 7075/ZnO/ZrO2 Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 8, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6559014.

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The composite was made using the stir cast manufacturing method. Many parameters, like stirring speed, stirring time, ZrO2% reinforcement, and cast temperature, are evaluated in a Taguchi experimental design to see how they affected the composite properties. In terms of composite properties, ZrO2% reinforcement and the stir speed have the most significant impact. There were 25.02% gains in ultimate tensile strength and hardness, as well as a decrease in composite wear loss, when the optimal stir casting parameters were used compared to the initial stir casting settings. To get insight into the process and the qualities of the composite, the hot-pressing parameters were studied. Pressure, followed by temperature, is the most critical factor in determining the properties of composites. When a hot-pressing setting was determined to reduce the wear loss by a significant 39.3%, it was deemed perfect by the superranking concept. Under ideal conditions, hot-pressing procedures reduced wear loss by 40.8% while boosting ultimate tensile strength and hardness by 19.83% and 9.6%, respectively. The resulting microstructures and worn surface morphologies from stir casting and hot pressing show vastly different properties.

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22

Et. al., Kuldip Kumar Sahu,. "EFFECT OF DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES OF REINFORCEMENT DURING FABRICATION OF AL-BASED SURFACE HYBRID MATRIX METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 1339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i4.1203.

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Several deposition methods have been proposed for pre-deposition of reinforcement particle for preparation of surface metal matrix composite by Friction Stir Process. The method, which will effectively and homogeneously spread the reinforcement within processed zone, will be considered as best possible method.Homogeneous volumetric metal matrix composites can be fabricated by conventional casting and modified stir casting methods. Friction stir process (FSP) can be used as one of the best technique to fabricate surface modified metal matrix composites. In this research article, silicon carbide and graphite powder are used as reinforced materials and AA6061 is used as parent metal matrix material. FSP which is a versatile surface composite preparation technique is applied for fabrication of surface composite. Herein, single channel, multi-channel and perforated holes methods have been utilized for reinforcement deposition. As per the results, perforated blind holes method is reported as best method of pre deposition of powders. Finally, array of holes for pre-deposition of reinforcement powder improves approx 25% in ultimate tensile strength , 40% in micro-hardness and appreciable grain refinement are observed in metal matrix composite processed by FSP as compared to as received alloy.

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23

Anthymidis, Konstantinos, Kostas David, Pavlos Agrianidis, and Afroditi Trakali. "Production of Al Metal Matrix Composites by the Stir-Casting Method." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.614.

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It is well known that the addition of ceramic phases in an alloy e.g. aluminum, in form of fibers or particles influences its mechanical properties. This leads to a new generation of materials, which are called metal matrix composites (MMCs). They have found a lot of application during the last twenty-five years due to their low density, high strength and toughness, good fatigue and wear resistance. Aluminum matrix composites reinforced by ceramic particles are well known for their good thermophysical and mechanical properties. As a result, during the last years, there has been a considerable interest in using aluminum metal matrix composites in the automobile industry. Automobile industry use aluminum alloy matrix composites reinforced with SiC or Al2O3 particles for the production of pistons, brake rotors, calipers and liners. However, no reference could be cited in the international literature concerning aluminum reinforced with TiB particles and Fe and Cr, although these composites are very promising for improving the mechanical properties of this metal without significantly alter its corrosion behavior. Several processing techniques have been developed for the production of reinforced aluminum alloys. This paper is concerned with the study of TiB, Fe and Cr reinforced aluminum produced by the stir-casting method.

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24

Paulo Hang Jutanaiman, Sutan, and Anne Zulfia Syahrial. "Characteristics of Magnesium/B4C Reinforced Composite Fabricated by Stir Casting Method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 924 (October 14, 2020): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/924/1/012020.

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25

Annigeri Veeresh Kumar, Ulhas K. G. B. "Method of stir casting of Aluminum metal matrix Composites: A review." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 2 (2017): 1140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.130.

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26

Santos-Beltrán, A., V. Gallegos-Orozco, M. Santos-Beltrán, F. J. Baldenebro-Lopez, C. D. Gómez-Esparza, I. Ronquillo-Ornelas, and R. Martínez-Sánchez. "Recycled Al Reinforced with Oxide Nanoparticles Produced by Stir-Casting Method." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, S3 (August 2015): 1037–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761500598x.

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27

Babalola, P. O., C. A. Bolu, A. O. Inegbenebor, O. Kilanko, S. O. Oyedepo, and K. M. Odunfa. "Producing AA1170 Based Silicon Carbide Particulate Composite through Stir Casting Method." Asian Journal of Materials Chemistry 2, no. 3-4 (2017): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajmc.2017.ajmc-p49.

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28

Cyboroń, J., M. Karolus, P. Putyra, M. Dyzia, and W. Ratuszek. "Structure Properties of AlSi7Mg/SiC Composite Produced by Stir Casting Method." Acta Physica Polonica A 130, no. 4 (October 2016): 969–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.130.969.

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29

Suresh, S., N. Shenbaga Vinayaga Moorthi, and C. Emmy Prema. "Tribological and Mechanical Behavior Study of Al6061-TiB₂ Metal Matrix Composites Using Stir Casting." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.200.

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Анотація:

Metal matrix composites, produced by stir casting method, have more advantages when compared to other methods. Aluminium alloy Al6061 was reinforced with various percentages of TiB2 particles by using high energy stir casting method. The characterization was performed through EDS and SEM. The mechanical behaviours like hardness, tensile and wear were investigated. Wear experiments were conducted by using a pin-on-disc wear tester at varying load to evaluate the tribological property of Al6061-TiB2 composite. The wear mechanism was studied through SEM. In this study revealed that the addition of TiB2 improves the wear resistance of aluminium composites. The results showed that the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, wear resistance and hardness increased by the percentage of TiB2 present in the samples when compared with base aluminium alloy.

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30

M.T., Sijo, Jayadevan K.R., and Sheeja Janardhanan. "Simulation of mushy state solidification in stir casting." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-04-2017-0079.

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Purpose Stir casting is a promising technique used for the manufacture of Al-SiC metal matrix composites. The clustering of reinforcement particles is a serious concern in this production method. In this work, mushy-state solidification characteristics in stir casting are numerically simulated using computational fluid dynamics techniques to study the clustering of reinforcement particles. Design/methodology/approach Effects of process parameters on the distribution of particles are examined by varying stirrer speed, volume fraction of reinforcement, number of blades on stirrer and diameter ratio (ratio of crucible diameter to stirrer diameter). Further, investigation of characteristics of cooling curves during solidification process is carried out. Volume of fluid method in conjunction with a solidification model is used to simulate the multi-phase fluid flow during the mushy-state solidification. Solidification patterns thus obtained clearly indicate a strong influence of process parameters on the distribution of reinforcement particles and solidification time. Findings From the simulation study, it is observed that increase in stirrer speed from 50 to 150 rad/s promotes faster solidification rate. But, beyond 100 rad/s, stirrer speed limit, clustering of reinforcement particles is observed. The clustering of reinforcement particles is seen when volume fraction of reinforcement is increased beyond 10 per cent. When number of blades on stirrer are increased from three to five, an increase in solidification rate is observed, and an uneven distribution of reinforcement particles are observed for five-blade geometry. It is also seen from the simulation study that a four-blade stirrer gives a better distribution of reinforcement in the molten metal. Decrease in diameter ratio from 2.5 to 1.5 promotes faster solidification rate. Originality/value There is 90 per cent closeness in results for simulation study and the published experimental results.

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N, Nagendran, Shanmuganathan V K, Gayathri N, Suresh K, Aravindh S, and Prakash E. "Investigations on Mechanical Behavior of Al6061-TiO2-SiC Produced by Stir Casting." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.34 (September 1, 2018): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.19228.

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Fine mechanical and thermal properties of metal matrix composites make them more demanding in various fields such as automotive, aerospace and structural applications. In this paper an effort has been made to fabricate a metal matrix composite, Titanium-di-oxide and silicon carbide reinforced in Al 6061 matrix using stir casting method. The reinforcements were added in 2%, 4% and 6% of weight to Al6061 to fabricate the metal matrix composite. Castings were machined and the specimens were prepared for various testing. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and corrosion analysis were studied for various compositions of reinforcements. And then the reinforcement was analyzed and studied for the improvement of mechanical properties in the material.

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ARIHARAPUTHIRAN, Hemalatha, and Dhanalakshmi VENKADASAMY. "Effect of Stir Casting Process Parameters on Properties of Aluminium Composites – Taguchi’s Analysis." Materials Science 25, no. 4 (June 27, 2019): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.25.4.20864.

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The need for lightweight materials in various industries, increased fuel price, requirement of improved mechanical, thermal properties leads to the development of aluminium metal matrix composites. Stir casting method is employed for preparing composite consisting of aluminium die casting -12 alloy and reinforcement of 10 % by weight proportion of silicon carbide. Taguchi’s experimental analysis is employed for varying the process parameters of stir casting method like process temperature, stirring time and stirring speed. Tests were conducted to measure mechanical property like compressive strength, wear property such as sliding wear, micro abrasion and thermal property like coefficient of thermal expansion. An attempt has been made to study the unrelated properties like compressive strength, sliding wear resistance, micro abrasion wear and coefficient of thermal expansion of aluminium composites by Principal Component Analysis method. The experimental investigation shows that increase in processing temperature reduces sliding wear, micro abrasion wear and coefficient of thermal expansion and also increases compressive strength.

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Uliasz, Piotr, Tadeusz Knych, Marek Blicharski, and Marzena Piwowarska. "Semi-Friction Stir Processing the Method for Improvement of the Product Surface Layer." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.83.

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The paper deals with the application of semi-Friction Stir Processing (s-FSP) to the improvement of surface contact within the flange joints used in casings of high-voltage switchgears which are filled with electroinsulating SF6 gas. The goal of the research was to design the appropriate tool (shape and size) as well as to select parameters for this s-FSP process which results in the removal of casting defects from the surface layer of the final product. The characteristics of the proposed process is the redesign of a tool shape, which is not equipped with an element penetrating and stirring the material (pin). Moreover, the process does not require the usage of sophisticated devices or tilting the tool relative to the treated surface during the process. The elaborated process is useful for repairing the defective castings, and in the case of high-voltage switchgears, it allows to achieve the required tightness of the joints.

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Surojo, Eko, Hammar Ilham Akbar, Dody Ariawan, Aditya Rio Prabowo, Teguh Triyono, and Fahmi Imanullah. "Effects of Stir Casting Baffles on Hardness and Microstructure: Investigation of Designed Aluminum Composites." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 1584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-08-04.

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The increasing demand for lightweight material specifications has forced researchers to develop lightweight materials that are inexpensive, can be produced on a large scale, and are environmentally friendly. One solution that has been developed is an aluminum composite reinforced with sea sand. Indonesia has the second longest coastline in the world, which means that the country is rich in maritime resources, one of which is sea sand. The ceramic contents of SiO2, SiC, and Al2O3allow sea sand to be used as a reinforcement in aluminum composites for engineering purposes. The most effective manufacturing method of AA6061–sea sand composites is stir casting, but the homogeneity and distribution of particles are the main disadvantages of the stir casting method. Various factors affect particle distribution and homogeneity, one of which is the flow during the stirring process. The increase in turbulent flow in the stirring process affects the homogeneity and distribution of the particles. One way to create a turbulent flow when stirring is to add baffles. This paper examines the effect of adding baffles during the stir casting process on the mechanical properties of AA6061–sea sand composites. The mechanical properties of AA6061–sea sand composites were characterized using the Brinell hardness test according to ASTM E-10. The test results show that the addition of baffles during the stir casting process decreases the hardness of the AA6061–sea sand composites due to the turbulent flow that occurs. This makes the material more porous, which makes the AA6061–sea sand composites less hard. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-08-04 Full Text: PDF

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Venkatachalam, G., and A. Kumaravel. "Fabrication and Characterization of A356-Basalt Ash-Fly Ash Composites Processed by Stir Casting Method." Polymers and Polymer Composites 25, no. 3 (March 2017): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111702500305.

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This paper presents the characterization of A356 composite reinforced with fly ash and basalt ash produced by stir casting method. Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMC) are used in wide variety of applications such as structural, aerospace, marine, automotive etc. Stir casting is cost effective manufacturing process and it is useful to enhance the attractive properties of AMCs. Three sets of hybrid AMC are prepared by varying the weight fraction of the reinforcements (3% basalt + 7% fly ash, 5% basalt + 5% fly, 7% basalt + 3% fly ash). The effect of reinforcements on the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites such as hardness, tensile, compressive and impact strength were studied. The obtained results reveal that tensile, compressive and impact strength was increased when weight fraction of fly ash increased, whereas the hardness increases when weight fraction of the basalt ash increased. Microscopic study reveals the dispersion of the reinforcements in the matrix.

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Muhammad, Farooq, and Shawnam Jalal. "A Comparative Study of the Impact of the Stirrer Design in the Stir Casting Route to Produce Metal Matrix Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (September 22, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4311743.

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Aluminum matrix composites are widely utilized in many sectors, and their popularity is rising due to their ability to combine high mechanical characteristics with their lightweight. Stir casting is typically achieved in a closed crucible with an invisible flow pattern to produce aluminum alloy matrix composites. Researchers employed a hybrid method to optimize the stir casting parameters. The vast number of parameters and their overlap affects the uniform distribution of reinforcement particles. Investigators on their way to the best technique have gotten promising outcomes in their specific situations, but they still need more work to be able to generalize their findings to optimize the stirrer design to get efficient mixing. Due to an experimental technique alone is insufficient for optimizing stir casting parameters, researchers combined theoretical, experimental, statistical, and numerical simulation approaches to get more precise and reliable findings. The design of the experiment (DOE), particularly Taguchi, and other standard statistics such as ANOVA and regression were discovered to be the most often utilized statistical contributions. Recent attempts to simulate stir casting have begun to match the experimental or analog model data by developed numerical software and analytical analysis. Finally, previous study results and suggestions were collected and compared, arranged, revised, and presented simply about the proper stirrer design, stages, and position in that to make the paper unique.

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Singh, Karamjot, Gagandeep Kaushal, and Hazoor Singh Sidhu. "Development and Characterization of Aluminium Based Matrix Using 5% Fly Ash." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 3, no. 2 (November 5, 2014): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2014.3.2.715.

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Stir casting technique is a conventional and cheap method for the fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). In the present research, Al-6063 as matrix material and fly ash as particulate reinforcement was fabricated with the help of stir casting technique to produce low cost AMC. In this work, the effect of height of stirring blades was investigated with variable speeds. The wt% of fly ash kept constant to 5%. To obtain the influence of these parameters on the mechanical properties of cast samples, hardness test, Charpy Impact test and SEM/EDS were performed on the cast samples.

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Suhas Prakashrao Patil, Sandeep Sadashiv Kore, Satish Suresh Chinchanikar, and Shital Yashwant Waware. "Characterization and Machinability Studies of Aluminium-based Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites – A Critical Review." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 101, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 137–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.101.2.137163.

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Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are attracting automobile and aeronautical sector because of their superior mechanical and physical characteristics which ultimately reduce the weight of components and hence the energy requirements. These composites are prepared by adding various reinforcements into the base metal by the methods like stir casting, squeeze casting, stir and squeeze casting, sand casting, in-setu method, powder metallurgy etc. When more than one particle is added into the base metal; these composites are called as Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites (HMMCs). The machinability of these hard to cut materials is a challenging task in front of manufacturing industry. Present study considers turning operation of HMMC done on either lathe or CNC machine by using different cutting tool materials. This review focuses on effect of various cutting parameters like speed, depth of cut, feed and also the parameters like reinforcement particle type, particle size and weight percentage on the machinability issues like surface roughness, MRR, cutting forces, tool wear etc. Further the various optimization methods used to suggest the cutting parameters to obtain minimum surface roughness, minimum cutting forces, minimum tool wear and maximum Material Removal Rate (MRR) are addressed.

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Badran, A. H., Turki Alamro, Rabeea W. Bazuhair, Ahmed Ali Gad El-Mawla, S. Z. El-Adben, and Ahmed Fouly. "Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior of Synthesized Al6061/TiO2 Microcomposites Using an Innovative Stir Casting Method." Nanomaterials 12, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12101646.

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Aluminum composites are preferred in many kinds of applications such as aviation, space, automotive, and marine, owing to their outstanding properties, high strength, and corrosion resistance. The main objective of the current study is to evaluate the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 6061/titanium dioxide (micro-TiO2) microcomposite synthesized using the stir casting method. The effects of changes in stir casting parameters, such as stirring speed and tiring durations, were studied. Al6061 matrix was reinforced with micro-TiO2 particles with weight fractions of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.%. Microstructural and chemical analyses were conducted to explore microstructural transformation resulting from the presence of the TiO2 microparticles. The mechanical characteristics were evaluated, and the results showed a considerable enhancement in the mechanical strength and hardness resulting from the incorporation of micro-TiO2 into Al606. The additions of 2 wt.% and 5 wt.% of micro-TiO2 recorded the highest ultimate tensile strength and hardness, respectively.

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VADIVEL, M., and R. ASHOK. "MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ALUMINIUM HYBRID METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES BY STIR CASTING METHOD." i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 4 (2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jme.11.4.18110.

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ABDIZADEH, H., P. H. VAJARGAH, and M. A. BAGHCHESARA. "Fabrication of MgO nanoparticulates reinforced aluminum matrix composites using stir-casting method." Metallic Materials 52, no. 05 (2016): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/km_2015_5_319.

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Anthymidis, K. G., Kostas David, A. Trakali, and P. Agrianidis. "Characterization of Al Metal Matrix Composites Produced by the Stir-Casting Method." Key Engineering Materials 577-578 (September 2013): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.577-578.85.

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Composite materials which main constituent part is a metal are called Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). The other compounds may be metals too, ceramics or even organics. They are well known for their excellent thermo-physical and mechanical properties. Reinforcement is used to improve different properties of the main material, such as wear resistance, hardness, fatigue resistance, friction coefficient, thermal conductivity and others. As a result, during the last years, MMCs have found a lot of application in automobile industry for the production of brakes and parts of engines and in aerospace industry for the production of structural components, as well as in electrical and electronic industry and in many other applications. MMCs can be produced by many ways, such as, powder blending and consolidation, foil diffusion bonding, electroplating, spray deposition, stir-casting and others. In this research stir-casting was used as processing technique for the production of Aluminum matrix composites reinforced by ceramic particles and iron. The morphologies of the produced composite materials were examined using optical and SEM microscopy. The compositions of their micro structural features were determined by EDX spectroscopy. The phases formed were determined by XRD techniques. In the tribological tests, under dry wear conditions, the as-produced composites materials showed significant increased resistance to wear compared to pure Al metal.

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Dehghan Hamedan, A., and M. Shahmiri. "Production of A356–1wt% SiC nanocomposite by the modified stir casting method." Materials Science and Engineering: A 556 (October 2012): 921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.07.093.

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Su, Mingming, Han Wang, and Hai Hao. "Compressive Properties of Aluminum Matrix Syntactic Foams Prepared by Stir Casting Method." Advanced Engineering Materials 21, no. 8 (June 18, 2019): 1900183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201900183.

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45

Aynalem, Gebre Fenta. "Processing Methods and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Matrix Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (September 18, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3765791.

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Processing methods of aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) have been changing continuously considering the ease of manufacturing and the final quality of the desired composite. The most well-known processing techniques of AMCs such as stir casting, powder metallurgy, spark plasma sintering, squeeze casting, friction stir processing, liquid metal infiltration, spray codeposition, and reactive in situ techniques have elaborated here with their respective distinguishing features and mechanical properties of the fabricated composites. Moreover, this review paper contains the factors affecting the mechanical properties of AMCs as well as their clear justifications. The mechanical properties of AMCs are highly affected by the type of processing method, process parameters, and type, size, and composition of the reinforcing material. Concerning this, the mechanical properties of aluminium and its alloys are highly improved by adding a variety of reinforcing materials in a broader spectrum.

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Gugulothu, Bhiksha, P. Anusha, M. Naga Swapna Sri, S. Vijayakumar, R. Periyasamy, and Suresh Seetharaman. "Optimization of Stir-Squeeze Casting Parameters to Analyze the Mechanical Properties of Al7475/B4C/Al2O3/TiB2 Hybrid Composites by the Taguchi Method." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (September 12, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3180442.

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Stir-squeeze casting (SSC) is the appropriate and inexpensive technique for producing aluminum hybrid matrix composites as it creates a uniform distribution of reinforcements in the composite with finer grains. Al7475 is a lightweight castable alloy that possesses enough hardness and strength with applications in automotive and aerospace. This research work examines the effect of process parameters for Al7475/Al2O3/B4C/TiB2 hybrid matrix composites produced by the stir-squeeze casting methodology. As per Taguchi design L16, four parameters with four levels were selected in the optimization process of SSC are stir speed (SD) of 300-450 rpm, melting temperature (ME) of 750–900°C, squeeze pressure (SE) of 50-125 MPa, and reinforcement (RT) of 2-8 wt%. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS) and hardness (HN) are studied by the variation of each process parameters levels. The optimization results on TS and HN are predicted by Minitab-17 Software. It is observed that maximum TS of 325 MPa and HN of 130.6 Hv are attained at experiments L1 and L7, respectively. From the SN ratio result, the TS value is improved at the parameter level of RT2-SE4-ME2-SD4. The ANOVA result exposed that reinforcement is the most significant factor for enhancing tensile strength which contributes 38.9%, followed by squeeze pressure of 28.4%, stir speed of 13.6%, and melting temperature of 12.16%.

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Shivalingaiah, Kanchiraya, Vinayaka Nagarajaiah, Chithirai Pon Selvan, Smitha Thothera Kariappa, Nandini Gowdru Chandrashekarappa, Avinash Lakshmikanthan, Manjunath Patel Gowdru Chandrashekarappa, and Emanoil Linul. "Stir Casting Process Analysis and Optimization for Better Properties in Al-MWCNT-GR-Based Hybrid Composites." Metals 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12081297.

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Pure aluminium poses inferior properties that limit its use in load-bearing applications. Reinforcing multiwall carbon nano-tube (solid lubricant) and graphene to aluminium matrix offers better (antifriction, hardness, and wear resistance) properties in composites for such applications. A stir casting processing route is employed to prepare the hybrid composite (aluminium-multiwall carbon nanotube-graphene Al-MWCNT-GR). The Taguchi L16 experimental matrix representing four variables (percent reinforcement of graphene, die temperature, melt temperature, and stir speed) operating at four levels were studied to analyze and obtain higher hardness and low wear rate in hybrid composites. Percent reinforcement of graphene showed maximum impact, and die temperature resulted with the least contribution towards both the responses. Criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method is applied to determine the weight fractions (importance) for hardness and wear rate equal to 0.4752 and 0.5482, respectively. Grey relational analysis (GRA) and multi-objective optimization by the ratio analysis (MOORA) method converts multiple objective functions into a single objective function with weight fractions assigned to each output. Taguchi-CRITIC-MOORA outperformed the Taguchi-CRITIC-GRA method, which could result in 31.77% increase in hardness and a 36.33% decrease in wear rate compared to initial conditions. The optimal conditions ensure a dense microstructure with minimal pores, result in enhanced properties compared to that obtained for initial and average stir casting conditions. The worn-out surface results in a few thin and slender grooves between tracks with less crack propagation, ensuring self-lubrication in composites fabricated with the optimized condition. The better properties resulted in the hybrid composites correspond to optimized stir casting conditions and can be implemented in industries for large-scale applications.

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Mardy Suhandani, Poppy Puspitasari, and Jeefferie Abd Razak. "Impact, Hardness and Fracture Morphology of Aluminium Alloy (Al-Si) filled Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles at Various Stir Casting Temperatures." Malaysian Journal on Composites Science and Manufacturing 5, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.5.1.1120.

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The automotive and aviation fields require engineering materials that can save and optimise fuel consumption. Unique characteristics of lightweight, higher strength to weight ratio, good corrosion resistance, and good castability are indispensable for castable metal such as Silicon Aluminium (Al-Si). The mechanical properties of Al-Si could be further improved through the addition of Cobalt Oxide (CoO) nanoparticles during the casting process. The importance and purpose of this study were to determine the impact toughness, hardness and fracture morphology of Al-Si metal alloy filled with 0.015 wt.% CoO nanofiller at the various melting temperature of 750 °C, 800 °C and 850 °C. The stir casting method was utilised considering the most appropriate method for mixing nanoparticles powder into the Al-Si matrix. Three test specimens were prepared for each temperature variation. Impact testing using the Charpy method (ASTM E23-56 T) and hardness testing using Rockwell Superficial HR15T and fracture morphology obtained from impact testing fractures were performed accordingly. The impact test results showed that the Al-Si added with 0.015% CoO at 800 °C of melting temperature possessed the highest impact toughness value of 25.111 x 10-3 Joule mm-2 than the other variations. The hardness test results showed that Al-Si added 0.015% CoO with a melting temperature of 850 °C had the highest hardness value of 79.52 HR15T. The fracture morphology of the impact test in all specimens shows uniform brittle fracture characteristics. It is found that the melting temperature during the stir-casting process of Al-Si has played a significant role in influencing the resulted properties of Al-Si filled CoO nanoparticles metal matrix composites. The selection of an accurate melting temperature for the stir casting process will affect the resulted properties of produced metal composites.

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Kadhim Eqal, Asaad, Sami Abualnoun Ajeel, and Rabiha S. Yaseen. "Characterization of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CuCr Alloy Produced by Stir Casting." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2019.12409.

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The relatively low mechanical properties of pure copper at low and high temperature made it very limited applications. The mechanical properties of the copper can be improved by adding a small amount of elements such as Cr. This work consists of four CuCr alloy castings (0.3, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.5%) by using the stir casting method in an argon atmosphere. Then, the heat treatment was done for these alloys which included solution treatment and aging. Heat treatment was treated at 980 ° C for 1 hour, then water-quenching, followed by an aging treatment at 480 ° C for 2.4 and 6 hours. The Optical Microscopy and the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with (EDS) were used to study the microscopic structure of the produced alloys. The results showed that the mechanical properties of copper increased with increasing chromium content. The microstructure of the castings consist of the dendiritic structure, columinar and segregation. It has been also indicated that after heat treatment and aging, the microstructure changed to fine grains and the clusters disappeared. XRD showed a α-Cu phase and a small amount of CrO2 in microstructures. The highest value of hardness and the ultimate tensile were 101 Hv and 239.12 MPa, respectively. They were achieved at 1.5wt% addition of Cr at 480oC and 4hrs aging

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Xiao, Qun Fang, Xiao Shan Ning, and Ming Fu. "Study of Affecting Factors on Porosity in Gel-Casting Foam." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1117.

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Foaming and gelation of slurry is a recently invented processing route for fabricating porous ceramic. According to the method, a mechanical stir process was introduced to the ceramic slurry added with surfactant, then initiator was added to induce fast gelation between organic monomers and ceramic powder, the green body was obtained after a subsequently drying process. At last, porous ceramic was fabricated after sintering the green body at high temperature. Effects of surfactant volume content and several stirring factors on porosity are studied in this paper. It results that there is a proportional relationship between porosity and Reynolds number which only changes when stir time varies, different slurry or surfactant volume content results in similar relationship between porosity and Reynolds number.

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