Статті в журналах: "Stems. leaves"

1

Yaakub, Rehab A. Hesien, Amira Abdullah Khatab Alarabi, Ahlaam Mahmoud Ali, and Hamad M. Adress Hasan. "Determination the Anti –Oxidant Capacity, Total Phenols, Minerals and Evaluation the Anti- Bacteria Activity of Leafs and Stems of Gaper Plant Extracts." Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 12, no. 04 (April 22, 2024): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2024.v12i04.021.

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In this study, Caper plant were collected from Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region (Libya) during the spring season (2023), the leaves and stems of the plant were separated and dried in the open air. The contents of minerals and metals (Na, K, Ca, Fe and Ni) were determined. The strength of antioxidants was determined using the Prussian blue method. Also, phenol compounds were estimated by the Folin Ciacalteu Method. The results showed that the metal values were showed higher contents in the leaves comparing with their contents in the stems, where a relative increase was found in the leaves of capers with a value of (1.83 ppm) compared to its value in the stems (0.94 ppm), the phenol contents were recorded in leaves (0.530 ppm), and stems (0.362 ppm). The anti-bacterial activity using different concentrations of the plant extract concentrations of (25,50,75 and100%) on two types of bacteria (Bacilli and Escherichia Coli) was applied for the extracts. The results showed that the inhibition zone of the leave extracts was recorded in all concentrations of Bacilli, in the stems the high inhibitaion zone were observed for concentrations (75%, &100%). The leaves and stems extract didn't showed any effect on Escherichia coli except for high concentrations of leaves (100%).

2

Borys, M. W., H. Leszczyńska-Borys, and J. L. Galván. "ECHEVERIA SPP. - LEAVES, BRACTS AND FLOWERING STEMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 766 (March 2008): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.766.26.

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3

Facundo, Valdir A., Claudia M. Rezende, and Ângelo C. Pinto. "Essential oil ofPiper carniconnectivumC.CD. Leaves and Stems." Journal of Essential Oil Research 18, no. 3 (May 2006): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2006.9699094.

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4

Zèches, M., K. Mesbah, B. Richard, C. Moretti, J. Nuzillard, and L. Men-Olivier. "Alkaloids from Leaves and Stems ofVallesia glabra." Planta Medica 61, no. 01 (February 1995): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-958014.

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5

Akbar, Aysha. "Boxes, Stems and Leaves at "A"-level." Teaching Statistics 13, no. 2 (June 1991): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9639.1991.tb00169.x.

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6

Liao, Shang-Gao, Sheng-Ping Yang, Tao Yuan, Chuan-Rui Zhang, Hua-Dong Chen, Yan Wu, You-Kai Xu, and Jian-Min Yue. "Limonoids from the Leaves and Stems ofToonaciliata." Journal of Natural Products 70, no. 8 (August 2007): 1268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np070146c.

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7

Wang, Jinhui, Yi Sha, Wen Li, Yasuhiro Tezuka, Shigetoshi Kadota, and Xian Li. "Quinquenoside L9from Leaves and Stems ofPanax QuinquefoliumL." Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 3, no. 4 (December 2001): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020108040369.

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8

AL-RazaqJameel, Fadwa Abdul. "The Inhibitory Effect of Leaves and Stems of Nerium oleander Alcoholic and Aqueous Extracts on Some Fungi In Vitro." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 35, no. 2 (December 29, 2011): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v35i2.593.

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The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of alcoholic and aqueous extract for leaves and stems of Nerium oleander on Trichophyton mentogrophytes and Cryptococcus neoformens in vitro. The effect of alcoholic extract for Nerium oleander leaves and stems on the tested fungi was showed inhibitory effect specialy on Trichophyton mentogrophytes compared with aqueous extract of leaves and stems of plant which showed less or no inhibition against the tested fungiA high inhibition rate of alcoholic extract of leaves and stems of plant aginst Trichophyton mentogrophytes were 83.3% and 67% respectively in concentration 20mg/ml. But the inhibition rate of aqueous extract of leaves and stems of plant on the same fungus were 30% and 0%respectively, in concentration 20mg/ml. The other aspect of the current study for the effect of alcoholic and aqueous extracts leaves and stems against Cryptococcus neoformens was done by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone of alcoholic extract of leaves and stems of the plant were 30mm and 22mm respectively in aconcentralion 200mg/ml where no inhibition zone for the aqueous extracts of leaves and stems of the plant against Cryptococcus neoformens. The conclusion of this study revealed that the Nerium oleander plant ( Toxic plant ) can be used as antifungal particulary the alcoholic extract of leaves and stems agairst Trichophyton mentogrophytes and Cryptococcus neoformens.

9

Kai, Hisahiro, Yoshihito Okada, Yo Goto, Takayuki Nakayama, Kazuhiro Sugamoto, Kenjirou Ogawa, Masao Yamasaki, Kazuhiro Morishita, Koji Matsuno, and Hisato Kunitake. "Prediction of the Adult T-Cell Leukemia Inhibitory Activity of Blueberry Leaves/Stems Using Direct-Injection Electron Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics." Plants 11, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11101343.

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Although Vaccinium virgatum Aiton leaves and stems inhibit adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells, leaves and stems can differ between individual plants and by time and location. In this study, leaf and stem components were profiled in the same individual plant using direct-injection electron ionization-mass spectrometry (DI-EI-MS) metabolomics, with the aims of analyzing the anti-ATL activity, and quantifying proanthocyanidins (PACs). Leaves, stems, and leaf/stem mixtures showed distinct and characteristic spectra. Anti-ATL activity was stronger in stems than leaves, and the PAC content was higher in stems than leaves. These data were subjected to bivariate analysis to identify the factor (m/z) responsible for the inhibitory effect of ATL based on the highest coefficient of determination (R2). The results of this DI-EI-MS metabolomics analysis suggest that among PACs contained in V. virgatum stems and leaves, the fragment ion at m/z 149 contributes significantly to anti-ATL activity.

10

Hieu, Le D., Tran M. Hoi, Tran D. Thang, and Isiaka A. Ogunwande. "Volatile Constituents of Three Piper Species from Vietnam." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 11 (November 2015): 1934578X1501001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501001148.

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The chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of three Piper plants grown in Vietnam are reported. The analysis was achieved by means of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents of the leaf oil of Piper majusculum Blume were β-caryophyllene (20.7%), germacrene D (18.6%) and β-elemene (11.3%). The quantitatively significant compounds of the volatile oils of P. harmandii C. DC were sabinene (leaves, 14.5%; stems, 16.2%), benzyl benzoate (leaves, 20.0%; stems, 29.40%) and benzyl salicylate (leaves, 14.1%; stems, 24.3%). Also, α-cadinol (17.0%) was identified in large proportion in the leaf oil. However, sabinene (leaves, 17.9%; stems, 13.5%), benzyl benzoate (leaves, 20.5%; stems, 32.5%) and β-eudesmol (leaves, 13.8%; stems, 8.4%) were the main constituents of P. brevicaule C. DC. This is the first report on the volatile constituents of both P. harmandii and P. brevicaule.

11

Mughrbi, Hanin Nafed, Abdurazag Abdussalam Auzi, and Hamza Maghrbi. "Phytochemicals, Nutritional Value, Antioxidant, and Anticoagulant Activity of Lactuca sativa L. Leaves and Stems." Borneo Journal of Pharmacy 3, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v3i3.1394.

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The main ingredient in the daily salad dish is the leaves of Lactuca sativa, while the stems are usually discarded and not eaten. This study was conducted to compare the stems and leaves of two selected L. sativa varieties (L. sativa var. longifolia L. and L. sativa var. capitata L.) related to the preliminary phytochemical investigation, nutrient content, DPPH assay, and in vitro anticoagulant activity by determination of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). The findings revealed almost the same phytoconstituents in the leaves and stems of each variety, such as terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, and others. Exceptionally, tannins have only been detected in the leaves. Compared to the stems, the leaves of both varieties showed statistically significantly higher levels of raw protein and raw fat. For the DPPH assay, the leaves of both varieties have a statistically significantly higher antioxidant activity than the stems. The leaves and stem extract of the two selected varieties showed a significant prolongation of PT (P <0.05 vs. NS= 12:30 s). On the other hand, the aPTT test showed a significant increase in aPTT (P <0.05 vs. NS = 32:44 s) in the stem extract of both varieties, whereas there was no statistically significant increase in aPTT in the leaves of both varieties. Both parts of each variety have a diversity of phytochemicals and nutrients. The leaves of both varieties have a higher antioxidant activity than the stems. While the stems had higher anticoagulant activity than the leaves.

12

Míguez, Fátima, Beatriz Fernández-Marín, Antonio Hernández, José Maria Becerril, and José Ignacio García-Plazaola. "Does age matter under winter photoinhibitory conditions? A case study in stems and leaves of European mistletoe (Viscum album)." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 2 (2015): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14083.

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European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is a hemiparasitic plant with perennial leaves and photosynthetic stems easily discernible according to their age. These properties make V. album the perfect species to (i) compare the mechanisms of seasonal acclimation of photosynthetic stems with those of leaves, and (ii) evaluate the influence of ageing in the efficiency of photosynthetic tissues. To achieve these general objectives, photosynthetic pigments, maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), recovery kinetics and key thylakoidal proteins were analysed during winter and spring in leaves and at different age stems. During winter, some woody species are able to maintain photosynthetic activity, but at lower rates than during spring. In the case of V. album, photosynthetic relevance of green stems appears equal to leaves in terms of total area. Besides, mistletoe stems are able to maintain higher Fv/Fm and lower level of antioxidants than leaves, especially during winter season. The recovery from winter photoinhibition is also faster in stems than in leaves. Thylakoidal protein composition (mainly high levels of D1) also supports the idea of stems as main photosynthetic organs in V. album during winter. Further, in winter, the level of photoinhibition of V. album stems decreased concomitantly with ageing. This work highlights the importance of stem photosynthesis in plant carbon balance and demonstrates that ageing does not necessarily imply a loss of vitality in stems.

13

Tomaszewski, Dominik, and Jerzy Zieliński. "Epicuticular wax structures on stems and comparison between stems and leaves – A survey." Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 209, no. 5-6 (June 2014): 215–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2014.03.001.

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14

Hassanat, Fadi, Arif F. Mustafa, and Philippe Seguin. "Effect of the brown midrib trait and stage of development at harvest on cell wall composition and degradability of forage pearl millet leaves and stems." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas07021.

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This study was conducted to determine the effect of the brown midrib trait and stage of development [vegetative (VS) vs. heading (HS) stage] on chemical composition and in situ rumen disappearance of forage millet leaves and stems. Forage yield of brown midrib millet was 80 and 50% of that of regular millet at VS and HS, respectively. The reduction in brown midrib millet yield was mainly due to reduction in plant height and tillers m-2. The brown midrib trait reduced concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) in stems by 8, 16, and 58%, respectively, and concentrations of ADF and ADL in leaves by 6 and 49%, respectively. Effects of stage of development on fiber fractions were more pronounced in stems than in leaves. Millet stems harvested at HS had greater concentration of NDF, ADF and ADL than at VS, while only ADL concentration in millet leaves increased with advancing development. Leaves and stems of brown midrib millet (BM) contained more arabinose and xylose than those of regular millet (RM), while glucose concentration was not affected by millet type. Concentrations of xylose and arabinose were higher in leaves, while those of glucose and arabinose were higher in stems of millet harvested at HS than at VS. The brown midrib trait reduced concentrations of ester- linked p-coumaric acid and ether-linked p-coumaric and ferulic acids in both leaves and stems. However, concentration of ester-linked ferulic acid was only reduced in stems. Concentrations of all phenolic acids were higher in stems of millet harvested at HS than at VS. However, the effects of stage of development for most phenolic acids were more pronounced for stems of RM than BM. In situ DM and NDF disappearances were higher in leaves and stems of BM than RM and were higher in leaves and stems of millet harvested at VS than at HS. The brown midrib trait reduced the negative impact of increasing maturity on in situ DM and NDF disappearance in leaves and in situ DM disappearance in stems. It was concluded that the brown midrib trait caused significant changes in cell wall composition of both leaf and stem fractions which resulted in improved in situ nutrient disappearances. The trait also reduced the negative effect of advanced maturity on nutrient digestibility. Key words: Brown midrib; forage millet; in situ disappearance; Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; phenolic acids

15

LIU, TIAN-HAO, YIN ZHOU, WEN-CONG TAO, YANG LIU, XIAO-MEI ZHANG, and SHOU-ZHENG TIAN. "Bacterial Diversity in Roots, Stems, and Leaves of Chinese Medicinal Plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis." Polish Journal of Microbiology 69, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-012.

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The root of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, a famous and endangered traditional Chinese herb, has a significant medicinal value. The aim of this study was to analyze the composition and functional characteristics of bacterial endophytes in roots, stems, and leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and functional prediction of bacterial endophytes in roots, stems, and leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were conducted. The Chao and Shannon indices of the bacteria in roots were significantly higher than those in stems and leaves. The dominant endophyte phyla were Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. The main genera detected in roots were unclassified Cyanobacteria, Rhizobium, Flavobacterium, and Sphingobium; the main genera in stems were norank_c__Cyanobacteria, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas; the main genera in leaves were norank_c__Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium. The microbiota in roots was particularly enriched in functional categories “extracellular structures” and “cytoskeleton” compared with stems and leaves (p < 0.05). Our study reveals the structural and functional characteristics of the endophytic bacteria in roots, stems, and leaves of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, which aids in the scientific understanding of this plant.

16

Markovic, J., J. Radovic, Z. Lugic, and D. Sokolovic. "The effect of development stage on chemical composition of alfalfa leaf and stem." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-2 (2007): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0702383m.

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Content of crude protein and cell wall constituents in leaves and stems of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cv K-22 with advancing maturity was investigated. Sampling was done in 7-day intervals in second cut. During growth and development, crude protein content decreased in leaves and stems, from 332,6 to 328,8 gkg-1DM and from 138,6 to 122,0 gkg-1DM, respectively. From first to third development stage, content of ADF in leaves and stems increased, from 352,0 to 476,7 gkg-1DM and from 592,8 to 867,1 gkg-1DM, respectively. Highest contents of ADF and hemicellulose was stated in plant parts in third development stage, in leaves 187,4 and 289,3 gkg-1DM, and in stems 499,4 and 367,7 gkg-1DM. The highest changes of lignin contents are in stems, while content of lignin in leaves increased from 42,0 to 49,0 gkg-1DM.

17

Yang, Jin Song, Hai Sheng Tan, Hai Rui Zhai, Qian Wang, Nan Zhao, Yi Min Cai, Mao Li, and Han Lin Zhou. "Research on Chemical Composition and Ensiling Characteristics of Banana Stems and Leaves." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1647.

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In order to investigate the nutritive and ensiling characteristics of banana stems and leaves, the chemical compositions of banana stems and leaves were analyzed and the effects of additives on fermentation quality were measured. The research results showed: Banana stems and leaves had high fiber content (stem>58% DM, leaf >72% DM), nitrogen free extract content (>50% DM), and water soluble carbohydrate contents (WSC>5% DM), with certain nutritive value. Tannins of banana stem and leaf were 0.11% DM and 0.24% DM. There were lactic acid bacteria (>105cfu/g FM) in the banana stems and leaves; they might be well preserved with some treatments.

18

Wang, Z., B. Quebedeaux, and GW Stutte. "Osmotic Adjustment: Effect of Water Stress on Carbohydrates in Leaves, Stems and Roots of Apple." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 5 (1995): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950747.

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Potted apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Jonathan) trees were subjected to water stress in a greenhouse. Midday leaf water potential (ΨW), osmotic potential (ΨS), soluble carbohydrates, and starch content of expanding and mature leaves, stems, and roots were measured to determine whether active osmotic adjustment occurred and if water stress affected carbohydrate metabolism. Mature leaves had the highest total soluble carbohydrate level (357 mM) and lowest Ψ (-1.85 MPa), followed by young leaves (278 mM, -1.58 MPa), stems (115 mM, -1.02 MPa), and roots (114 mM, -0.87 MPa). Sorbitol was the major component in all organs ranging from 53% of total soluble carbohydrate in young leaves to 73% in mature leaves. When ΨW decreased from -1.0 to -3.2 MPa, active osmotic adjustments of 0.3-0.4 MPa were observed in mature leaves, stems, and roots while a significantly higher adjustment of 1.0 MPa was detected in young leaves 5 days after the initiation of water stress. Sorbitol levels in leaves and stems gradually increased as ΨW decreased from -1.0 to -2.5 MPa, and then remained relatively stable or decreased slightly as ΨW decreased from -2.5 to -3.2 MPa. However, the percentage of soluble carbohydrate as sorbitol in roots decreased in response to water stress. Sucrose concentration decreased in mature leaves and stems, but increased in young leaves and roots as ΨW decreased. Starch concentrations in stems and roots also decreased as water stress developed. The sorbitol to sucrose ratios increased in mature leaves, but decreased in roots in response to water stress.

19

Parbuntari, Hesty, Yona Prestica, Rizki Gunawan, Meri Novia Nurman, and Fransiska Adella. "Preliminary Phytochemical Screening (Qualitative Analysis) of Cacao Leaves (Theobroma cacao L.)." EKSAKTA: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA 19, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol19-iss2/142.

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One of the important processes of cocoa plants growing is pruning. It aims to eliminate sick, broken, or the appearance of water buds disturbing the cacao production. The period of pruning is varios. The various periods of pruning lead to leave wide waste of leaves, stems, and twigs. Yet the waste would not been used to other activities, only a small portion of the waste used as natural fuel (stems and twigs) and cocoa leaves waste as animal feed. Phytochemicals naturally present in every part of plants range from leaves, stem bark, fruits to roots. Secondary metabolites are natural products from plants which include alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid, sapponin compounds, etc. This study performed some phytochemical characterisations. It have confirmed that cacoa leaves consist some of bioactives compounds which are potential for furhter activities in pharmaceutical disease.

20

Wang, Jin-Hui, Wen Lia, Yi Sha, Yasuhiro Tezuka, Shigetoshi Kadota, and Xian Li. "Triterpenoid Saponins from Leaves and Stems ofPanax QuinquefoliumL." Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 3, no. 2 (March 2001): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286020108041379.

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21

LIU, Chun-Mei, Hui-Bin ZHOU, and Wei-Dong ZHANG. "Terpenoids from Stems and Leaves of Cupressus gigantea." Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 8, no. 6 (November 2010): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-5364(11)60002-2.

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22

Khanh, Pham Ngoc, Ho Viet Đuc, Tran Thu Huong, Vu Thi Ha, Doan Thi Van, Ninh The Son, Young Ho Kim, Do Quoc Viet, and Nguyen Manh Cuong. "PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM CALLISTEMON CITRINUS LEAVES AND STEMS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 2 (April 12, 2016): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-708x/54/2/6469.

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In the search for bioactive constituents from Vietnamese plants, the leaves and stems of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels were selected for chemical investigation. Phytochemical analysis of plant led to the isolation of eight phenolic compounds including two flavonoids (eucalyptine (1) and 8-demethyleucalyptine (2)), two alcohols (blumenol A (3), n-tetratriacontanol (4)), three benzoic acid derivatives (acid gallic (5), methyl gallate (6) protocatechuic acid (7)), one sterol (b-sitosterol (8)), and along with one sesquiterpene (2,6,10-bisabolatriene (9)). The structures of the natural compounds were determined by spectroscopic evidences including 1D- and 2D-NMR and ESI-MS.

23

Lu, Dan, Jinping Liu, and Pingya Li. "Dihydrophenanthrenes from the stems and leaves ofDioscorea nipponicaMakino." Natural Product Research 24, no. 13 (August 15, 2010): 1253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410903283457.

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24

Zhang, Wei, Juanjuan Zhang, Zhenhua Yin, and Wenyi Kang. "Volatiles in Stems and Leaves of Acacia confusa." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 53, no. 6 (November 2017): 1148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10600-017-2220-z.

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25

Zhan, Zha-Jun, Gui-Wei Rao, Xiao-Rong Hou, Cheng-Ping Li, and Wei-Guang Shan. "Alkaloids from the Leaves and Stems ofDaphniphyllum calycinum." Helvetica Chimica Acta 92, no. 8 (August 2009): 1562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200900027.

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26

Meaghan Bruskoski, Brent Ito, Balbina J Plotkin, Monika Konaklieva, and Ira M Sigar. "Differential antimicrobial extract activity of Graviola (Annona muricata) on gram positive and gram- negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2022.12.3.0201.

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New agents are needed with the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Identification of plants with activity against MDR bacteria is of increasing importance. The antimicrobial activity of commercially available Graviola preparations against 38 clinical and laboratory isolates, representing MDR and drug-sensitive Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, was measured by broth microdilution. Commercially Graviola fruit, as well as leaves/stems preparations, exhibited both inhibitory and cidal activity. However, the fruit preparation showed significantly less activity than the leaves/stems preparation. The Graviola leaves/stems preparation activity titer ranged from 1:4 to 1:16 against MDR Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria; including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). However, the preparation had no effect on Lactobacillus. In addition, further extractions of the leaves/stems were tested against MRSA and MSSA in an in-vitro biofilm wound infection model. The polar extracts of the stems/leaves exhibited the highest bactericidal activity in preventing and inhibiting biofilm formation. Thus, Graviola leaves/stems extracts showed differential activity for phytochemical utility against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

27

Mascarenhas, Maria Emilia, Cibani Ramesh Mandrekar, Pratiksha Bharat Marathe, and Luena Joey Morais. "PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SELECTED SPECIES FROM CONVOLVULACEAE." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 6 (November 14, 2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i6.23438.

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Objective: To screen phytochemicals from stems and leaves of 23 selected taxa of Convolvulaceae.Methods: Stem and leaves of the selected 23 taxa were collected and shade dried. Methanol extract was used for preliminary screening of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, proteins, phytosterols, tepenoids, fixed oils, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins.Results: Phytochemicals were present in all selected taxa of Convolvulaceae. Leaves showed most of the phytochemicals than stems. The important phytochemicals in leaves were flavonoids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds while those in stems were carbohydrates, saponins and phenolic compounds. Proteins and fixed oils were absent in the taxa studied.Conclusion: Phytochemical screening in the present study, revealed that maximum phytochemicals were present in leaves than in stems.

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Chatterton, S., and Z. K. Punja. "Colonization of geranium foliage by Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata, a biological control agent of botrytis grey mould." Botany 90, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-076.

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The ecological requirements for the colonization of geranium leaves by the biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata strain J1446 were investigated. Although this biocontrol agent is a soil-inhabiting fungus, treatment of geranium foliage with the agent can reduce grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea in the greenhouse. To characterize the extent of foliar colonization, a GUS-transformed isolate of C. rosea f. catenulata was applied to foliage of two geranium cultivars, Pelargonium × hortorum and Pelargonium × domesticum . Population levels of C. rosea f. catenulata were found to be highest on senescent leaves and stems, followed by fully expanded leaves, and lowest on newly emerged leaves of both cultivars. Optimum temperature for leaf and petiole colonization was 20–25 °C for both cultivars. The biocontrol agent required at least 12 h of continuous leaf wetness to achieve maximum population densities on the leaves and stems of both cultivars. On whole plants, colonization was significantly higher on wounded leaves, stems, and senescing leaves compared with that on nonwounded leaves, stems, and mature leaves, respectively. GUS staining indicated that the fungus preferentially colonized the wound sites of leaves and the cut portions of stems. Results indicate that this biocontrol agent can successfully colonize the foliage of geraniums, thus demonstrating the endophytic ability of C. rosea f. catenulata in both root and foliar tissues.

29

PARISSI, Zoi M., Eleni M. ABRAHAM, Christos ROUKOS, Apostolos P. KYRIAZOPOULOS, Antonios PETRIDIS, and Evagelia KARAMERI. "Seasonal Quality Assessment of Leaves and Stems of Fodder Ligneous Species." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46, no. 2 (February 9, 2018): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha46211081.

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The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of seasonality on the chemical composition and concentration of phenolic compounds in some ligneous species. The research was conducted at the Aristotle University’s farm, Thessaloniki, Greece. From five ligneous species (Robinia pseudoacacia var. monophylla, Amorpha fruticosa, Colutea arborescens, Morus alba and Arbutus unedo) samples (leaves and twigs) were collected during two different seasons (spring and autumn). All samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) and in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (IVDMD), as well as for total phenols (TPH), total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT). The CP content was generally lower and higher in leaves and stems of A. unedo and R. pseudoacacia, respectively compared to the other tested species. A. unedo had the highest values in NDF and ADL in leaves and the highest ADL content in stems. M. alba and C. arborescens in leaves and C. arborescens in stems had the lowest values of ADL content. M. alba had the significantly highest value in IVDMD and A. unedo the lowest one in both leaves and stems. Season had no significant effect on TPH, TT, and CT of leaves, while in stems they were significantly higher in autumn. A. unedo had the highest concentration of TPH, TT and R. pseudoacacia of CT in the leaves. TPH, TT, and CT concentration in stems was significantly higher in A. unedo. According to the findings, the impact of maturation on the type and the concentration of phenols and tannins is species-dependent.

30

Wang, Zhongchun, Bruno Quebedeaux, and Gary Stutte. "ACTIVE OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT: EFFECT ON CHANGES IN SORBITOL AND OTHER CARBOHYDRATES IN LEAVES, ROOTS AND STEMS OF APPLE." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 534d—534. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.534d.

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Potted `Jonathan' apple trees were subjected to water stress in a greenhouse. Midday leaf water potential (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψs), and carbohydrates of various plant parts were measured to determine whether active osmotic adjustment occurred and its impact on carbohydrates. Mature leaves had the highest soluble sugar levels (74 mg/ml sap) and the lowest Ψs (-1.85 MPa), followed by young leaves (-1.58), stems (-1.02), and roots (-0.87). Sorbitol (sor) concentrations in young leaves, stems, and roots were 57, 28, and 27% of that in mature leaves. The concentrations of sucrose (suc), glucose, and fructose in young leaves, however, were 27, 35, and 146% higher than that in mature leaves. When Ψw decreased from -1.0 to -3.2 MPa, active adjustments of 0.3 MPa were observed in mature leaves, stems and roots while an adjustment of 1.0 MPa was detected in young leaves. As water stress developed, sor increased and suc and starch decreased in mature leaves and stems. In contrast, the roots had a significant increase in suc but a decrease in sor. Both suc and sor increased in young leaves under water stress. The physiological significance of carbohydrate changes in various tissues under water stress will be discussed.

31

Spiers, James M. "MINERAL UPTAKE IN MUSCADINE CULTIVARS." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 740b—740. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.740b.

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Five muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia) cultivars (`Carlos', `Doreen', `Magnolia', `Pineapple' and `Summit') were grown in sand-peat-pine bark (1:1:1) medium and fertilized with a complete marco- and micronutrient solution plus added Na. Plant growth plus mineral uptake in 4 plant parts (leaves, terminal stems, basal stems and roots) were measured. Top growth (leaves plus stems) was highest in `Pineapple' and lowest in `Doreen'. Root growth was higher in `Carlos' and `Doreen' and lowest in `Magnolia'. Plant part X cultivar interactions were significant for elemental Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn. Iron tended to be concentrated in the roots and leaves. Leaves and upper stems contained more K than the lower stems and roots and K concentrations were higher in `Carlos' and `Magnolia' than the other cultivars. Sodium content tended to be higher in the leaves than in the other plant parts. Little differences were present in Na uptake by the 5 cultivars.

32

Wu, Zhihua, Zhen Wang, Yaojian Xie, Guo Liu, Xiuhua Shang, and Ni Zhan. "Transcriptome and Metabolome Profiling Provide Insights into Flavonoid Synthesis in Acanthus ilicifolius Linn." Genes 14, no. 3 (March 20, 2023): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14030752.

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Acanthus ilicifolius is an important medicinal plant in mangrove forests, which is rich in secondary metabolites with various biological activities. In this study, we used transcriptomic analysis to obtain differentially expressed genes in the flavonoid metabolic pathway and metabolomic methods to detect changes in the types and content in the flavonoid metabolic synthesis pathway. The results showed that DEGs were identified in the mature roots vs. leaves comparison (9001 up-regulated and 8910 down-regulated), mature roots vs. stems comparison (5861 up-regulated and 7374 down-regulated), and mature stems vs. leaves comparison (10,837 up-regulated and 11,903 down-regulated). Furthermore, two AiCHS genes and four AiCHI genes were up-regulated in the mature roots vs. stems of mature A. ilicifolius, and were down-regulated in mature stems vs. leaves, which were highly expressed in the A. ilicifolius stems. A total of 215 differential metabolites were found in the roots vs. leaves of mature A. ilicifolius, 173 differential metabolites in the roots vs. stems, and 228 differential metabolites in the stems vs. leaves. The metabolomic results showed that some flavonoids in A. ilicifolius stems were higher than in the roots. A total of 18 flavonoid differential metabolites were detected in the roots, stems, and leaves of mature A. ilicifolius. In mature leaves, quercetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside, gossypitrin, isoquercitrin, quercetin 3,7-bis-O-β-D-glucoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-β-(2″-O-acetyl-β-D-glucuronide) were found in a high content, while in mature roots, di-O-methylquercetin and isorhamnetin were the major compounds. The combined analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome revealed that DEGs and differential metabolites were related to flavonoid biosynthesis. This study provides a theoretical basis for analyzing the molecular mechanism of flavonoid synthesis in A. ilicifolius and provides a reference for further research and exploitation of its medicinal value.

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Lepcha, Isaac, and Harley D. Naumann. "Partitioning of Forage Mass and Nutritive Value in Sunn Hemp Leaf and Stem Components." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (August 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5547120.

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Sunn hemp (SH; Crotalaria juncea L.) is a fast-growing, annual, warm-season tropical legume that could complement less productive cool-season forages such as tall fescue during summer. Little is known about seasonal forage mass and nutritive value partitioning in SH plant components when SH is managed for forage. We determined partitioning of forage mass and nutritive value (crude protein (CP), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD)) concentrations in SH leaves and stems harvested 35, 45, and 55 days after planting (DAP) at Bradford Research Center, Columbia, MO, in a 2-year field study. Leaf and stem mass increased with increasing DAP and was greatest ( P ≤ 0.05 ) at 55 DAP followed by 45 and 35 DAP. Stems contributed most to the total forage mass beyond 45 DAP. Across years, CP was greatest ( P ≤ 0.05 ) in leaves (281 g kg−1 DM) and lowest for stems (81 g kg−1 DM) at 55 DAP. The lowest NDF ( P ≤ 0.05 ) was observed in leaves (251 g kg−1 DM) and stems (585 g kg−1 DM) at 35 DAP. Acid detergent fiber was lowest ( P ≤ 0.05 ) for SH leaves (178 g kg−1 DM) and stems (484 g kg−1 DM) at 35 DAP. Digestibility of leaves was greater than that of stems and generally decreased with maturity. The nutritive value of leaves was consistently greater than that of stems and decreased with maturity, except for CP of leaves, which was maintained throughout the season. Results suggested that SH leaves can maintain forage mass and greater quality than its stem throughout the growing season.

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Manhães, Adriana Pellegrini, Valdir Florêncio da Veiga-Júnior, Larissa Silveira Moreira Wiedemann, Karenn Silveira Fernandes, and Paulo de Tarso Barbosa Sampaio. "Biomass production and essential oil yield from leaves, fine stems and resprouts using pruning the crown of Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) (Lauraceae) in the Central Amazon." Acta Amazonica 42, no. 3 (September 2012): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672012000300007.

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Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez. is a tree species from Amazon that produces essential oil. The oil extraction from its leaves and stems can be an alternative way to avoid the tree cutting for production of essential oil. The aim of this study was to analyse factors that may influence the essential oil production and the biomass of resprouts after pruning the leaves and stems of A. canelilla trees. The tree crowns were pruned in the wet season and after nine months the leaves and stems of the remaining crown and the resprouts were collected, in the dry season. The results showed that the essential oil yield and chemical composition differed among the stems, leaves and resprouts. The stems' essential oil production differed between the seasons and had a higher production in the resprouting stems than the old stems of the remaining crown. The production of essential oil and leaf biomass of resprouts were differently related to the canopy openness, indicating that light increases the production of the essential oil and decreases the biomass of resprouting leaves. This study revealed that plant organs differ in their essential oil production and that the canopy openness must be taken into account when pruning the A. canelilla tree crown in order to achieve higher oil productivity.

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Bruggeman-Nannenga, Maria Alida. "Fissidens Subgenus Aloma (Bryophyta) in Tropical Africa I. the Large-Celled Costate and Ecostate Species." Polish Botanical Journal 62, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 139–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pbj-2017-0019.

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Abstract A revision of the large-celled costate and ecostate species of Fissidens subgenus Aloma Kindb. from tropical Africa is presented. Fissidens flaccidus var. mammillosus Brugg.-Nann. var. nov. is described and the Neotropical F. mollis Mitt. is reinstated. Most African specimens previously identified as F. enervis Sim are referred to Fissidens dealbatus Hook. f. & Wilson, a new indigene for Africa. Fissidens molliculus P. de la Varde, F. hedbergii P. de la Varde and F. hookerioides Bizot & Onr. in Bizot are subsumed under F. dealbatus. Fissidens enervis s.str. appeared to be a rare species. The distributions in O’Shea (2006) are revised, updated and, when necessary, amended. Fissidens flaccidus Mitt. is for the first time reported from South Africa and Guinea, F. zollingeri Mont. from Ghana, F. grandifolius Broth. & P. de la Varde from Cameroon and F. usambaricus Broth. from Malawi and Gabon. Pending further research, F. palmatus Hedw. is excluded from the African bryoflora. It is stressed that, since vegetative and perichaetial stems are different, perichaetial stems (and leaves of perichaetial stems) are to be compared with perichaetial stems (and leaves of perichaetial stems), whereas vegetative stems (and leaves of vegetative stems) should be compared with other vegetative stems (and leaves of vegetative stems).

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Saranga, Y., D. Zamir, A. Marani, and J. Rudich. "Breeding Tomatoes for Salt Tolerance: Variations in Ion Concentrations Associated with Response to Salinity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 3 (May 1993): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.3.405.

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Accessions of four tomato species, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Le), L. pennellii (Corr.) O'Arey (Lpen), L. cheesmanii Riley (Lc), and L. peruvianum (L.) Mill., (Lper), and interspecific populations were irrigated with saline water under field conditions and concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Ca, and Mg in leaves and stems were determined. Potassium: sodium ratios in leaves and stems of salt-tolerant genotypes were higher under salinity and were moderately changed by salinity compared to the sensitive genotypes. In the tolerant wild accessions and F1(Le × Lpen), Cl concentrations in leaves and the ratio between Cl in leaves to Cl in stems were lower than in the sensitive Le cultivar. Regulation of the K: Na ratio was found in tolerant wild accessions and tolerant Le cultivars, while regulation of Cl concentration in leaves was found only in the wild germplasm. The effects of ion concentrations on dry matter of interspecific segregating populations, F2(Le × Lpen) and BC1(Le × (Le × Lpen)), were studied by regression analyses. Dry matter was positively correlated with the K: Na ratio in stems and negatively correlated with the Cl concentrations in leaves and stems, thus confirming the results obtained by comparison between the tolerant and sensitive accessions.

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Nadzir, Masrina Mohd, Farhana Nazira Idris, and Chin Jing Yi. "PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF MACERATED ALPINIA GALANGA STEMS AND LEAVES." ASEAN Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v10.15537.

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Alpinia galanga (A. galanga) is a popular culinary ingredient as well as medicinal herb commonly found in Southeast Asia. Compared to the rhizome of A. galanga, the leaves and stems are always being discarded as waste. In this research, active compounds from the stem and leaves of this plant were extracted using maceration technique with ethanol as solvent at a liquid-solid ratio of 20 ml/g. The influence of maceration time and maceration temperature on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities of extract were studied using Folin-Ciocalteu assay and DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. The maceration time was from 1 to 5 hr and the maceration temperature was examined from 40 ºC to 70 ºC. Crude extract yield for stems and leaves obtained for all parameters of the maceration process was ˃11%. The highest TPC for leaves was obtained at 1 hr (0.038± 0.02 mg GAE/mg DW) and stems at 4 hr (0.024 ± 0.01 mg GAE/mg DW). Similar trend was also observed for antioxidant activity where the highest antioxidant activity obtained for leaves was at 1 hr (IC50=0.136 ± 0.01 mg/ml) and for stems was at 4 hr (IC50=0.320 ± 0.07 mg/ml). Maceration time however, has no significant influence on TPC (p>0.09) and antioxidant activity (p>0.16) of A. galanga. In terms of temperature, the highest TPC was recorded at 70 ºC for both leaves (0.034 ± 0.003 mg GAE/mg DW) and stems (0.019 ± 0.005 mg GAE/mg DW), while the highest antioxidant activity was from sample extracted at 40 ºC for both leaves (IC50 = 0.076 ± 0.05 mg/ml) and stems (IC50 = 0.454 ± 0.16 mg/ml). The best maceration conditions, considering from the antioxidant activity, for both leaves and stems of A. galanga were concluded at 1 hr and 40 ºC in the viewpoint of both extract quality, energy and cost efficiency.

38

Okigbo, R. N. "Occurrence, pathogenicity and survival of Macrophoma mangiferae in leaves, branches and stems of mango (Mangifera indica L.)." Plant Protection Science 37, No. 4 (January 1, 2001): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8377-pps.

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Frequency of occurrence and persistence of Macrophoma mangiferae Higorani & Sharma on 4-year old mango plants (Mangifera indica L.) growing under various conditions were investigated over two periods of 6 months in South-Eastern Nigeria. Among the five locations studied, the frequency of occurrence of the disease was highest at Umuahia, with 65% for leaves and 41% for stems. The chances of the fungus to survive adverse conditions in mango tissues were higher in the stems and branches than in the leaves; more fungal colonies were recovered from the stems and branches than from the leaves. The fungus survived adverse conditions, forming structures such as chlamydospores and thick walled hyphae under continuous light. In the dark, the fungus remained in vegetative form and hence did not produce any sexual reproductive structures. When subjected to continuous light, the fungus produced pycnidia. Leaving dried leaves and fragments of dried stems and branches on the farms is likely to raise the level of primary inoculum for mango diseases.

39

Zhang, Wenjun, Wenli Guo, Changxu He, Meng Tao, and Zhengquan Liu. "Exploring the Quality and Application Potential of the Remaining Tea Stems after the Postharvest Tea Leaves: The Example of Lu’an Guapian Tea (Camellia sinensis L.)." Foods 11, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 2357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11152357.

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Lu’an Guapian tea is produced through the processing of only leaves, with the stems and buds discarded, but stems constitute a large proportion of the tea harvest. To test the usability of tea stems, we compared the physicochemical properties of tea leaves and stems from the same growth period as well as the taste of their infusions. The leaves contained higher concentrations of polyphenols and caffeine and had a stronger taste. The tea stems contained higher concentrations of free amino acids and soluble sugars and were richer in umami and sweet flavors. In addition, more tender tea stems had higher concentrations of polyphenols, caffeine, and free amino acids, and their infusions had more refreshing and sweeter tastes. Furthermore, crude fiber content increased as stem tenderness decreased. In summary, tea stems are rich in phytochemical components and flavor, and these properties increased with tenderness. This provides a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of tea stems.

40

Hechelski, Marie, Brice Louvel, Pierrick Dufrénoy, Alina Ghinet, and Christophe Waterlot. "Toward a New Way for the Valorization of Miscanthus Biomass Produced on Metal-Contaminated Soils Part 1: Mesocosm and Field Experiments." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 9370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229370.

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The effects of P-fertilizers (mono- and di-calcium phosphates) on the bioavailability of metals and nutrients in leaves and stems of Miscanthus × giganteus were studied in mesocosm and field experiments in order to propose a new way for the valorization of miscanthus biomass. The concentration of potentially toxic elements was generally higher in stems than in leaves. Although P-fertilizers were added to contaminated soils under sustainable conditions (from 0.022% to 0.026% w/w), the average of leaf and stem biomass generally increased in the presence of P-fertilizers due to the changes in the speciation of phosphorus. Leaves of the investigated miscanthus may be of great interest as a catalyst in organic chemistry, since the Ca concentration was up to 9000 mg kg−1 DW. Stems represent a potential biomass that can be used as renewable resource of Lewis acids, currently used in organic syntheses (the sum of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg, Si and Al was near 1000 mg kg−1 DW). The percentage of Cd and Pb in leaves and stems of miscanthus did not significantly change with P-fertilizers. Depending on the mesocosm and field experiments, it ranged from 0.004% to 0.016% and from 0.009% and 0.034% for Cd in leaves and stems, respectively, and from 0.004% to 0.015% and from 0.009% and 0.033% for Pb in leaves and stems, respectively.

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Ye, Li-Min, Xue-Yuan Di, Bin Yan, Jian-Feng Liu, Xiu-Qin Wang, and Mao-Fa Yang. "Population Parameters and Feeding Preference of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Different Asparagus officinalis Tissues." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121149.

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Spodoptera litura is an important pest that seriously affects Asparagus officinalis production. To clarify the population characteristics and feeding preference of S. litura on different asparagus tissues, asparagus stems and leaves were selected as the research objects, related studies were conducted by constructing the life table and the feeding preference experiment. The results showed that S. litura could complete its development and reproduction normally on asparagus stems or leaves. Although the adult longevity and fecundity of S. litura on the two types of tissues were not significantly different, the development duration of larvae and pupae, and total preoviposition period on leaves were significantly longer than those raised on stems. The intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were 0.186 d−1 and 1.204 d−1 on stems, which were significantly higher than those fed on leaves (0.161 d−1 and 1.175 d−1). The mean generation time on stems (32.88 d) was significantly lower than on leaves (36.88 d). It indicated that stems were more suitable for its population growth. In the feeding preference, the third and fifth instar larvae preferred to feed on leaves, and other instar larvae (except for the sixth instar of 2.5 h) had no significant difference. These results will provide a theoretical reference for further research and forecasting and integrated control.

42

Duan, Shucheng, Soon-Jae Kwon, Da Yun Jeong, Ji Hye Kim, You Rang Park, Chang Kyu Kim, Jae-Hee Kim, and Seok Hyun Eom. "Antioxidant Activities in Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Shoots during Growth Stages and Destination of Chlorogenic Acid and Kaempferol Glycosides." Antioxidants 13, no. 5 (April 26, 2024): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050532.

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Apart from being utilized as a commercial fiber at maturity, kenaf shoots have potential as a food and feed source because of their diverse bioactivities. Previous studies have focused on mature stems because of their high biomass, whereas the antioxidant activities (AA) and the destination of AA contributors of kenaf stems and their high-yielding byproduct leaves during the growth stage have rarely been studied. Therefore, we investigated changes in AA and its relative components in kenaf leaves and stems during the four vital growth stages. Higher ABTS radical cation and DPPH radical scavenging abilities and ferric reducing antioxidant power, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total polysaccharide content were observed at all leaf stages and in the late stem stages. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and kaempferol glycosides, especially kaempferitrin (Kfr), were identified as representative phenolic acids and flavonoids in both kenaf leaves and stems. The content of CGA in both leaves and stems increased corresponding to the plant’s growth stage, whereas kaempferol glycosides were enhanced in leaves but declined in stems. The highest correlation was observed between TPC and AA in all organs. Further evaluation of CGA and Kfr verified that CGA was the predominant contributor to AA, surpassing Kfr. These findings suggest that kenaf leaves increase antioxidant levels as they grow and can be a useful source of stem harvesting byproducts.

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Zimowska, Beata, and Ewa Dorota Król. "The infection process of Colletotrichum fuscum on oregano leaves and stems." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.5.9.

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Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum fuscum, produces regular necrotic spots on oregano leaves and stems, causing severe crop losses. In this study, Koch’s postulates were fulfilled and infection process was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Leaves and stems of Origanum vulgare were inoculated and incubated at 24°C in wet chambers under high relative humidity. Pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that all tested C. fuscum isolates had infected stems and leaves of oregano. Of all inoculation methods, direct placement of colonized agar plugs on injured epidermis and soaking plant organs in conidial suspension were the most effective. The behavior of the conidia deposited on the oregano leaves was investigated at different time intervals after inoculation: at 12, 18, 32, 48, 67 and 98 h. Conidia produced an appressoria of varying shapes which has been formed at the end of germ tubes of different lengths. Penetration to host tissue through stomata was observed. Acervuli formed on the leaves surface after 98 h after inoculation, typically with sharp pointed setoses.

44

Martin, Michael T., Geoffrey M. Weaver, Matthew R. Chappell, and Jerry Davis. "Surveying Changes in Sectional Tissue Nutrient Concentrations of Hibiscus acetosella ‘Panama Red’ during Adventitious Root Formation." HortScience 51, no. 11 (November 2016): 1407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci10605-16.

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A study was conducted to observe changes in mineral element concentrations within different sections of leafy stem cuttings of Hibiscus acetosella ‘Panama Red’ (PP20121) during a 21-day propagation period under standard industry propagation conditions. Concentrations of 13 mineral elements were analyzed in leaves, lower stems (below substrate), upper stems (above substrate), and roots at 3-day intervals. Before root emergence (day 0–6), P, K, Zn, Ca, and Mg concentrations decreased in the shoots (including upper stems and leaves), whereas Zn, Ca, and B concentrations decreased in the lower stems. Sulfur increase occurred in lower stems before root emergence. After rooting (day 9–21), N, P, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ni concentrations decreased in the roots; K, S, B, and Mg concentrations increased. In the lower stems, N, P, K, S, and Zn concentrations decreased, whereas B increased. Potassium concentration decreased in the leaves; P, K, S, and Zn decreased in the upper stems. Calcium and Mg increased in leaves. This study indicates specific nutrients are important in adventitious rooting, and that it is important to analyze rooting as a function of fine-scale temporal measurements and fine-scale sectional measurements.

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Pieltain, M. C., J. I. R. Castan, M. R. Ventura, and M. P. Flores. "The nutritive value of banana (Musa acuminata L.) by-products for maintaining goats." Animal Science 69, no. 1 (August 1999): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800150003.

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Abstract The nutritive value of banana by-products (leaves, pseudostems and raceme stems) for goats was studied by rumen degradability and in vitro digestibility techniques, voluntary intake and maintenance trials. Banana by-products had both a relatively low degradability and digestibility, with derived metabolizable energy content (MJ ME per kg dry matter (DM)) of 6·54 for leaves, 6·66 for pseudostems and 8·24 for raceme stems. Daily voluntary intake (g DM per kg M0·75) was 66·4 for leaves, 19·3 for pseudostems, and 15·3 for raceme stems. On these results, pseudostems and raceme stems would provide less than 0·30 of maintenance ME needs of goats. However, rations based only on banana leaves should meet more than 0·85 of the maintenance energy needs.

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Kozhantayeva, Akmaral, Yerbolat Tashenov, Kuldi Tosmaganbetova, Gaukhar Tazhkenova, Togzhan Mashan, Aidana Bazarkhankyzy, Zhanar Iskakova, Ardak Sapiyeva, and Anar Gabbassova. "Circaea lutetiana (L) PLANT AND ITS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 03 (2022): 1653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1536870.

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Circaea lutetiana is a medicinal plant in the Onagraceae family. The plant has been used for the treatment of wounds. As its chemical composition possesses valuable components, the infusion has been drunk or washed for treatment of injuries. The paper identified the chemical components of the leaves and stems of the plant Circaea lutetiana. The compositions of Circaea lutetiana leaves and stems were extracted with hexane and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method of peak area normalization was used to identify 22 compounds. Among them, The primary compounds (leaves and stems) are esters (30,799%), alkanes (12,69%), fatty acids (carboxylic acids), oxo-fatty acids (7,038%), phytosterols (3,43%), triterpenoids (3,01%). Analysis of each part of the plant (stems, leaves, and fruits) and more detailed information on the specific plants were investigated.

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Amin, Astuti, Nur Khairi, and Wahyu Hendrarti. "Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Batang, Daun, dan Akar Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L.) dengan Metode FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power)." Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan 4, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v4i5.1271.

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Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L.) is a plant that contains flavonoid compounds that can act as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the antioxidant potential of the ethanol extract of the stems, leaves and roots of kopasanda by looking at the IC50 value. The stems, leaves and roots of Kopasanda were extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol as solvent. The results of the antioxidant activity test using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method showed very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values ??of leaves 23.4 µg/ml, stems 37.556 g/ml and roots 36.860µg/ml with positive control of quarcetin, IC50 values ??were 2.724 g/ml . Based on these results, it can be said that the stems, leaves and roots have very strong antioxidant activity against the reduction of FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power).

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Wang, Z., Z. Yuan, and B. Quebedeaux. "Photoperiod alters partitioning of newly-fixed 14C and reserve carbon into sorbitol, sucrose and starch in apple leaves, stems, and roots." Functional Plant Biology 25, no. 4 (1998): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp97079.

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The experiment was designed to determine how photoperiod duration affected the partitioning of newly-fixed 14C and reserve carbon into sorbitol, sucrose, and starch in apple source leaves, young sink leaves, stems, and roots. Apple plants (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Gala), 1-year-old, were grown in environmental growth chambers and received five different photoperiod treatments of 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 h for 8 d. On the eighth day of the light treatments, plants were exposed to 14CO2 for 15 min and harvested at 0, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after labelling for carbohydrate and 14C-carbohydrate analyses. Sorbitol and starch concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots increased as photoperiod increased, and peaked near 10-h photoperiod. Sucrose concentrations, however, either did not change in mature leaves or decreased slightly in stems as photoperiod increased from 1 to 14 h. At 24 h after 14 CO2 labelling, plants grown in longer photoperiods had less [14C]sucrose, [14C]sorbitol and 14C-total soluble fraction remaining in mature leaves, but more 14C activities in stems and roots than those grown in shorter photoperiods. We suggest that the increases in 14C-carbohydrates in stems and roots under longer photoperiods are due to increased carbon export from mature source leaves.

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Ignaczak, Stanisław, Jadwiga Andrzejewska, Katarzyna Sadowska, and Kenneth A. Albrecht. "Fodder Galega vs. Alfalfa: Yield and Feed Value of Leaves, Stems, and Whole Plants." Agronomy 12, no. 7 (July 16, 2022): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071687.

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Fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) is a perennial forage legume that can be an alternative to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under more difficult environmental conditions. Galega is characterized by leafiness, and technology is now available to harvest leaves separately from stems, providing opportunity to utilize the more nutritious leaves as a feed protein source, and stems for alternative purposes. Our objective was to assess leaf, stem, and whole plant production and nutritive value of galega relative to alfalfa. Field-grown galega and alfalfa were sequentially harvested from bud to late flower maturity stages in first and second growth over two years. The proportion of leaves in galega at each harvest was greater than that of alfalfa, on average by 35%. The yield of galega leaves and yield of crude protein (CP) from leaves was also greater, on average by 31% and 18%, respectively. However, galega leaves had lower CP concentration, contained more fiber, and were less digestible than alfalfa leaves. Although the proportion of stems in galega was lower, the mean dry matter yield of stems of both species was similar. Crude protein concentration in the stems of both species was similar, but galega stems tended to contain more fiber and be less digestible than alfalfa stems. The dry matter yield of whole plant galega was greater than that of alfalfa, especially in the spring cut. Whole plant galega contained, on average, 6% more CP, and galega protein yield was also 16% greater than that of alfalfa. Whole plants of both species were generally characterized by similar levels of fiber and digestibility. The relatively high leaf-protein yield of galega under a two-harvest regime makes fractional harvest of this crop an attractive management strategy.

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Soto-Estrada, A., H. Förster, D. A. DeMason, and J. E. Adaskaveg. "Initial Infection and Colonization of Leaves and Stems of Cling Peach by Tranzschelia discolor." Phytopathology® 95, no. 8 (August 2005): 942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-95-0942.

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Initial infection processes and the subsequent colonization of leaves and young stems of peach by Tranzschelia discolor were studied. On leaves where multiple disease cycles of peach rust occur during the growing season, urediniospores germinated after 4 h of wetness. Germ tubes became septate and formed appressoria only over leaf stomata beginning 18 h after inoculation. No appressoria, however, formed over stomata of positive replicas of leaf surfaces indicating nonthigmotropic responses of germ tubes. On young, primary-growth stems (ca. 8 weeks old), stomata were mostly closed, less frequent than on leaves, and recessed from the surface of the cuticle of the epidermis. Although appressoria formation was not observed on inoculated stems, germ tube growth of urediniospores was directional toward stomata. Penetration of stem tissue is apparently a less common event that was reflected by a lower occurrence of stem lesions compared with that of leaf lesions in our potted plant inoculation studies and previous field observations. Still, stem lesions are important as sources of primary inoculum each spring and were reproduced in this study for the first time. Fungal colonization of leaves and stems was subepidermal-intercellular and haustoria were commonly found within mesophyll or cortical cells, respectively. No fungal colonization was observed in cambial stem tissue. Vascular tissue was also not colonized and delimited lesions in leaves and stems. Morphological host responses were not observed in infections on either leaves or young stems. In older stems (>32 weeks old), however, the infection was delimited by a wound periderm after uredinial formation. Furthermore, with continued secondary growth, stems recovered and fungal lesions became part of the bark tissue of woody branches. Thus, the fungus must infect primary-growth branches each year to establish stem lesions.

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