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Готові списки джерел за темами / Stem cell heterogeneity / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Stem cell heterogeneity"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

de Souza, Natalie. "Taming stem cell heterogeneity." Nature Methods 9, no. 7 (June 28, 2012): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2094.

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2

Joly, Jean-Stéphane, and Vincent Tropepe. "Neural stem cell heterogeneity." Progress in Neurobiology 170 (November 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.005.

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3

Andersen, Marianne S., and Kim B. Jensen. "Stem cell heterogeneity revealed." Nature Cell Biology 18, no. 6 (May 27, 2016): 587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb3368.

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4

Krieger, T., and B. D. Simons. "Dynamic stem cell heterogeneity." Development 142, no. 8 (April 7, 2015): 1396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.101063.

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5

Bayin, N. Sumru, Rajeev Sen, Sheng Si, Aram S. Modrek, Valerio Ortenzi, David Zagzag, Matija Snuderl, et al. "STEM-04DEFINING GLIOBLASTOMA STEM CELL HETEROGENEITY." Neuro-Oncology 17, suppl 5 (November 2015): v208.4—v209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nov234.04.

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6

Eaves, Allen. "Stem cell heterogeneity (discussion)." Stem Cells 15, S2 (April 1997): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530150829.

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7

Andreotti, Julia P., Walison N. Silva, Alinne C. Costa, Caroline C. Picoli, Flávia C. O. Bitencourt, Leda M. C. Coimbra-Campos, Rodrigo R. Resende, et al. "Neural stem cell niche heterogeneity." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 95 (November 2019): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.005.

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8

Yang, Seungbok, Yoonjae Cho, and Jiwon Jang. "Single cell heterogeneity in human pluripotent stem cells." BMB Reports 54, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.10.094.

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9

Miller, Paul H., David J. H. F. Knapp, and Connie J. Eaves. "Heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cell populations." Current Opinion in Hematology 20, no. 4 (July 2013): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/moh.0b013e328360aaf6.

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10

Bonnet, Dominique. "Human Normal Haematopoetic Stem Cell Heterogeneity." Experimental Hematology 64 (August 2018): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exphem.2018.06.010.

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11

MacLean, Adam L., Maia A. Smith, Juliane Liepe, Aaron Sim, Reema Khorshed, Narges M. Rashidi, Nico Scherf, et al. "Single Cell Phenotyping Reveals Heterogeneity Among Hematopoietic Stem Cells Following Infection." STEM CELLS 35, no. 11 (September 24, 2017): 2292–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.2692.

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12

Liu, Xingzhi, Zhihua Zhao, Zhe Zhao, Zhongjuan Xu, Junjun Cao, Bin Wang, and Guangli Suo. "Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells: characterization and application in cell therapy." STEMedicine 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): e109. http://dx.doi.org/10.37175/stemedicine.v3i1.109.

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Анотація:

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great potentials in regenerative medicine for their low immunogenicity, multilineage differentiation potential, and extensive sources. However, the heterogeneity of MSCs limits their clinical application and industrial prospects. In this review, we introduced the heterogeneity of MSCs in terms of their applications, sources, functions, and surface markers; discussed the major factors leading to the heterogeneity in MSCs; summarized the main approaches to study the MSC heterogeneity, and addressed the clinical challenges resulting from heterogeneity. Finally, we proposed the strategies that might be used to purify the MSCs and to eliminate the heterogeneity of MSCs for their standardized production and reliable clinical application.

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13

YOSHIDA, S., Y. I. NABESHIMA, and T. NAKAGAWA. "Stem Cell Heterogeneity: Actual and Potential Stem Cell Compartments in Mouse Spermatogenesis." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1120, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1411.003.

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14

Boesch, Maximilian, Sieghart Sopper, Alain G. Zeimet, Daniel Reimer, Guenther Gastl, Burkhard Ludewig, and Dominik Wolf. "Heterogeneity of Cancer Stem Cells: Rationale for Targeting the Stem Cell Niche." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer 1866, no. 2 (December 2016): 276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.10.003.

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15

Manian, Kannan V., Syed Mohammed Musheer Aalam, Sumitha P. Bharathan, Alok Srivastava, and Shaji R. Velayudhan. "Understanding the Molecular Basis of Heterogeneity in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Cellular Reprogramming 17, no. 6 (December 2015): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cell.2015.0013.

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16

Qu, Rongmei, Kai He, Tingyu Fan, Yuchao Yang, Liyao Mai, Zhiwei Lian, Zhitao Zhou, et al. "Single-Cell Transcriptomic Sequencing Analyses of Cell Heterogeneity During Osteogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Stem Cells 39, no. 11 (August 16, 2021): 1478–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.3442.

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Анотація:

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their multilineage differentiation potential with immune-modulatory properties. The molecular underpinnings of differentiation remain largely undefined. In this study, we investigated the cellular and molecular features of chemically induced osteogenesis from MSC isolated from human adipose tissue (human adipose MSCs, hAMSCs) using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). We found that a near complete differentiation of osteogenic clusters from hAMSCs under a directional induction. Both groups of cells are heterogeneous, and some of the hAMSCs cells are intrinsically prepared for osteogenesis, while variant OS clusters seems in cooperation with a due division of the general function. We identified a set of genes related to cell stress response highly expressed during the differentiation. We also characterized a series of transitional transcriptional waves throughout the process from hAMSCs to osteoblast and specified the unique gene networks and epigenetic status as key markers of osteogenesis.

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17

Chen, Tian, Jiawei Li, Yichen Jia, Jiyan Wang, Ruirui Sang, Yi Zhang, and Ruiming Rong. "Single-cell Sequencing in the Field of Stem Cells." Current Genomics 21, no. 8 (December 21, 2020): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202921999200624154445.

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Анотація:

Variation and heterogeneity between cells are the basic characteristics of stem cells. Traditional sequencing analysis methods often cover up this difference. Single-cell sequencing technology refers to the technology of high-throughput sequencing analysis of genomes at the single-cell level. It can effectively analyze cell heterogeneity and identify a small number of cell populations. With the continuous progress of cell sorting, nucleic acid extraction and other technologies, single-cell sequencing technology has also made great progress. Encouraging new discoveries have been made in stem cell research, including pluripotent stem cells, tissue-specific stem cells and cancer stem cells. In this review, we discuss the latest progress and future prospects of single-cell sequencing technology in the field of stem cells.

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18

Stumpf, Patrick S., Fumio Arai, and Ben D. MacArthur. "Heterogeneity and ‘memory’ in stem cell populations." Physical Biology 17, no. 6 (November 19, 2020): 065013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1478-3975/abba85.

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19

Copley, Michael R., Philip A. Beer, and Connie J. Eaves. "Hematopoietic Stem Cell Heterogeneity Takes Center Stage." Cell Stem Cell 10, no. 6 (June 2012): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.006.

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20

Tang, Dean G. "Understanding cancer stem cell heterogeneity and plasticity." Cell Research 22, no. 3 (January 17, 2012): 457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2012.13.

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21

Donati, Giacomo, and Fiona M. Watt. "Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Plasticity in Epithelia." Cell Stem Cell 16, no. 5 (May 2015): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2015.04.014.

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22

Thomas, Daniel, and Ravindra Majeti. "Burning Fat Fuels Leukemic Stem Cell Heterogeneity." Cell Stem Cell 19, no. 1 (July 2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2016.06.014.

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23

Hays, Laura E. "Heterogeneity in the AML stem cell pool." Blood 114, no. 19 (November 5, 2009): 3976–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-09-239285.

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24

Wagemaker, Gerard. "Chapter 6: Cell and cell system responses: Heterogeneity of radiation sensitivity of hemopoietic stem cell subsets." Stem Cells 13, S1 (May 1995): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530130731.

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25

Baghdadi, Meryem B., Arshad Ayyaz, Sabrina Coquenlorge, Bonnie Chu, Sandeep Kumar, Catherine Streutker, Jeffrey L. Wrana, and Tae-Hee Kim. "Enteric glial cell heterogeneity regulates intestinal stem cell niches." Cell Stem Cell 29, no. 1 (January 2022): 86–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2021.10.004.

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26

Singh, Amar M. "Cell Cycle-Driven Heterogeneity: On the Road to Demystifying the Transitions between “Poised” and “Restricted” Pluripotent Cell States." Stem Cells International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/219514.

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Анотація:

Cellular heterogeneity is now considered an inherent property of most stem cell types, including pluripotent stem cells, somatic stem cells, and cancer stem cells, and this heterogeneity can exist at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels. Several studies have indicated that the stochastic activation of signaling networks may promote heterogeneity and further that this heterogeneity may be reduced by their inhibition. But why different cells in the same culture respond in a nonuniform manner to the identical exogenous signals has remained unclear. Recent studies now demonstrate that the cell cycle position directly influences lineage specification and specifically that pluripotent stem cells initiate their differentiation from the G1 phase. These studies suggest that cells in G1 are uniquely “poised” to undergo cell specification. G1 cells are therefore more prone to respond to differentiation cues, which may explain the heterogeneity of developmental factors, such as Gata6, and pluripotency factors, such as Nanog, in stem cell cultures. Overall, this raises the possibility that G1 serves as a “Differentiation Induction Point.” In this review, we will reexamine the literature describing heterogeneity of pluripotent stem cells, while highlighting the role of the cell cycle as a major determinant.

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27

Gisina, Alisa, Irina Kholodenko, Yan Kim, Maxim Abakumov, Alexey Lupatov, and Konstantin Yarygin. "Glioma Stem Cells: Novel Data Obtained by Single-Cell Sequencing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 14224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214224.

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Glioma is the most common type of primary CNS tumor, composed of cells that resemble normal glial cells. Recent genetic studies have provided insight into the inter-tumoral heterogeneity of gliomas, resulting in the updated 2021 WHO classification of gliomas. Thorough understanding of inter-tumoral heterogeneity has already improved the prognosis and treatment outcomes of some types of gliomas. Currently, the challenge for researchers is to study the intratumoral cell heterogeneity of newly defined glioma subtypes. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) present in gliomas and many other tumors are an example of intratumoral heterogeneity of great importance. In this review, we discuss the modern concept of glioma stem cells and recent single-cell sequencing-driven progress in the research of intratumoral glioma cell heterogeneity. The particular emphasis was placed on the recently revealed variations of the cell composition of the subtypes of the adult-type diffuse gliomas, including astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma. The novel data explain the inconsistencies in earlier glioma stem cell research and also provide insight into the development of more effective targeted therapy and the cell-based immunotherapy of gliomas. Separate sections are devoted to the description of single-cell sequencing approach and its role in the development of cell-based immunotherapies for glioma.

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28

Molina, M. Dolores, and Francesc Cebrià. "Decoding Stem Cells: An Overview on Planarian Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Lineage Progression." Biomolecules 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2021): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11101532.

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Planarians are flatworms capable of whole-body regeneration, able to regrow any missing body part after injury or amputation. The extraordinary regenerative capacity of planarians is based upon the presence in the adult of a large population of somatic pluripotent stem cells. These cells, called neoblasts, offer a unique system to study the process of stem cell specification and differentiation in vivo. In recent years, FACS-based isolation of neoblasts, RNAi functional analyses as well as high-throughput approaches such as single-cell sequencing have allowed a rapid progress in our understanding of many different aspects of neoblast biology. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the molecular signatures that define planarian neoblasts heterogeneity, which includes a percentage of truly pluripotent stem cells, and guide the commitment of pluripotent neoblasts into lineage-specific progenitor cells, as well as their differentiation into specific planarian cell types.

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29

Tanaka, Tetsuya S. "Transcriptional heterogeneity in mouse embryonic stem cells." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 1 (2009): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd08219.

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The embryonic stem (ES) cell is a stem cell derived from early embryos that can indefinitely repeat self-renewing cell division cycles as an undifferentiated cell in vitro and give rise to all specialised cell types in the body. However, manipulating ES cell differentiation in vitro is a challenge due to, at least in part, heterogeneous gene induction. Recent experimental evidence has demonstrated that undifferentiated mouse ES cells maintained in culture exhibit heterogeneous expression of Dppa3, Nanog, Rex1, Pecam1 and Zscan4 as well as genes (Brachyury/T, Rhox6/9 and Twist2) normally expressed in specialised cell types. The Nanog-negative, Rex1-negative or T-positive ES cell subpopulation has a unique differentiation potential. Thus, studying the mechanism that generates ES cell subpopulations will improve manipulation of ES cell fate and help our understanding of the nature of embryonic development.

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30

Dittmar, Thomas. "Generation of Cancer Stem/Initiating Cells by Cell–Cell Fusion." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 4514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094514.

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CS/ICs have raised great expectations in cancer research and therapy, as eradication of this key cancer cell type is expected to lead to a complete cure. Unfortunately, the biology of CS/ICs is rather complex, since no common CS/IC marker has yet been identified. Certain surface markers or ALDH1 expression can be used for detection, but some studies indicated that cancer cells exhibit a certain plasticity, so CS/ICs can also arise from non-CS/ICs. Another problem is intratumoral heterogeneity, from which it can be inferred that different CS/IC subclones must be present in the tumor. Cell–cell fusion between cancer cells and normal cells, such as macrophages and stem cells, has been associated with the generation of tumor hybrids that can exhibit novel properties, such as an enhanced metastatic capacity and even CS/IC properties. Moreover, cell–cell fusion is a complex process in which parental chromosomes are mixed and randomly distributed among daughter cells, resulting in multiple, unique tumor hybrids. These, if they have CS/IC properties, may contribute to the heterogeneity of the CS/IC pool. In this review, we will discuss whether cell–cell fusion could also lead to the origin of different CS/ICs that may expand the overall CS/IC pool in a primary tumor.

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31

Mackillop, William J., and Gus Dotsikas. "Cellular heterogeneity in human epithelial neoplasms." International Journal of Cell Cloning 6, no. 3 (1988): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530060303.

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32

Phinney, Donald G. "Functional heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells: Implications for cell therapy." Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 113, no. 9 (July 11, 2012): 2806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.24166.

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33

Shingai, Yasuhiro, Takafumi Yokota, Daisuke Okuzaki, Takao Sudo, Tomohiko Ishibashi, Yukiko Doi, Tomoaki Ueda та ін. "Autonomous TGFβ signaling induces phenotypic variation in human acute myeloid leukemia". Stem Cells 39, № 6 (15 лютого 2021): 723–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.3348.

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Анотація:

Abstract Heterogeneity of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) is involved in their collective chemoresistance. To eradicate LSCs, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying their heterogeneity. Here, we aimed to identify signals responsible for heterogeneity and variation of LSCs in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Monitoring expression levels of endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule (ESAM), a hematopoietic stem cell-related marker, was useful to detect the plasticity of AML cells. While healthy human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells robustly expressed ESAM, AML cells exhibited heterogeneous ESAM expression. Interestingly, ESAM− and ESAM+ leukemia cells obtained from AML patients were mutually interconvertible in culture. KG1a and CMK, human AML clones, also represented the heterogeneity in terms of ESAM expression. Single cell culture with ESAM− or ESAM+ AML clones recapitulated the phenotypic interconversion. The phenotypic alteration was regulated at the gene expression level, and RNA sequencing revealed activation of TGFβ signaling in these cells. AML cells secreted TGFβ1, which autonomously activated TGFβ pathway and induced their phenotypic variation. Surprisingly, TGFβ signaling blockade inhibited not only the variation but also the proliferation of AML cells. Therefore, autonomous activation of TGFβ signaling underlies the LSC heterogeneity, which may be a promising therapeutic target for AML.

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34

Schroeder, Timm. "Hematopoietic Stem Cell Heterogeneity: Subtypes, Not Unpredictable Behavior." Cell Stem Cell 6, no. 3 (March 2010): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2010.02.006.

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35

Munje, Chinmay, and Mhairi Copland. "Exploring Stem Cell Heterogeneity in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia." Trends in Cancer 4, no. 3 (March 2018): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2017.12.001.

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36

Adams, Kelsey V., and Cindi M. Morshead. "Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain." Progress in Neurobiology 170 (November 2018): 2–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005.

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37

Haas, Simon, Andreas Trumpp, and Michael D. Milsom. "Causes and Consequences of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Heterogeneity." Cell Stem Cell 22, no. 5 (May 2018): 627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.003.

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38

Ng, Amanda Yunn Ee, Kimberly Rae Guzman Peralta, and Jun Wei Pek. "Germline Stem Cell Heterogeneity Supports Homeostasis in Drosophila." Stem Cell Reports 11, no. 1 (July 2018): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.05.005.

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39

Crisan, Mihaela, and Elaine Dzierzak. "The many faces of hematopoietic stem cell heterogeneity." Development 143, no. 24 (December 13, 2016): 4571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114231.

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40

Raaijmakers, Marc H. G. P., and David T. Scadden. "Divided within: Heterogeneity within Adult Stem Cell Pools." Cell 135, no. 6 (December 2008): 1006–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.034.

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41

Dick, John E. "Stem cell concepts renew cancer research." Blood 112, no. 13 (December 15, 2008): 4793–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-08-077941.

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AbstractAlthough uncontrolled proliferation is a distinguishing property of a tumor as a whole, the individual cells that make up the tumor exhibit considerable variation in many properties, including morphology, proliferation kinetics, and the ability to initiate tumor growth in transplant assays. Understanding the molecular and cellular basis of this heterogeneity has important implications in the design of therapeutic strategies. The mechanistic basis of tumor heterogeneity has been uncertain; however, there is now strong evidence that cancer is a cellular hierarchy with cancer stem cells at the apex. This review provides a historical overview of the influence of hematology on the development of stem cell concepts and their linkage to cancer.

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42

Goodell, Margaret A., Hoang Nguyen, and Noah Shroyer. "Somatic stem cell heterogeneity: diversity in the blood, skin and intestinal stem cell compartments." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 16, no. 5 (April 23, 2015): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm3980.

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43

Long, Michael W. "Population heterogeneity among cells of the megakaryocyte lineage." Stem Cells 11, no. 1 (1993): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530110107.

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44

Cristini, Silvia, Giulio Alessandri, Francesco Acerbi, Daniela Tavian, Eugenio A. Parati, and Gloria Invernici. "Stem Cell Function, Self-Renewal, Heterogeneity, and Regenerative Potential in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells." Recent Patents on Regenerative Medicinee 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210296511202010011.

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45

Cristini, Silvia, Giulio Alessandri, Francesco Acerbi, Daniela Tavian, Eugenio A. Parati, and Gloria Invernici. "Stem Cell Function, Self-Renewal, Heterogeneity, and Regenerative Potential in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells." Recent Patents on Regenerative Medicine 2, no. 1 (July 25, 2012): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210297311202010011.

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46

Quesenberry, Peter J., G. Dooner, M. Dooner, and G. Colvin. "The Stem Cell Continuum: Considerations on the Heterogeneity and Plasticity of Marrow Stem Cells." Stem Cell Reviews 1, no. 1 (2005): 029–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/scr:1:1:029.

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47

Abdal Dayem, Ahmed, Soo Bin Lee, Kyeongseok Kim, Kyung Min Lim, Tak-il Jeon, Jaekwon Seok, and Ssang-Goo Cho. "Production of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Stem Cell Reprogramming." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 8 (April 18, 2019): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081922.

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Анотація:

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess a broad spectrum of therapeutic applications and have been used in clinical trials. MSCs are mainly retrieved from adult or fetal tissues. However, there are many obstacles with the use of tissue-derived MSCs, such as shortages of tissue sources, difficult and invasive retrieval methods, cell population heterogeneity, low purity, cell senescence, and loss of pluripotency and proliferative capacities over continuous passages. Therefore, other methods to obtain high-quality MSCs need to be developed to overcome the limitations of tissue-derived MSCs. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are considered potent sources for the derivation of MSCs. PSC-derived MSCs (PSC-MSCs) may surpass tissue-derived MSCs in proliferation capacity, immunomodulatory activity, and in vivo therapeutic applications. In this review, we will discuss basic as well as recent protocols for the production of PSC-MSCs and their in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacies. A better understanding of the current advances in the production of PSC-MSCs will inspire scientists to devise more efficient differentiation methods that will be a breakthrough in the clinical application of PSC-MSCs.

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Osorno, Rodrigo, and Ian Chambers. "Transcription factor heterogeneity and epiblast pluripotency." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1575 (August 12, 2011): 2230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0043.

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Анотація:

Stem cells are defined by the simultaneous possession of the seemingly incongruent properties of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential. To maintain a stem cell population, these opposing forces must be balanced. Transcription factors that function to direct pluripotent cell identity are not all equally distributed throughout the pluripotent cell population. While Oct4 levels are relatively homogeneous, other transcription factors, such as Nanog, are more heterogeneously expressed. Moreover, Oct4 positive cells fluctuate between states of high Nanog expression associated with a high probability of self-renewal and low Nanog expression associated with an increased propensity to differentiate. As embryonic stem (ES) cells transit to the more developmentally advanced epiblast stem cell (EpiSC) state, the levels of pluripotency transcription factors are modulated. Such modulations are blunted in cells that overexpress Nanog and this may underlie the resistance of Nanog-overexpressing cells to transit to an EpiSC state. Interestingly, increasing the levels of Nanog in EpiSC can facilitate reversion to the ES cell state. Together these observations suggest that Nanog lies close to the top of the hierarchy of pluripotent transcription factor regulation.

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Duke-Cohan, J. S., A. J. S. Davies, and Valerie J. Wallis. "Heterogeneity within the hematopoietic stem cell compartment: Evidence for a marrow-seeding stem cell distinct from cfu-s." International Journal of Cell Cloning 3, no. 1 (1985): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530030107.

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50

Hamidouche, Zahia, Karen Rother, Jens Przybilla, Axel Krinner, Denis Clay, Lydia Hopp, Claire Fabian, et al. "Bistable Epigenetic States Explain Age-Dependent Decline in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Heterogeneity." STEM CELLS 35, no. 3 (November 8, 2016): 694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.2514.

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