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Статті в журналах з теми "Steel, Structural Fire-testing"
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Qureshi, Ramla Karim, Negar Elhami-Khorasani, and Thomas Gernay. "Adaption of active boundary conditions in structural fire testing." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 9, 2019): 504–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-12-2018-0042.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This paper aims to investigate the need for active boundary conditions during fire testing of structural elements, review existing studies on hybrid fire testing (HFT), a technique that would ensure updating of boundary conditions during a fire test, and propose a compensation scheme to mitigate instabilities in the hybrid testing procedure. Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on structural steel columns and starts with a detailed literature review of steel column fire tests in the past few decades with varying axial and rotational end restraints. The review is followed with new results from comparative numerical analyses of structural steel columns with various end constraints. HFT is then discussed as a potential solution to be adapted for fire testing of structural elements. Challenges in contemporary HFT procedures are discussed, and application of stiffness updating approaches is demonstrated. Findings The reviewed studies indicate that axial and rotational restraints at the boundaries considerably influence the fire response of steel columns. Equivalent static spring technique for simulating effect of surrounding frame on an isolated column behavior does not depict accurate buckling and post-buckling response. Additionally, numerical models that simulate fire performance of a column situated in a full-frame do follow the trends observed in actual test results up until failure occurs, but these simulations do not necessarily capture post-failure performance accurately. HFT can be used to capture proper boundary conditions during testing of isolated elements, as well as correct failure modes. However, existing studies showed cases with instabilities during HFT. This paper demonstrates that a different stiffness updates calculated from the force-displacement response history of test specimen at elevated temperature can be used to resolve stability issues. Originality/value The paper has two contributions: it suggests that the provision of active boundary conditions is needed in structural fire testing, as equivalent static spring does not necessarily capture the effect of surrounding frame on an isolated element during a fire test, and it shows that force-displacement response history of test specimen during HFT can be used in the form of a stiffness update to ensure test stability.
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Sunar Bükülmez, Pınar, and Oguz C. Celik. "Pre and post-fire mechanical properties of structural steel and concrete in steel-concrete composite cellular beams." MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019): 02054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents an experimental investigation into possible variations of mechanical properties of structural steel and concrete in composite cellular beams exposed to ISO 834 fire and cooled down phases. Four full-scale fire tests were performed on protected and unprotected beams under assumed service loads. Tensile stress-strain behavior of steel coupons taken from the beams and compressive strengths of concrete cores taken from the reinforced concrete slabs are studied. Material coupon tests for steel are carried out as per TS EN ISO 6892-1. As for the concrete, compression tests were conducted. Coupon test results reveal that, after fire testing, a maximum reduction ratio of 65% in ultimate strain is obtained for the unprotected beam samples. This indicates that the reductions in the mechanical properties of steel in the protected beams are much less when compared to those of the unprotected beams. It is also found that the maximum increase in post-fire strength/pre-fire strength ratios for concrete is 11% for the unprotected beam, while a 20 % decrease is recorded for water based protected cellular beam. For the protected specimens, the RC slabs were exposed to higher temperatures, and the compressive strength of concrete after testing was lower than that of the unprotected beam slabs.
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Kwon, In Kyu. "Analysis of Structural Stability for H-Section Made of SM 400 According to Lengths and Boundary Conditions at High Temperatures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3857.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A fire can cause serious damage to steel framed buildings so most of countries have fire regulations specifying fire resistance for structural elements. Fire resistance generally has been evaluated by a limited size testing facility. However, the size of columns and beams are different based on various conditions. Especially, the height of column and boundary condition are the main factors that govern the fire resistance of structural elements. To make a basic database for the H-section made of an ordinary grade structural steel, SM 400, an analysis was conducted by using mechanical and thermal properties with a proper theory. The fact findings suggested that the fire resistance for longer and fixed to fixed column were required a new guide line for covering of fire protective materials.
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Xing, Zhe, Ou Zhao, Merih Kucukler, and Leroy Gardner. "Testing of stainless steel I-section columns in fire." Engineering Structures 227 (January 2021): 111320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111320.
Повний текст джерела
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Patton, Joel S. "Fire and Smoke Corrosivity of Structural Materials." Journal of Fire Sciences 10, no. 4 (July 1992): 294–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419201000403.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The deleterious effects that combustion products generated dur ing fires can have on normal construction materials have been well-docu mented. The combined effects of fire, corrosive smoke and particulate have been defined as fire corrosivity. While the effects of fire corrosivity are well-known, little quantitative information is available concerning the mechanisms in volved and the degree to which materials, particularly metals, are susceptible. Consequently, a study which was conducted to begin examining the effects of fire and smoke corrosivity on metals is described and the results are presented. Various metal targets were exposed to corrosive smoke and fire particulate pro duced from polyvinylchloride (PVC) samples burned in a cone calorimeter. The target materials consisted of 304 stainless steel, 1010 carbon steel and 70-30 CuNi alloy. In addition to metal targets, electrical resistance probes were also utilized in the testing to monitor in-situ corrosion rates. The probe materials corresponded to the metal targets so that a comparison could be conducted. After testing, both the metal targets and corrosion probes were sectioned and prepared for analysis using standard metallographic techniques. The targets and probes were analyzed for corrosion products and depth of attack. Results from this testing show that all the metal targets proved highly susceptible to the effects of fire and smoke corrosivity attributed to the burning of PVC samples. These results are presented and compared by corrosion rates. In addi tion, the performance of the corrosion probes in terms of their ability to produce accurate corrosion measurements was evaluated by comparing their corrosion depth measurements to those of the metal targets. It can be concluded from these observations that the testing of structural metals for their resistance to fire corrosivity must be done over a wide range of combustion environments us ing a large number of targets in order to generate a statistical basis before any predictions can be made concerning a particular alloy's resistance.
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Ng, Yan Hao, Indraneel Suhas Zope, Aravind Dasari, and Kang Hai Tan. "Correlating the Performance of a Fire-Retardant Coating across Different Scales of Testing." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102271.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Material-scale tests involving milligrams of samples are used to optimize fire-retardant coating formulations, but actual applications of these coatings require them to be assessed with structural-scale fire tests. This significant difference in the scale of testing (milligrams to kilograms of sample) raises many questions on the relations between the inherent flammability and thermal characteristics of the coating materials and their “performance” at the structural scale. Moreover, the expected “performance” requirements and the definition of “performance” varies at different scales. In this regard, the pathway is not established when designing and formulating fire-retardant coatings for structural steel sections or members. This manuscript explores the fundamental relationships across different scales of testing with the help of a fire-protective system based on acrylic resin with a typical combination of intumescent additives, viz. ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and expandable graphite. One of the main outcomes of this work dictates that higher heat release rate values and larger amounts of material participating in the pyrolysis process per unit time will result in a rapid rise in steel substrate temperature. This information is very useful in the design and development of generic fire-retardant coatings.
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Gardner, L., and N. R. Baddoo. "Fire testing and design of stainless steel structures." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62, no. 6 (June 2006): 532–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.09.009.
Повний текст джерела
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Golovanov, V. I., G. I. Kryuchkov, A. N. Strekalev, A. A. Komissarov, and S. M. Tikhonov. "A study on mechanical properties of modern rolled structural metal at elevated temperatures." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 31, no. 2 (June 3, 2022): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2022.31.02.52-62.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The purpose of this work is to obtain experimental data on the numerical dependence between the strength characteristics of the most widely used grades of rolled structural metal products (including those featuring high heat resistance) and a critical increase in temperature.Materials and methods. As the subject of research we used specimens of rolled metal of the following strength classes: С255 (steel St3sp), С345 (steel 09G2S), С390 (steel 14G2), and rolled metal that had high heat resistance properties S355P (steel 06MBF). Small cylindrical specimens of type B, with M10 thread on heads and the working diameter of 4 mm were used to conduct the static tension and compression tests of mechanical properties. The procedure encompassed the heating of the specimens to the pre-set testing temperature at the rate of not more than 10 °C/min, their 15-minute exposure, and testing for static uniaxial tension/compression.Results and discussion. The results of the experimental research on mechanical properties of different widely used grades of rolled structural steel, including heat resistant rolled metal, subjected to the fire impact, are presented in the article. The data are presented in the form of diagrams used to make a quantitative assessment of the effect of elevated temperature on the strength properties of rolled structural metal under the impact of fire. This information can be contributed to the design and operation of structural metal constructions to develop analytical methods of identifying the fire-resistance limits of constructions made of structural metal.Conclusion. The new data on the fire resistance of metal products allow for a more reasonable building design, higher safety and resistance of buildings and structures to the effect of fire. A wider area of application of the whole range of rolled products featuring higher heat resistance will reduce metal consumption and construction costs, boost competitiveness and attractiveness of steel structures and their application in the construction of buildings and structures of various purposes.
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Cirpici, Burak Kaan. "Predicting and comparing the fire performance of a small-scale composite structure." Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjcrl.2021.03.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate a strategy for the fire testing of reduced scale structural models which will help engineers design safer structures and reduce the loss from fires. The concept of this work is how composite frame floor arrangements, beam-column connections might be modelled at a small scale suitable for fire testing. Testing full-scale is expensive, besides the testing of scaled model produces reasonable results which help us to understand the failure mechanism and all significant thermo-structural responses involved in a fire. Thermal effects within a structural element generate fire curve, thermal input and structural displacement output, in other words cause and impact. Dimensional analysis, which is a condition for dynamic similarity between prototype and model, can be achieved when all the dimensionless groups are set equal for both model and prototype. On the other hand, scaling rules are used to decide how much insulating material will be used on a structure. 5-storey composite building with composite floors and steel columns has been modelled at small scale with 1/5. The obtained results from various parametric investigations show that the reduced scale model fire test method would be a feasible way to investigate the fire performance of composite structures.
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Salem, Osama, George Hadjisophocleous, and Ehab Zalok. "Structural Fire Performance of Innovative Moment-Resisting Connection Joining Steel Beams to HSS Columns." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 4 (November 18, 2014): 331–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.4.331.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, experimental results of the structural fire behaviour of four large-scale steel frame test assemblies are presented. Test assemblies were made of HSS beams and columns connected together using an innovative extended end-plate moment connection configuration. Two different parameters were investigated, the connection end plate thickness and the degree of beam axial restraint. The fire performance of this beam-to-column configuration was compared to the behaviour of a commonly-used connection configuration with similar parameters and fire testing conditions. The newly-developed connection configuration behaved in a more flexible manner at elevated temperature than the regular configuration. In addition to improved constructability and pleasant appearance, the new connection configuration exhibits greater moment-carrying capacity and enhanced fire resistance characteristics.
Дисертації з теми "Steel, Structural Fire-testing"
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Collette, Kristin A. "Comparisons of structural designs in fire." Link to electronic thesis, 2007. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050307-182832/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.) -- Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: Office buildings; Steel beams; Lumped parameter method; Cardington Tests; Design fire curves . Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-146).
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Tao, Yunxiang. "Advanced numerical analysis and fire testing of cold-formed steel hollow section stud walls." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226716/1/Yunxiang_Tao_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research investigated the behaviour of light gauge steel frame walls made of cold-formed steel hollow section studs under both ambient and fire conditions using full scale experimental and advanced numerical studies. It developed and improved new structural and fire design rules for hollow section stud walls that can be included in the Australian steel structures standard. Importantly, it showed that such wall systems have superior fire resistance than conventional wall systems used currently. Overall, this research has sufficiently improved the knowledge of light steel walls made of hollow section studs in fire, enabling structurally efficient and safer designs.
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Johann, Matthew A. "Fire-Robust Structural Engineering: A Framework Approach to Structural Design for Fire Conditions." Link to electronic thesis, 2002. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-1219102-155849.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: structural engineering; fire safety; framework approach; performance-based design; information management; finite element; lumped-parameter; laboratory tests; steel; beam; restrained; plastic analysis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 180-182).
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Arakelian, Andrea Katherine. "Strength analysis of bolted shear connections under fire conditions using the finite element approach." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2008. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-122208-145717/.
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Dias, Hanwellage Yomal Viduranga. "Structural and fire behaviour of gypsum plasterboard and steel sheathed LSF walls." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134411/1/Hanwellage_Dias_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigated the structural and fire behaviour of steel stud framed walls lined with gypsum plasterboard and steel sheathing. An improved wall stud with greater structural efficiency was developed. Through analytical, numerical and experimental studies, the behaviour of steel sheathed LSF walls built using these improved studs, both under normal service conditions and in fire, was investigated. The findings of this study facilitate the development of structurally and economically superior LSF walls.
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Narang, Vikas A. "Heat Transfer Analysis In Steel Structures." Link to electronic thesis, 2005. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-050405-133533/.
Повний текст джерела
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Covi, Patrick. "Multi-hazard analysis of steel structures subjected to fire following earthquake." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/313383.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fires following earthquake (FFE) have historically produced enormous post-earthquake damage and losses in terms of lives, buildings and economic costs, like the San Francisco earthquake (1906), the Kobe earthquake (1995), the Turkey earthquake (2011), the Tohoku earthquake (2011) and the Christchurch earthquakes (2011). The structural fire performance can worsen significantly because the fire acts on a structure damaged by the seismic event. On these premises, the purpose of this work is the investigation of the experimental and numerical response of structural and non-structural components of steel structures subjected to fire following earthquake (FFE) to increase the knowledge and provide a robust framework for hybrid fire testing and hybrid fire following earthquake testing. A partitioned algorithm to test a real case study with substructuring techniques was developed. The framework is developed in MATLAB and it is also based on the implementation of nonlinear finite elements to model the effects of earthquake forces and post-earthquake effects such as fire and thermal loads on structures. These elements should be able to capture geometrical and mechanical non-linearities to deal with large displacements. Two numerical validation procedures of the partitioned algorithm simulating two virtual hybrid fire testing and one virtual hybrid seismic testing were carried out. Two sets of experimental tests in two different laboratories were performed to provide valuable data for the calibration and comparison of numerical finite element case studies reproducing the conditions used in the tests. Another goal of this thesis is to develop a fire following earthquake numerical framework based on a modified version of the OpenSees software and several scripts developed in MATLAB to perform probabilistic analyses of structures subjected to FFE. A new material class, namely SteelFFEThermal, was implemented to simulate the steel behaviour subjected to FFE events.
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Govender, Stanton Wesley. "Parametric studies on the temperature dependent behaviour of steel structures within a fire context." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mechanical and material properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures play
an important role in structural fire design. The South African 350W and S355 structural
steels are common in building structures with S355 slowly replacing the older 350W. The
cost and feasibility of full scale fire tests are some of the causes for the lack of
experimental data on the behaviour of steel structures when exposed to fire. Therefore
excessively conservative design codes based on isolated laboratory experiments are used
in practice which leads to increased material costs. Another area of concern with respect
to building safety is the reusability of structural steels post fire exposure, which is not
effectively addressed within these codes.
This study aims to establish greater insight into structural fire design and simulation on
which further research can be built. Experimental programs on the temperature
dependent behaviour of these steel members loaded axially are conducted and compared
with theory and the Eurocode 3 standard [1]. The reusability of steel exposed to fire and
after being cooled down is investigated and compared to the findings by Outinen [2].
Further testing on material to determine the relationship between remaining life and
hardness degradation after cooling down was conducted.
Experimental data from various external studies are used to develop novel computer
models using the finite element analysis software, SimXpert [3]. These are verified against
the original data and compared to existing design codes. A parametric approach is used
with these models to demonstrate the advantages of computer simulations in structural
fire design. Different cross sections and slenderness ratios are evaluated for their
susceptibility to buckling at elevated temperatures.
The results of this study show that as temperature and exposure time increase the
integrity of steel members decrease. The current design codes accurately predict the
behaviour of isolated specimens but lack data on real situations where the specimen is
part of a complex structure. It was found that steel members can be reused if their
exposure temperature does not exceed 700°C, after which their strength can reduce to
90%. This temperature dependant behaviour was successfully modelled using basic
computer simulations and then demonstrated the ease in which they can be used in place
of experimental regimes. The parametric advantages of these simulations were
demonstrated by predicting the effects of slenderness ratios and geometry cross sections
on the buckling behaviour.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
Книги з теми "Steel, Structural Fire-testing"
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Manufacturers, Association of Specialist Fire Protection Contractors and. Fire protection for structural steel in buildings. 3rd ed. Aldershot: Association of Specialist Fire Protection Contractors and Manufacturers in conjunction with Fire Test Study Group and Steel Construction Institute, 2004.
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Vila, Real Paulo, and European Convention for Constructional Steelwork, eds. Fire design of steel structures: Eurocode 1 : actions on structures, part 1-2 : General actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire - Eurocode 3 : design of steel structures, part 1-2 : General rules - Structural fire design. Berlin: ECCS, 2010.
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Fire Design of Steel Structures. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2015.
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Theodor, Löffler, ed. Fire behaviour of composite structures in steel and concrete. Stuttgart: IRB Verlag, 1989.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Steel, Structural Fire-testing"
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"Global structural behavior in fire and consolidated testing of steel structures." In Research and Applications in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 719–20. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15963-347.
Повний текст джерела
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Sunar Bukulmez, P., and O. C. Celik. "Structural fire behaviour and testing of protected and unprotected steel-concrete composite cellular beams." In Applications of Fire Engineering, 295–303. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315107202-32.
Повний текст джерела
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"Metal Protection and Repair." In Industrial Polymer Applications: Essential Chemistry and Technology, 69–124. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782628149-00069.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter deals with the vulnerability to corrosion and other problems that polymeric repair and maintenance materials can solve for metals and alloys used in the manufacture of equipment, machinery and fittings for industrial production, processing and distribution, as well as for building framework and shipbuilding. The applications for which the essential chemistry and technology of polymeric protection and repair solutions, and fitness-for-purpose testing methods considered, are: Corrosion-resistant primers for the prevention or delay of rusting of iron and steel; Polymeric barrier coatings used alone or in combination with primers and sometimes finish coats, for the protection of structural steel, concrete and masonry from general corrosion; Protective coatings to resist surface erosion from mechanical impact and the cutting action or abrasive wear of hard solid particles, erosion–corrosion from slurries, impingement from particles entrained in fast flowing liquids or gasses, and impingement from fast flowing liquids; Protective coatings and linings which resist aggressive processing reagents and solvents, crude oil and gas, produced chemicals, fuels and oils, raw water and industrial effluent/waste; Coatings that provide protection from corrosion, erosion or chemical attack at high continuous operating temperatures; Polymeric materials for diverse construction, rebuilding, repair and mechanical engineering problems; Corrosion-resistant coatings applied directly to steel before insulation or a fireproofing system is installed, and seamless and flexible coating encapsulation for insulation and cladding; Passive fire protection coatings for load bearing steelwork, and fire retardant polymeric encapsulation systems used to weatherproof insulation applied over steelwork in highly corrosive industrial environments.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Steel, Structural Fire-testing"
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Nassif, Ayman. "Thermal Modelling and Full-Scale Fire Testing of a Steel Door-Leaf Opening into a Standard Fire." In Research, Development and Practice in Structural Engineering and Construction. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7920-4_st-22-0082.
Повний текст джерела
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Smith, Hunter. "Protective Barrier Wall Response to Sequential Blast and Fire Events." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31115-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Blast and fire-resistant barrier walls are often required on offshore platforms to protect from accidental events. A wall structure designed for a probabilistic explosion event typically relies on inelastic response and plastic deformation to maintain a lightweight, efficient design. Design guides for such structures do not explicitly address how to account for the effects of interaction of blast and fire loading on structural performance and design acceptance criteria. If a wall assembly is required to provide rated fire and gas protection after an explosion event, it is generally assumed that structural integrity is maintained due to temperature increase limits (140°C) from the H-60/120 rated fire protection on the wall. This paper investigates the validity of this assumption for a typical offshore barrier wall designed to undergo permanent deformation during an initial blast event. The study was performed utilizing non-linear dynamic finite element analysis (FEA). FEA allows for design iteration, structural assessment, and validation against extreme load scenarios when testing of full-scale assembly may not be feasible. A typical wall structure was first analyzed for blast loading by non-linear dynamic structural analysis. Thermal loading from a subsequent hydrocarbon fire was then applied to observe the structural response in the post-blast damaged condition. Based on the rated temperature range, the resulting thermal expansion in the wall panels induces large stresses at the interface between wall panels and supporting steel. Non-linear FEA confirmed that yielding occurs which may increase existing plastic strains beyond design limits at locations of high stress concentration. Therefore, it is prudent to consider thermal performance in the design process, especially regarding connections and penetrations.
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Wade, Robin John. "Factors Required for the Lifetime Protection of Structures and Equipment Requiring Passive Fire Protection in Harsh Offshore Environments." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31793-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objectives / Scope Many factors impact the longevity of passive fire protection which is required to protect structural steel and process equipment from degradation in harsh offshore conditions and accidental fire scenarios. This paper reviews the impact installation, environmental and operational processes have on the lifetime expectations of passive fire protection and subsequently the assets on which the passive fire protection has been applied. Methods, Procedures, Processes A review of key processes is made mapping out the stress and strain impact (maximum and fatigue) expected to be imposed on thick film passive fire protection coatings. Industry recognized standards, testing protocols and industry reviews are discussed highlighting where the expected stress and strain impacts are accounted for and where there are deficiencies yet to be addressed. Examples from the real world show how epoxy passive fire protection has met the challenge over the past 40 years and where further scrutiny is required in design and installation. Results, Observations, Conclusions Current standards have been heavily focused on temperate climates around the world at the expense of extreme cold and hot climates and process conditions. Furthermore, installation and construction methods have been developed which may inadvertently place greater strain on passive fire protection systems prior to in-service use. As such performance expectations are not always realized from the project specifications. New proposals and discussions have reviewed what is required to capture performance expectations of modern-day assets and passive fire protection systems. Whilst asset owners see merit in many of the proposals there is a significant upscaling of costs required to realize these tests and validate solutions. As a result of a limited scope of current testing, there is a significant risk that passive fire protection is treated as a "commodity item" rather than a "specialised safety critical element" given that it is expected to function for many decades in a multitude of different service environments. Novel/Additive Information Revisions to industry standard tests are discussed along with the basis for performance expectations. New proposals for allowing for wider environmental and process conditions to be considered. The impact of treating passive fire protection as a commodity item as opposed to a specialized safety critical element is a key highlight
4
Wade, Robin John. "Factors Required for the Lifetime Protection of Structures and Equipment Requiring Passive Fire Protection in Harsh Offshore Environments." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31793-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objectives / Scope Many factors impact the longevity of passive fire protection which is required to protect structural steel and process equipment from degradation in harsh offshore conditions and accidental fire scenarios. This paper reviews the impact installation, environmental and operational processes have on the lifetime expectations of passive fire protection and subsequently the assets on which the passive fire protection has been applied. Methods, Procedures, Processes A review of key processes is made mapping out the stress and strain impact (maximum and fatigue) expected to be imposed on thick film passive fire protection coatings. Industry recognized standards, testing protocols and industry reviews are discussed highlighting where the expected stress and strain impacts are accounted for and where there are deficiencies yet to be addressed. Examples from the real world show how epoxy passive fire protection has met the challenge over the past 40 years and where further scrutiny is required in design and installation. Results, Observations, Conclusions Current standards have been heavily focused on temperate climates around the world at the expense of extreme cold and hot climates and process conditions. Furthermore, installation and construction methods have been developed which may inadvertently place greater strain on passive fire protection systems prior to in-service use. As such performance expectations are not always realized from the project specifications. New proposals and discussions have reviewed what is required to capture performance expectations of modern-day assets and passive fire protection systems. Whilst asset owners see merit in many of the proposals there is a significant upscaling of costs required to realize these tests and validate solutions. As a result of a limited scope of current testing, there is a significant risk that passive fire protection is treated as a "commodity item" rather than a "specialised safety critical element" given that it is expected to function for many decades in a multitude of different service environments. Novel/Additive Information Revisions to industry standard tests are discussed along with the basis for performance expectations. New proposals for allowing for wider environmental and process conditions to be considered. The impact of treating passive fire protection as a commodity item as opposed to a specialized safety critical element is a key highlight
5
Fouad, Fouad H., Mark Ackerman, and Ronald Barnett. "Fire Testing of Concrete and Steel Electric Utility Poles." In Electrical Transmission and Substation Structures 2022. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484463.048.
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Shao, Shanshan, Guodong Jia, Luowei Cao, and Guide Deng. "Research on Post-Fire Metallographic Structure and Hardness of Quenched and Tempered High Strength Steel 07MnMoVR." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93423.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Quenched and tempered high strength steel 07MnMoVR provides an excellent combination of strength and toughness potentially providing significant cost savings in petrochemical industry. Exposure to fire will subject steel to thermal conditions that may alter the material’s microstructure and properties. The extent of the fire damage and the potential reusability of the components can be evaluated by fitness-for-service (FFS) assessment after a fire event. According to API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, metallurgical investigation and mechanical testing are the chief means for the assessment of fire damage. This paper presents the details of an experimental investigation on the post-fire metallographic structure and hardness of 07MnMoVR steel. Metallographic analyses and hardness testing were performed on coupons exposed to elevated temperatures varying from 550°C to 850°C for half an hour to 8 hours and then naturally cooled in air or cooled by water. The results show that the microstructure of as-received 07MnMoVR steel consisted of tempered sorbite and bainite. With increasing heat exposure temperature, bainite disappeared gradually. The recovery and recrystallization of ferrite began to occur after heat exposure at 650°C for 5hrs. When the heat exposure temperature exceeded 750°C, the effects of duration time and cooling rate on microstructure were both significant. A linear correlation is indicated by fitting the ultimate tensile strength and hardness. Due to the drastically degradation of impact toughness of 07MnMoVR steel after heat exposure exceeded 650°C, it is suggested that the removal and testing of material samples shall be utilized to evaluate the fire damage of components, besides replication or in-situ field metallography and hardness testing. This study can provide basis data and guidelines for the fitness-for-service assessment of 07MnMoVR steel suffered from a fire event.
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Li, Bo, Yantian Zuo, Wenhua Shu, and Xiaoying Tang. "The Research of the Fitness-for-Service Assessment on Steels for Pressure Vessel Subjected to Fire Damage: Metallurgical Analysis and the Influence on Performance Degradation." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65279.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The fitness-for-service assessment to fire damage for pressure vessels was considered to be based on the material deterioration and performance degradation associated with heat exposure. The identification of thermal damage zones after exposure to fire was proposed and provided in the API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 Standard. However, the more explicit quantitative relationships between the heat exposure conditions and the performance degradation degree of the pressure vessels suffering fire were not reported in detail with the thermal damage zone metallurgical analysis, which was not available in the Standard. Therefore, the present research was conducted on the influences of fire suffering test and heat exposure, under different thermal conditions, on the micro-structure evolution and mechanical performance of austenitic stainless steels and carbon steels for pressure vessel equipment. And the metallurgical analysis results described some typical appearances in micro-structure observed in the materials experienced to fire and heat exposure. Moreover, the quantitative degradation of mechanical properties was investigated via multiple testing means such as mechanical tensile test at room temperature and low temperature, the Charpy impact testing, the torsion testing, and the hardness measurement. The present research provided data accumulation of material deterioration and performance degradation was believed to be benefited to the fitness-for-service assessment of pressure vessel after exposure to fire. The material thermal degradation mechanism and the fitness-for-service assessment process of fire damage behavior was further discussed.
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Zuo, Yantian, Bo Li, Wenhua Shu, and Xiaoying Tang. "Fitness-for-Service Assessment on Pressure Piping of Grade X70 Pipeline Steel (API Spec.5L) After Exposure to Fire." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The technical evaluation core of pressure piping components after exposure to fire was performed by considering various factors affecting the pipelines subjected to fire damage, including the determination of material deterioration degree, and the fitness-for-service assessment of the piping equipment. Based on the analysis results and testing data, the safety status and performance loss of the pressure piping after exposure to fire could be obtained. On this view, the influences of fire test and heat exposure as the fire-condition simulation on the grade X70 pipeline steel (API Spec.5L), which was widely used for piping equipment, was carefully investigated. According to the division of fire zone with different factors of temperature and fire suffering preservation, the material micro-structure deterioration and performance degradation were analyzed in detail, after that the grade X70 pipeline steel was heat-treated in muffle furnace to simulate the fire exposure under different conditions of the temperature, heat holding period and cooling mode. In the present foundational research, the mechanical tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, hardness measurements and the metallographic examinations were then conducted in detail. Thus, the data accumulation of performance degradation was believed to benefit to the fitness-for-service assessment of piping components of the grade X70 pipeline steel. Moreover, the material thermal degradation mechanism and the fitness-for-service assessment process of the grade X70 pipeline steel after exposure to fire was further discussed.