Статті в журналах: "Steel water"

1

Lee, Sang Ll, Jin Kyung Lee, Tae Soo An, Joon Hyun Lee, and Jun Young Park. "Pressurized Water Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Steels and Their Nondestructive Characterization." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2407.

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This study dealt with the corrosion resistance for the carbon steels under a pressurized water atmosphere at the elevated temperature. The nondestructive test was also used to evaluate the damage degree of corrosion test specimen. The corrosion test for carbon steels was carried out at the temperature of 200 °C under a water pressure of 10 MPa. The corrosion time for carbon steel was changed up to 20 weeks. The strength of carbon steel by the degree of corrosion was investigated by a tensile test. The carbon steel showed an average tensile strength of about 500 MPa after the corrosion period of 20 weeks, accompanying the weight loss of about 2.5 %. The attenuation coefficient of ultrasonic wave can be utilized as useful parameters to inspect the corrosion damages of carbon steels.

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2

Brewer, D., D. A. Gasparini, and J. Andreani. "Diffusion of Water in Steel‐to‐Steel Bonds." Journal of Structural Engineering 116, no. 5 (May 1990): 1180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1990)116:5(1180).

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3

Koscielniak, Barbara, Grzegorz Smola, Zbigniew Grzesik, and Adam Hernas. "Oxidation Resistance of Austenitic Steels under Thermal Shock Conditions in an Environment Containing Water Vapor." High Temperature Materials and Processes 37, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2016-0209.

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AbstractThe oxidation behavior of Super 304 H, Sanicro 25, HR3C and HR6W steels, which are recommended for use in ultra-supercritical power plants, as well as corrosion resistant X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel was studied in this work. Oxidation tests were carried out under thermal shock conditions in an oxygen-rich environment (containing 50 vol. % water vapor) at a temperature equal to 750 °C. The investigated steels (excluding X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel) are characterized by good oxidation resistance under thermal shock conditions. A highly protective Cr2O3 layer was formed in the internal part of scales growing on the surfaces of investigated steels. The X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel has worse oxidation resistant properties than the other grades of steels.

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4

Niu, Li Bin, and Katsuyuki Kobayashi. "Crevice Corrosion of Low-Pressure Steam Turbine Materials in the Boiler Water Contained Impurity Ions." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.192.

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Crevice corrosion of 3.5NiCrMoV and 13Cr steels, which are used as low-pressure (LP) steam turbine materials, was investigated by electrochemical corrosion tests in the simulated boiler water contained chloride and sulfate ions. For 3.5NiCrMoV steel, by comparison with the surfaces outside crevice, the surfaces inside crevice of the specimens coupled with both of the same steel and 13Cr steel showed no remarkably corroded pattern even though pitting corrosion was observed. The specimen of 13Cr steel coupled with the same steel plate exhibited pitting corrosion inside the crevice, and a lower open cycle potential (Ocp) than the single plate of 13Cr steel. On the other hand, the specimen of 13Cr steel coupled with 3.5NiCrMoV steel plate showed the lowest Ocp, as the anodic dissolutions of 3.5NiCrMoV steel became the dominate corrosion mechanism.

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5

Toda, Yoshiaki, Hideaki Kushima, Kazuhiro Kimura, and Fujio Abe. "Improvement in Creep Strength of Heat-Resistant Ferritic Steel Precipitation-Strengthened by Intermetallic Compound." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2994–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2994.

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The effects of nickel content and heat treatment conditions on the creep strength of precipitation-strengthened 15Cr ferritic steel were investigated. The creep strength of the 15Cr ferritic steel was drastically improved by solution treatment and water quenching. However, over the long term, the detrimental effect of nickel on the creep strength was pronounced for water-quenched steels. The volume fraction of martensite phase increased with increased nickel content in both the furnace-cooled and water-quenched steels. The volume fraction of martensite phase in the water-quenched steel was smaller than that in the furnace-cooled type, even for the same nickel content. Fine particles, smaller than 500 nm, were precipitated homogeneously within the ferrite phase of the water-quenched steel. On the other hand, coarse block-like particles 1 $m in size were precipitated sparsely within the martensite phase. The creep strength of the steels decreased with increased volume fraction of the martensite phase caused by furnace cooling and nickel addition. The lower creep strength and microstructural stability of the martensite phase is attributable to less precipitation strengthening. To enable this steel to be put to practical use, it will be necessary to suppress the formation of the martensite phase caused by addition of nickel by optimizing the chemical composition and heat treatment conditions.

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6

Chopra, O. K., and D. J. Gavenda. "Effects of LWR Coolant Environments on Fatigue Lives of Austenitic Stainless Steels." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842228.

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Fatigue tests have been conducted on Types 304 and 316NG stainless steels to evaluate the effects of various material and loading variables, e.g., steel type, strain rate, dissolved oxygen (DO) in water, and strain range, on the fatigue lives of these steels. The results confirm significant decreases in fatigue life in water. Unlike the situation with ferritic steels, environmental effects on Types 304 and 316NG stainless steel are more pronounced in low-DO than in high-DO water. Experimental results have been compared with estimates of fatigue life based on a statistical model. The formation and growth of fatigue cracks in air and water environments are discussed.

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7

Hlaváčová, Irena M., Marek Sadílek, Petra Váňová, Štefan Szumilo, and Martin Tyč. "Influence of Steel Structure on Machinability by Abrasive Water Jet." Materials 13, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 4424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194424.

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Although the abrasive waterjet (AWJ) has been widely used for steel cutting for decades and there are hundreds of research papers or even books dealing with this technology, relatively little is known about the relation between the steel microstructure and the AWJ cutting efficiency. The steel microstructure can be significantly affected by heat treatment. Three different steel grades, carbon steel C45, micro-alloyed steel 37MnSi5 and low-alloy steel 30CrV9, were subjected to four different types of heat treatment: normalization annealing, soft annealing, quenching and quenching followed by tempering. Then, they were cut by an abrasive water jet, while identical cutting parameters were applied. The relations between the mechanical characteristics of heat-treated steels and the surface roughness parameters Ra, Rz and RSm were studied. A comparison of changes in the surface roughness parameters and Young modulus variation led to the conclusion that the modulus was not significantly responsible for the surface roughness. The changes of RSm did not prove any correlation to either the mechanical characteristics or the visible microstructure dimensions. The homogeneity of the steel microstructure appeared to be the most important factor for the cutting quality; the higher the difference in the hardness of the structural components in the inhomogeneous microstructure was, the higher were the roughness values. A more complex measurement and critical evaluation of the declination angle measurement compared to the surface roughness measurement are planned in future research.

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8

Alchakov, Vasiliy V., Vadim A. Kramar, and Anna V. Rodkina. "Computational model of hull steel potential values in sea water." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 64 (August 29, 2020): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi64.93.

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The article provides an analysis of existing neural network models. The features of constructing a neural network using several parameters that affect the output value are described. The advantages of using neural networks and computing systems based on them are revealed. The task was solved using the Python programming language. The computing model of the potential values of steel with an oxide film and the potential of steel without an oxide film has been developed for various salinity of sea water and different types of hull steels used for hulls of sea vessels and underwater structures of ocean engineering structures designed for the Black Sea basin of the Sevastopol region and operated in this region. The obtained results will improve the accuracy of predicting potentials for various hull steel grades.

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9

Yoo, Joh Yeong, Han Seung Lee, and Young Jin Kim. "Experimental Study on the Water Penetration into Mortar under Water Pressure Condition." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.681.

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Concrete is a type of porous materials and is physically and chemically damaged due to exposure to various environments from the placing to the service life. These reactions affect the corrosion of steel bars applied in concrete and that decreases the durability life and strength of such steel bars. Thus, it is very important to insert rust inhibitors into steel bars in the case of a deterioration element that exceeds the critical amount of corrosion in the location of steel bars. However, it is very difficult to guarantee corrosion resistance at the location of steel bars using conventional technology that applies corrosion inhibitors only on the surface of concrete. This study attempts to develop a method that penetrates corrosion inhibitors up to the location of steel bars and investigate the penetration depth of corrosion inhibitors by verifying moisture migration in concrete under an applied pressure.

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10

Podesta, Michael de. "Bouncing steel balls on water." Physics Education 42, no. 5 (August 14, 2007): 466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/42/5/003.

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11

Gee, S. "Water-borne coatings for steel." Surface Coatings International 80, no. 7 (July 1997): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02692678.

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12

Feng, Xingguo, Qixiang Yan, Chao Zhu, Zheng Chen, Xiangyu Lu, and Sheng Lu. "Corrosion Performance of 201 low-Nickel Stainless Steel Anchor in Cl^– Contaminated Underground Water with Various Concentrations of SO₄ ²⁻ and HCO₃ ⁻." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 021507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac54d8.

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Corrosion behavior of 201 low-nickel stainless steel was studied in Cl−-contaminated underground water with various concentrations of HCO3 − and SO4 2− at different pHs to investigate the durability of stainless-steel anchors. The charge-transfer resistance increased, whereas the carrier densities and corrosion current density decreased with an increase in concentration of HCO3 − and SO4 2−, and solution pH. A parameter that was termed the composite corrosiveness index (CCI) was proposed to assess the corrosivity of underground waters to stainless steels. The CCI exhibited a monotonic relationship with charge-transfer resistance, carrier density, and corrosion current density, and it was more suitable for stainless steels compared with previous corrosiveness indexes in underground waters.

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13

Moreno, D. A., A. M. García, C. Ranninger, and B. Molina. "Pitting corrosion in austenitic stainless steel water tanks of hotel trains." Revista de Metalurgia 47, no. 6 (December 30, 2011): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1146.

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14

Yoon, Jae Hong, K. S. Son, H. S. Kim, B. Mitton, R. M. Latanision, Y. R. Yoo, and Young Sik Kim. "Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in Supercritical Water Environment." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 4207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.4207.

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There is a need to destroy both military and civilian hazardous waste and urgency, mandated by public concern over traditional waste handling methodologies, to safe and efficient alternative technologies. One very effective process for the destruction of such waste is supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). Nevertheless, corrosion of the materials of fabrication is a serious concern. This work intends to obtain the fundamental data for developing the corrosion resistant steel for the construction of SCWO system. The effects of various factors on the corrosion resistance of flat, welded, and U-bend 316L stainless steels in Trimsol solution were studied. Corroded product on surface was composed of multi-layer with oxides and salts, and dealloying was observed. Major corrosion phenomena of 316L stainless steel under SCWO condition were intergranular corrosion, pitting corrosion, SCC, and erosion corrosion. This work focused on the elucidation of corrosion mechanism of 316L stainless steel in SCWO environment.

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15

Grabezhnoy, V., and G. Lomakov. "RESULTS OF CALCULATION OF BENCHMARK MODELS ON RADIATION PROTECTION, INTENDED FOR RESEARCH OF TRANSMISSION OF IONIZING RADIATION THROUGH WATER AND STEEL LATTICES." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2020, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2020-2-72-84.

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The work is devoted to evaluating the accuracy of using the BNAB-RF system of constants together with the discrete ordinate method and the KATRIN-2.5 and CASCAD codes (IPM RAS) for studying the passage of neutrons and photons through water and steel gratings. The results of calculating the benchmark models for radiation protection from the SINBAD database are presented, namely, the ASPIS Neutron / Gamma-Ray Transport Through Waiter / Steel Arrays, NESDIP-2 Benchmark Experiment and NESDIP-3 Benchmark Experiment models, which were located in experimental channel of the NESTOR reactor. As a neutron source, a disk made of an alloy of uranium and aluminum irradiated with a stream of thermal neutrons leaving the NESTOR reactor was used. Protective compositions consisted of steel containers with water and plates of various steels (stainless steel and mild steel). Measurements of the passage of ionizing radiation were carried out using foils placed between steel plates or immersed in water at different distances from the neutron source. The calculations of neutron and photon reactions were carried out using the discrete ordinate method in 3D and 2D geometries KATRIN-2.5 and CASCADE, respectively. The constant systems BNAB-93 and BNAB-RF were used as group libraries. We can especially note the calculated estimates for the passage of gamma radiation presented here, obtained from the reaction (n-gamma) in the materials of the ASPIS installation. The results of calculations showed a good agreement of the calculated values with the experimental data. Based on the obtained numerical results, the BNAB-RF constant system was verified as applied to the calculation of radiation protection from ionizing radiation passing through water and steel gratings.

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16

Selokar, Ashish, D. B. Goel, and Ujjwal Prakash. "A Comparative Study of Cavitation Erosive Behaviour of 23/8N Nitronic Steel and 13/4 Martensitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.554.

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Abstract: Hydroturbine blades in hydroelectric power plants are subjected to erosion. Currently these blades are made of 13/4 martensitic stainless steel (ASTM grade A743). This steel suffers from several maintenance and welding related problems. Nitronic steels are being considered as an alternative to martensitic stainless steels since they have good weldability. In present work, erosive behaviour of 13/4 Martensitic and Nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless steel (23/8N steel) has been studied. Cavitation erosion tests were carried out in distilled water at 20 KHz frequency at constant amplitude. Microstructure of eroded surface, mechanical properties and erosion rate were characterized. It was observed that 23/8N steel possesses excellent resistance to erosion in comparison to 13/4 martensitic steels. 23/8N steel showed good hardness coupled with high tensile toughness and work hardening ability, leading to improved erosion resistance.

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17

Ogedengbe, Temitayo Samson, Abdulkareem Sulaiman, and Ogunware Olanrewaju Peter. "Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Various Quenchants on Hardened High Carbon Steels during Lathe Machining." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.06.04.2021.10.

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The choice of quenchants during heat treatment of carbon steels can influence the properties of the steel sample. A knowledge of the effect of various quenchants on steel can therefore not be over emphasized. This paper presents results from the experimental investigation on the effects of using brine, water and palm-oil as quenchants during hardening of high carbon steels. Three samples of AISI 1090 high carbon steel (0.95%wt, Carbon) were furnace-heated at a temperature of 900oC in a crucible furnace and quenched using brine, water and oil to harden the steel samples. The hardened steel was machined using a pre-developed design of experiment (DOE). Process parameters during machining were Speed (50-150 rpm), Feed rate (0.3-0.9 mm/min), Depth of Cut (0.1-0.3mm) and Quenchant (water, brine and palm-oil). The responses analysed were surface roughness and tool wear rate. Results show that palm-oil with a lowest surface roughness and hardness (0.09Î¼m and 150HB, respectively) and highest material removal rate (0.5124mm3/sec) was a preferred quenchant as it reduced surface roughness and increased material removal rate (MRR). Hence, Palm oil has proven to be a preferred quenchant during heat treatment of AISI 1090 steel for improved machinability and surface finish.

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18

Hotała, Eugeniusz, Rajmund Ignatowicz, and Maciej B. Lachowicz. "Metallographic Testing of 19th Century Steel in an Operating Water Tower." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 2204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092204.

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The world’s first steel structures were built towards the end of the 19th century. Some of them are still in use today, whereas others are maintained as precious technical heritage. In both cases, there may be a need to assess their technical condition and carry out repairs and reinforcements, which requires an understanding of the properties of the steel used. The few studies that have been undertaken of such steel structures indicate that the properties depend on the history of use. This paper presents the results of metallographic tests of a steel tank in a water tower built in 1884 in Lower Silesia. The chemical composition was consistent with that of the puddled steel used in the 19th century. The carbon content showed significant segregation and ranged from 0.011% to 0.072% mass. As a consequence, a typical microstructure for low-carbon steels (ferritic) was observed, changing locally to ferritic-pearlitic. The tested steel contained a very high content of phosphorus and silicon. The microstructure with numerous slags favoured the formation of surface delamination caused by the corrosion processes. The degree of corrosion of the steel of the tank was also assessed, as well as the type of corrosion inside the tank. Corrosion was favoured by the oxygen concentration cell. The results of the research will be used to assess the potential for continuing tank use and the reinforcements that have been planned. The results presented will add to the somewhat limited research results available for steel dating back to the 19th century, which is still present in many building structures. Such a database is especially needed by those designing technical measures aimed at maintaining these historical structures in good technical condition.

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19

Osadebe, Anwuli U., Dorcas C. Olorondu, and Gideon C. Okpokwasili. "Environmental and Microbial Influences on Corrosion of Selected Types of Petroleum Industry Steel." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 19, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/19/2021004.

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This study explored the influence of brackish water sediment, mangrove swamp sediment, clayey/lateritic soil, and river water (freshwater) sediment on the corrosion rates of carbon, mild, and stainless steels and the species of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron bacteria associated with the process. The material loss following burial of the steel samples for a 9-month period was assessed. Standard and specialised microbiological techniques were employed in the characterisation of the bacterial species. Qualitative assessment for corrosion was done via optical microscopy and macroscopy. Corrosion was highest on steel buried in brackish water sediment and lowest in that from river water sediment. Carbon steel was the most susceptible to corrosion while stainless steel was the most resistant. Sulphite, sulphide, nitrate and phosphate concentrations had a strong impact on corrosion rates. Thiobacillus, Leptothrix and Gallionella dominated amongst the iron bacteria while Desulfobacter and Desulfovibrio dominated amongst the SRB. There were significant differences in corrosion rates and bacterial abundance from one environment to the other. Iron bacteria showed greater abundance than SRB across the different environments and steel types. Iron bacteria counts, however, did not correlate positively with corrosion rates. The findings suggest that oil industry facilities in brackish water environments are more liable to corrosion than those located in fresh water ecosystems.

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20

Fydrych, Dariusz, Jerzy Łabanowski, and Grzegorz Rogalski. "Weldability of high strength steels in wet welding conditions." Polish Maritime Research 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2013-0018.

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Abstract In this paper are characterized problems of high strength steel weldability in underwater wet welding conditions. Water as a welding environment intensifies action of unfavourable factors which influence susceptibility to cold cracking of welded steel joints. The susceptibility to cold cracking of S355J2G3 steel and S500M steel in wet conditions was experimentally estimated (by using Tekken test). It was concluded that the steels in question are characterized by a high susceptibility to formation of cracks in welds. Usefulness of the proposed Temper Bead Welding technique (TBW) was experimentally verified as a method for improving weldability of the steels in the analyzed conditions.

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21

Ivanov, K., S. Niyazov, and A. Gurbich. "THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF THE INITIAL STAGE OF OXIDATION OF AUSTENITIC STEEL 12CR18NI10T IN WATER VAPOR." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2019, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2019-1-161-169.

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The paper presents the results of the study of the initial stage of oxidation of austenitic steel 12X18H10T in water vapor, which were obtained using a method of research of thin surface layers of steel, based on the analysis of nuclear reaction products in the interaction of oxygen with accelerated ion beams. Austenitic 18 % chromium steel 12X18H10T is one of the structural steels used in reactor installations with heavy liquid metal coolant (HLMC) in the region is relatively high (T<350 °C) temperatures. In test benches and experimental installations the temperature area of use of this steel is much wider. Studies of this steel, especially in the field of low temperatures or short time intervals of exposure of samples, where there are significant methodological difficulties, are of some scientific interest. In addition, the study of the oxidation of structural steels directly in gaseous media, including water vapor, are of great practical importance. It is because these modes of oxidation are used as special technological operations of formation of oxide films on the individual elements and the equipment of the first circuits of nuclear power plant (NPP) with HLMC on the basis of lead and its alloys.

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22

Xiao, Yi Qiang, Sheng Xu Liu, Ming Long Kang, Jian Min Zeng, Guo An Wang, Qiu Hong Meng, and Ying Zhang Deng. "Research on Impact Fracture and Microstructure of 40Cr Steel under Different Tempering Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.68.

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As one of the quenched and tempered steels, 40Cr steel is often used to manufacture the shaft in heavy-duty trucks. To adjust the working environment of the heavy-duty machines, 40Cr steel should have high impact property. In this study, different tempering cooling mediums were treated as critical influence on improving impact property of the steel. After heated under 520°C tempering temperature, the samples of 40Cr were cooled in air, oil and water, respectively. The experiments were carried out through charpy impact, metallographical and SEM analysis. The results has shown that 40Cr steel of high impact property and fine microstructure can be obtained when water is used for the tempering cooling medium.

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23

Li, Mao Dong, Bin Zeng, Yu Hui Du, Juan Liu, Jun Ming Zhao, and Zhi Ping Zhu. "Erosive Ions in Industrial Boiler Water on the Corrosion Behavior of Water-Wall Tubes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 328 (June 2013): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.328.877.

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The maximum allowable content of chloride ion in industrial boiler water is closely related to the concentration ratio and operating conditions, the reasons for industrial boiler can not be operated under too high concentration ratio is due to the limit of Cl- content. There are many studies for the electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel caused only by chloride ion, but few studies for calcium and bicarbonate ions on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel. In order to study the corrosion of water-wall tubes for industrial boilers (20# carbon steel) caused by chloride ion, the erosive anion (Cl) and Ca2+, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel polarization techniques were performed. Autoclave static experiments were performed to study the corrosion inhibition property of carbon steel with 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) additive in industrial boiler water medium. The results showed that Cl- could promote the corrosion of carbon steel obviously, HEDP has a good corrosion inhibition effect on 20# carbon steel at a concentration of 25 mg/L; Lower concentration Ca2+ in industrial boiler water could promote the corrosion while addition of higher concentration Ca2+ could inhibit the corrosion. It can provide a reference for the safe operation of the industrial boiler.

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24

Knoring, Semyon D., Victor V. Platonov, Nikolay G. Popov та Valery M. Shaposhnikov. "Comparison of fatigue characteristics of 38ХН3МФА and 40ХН high-tensile-strength steels based on test results". Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 4, № 394 (23 листопада 2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2020-4-394-63-69.

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Object and purpose of research. The object of work is steel “38ХН3МФА”, planned for use in the propeller shafts manufacture of the lead-ship (project 10510), and less strong steel “40XH”, used in the propeller shafts manufacture for icebreakers of lower ice categories and lower power. The purpose of the study is to compare the fatigue strength of these steel grades. Materials and methods. Investigations of the fatigue strength characteristics of steels were carried out by cyclic tests of flat notched specimens in air and cylindrical specimens in fresh water. Main results. It is shown that lowest fatigue strength results correspond to external cyclic loading of specimens with stress concentrator (notch). But even in these conditions, fatigue strength of 38ХН3МФА steel is better than that of 40XH steel. As for the tests of smooth samples in fresh water, 38ХН3МФА steel also has a clear advantage over 40XH steel. Conclusion. The studies have shown that fatigue strength characteristics of 38ХН3МФА steel in the air and in corrosive environment exceed those of 40XH steel. Environmental sensitivity and stress concentration of 38ХН3МФА steel turned out to be higher than for 40KH steel.

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25

Percival, S. L., J. S. Knapp, R. G. J. Edyvean, and D. S. Wales. "Biofilms, mains water and stainless steel." Water Research 32, no. 7 (July 1998): 2187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(97)00415-6.

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26

Suvio, P., A. van Hoorn, M. Szabo, and Å. Ekdahl. "Water management for sustainable steel industry." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 39, no. 4 (May 2012): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192311x13135947813898.

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27

MERCER, A. D., and E. A. LUMBARD. "Corrosion of mild steel in water." British Corrosion Journal 30, no. 1 (January 1995): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bcj.1995.30.1.43.

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28

Hafsham, R., M. S. Salwani, H. Mas-Ayu, and Rosdi Daud. "Flexural Performance of the Heat-Treated Boron Alloyed Steel." Materials Science Forum 909 (November 2017): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.909.21.

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Boron alloyed steels, especially 22MnB5, have been the point of focus for the materials choice in hot stamping. Objective of this project is to analyze the effect of heat treatment on its flexural performance. In this paper, five conditions of boron steels are analyzed. Specimens consist of the as-received (A), hot pressed (H) and quenched boron steel (QA,QWR, QWC). Flexural test was conducted to give more evidence on the flexural strength of the boron steel based on their process of heat treatment. Result show that Boron steel 22MnB5 undergone quenching process by using water at room temperature yield highest flexural strain.

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Quej-Ake, Luis Manuel, Sergio García Jiménez, Hongbo Liu, J. L. Alamilla, and Carlos Angeles-Chavez. "Assessment of corrosivity of emulsions from a petroleum sample on X80 steel." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 69, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-06-2021-2492.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the corrosion process by examining the deterioration of X80 steel exposed to a real petroleum sample containing condensed hydrocarbon plus oilfield-produced water, which were subjected to stimulated emulsions in flowing media at 50°C. Design/methodology/approach The impedance and polarization spectra were used to assess the aggressiveness of the petroleum sample and tried to find a washing process using condensed hydrocarbon with deionized water. Mössbauer technique was used to identify the phases in precipitated ions obtained during an oven-drying procedure of the oilfield produced water. Findings The emulsion, chloride, sulphur compounds, heavy metals and the use of a double hydrodynamic system were the most important factors affecting the corrosion of X80 steel. The corrosion rate of this steel increased when oilfield-produced water was stimulated by a double hydrodynamic system (4.56 mm/year). It was determined to be 7.66 mm/year and 4.01 mm/year when steel was exposed to a stimulated emulsion using the petroleum sample and condensed hydrocarbon with deionized water at 24 h, respectively, suggesting that a significant process of hydrocarbon washing could occur and a more corrosive solution was highlighted. Mössbauer results showed that the ions precipitates included the following phases at Wt.%: magnetite (20.0), greigeite (22.8), siderite (3.2), pyrite (2.9), marcasite (26.7) and mackinawite (24.4). Originality/value A stimulated hydrocarbon/water emulsions with a more homogeneous solution containing high concentrations of saline compounds and heavy metals were used to simulate the susceptibility to corrosion on the internal pipeline steels exposed to any type of immiscible liquids such as condensed hydrocarbon, or crude oil, containing water. A practical application of the presented research could provide a novel framework for understanding the internal corrosion in pipelines from the simulation of washed hydrocarbons after the stimulated emulsions that can be found in the field. Because more susceptibility to corrosion for pipeline steels would be expected at the end of the transportation of the fluid. It is possible to investigate the possible corrosion mechanisms by using a dried oilfield-produced water sample interacting with the pipeline steels.

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Prošek, T., and V. Šefl. "Corrosion resistance of stainless steel in drinking water treatment plants and water storage units." Koroze a ochrana materialu 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kom-2018-0020.

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Abstract Main factors affecting the corrosivity of water in water treatment plants and water towers and other storage facilities, observed types of corrosion degradation of stainless steel and the effect of manufacturing and surface treatment on their corrosion resistance are discussed. A list of stainless steel grades currently used in the field of treatment, transport and storage of drinking water is given together with some other suitable ones. Based on literature resources, optimal stainless steel grades are recommended as a function of water composition and treatment method.

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31

Hagarová, Mária, Gabriela Baranová, Martin Fujda, Miloš Matvija, Peter Horňak, Jozef Bednarčík, and Daria Yudina. "High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Creep Resistant Steels in Water Vapour Containing Environments." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020616.

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This study describes the water vapour effect on the oxidation resistance of 9Cr creep resistant steels. Boiler P91 and MarBN steels were oxidized for 3000 h in a simulated humid atmosphere with ~10% water vapour. The oxidation kinetics had a stable course for 1000 h and was evaluated by the weight gain curves for both experimental steels and both oxidation temperatures. The oxidation rate was higher at 650 °C versus 600 °C, as reflected by the oxidation rate coefficient. A significant increase occurred after 1000 h of oxidation, which was related to the local breakdown oxide scale and oxide nodules were formed on steel. This oxidation behavior was influenced by the fact that a compact spinel structure of iron oxides and alloying elements were not formed on the steel. Analysis after 3000 h of exposure showed hematite Fe2O3 formed on the outer layer, magnetite Fe3O4 on the middle layer, and the bottom layer consisted of iron-chromium-spinel (Fe,Cr)2O3.

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32

Tomków, J., D. Fydrych, G. Rogalski, and J. Łabanowski. "Temper Bead Welding of S460N Steel in Wet Welding Conditions." Advances in Materials Science 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2017-0036.

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AbstractWet welding is the most common method of welding in water environment. It is most often used for repairing of underwater parts of offshore structures. However, the water as a welding environment causes an increase of susceptibility of steels to cold cracking. For underwater constructions high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel are widely used. In wet welding condition a HSLA steel is characterized by high susceptibility to cold cracking. Temper Bead Welding (TBW) was chosen as a method to improve the weldability of S460N steel. The studies showed that TBW technique causes significant decrease of maximum hardness of heat affected zone (HAZ). The largest decrease in hardness occurred in specimens with the pitches in range 66-100%.

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33

Kobasko, Nikolai. "DESIGNING OF ADVANCED AND ORIGINAL AUSTEMPERING PROCESSES BASED ON THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PHYSICS APPROACHES." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 2 (March 31, 2016): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2016.00060.

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In the paper, a small concentration of inverse solubility polymers in water and other liquid media is recommended to eliminate film boiling by means of reducing initial heat flux density. Quenching steel parts and tools in a small concentration of water solutions under pressure allows performing austempering process just using cold liquids. Its essence consists in coinciding martensite start temperature MS with the average temperature of self-regulated thermal process during nucleate boiling mode and further immediate transferring steel parts for tempering at the temperature which exceeds value MS. The new technology increases the service life of austempered workpieces by more than two times, saves alloy elements, is suitable for larger metallic components, improves environmental conditions, since instead of melted salts and alkali, plain water and water salt solutions can be used. The new austempering process can be used in forging shops to obtain super-strengthened materials in order to switch from alloy steel to plain carbon steels. And it can be also widely used for obtaining nano - bainitic structure in plain carbon steels resulting in saving alloy elements and improving mechanical characteristics of materials.

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34

Quej-Ake, Luis Manuel, Antonio Contreras, Hongbo Liu, Jorge L. Alamilla, and Eliceo Sosa. "The effect of the hydrodynamic and temperature on corrosion rate of API steels exposed to oilfield produced water." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-06-2018-1959.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the corrosion rate for X52, X60, X65, X70 and X80 steel immersed in Mexican oilfield produced water. For the electrochemical characterization of the five steels rotating disk electrodes, 20°C, 30°C and 45°C of experimental temperature and 0, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 rpm of rotation speed were taken into account. The temperature dependence was analyzed using Arrhenius law. Thus, Rct values obtained from EIS data in comparison with the corrosion rate obtained from polarization curves data were taken into account. Hydrodynamic effects were analyzed by Rct and corrosion rate data.Design/methodology/approachElectrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were used to assess the electrochemical behavior for five pipe steels steel immersed in a natural solution.FindingsThe resistance and corrosion rate taken from electrochemical tests decreased as temperature and hydrodynamic condition also decreased. In addition, the Arrhenius parameter revealed that the natural solution increased the corrosion rate as the activation energy decreased. Typical branches related to reduction-oxidation reaction (dissolution-activation process or corrosion products dissolution) on steel surface were discussed. Optical images analysis shows that corrosion products for X65 steel exposed to oilfield produced water can be attributed to more susceptibility to corrosion damage for this steel grade (Quej-Ake et al., 2018), which is increased with the temperature and rotation speed of the working electrode.Originality/valueCorrosion process of the five steels exposed to oilfield produced water could be perceptive when Arrhenius analysis is taken into account. This is because oilfield produced water is the most aggressive condition (brine reservoir and sour water) for internal pipelines walls and storage tanks (brine tanks). Thus, stagnant condition was considered as a more extreme corrosive condition because produced water is stored in atmospheric stationary tanks as well as it is transported under laminar condition in zones where oilfield produced water is maintaining in the bottom of the pipe during the production, transporting and storing of the crude oil. In addition, a brief operational process for Reynolds number and the flowrate of the stock tank barrel per day (Q in STBD) using field and Reynolds number data is discussed.

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35

Campos, Tatiane, Marion Seiersten, Simona Palencsár, Arne Dugstad, and José A. Ponciano Gomes. "Corrosion of High-Strength Carbon Steels in Siderite Supersaturated Water at Near Neutral pH." Corrosion 77, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 632–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3514.

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When carbon steel corrodes in anaerobic carbonated water, and the steel surface area to liquid volume is high, the concentration of ferrous and bicarbonate ions increases rapidly even though the corrosion rate is low. Such solutions with high bicarbonate concentration and a near neutral pH are believed to induce stress corrosion cracking of high-strength carbon steels. This work was conducted to investigate the solid precipitation in siderite supersaturated solutions. It was also an objective to measure the corrosion rate of high-strength carbon steel in solutions with high bicarbonate concentration at pH close to neutral. Preloading the solutions with ferrous ions and bicarbonate made it possible to measure desupersaturation and corrosion rate as function of time. The initial siderite supersaturation was more than 1,000 in the desupersaturation experiments. Despite this, the nucleation and growth of siderite was so slow that the solutions remained supersaturated for 100 h to 500 h at 10°C to 25°C. The ferrous ion concentration decreased from 1,200 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg in less than 24 h at 40°C, but did not reach equilibrium within 250 h. The precipitate was siderite at 5°C to 25°C. At 40°C, the solid was a mixture of siderite and chuckanovite in low salinity water and siderite with dissolved Ca2+ in artificial seawater. The corrosion rate of carbon steel at pH 6.7 to 7.2 at 25°C decreased to less than 0.01 mm/y in 5 h. Siderite precipitated and grew to a thin protective layer at the steel surface. Even though the solutions were highly supersaturated with respect to siderite throughout the experiments, the carbonate layer at the steel surface did not grow to more 5 μm thickness during 250 h to 400 h. The investigated steels were armor wires for flexible pipes. They have an oxide layer at the surface which is an inherent result of the manufacturing process. The presence of these oxides did not impede the formation of protective siderite layer.

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Yurianto, Pratikto, Rudy Sonoko, Wahyono, and A. P. Bayuseno. "Quenching and tempering parameter on Indonesian hot rolled plate steel for armour steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820405001.

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Armour steel is a high strength and hardness steel used to protect damage by an object, individual or vehicle from the direct pressure of projectile. This steel used for military and commercials equipment in Indonesia and produced out of hot rolled plate steel made by PT. Krakatau Steel (Persero) Cilegon, Banten, Indonesia. By using quench (with water sprayed) and temper heat treatment produced Quenched & Tempered Steels. The aim of the study to obtain optimum quenching and tempering parameter in hardness and impact energy of HRP Steel. Method of this study by optimizing austenite temperature; austenite holding time; temper temperatures; hardness and impact energy. The result of this study is austenite temperatures 900°C (held 45 minutes) and temper temperatures 125°C (held 45 minutes). Prediction of both hardness and impact energy is 569.96 HVN (536.00 BHN) and 30.50 J respectively.

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37

Wen, Meng Xi, Xian Zheng Gong, Yu Liu, Xiao Qing Li, and Si Jing Pan. "Water Footprint Evaluation of Steel Production in China." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 1030–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.1030.

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The shortage of water has become a serious problem in the development of the steel industry in China. Therefore,it is important for research to be done in environment management, estimating the potential improvement of steel industry. This study propose an improved water footprint model of steel production based on the water footprint network methodology and the life cycle assessment framework. The result shows that the water footprint of steel production is 41.09m3/t, which requires larger amounts of direct blue water. The case of China highlights the relevance of clean production, energy efficiency measures, and grading utilization on reducing the water footprint of steel production.

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38

Ben Salah, Ilhem, Mohamed Mouldi Tlili, and Mohamed Ben Amor. "Influence of foreign salts to the CaCO3-CO2-H2O system and antiscalants on the adherence of calcium carbonate on the stainless steel." European journal of water quality 41, no. 1 (2010): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/2010005.

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39

Kostryzhev, Andrii G., Muhammad Rizwan, Chris R. Killmore, Dake Yu, and Huijun Li. "Edge Microstructure and Strength Gradient in Thermally Cut Ti-Alloyed Martensitic Steels." Metals 11, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071138.

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Recently developed Ti-alloyed martensitic steels are believed to exhibit higher wear resistance than traditionally quenched and tempered medium carbon steels. However, their properties may deteriorate during thermal cutting and welding as a result of microstructure tempering. This would present significant challenges for the metal fabrication industries. A decrease in strength and wear resistance associated with tempering should vary with steel composition, initial steel microstructure and properties, and cutting method. In this work, we investigated the effect of thermal cutting on the edge microstructure and properties in two alloyed plate steels containing 0.27C-0.40Ti and 0.39C-0.60Ti (wt.%) commercially rolled to 12 mm thickness. Three cutting methods were applied to each of the two plates: oxy-fuel, plasma and water-jet. Microstructure characterisation was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy. With an increase in thermal effect, from water-jet to plasma to oxy-fuel, the heat affected zone width increased and hardness decreased in both steels. However, the hardness profile from the cut edge to the base metal significantly varied with steel composition, particularly C and Ti contents. The dependence of grain structure and precipitation kinetics on steel composition, and cutting method, were thoroughly investigated and linked to the hardness profile variation. The obtained results will be used to optimise the technological parameters for cutting and welding of Ti-alloyed martensitic steels.

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40

Higuchi, Makoto, and Katsumi Sakaguchi. "Review and Consideration of Unsettled Problems on Evaluation of Fatigue Damage in LWR Water." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 1 (June 1, 2006): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2409316.

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Reduction in the fatigue life of structural materials of nuclear components in Light Water Reactor (LWR) water was initially detected and examined by the authors in the 1980s, who subsequently directed considerable effort to the development of a method for evaluating this reduction quantitatively. Since the first proposal of equations to calculate environmental fatigue life reduction for carbon and low-alloy steels was published in 1985 by Higuchi and Sakamoto (J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. 71, pp. 101–107), many revisions were made based on a lot of additional fatigue data in various environmental and mechanical test conditions. The latest models for evaluation using Fen of the environmental fatigue life correction factor were proposed for carbon and low alloy steels in the year 2000 and for austenitic stainless steel, in 2002. Fen depends on some essential variables such as material, strain rate, temperature, dissolved oxygen and sulfur concentration in steel. The equation for determining Fen is given by each parameter for each material. These models, having been developed three to five years ago, should be properly revised based on new test results. This paper reviews and discusses five major topics pertinent to such revision.

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41

PAN, TONGYAN, QIFENG YU, and TAO MIAO. "SYNTHESIZING AND CHARACTERIZING A WATERBORNE POLYANILINE FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF STEELS." Surface Review and Letters 22, no. 02 (April 2015): 1550021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x15500213.

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This study explores the idea of synthesizing and characterizing a new intrinsically conducting polyaniline that at the molecular level carries a hydrophilic component, making the polymer highly waterborne and thereby applicable to massive production for corrosion protection of steels. The waterborne polyaniline was mixed in a water-based epoxy and then coated on SAE 1008/1010 steel samples for evaluating its anti-corrosion capacity using a powerful surface-analysis tool, Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM). The high resolution surface topography and corrosion potential of steel samples coated with the Polyaniline-based primer, as studied by SKPFM, show significantly lower corrosion activities than two control groups: uncoated steel samples and epoxy-only coated samples that were also subjected to SKPFM analyses under the same corrosive condition. The surface analysis results indicate that this new waterborne polyaniline is capable of protecting steels from corrosion when mixed in conventional water-based epoxies, opening the door to the development of an economical and long-life coating for corrosion protection of steel structures.

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42

Topolska, S., and J. Łabanowski. "Environmental Degradation of Dissimilar Austenitic 316L and Duplex 2205 Stainless Steels Welded Joints." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0312.

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AbstractThe paper describes structure and properties of dissimilar stainless steels welded joints between duplex 2205 and austenitic 316L steels. Investigations were focused on environmentally assisted cracking of welded joints. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement was determined in slow strain rate tests (SSRT) with the strain rate of 2.2 × 10−6s−1. Chloride-inducted SCC was determined in the 35% boiling water solution of MgCl2environment at 125°C. Hydrogen assisted SCC tests were performed in synthetic sea water under cathodic polarization condition. It was shown that place of the lowest resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking is heat affected zone at duplex steel side of dissimilar joins. That phenomenon was connected with undesirable structure of HAZ comprising of large fractions of ferrite grains with acicular austenite phase. Hydrogen assisted SCC tests showed significant reduction in ductility of duplex 2205 steel while austenitic 316L steel remains almost immune to degradation processes. SSR tests of dissimilar welded joints revealed a fracture in the area of austenitic steel.

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43

Lee, Sang Ll, Moon Hee Lee, Jin Kyung Lee, Dong Su Bae, and Joon Hyun Lee. "Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel under a High Temperature Pressurized Water." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.1027.

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The long-term corrosion strength properties for the carbon steels under pressurized water atmosphere have been investigated, in the conjunction with the detailed analysis of their microstructures. The corrosion test for carbon steels was carried out at the temperature of 200°C under a water pressure of 10 MPa. The corrosion test samples were maintained up to 50 weeks in the tube shaped reactor. The mechanical strength and the microstucture of carbon steels suffered from the long term corrosion test were evaluated by SEM, XRD and tensile test. The weight loss of carbon steel by the corrosion test was also examined. The tensile strength of carbon steels decreased with the increase of corrosion time under a pressurized water atmosphere, accompanying the creation of severe corrosion damages like stress corrosion crack.

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44

Toshio, Yonezawa. "Stress Corrsion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels in High Temperature Water and Alternative Stainless Steel." Nuclear Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v5i3.194.

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In order to clarify the effect of SFE on SCC resistance of austenitic stainless steels and to develop the alternative material of Type 316LN stainless steel for BWR application, the effect of chemical composition and heat treatment on SFE value and SCCGR in oxygenated high temperature water were studied. The correlation factors between SFE values for 54 heats of materials and their chemical compositions for nickel, molybdenum, chromium, manganese, nitrogen, silicon and carbon were obtained. From these correlation factors, original formulae for SFE values calculation of austenitic stainless steels in the SHTWC, SHTFC and AGG conditions were established. The maximum crack length, average crack length and cracked area of the IGSCC for 33 heats were evaluated as IGSCC resistance in oxygenated high temperature water. The IGSCC resistance of strain hardened non-sensitized austenitic stainless steels in oxygenated high temperature water increases with increasing of nickel contents and SFE values. From this study, it is suggested that the SFE value is a key parameter for the IGSCC resistance of non-sensitized strain hardened austenitic stainless steels. As an alternative material of Type 316LN stainless steel, increased SFE value material, which is high nickel, high chromium, low silicon and low nitrogen material, is recommendable.

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45

Zhu, Shuaishuai, Baosen Zhang, Zhixin Ba, Xiangyang Mao, Weijie Fei, and Zhangzhong Wang. "Tribological behaviors of precipitates reinforced Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel lubricated by water or water-silica mixture." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 70, no. 8 (November 12, 2018): 1431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2017-0219.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the friction and wear properties of Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel against 440C stainless steel under both water and water–silica mixture lubricant. Design/methodology/approach The Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel specimens were taken from a forged steel brake disc with the process of quenching at 900°C and tempering at 600°C. The tribological testing was performed using a contact configuration of ball-on-flat with a liquid cell according to the ASTM standard. Detailed examinations on the worn surface were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Findings The results indicate that the friction coefficient and friction damage of the steel sliding under water–silica mixture are higher than those under water. The friction coefficient decreases with increasing load and increases with the sliding speed for the two lubricants. The mass wear rate presents a rising trend with both sliding load and speed. The wear mechanisms of the Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel sliding under the two lubricants are oxidation wear, abrasive wear and fatigue wear. Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen tribological testing approach, the research results could not describe the tribological performance of the brake disc accurately during actual braking process of the high-speed train. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. Originality/value This study shows that the tribology behavior of the Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel with water or water–silica mixture lubrications helps the industrial firms and academicians to work on the wear of the brake disc in rainwater or wet environment.

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46

Gill, S. J., and T. W. Crooker. "Fatigue Crack Propagation in an HSLA Steel (MF-80) in Air and in Salt Water." Marine Technology and SNAME News 27, no. 04 (July 1, 1990): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1990.27.4.221.

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Fatigue crack propagation was studied in MF-80 HSLA steel in ambient room air and in 3.5 percent sodium chloride salt water. Region II fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) data were obtained at two load ratios, R = 0.10 and R = 0.67. da/dN values were found to be affected by both load ratio and environment, with the greatest effect being caused by the combination of high load ratio and salt-water environment. Overall, the results of this study suggest that MF-80 HSLA steel may have slightly less Region II fatigue crack propagation resistance than other high-strength steels of comparable strength.

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47

Bolewski, Ł., M. Szkodo, and M. Kmieć. "Cavitation erosion degradation of Belzona® coatings." Advances in Materials Science 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2017-0002.

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Abstract In hydrocarbon and maritime industry there is a constant need of materials and coatings withstanding severe conditions. One of adverse phenomena present there is cavitation erosion. The paper presents evaluation of cavitation resistance of three different steel coatings. Belzona 2141 (ACR-Fluid Elastormer), 1321 (Ceramic S-Steal) and 5831 (ST-Barrier) were deployed on P110 steel and subjected to ultrasound cavitation in distilled water and drilling mud environment. According to mass loss measurements Belzona 2141 shows superior performance comparing to two other coatings and bare p110 steel surface. This is due to its high elasticity comparing to steel.

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48

Moyo, Fortunate, and Josias Willem Van der Merwe. "Effects of water on the SCC of low carbon steel in ethanolic media." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 63, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-07-2014-1413.

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Purpose – This paper aims to determine the effect of water on the SCC of low carbon steel in ethanol in the absence of supporting salts. Design/methodology/approach – Slow strain rate test was done to determine SCC susceptibility. Fractured samples were examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Findings – While the results demonstrated that water alone had no effect on the SCC susceptibility of low carbon steel in ethanol, 2.5 volume per cent moisture gave indications of cracking tendencies. Originality/value – With South Africa and the world over turning to bioethanol and ethanol blended fuels as a means of reducing its carbon foot print, there are concerns over the corrosive nature of ethanol on common engineering metals like low carbon steels.

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49

Li, An Long, Zhi Hong Wang, Bo Xue Sun, and Si Wen Gao. "Analysis of Water Consumption Intensity for Steel Production in China." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 1465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.1465.

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The water consumption intensity of steel production through BF-BOF technology was decomposed by an innovative process-based water-accounting model, i.e., water-balance model. One ton of steel product was chosen to be the functional unit. The system boundary of the case study included the production processes of coking, sintering, iron making, steel making, continuous casting and rolling. The results showed that the water consumption intensity of steel production was 3.969t/t in this case. The water consumption of evaporation, solidification and wastewater were 2.373t, 0.013t and 1.583t, accounting for 59.79%, 0.33% and 39.88% of the total water consumption, respectively. Steel rolling is the largest contributor to water consumption, and the amount of water consumption is 1.523t, accounting for 38.37% of the total water consumption; followed by coking process and continuous casting process, the amounts of which are 0.814t (20.50%) and 0.634t (15.97%), respectively. This finding can push the utilization of advanced technologies to save water resource in steel industry.

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50

Zhang, Wei, Zhou De Qu, Xiao Hu Deng, and Xing Wang Duan. "Numerical Simulation of Cr12MoV Steel during Quenching Process." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.751.

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The excessive residual stress induced by quenching in steels will easily result in distortion and failure of parts. In order to obtain the more suitable quenchant, quenching process of Cr12MoV steel with different mediums involving water and oil are simulated, respectively. In present paper, the influence of nonlinear surface heat transfer coefficient, thermodynamic parameters and latent heat are considered comprehensively. The distribution of temperature, microstructure, hardness and residual stress after quenching for Cr12MoV steel are simulated by DEFORM finite element software. According to the results mentioned above, the variations of each field of the steel are analyzed.

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