Готові списки джерел за темами / Steel strip Testing

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Steel strip Testing"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Steel strip Testing"

He, Zhi-Qi, Changxue Ou, Fei Tian, and Zhao Liu. "Experimental Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Girders with UHPC-Grout Strip Shear Connection." Buildings 11, no. 5 (April 24, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050182.

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This paper develops a new type of shear connection for steel-concrete composite bridges using Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) as the connection grout. The UHPC-grout strip shear connection is fabricated by preforming a roughened slot in the concrete deck slab, welding an embossed steel rib longitudinally to the upper flange of the steel girder, and casting the strip void between the slot and the steel rib with UHPC grout. The structural performance of the new connection was validated by two sets of experimental tests, including push-out testing of shear connectors and static and fatigue testing of composite beams. The results of push-out testing indicate that the UHPC-grout strip shear connection exhibits a significant improvement of ductility, ultimate capacity, and fatigue performance. The interface shear strength of the UHPC-grout strip connection is beyond 15 MPa, which is about three times that of the strip connection using traditional cementitious grouts. The ultimate capacity of the connection is dominated by the interface failure between the embossed steel and the UHPC grout. The results of composite-beam testing indicate that full composite action is developed between the precast decks and the steel beams, and the composite action remained intact after testing for two million load cycles. Finally, the trail design of a prototype bridge shows that this new connection has the potential to meet the requirements for horizontal shear.

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Chavan, Mr Vivek Sarjerao. "Flexural Behaviour of RCC slab using Epoxy Coated Bamboo as Reinforcement." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45241.

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Abstract: Bamboo is one of the potential material as a substitute for steel reinforcement. Bamboo is very cheap, easily available, and available in ample quantity. Bamboo is cultivated in farm by farmers. Bamboo is having very good mechanical properties which attract many researchers to use it as reinforcing material in concrete. From bamboo small thin strips were prepared. These strips were tied together in two directions to form a bamboo-strip- mat. All these strips while making bamboo-strip-mat was tied together with small thin Mild Steel wire to ensure their position in mat formation. Testing is done using bamboo- strip-mat as reinforcement in cement concrete prismatic section at bottom side. Concrete slab thus produced in laboratory were tested in flexure; results obtained were presented in this project. Bamboo strips were prepared from old age bamboo. Researchers at the Future Cities Laboratory Singapore Zurich achieved the liaison of both the superior physical properties of the bamboo fiber and the extraordinary mechanical properties of polymer resins in a new green and sustainable material technology.

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Stockert, Sven, Matthias Wehr, Johannes Lohmar, Gerhard Hirt, and Dirk Abel. "Development of a Laser Triangulation Gauge for High Precision Strip Thickness Control." Advanced Materials Research 1140 (August 2016): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1140.107.

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Almost all metal strips with thicknesses of < 2 mm are produced by cold rolling. Thickness variations of cold rolled strips are caused by various factors like fluctuation in strength of the material, the eccentricity of the rolls or thickness variation of the incoming strip. As the demands concerning the thickness variation are ever increasing the Institute of Automatic Control and the Institute of Metal Forming aim at reducing the thickness tolerance of thin, cold-rolled steel and copper strips to 1 μm. As high frequency disturbances are expected, it is assumed that this goal can only be achieved by using a predictive controller in combination with a high precision strip thickness gauge and, for roll adjustment, a piezoelectric actuator in addition to the existing electromechanical actuator. The objective of this work is the constructive implementation and the testing of a thickness gauge based on laser triangulation. The gauge includes guide rollers to prevent strip vibration, a C-frame to allow an inline calibration and mechanical adjustment of the measuring range so that even flexible strip thicknesses can be measured. The designed gauge showed a high repeat accuracy of 0.4 μm for two different metal strips. Furthermore the gauge was used to investigate the dynamics of the thickness change of a steel strip at maximum rolling speed of 5 m/s using a Fourier transformation. This frequency analysis supports the need for a piezoelectric actuator that can also subsequently be dimensioned based on the obtained frequency data.

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Li, Long, Xin Chen, De Jing Zhou, and Chao Lan Tang. "Evaluation on Interface Bonding of Thin Aluminum Clad Steel Strip." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.967.

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The bond strength were comparatively measured by tensile test, tension shear test and compression shear test in order to evaluate bonding behavior of thin aluminum clad steel strips bonded by cold rolling, and furthermore determine minimum stable reduction of clad strips. The morphologies after fracture were observed and analyzed using SEM (scanning electron microscope) and EDS (energy dispersive spectrometer). The results show that it is lower for the bond strength obtained by shear test than one obtained by tensile test, which largely attributes to different stress states during testing. Minimum stable reduction can be defined as one beyond which the fracture would completely occur at aluminum component layer instead of interface between components, which is suggested as 40-45% based on fracture feature of Al clad steel strip.

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Smith, Ali, Florian Vercruysse, Roumen Petrov, Patricia Verleysen, and Bernd Linke. "Effect of Ti on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Hot Rolled Advanced High Strength Steel Strip." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.106.

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The addition of titanium is a well-known microalloying concept for hot rolled structural steels. Concerning advanced high strength steels for the automotive sector, the use of Ti microalloying (usually with Nb-V) has been an active research area. However, Ti addition has not been explored in depth. For the current contribution, a laboratory hot rolled 0.2C-2.4Mn-1.5Si steel with and without Ti addition was studied. Mechanical testing of the hot strip revealed a very high UTS (1GPa) for the Ti added steel, whilst for the unalloyed chemistry the UTS was some 300 MPa lower. Observation of the hot rolled microstructures via optical microscopy showed a significantly higher hardenability for the Ti added steel. Moreover, X-ray diffraction analysis indicated a significant amount of retained austenite in the Ti added strip, which transformed completely to martensite after the tensile test. Further analysis via TEM and chemical extraction indicated that Ti was present both as Ti (C,N) precipitates and in solution. Finally, in light of these observations, the possible mechanisms leading to the enhanced hardenability observed for the Ti added hot rolled strip steel were discussed.

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NEACȘU, Marian-Iulian. "Mathematical Modeling of the Cold Rolling Process and Heat Treatment for DC01 Steel." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.2.06.

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Анотація:

The paper presents the elaboration of a mathematical model of the cold strip rolling process combined with the recrystallization annealing after the rolling at LBR Liberty Galati.The elaborated mathematical model allows the prediction of the mechanical properties of cold rolled strips subsequently subjected to a heat treatment.The realization of this mathematical model was based on statistical measurements of the mechanical properties Rm, Rp0.2 (Rc) and A5 for the rolled steel strip DC01 from Liberty Steel Galati. To achieve this mathematical model, the active experiment method was used.With the help of this mathematical model, it is possible to optimize the rolling process by significant savings of time and materials in the process of testing the mechanical properties for cold rolled tape, but also by choosing the most appropriate process parameters.

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NEACȘU, Marian-Iulian. "Mathematical Modeling in View of Property Prediction of DD11 Steel Laminated in LBC Liberty Galati." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.2.01.

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Анотація:

The paper presents a mathematical model for predicting the mechanical properties of hot rolled strips. The realization of this mathematical model relied on statistical measurements of the mechanical properties (Rm, Rp0,2 and A5) for the laminated strip in the LBC rolling mill from the Liberty Steel Galati steel plant. To achieve this mathematical model, there has been used the active experiment method.By means of this mathematical model, significant time and material savings can be made in the process of testing the mechanical properties for hot rolled tape.

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Mazur, Igor, Aleksandr P. Dolmatov, and Sergey S. Borisov. "Investigation and Numerical Modeling of the Process of Cold Rolling HSLA Steels." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.832.

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Considering the problems and details of modeling process of cold rolling, it was constructed a theoretical model of deformation area based on a set of equations, which were practical testing. The model is based on cold-rolled numerical solution of differential equations of forces equilibrium in the deformation area by Karman. In the model there are included modules for calculating strip temperature and strip gage at the exit from the stand, considering elastic recovery of the strip. For adaptation of the equations to the specific conditions of cold rolling of HSLA steels in the continuous five stand mill 2030 and assess the deviation of calculated data from the actual, a procedure of correction for hardening curve of rolled steel has been developed. The model allows defining the energy-power parameters of rolling: average unit rolling force, the full force of rolling, rolling moment, rolling force, an average temperature of strip at the inlet and outlet of each of the mill stands, steel hardening curve when rolling. The model is implemented as software using object-oriented approach in the language of C++ Builder.

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Kopineck, H. J., H. Otten, and G. Dobmann. "Non-destructive testing for characteristic parameters of rolled steel strip." NDT & E International 24, no. 1 (February 1991): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(91)90689-z.

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Yu, Yong Wei, Guo Fu Yin, and Liu Qing Du. "Image Classification for Steel Strip Surface Defects Based on Support Vector Machines." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.336.

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Анотація:

In order to realize less time consuming and on-line image classification for steel strip surface defects, an improved multiclass support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. The SVM used a novel algorithm and only constructed (k-1) two-class SVMs where K is the number of classes. In the testing phase, to identify the surface defects it used a new unidirectional acyclic graph which had internal (k-1) nodes and k leaves. Its testing time is less than traditional multiclass SVM method. The experiment results shows that this method is simple and less time consuming while preserving generalization ability and recognition accuracy toward steel strip surface defects.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Steel strip Testing"

Lizarralde, Jon Mikel. "Non-destructive testing of thin strip material : Implementation of the 3MA technique at a steel producing company." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24256.

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This study is an initial attempt to investigate the possibility of substituting conventional laboratory destructive testing techniques at Sandvik's strip steel production facilities with the 3MA (Micro-magnetic Multi-parameter Microstructure and Stress Analysis) NDT (nondestructive testing) technique. The interest for the research comes from various problems with the actual destructive testing method. Sandvik manufactures thin strip steel (among other products) and controls the quality of its product by taking samples from the ends of the strip and measuring the sample's material properties in a separate laboratory. Hence, the sample preparation process is time and material consuming, and the results obtained from the laboratory measurements are not always representative of the real values along the whole length of the strip (usually several kilometers). Therefore, the present project involves the correlation between three material properties (Vickers hardness, tensile strength and carbide density) and a selection of micro-magnetic parameters measured with the 3MA-II equipment manufactured by the Fraunhofer IZFP institute. The 3MA-II system is based on four measuring techniques (harmonic analysis, magnetic Barkhausen noise, incremental permeability and Eddy current testing) and is capable of recording up to 41 micro-magnetic parameters. Samples of two different steel grades (composition) were used in the study. The results for hardness and tensile strength (average relative errors of 1.04% and 0.78%, respectively) corroborated the applicability of the 3MA technique to steel strip inspection. Thus, the implementation of this technique would lead to an improvement in the company's energy efficiency and sustainability. However, finding a good correlation between micromagnetic parameters and material properties is not always possible and, in the case of carbide density, no reliable correlation was achieved. So, further experiments are proposed for future studies regarding carbide density and other material properties.

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Caruso, Matteo. "Thermomechanical processing of eutectoid steels: strategies to improve the microstructure of the hot rolled strips." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209371.

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Eutectoid steel strips are designed for the production of parts for intensive use such as clutches, seat slides, and springs as they exhibit

excellent strength levels and wear resistance. These properties arise from the unique morphology of lamellar pearlite which can be considered

as a self-laminated nanoscale composite. However, a spheroidization annealing step is nowadays necessary to improve the cold forming properties before further cold rolling steps.

This thesis is aimed at improving the tensile ductility of the hot rolled products of eutectoid composition in order to eliminate the intermediate

annealing step. Two strategies are proposed.

The first is to transpose the concept of controlled rolling developed for HSLA to

eutectoid steels. Through a strict adjustment of the austenite processing and of the cooling strategy, it is possible to improve the ductility

of the final lamellar microstructure. The way the processing parameters influence the hot deformation of austenite, the eutectoid transformation and of the subsequent spheroidization annealing is deeply

investigated. It is found that refinement and pancaking of austenite

is beneficial as it reduces the pearlite block size improving the total

tensile elongation. Accelerated cooling is of paramount importance to

achieve fine Interlamellar spacing (ILS), which lead to high strength

levels and accelerate spheroidization during subsequent annealing.

The second approach involves intercritical or warm deformation. Warm processing of eutectoid steels is first explored by torsion testing

and then up-scaled to a pilot rolling-line. The interactions between thermomechanical parameters, rolling forces generated and microstructural

evolution are carefully scrutinized. During concurrent hot deformation, spheroidization of cementite takes place almost instantaneously

in both torsion and rolling. The restoration processes occurring in the ferrite matrix depends on the strain path and the strain rates. Low strain rates (0,1 s−1) and simple shear promotes the formation of a recrystallized-like HABs network of about 3μm in size.

Plane strain compression and high strain rates (10 s−1) leads to the formation of a typical recovered dislocation substructure (LABs) of 1μm in size. During annealing, no recrystallization occurs and the LABs substructure remains stable. This substructure influences drammatically the mechanical properties: the strength is very high and the work-hardening behavior is poor due to high recovery rate in the region close to the LABs. However, due to the presence of spheroidized

cementite particles the ductility of warm rolled eutectoid steels is higher than that of ultra fine grained low carbon steels.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Книги з теми "Steel strip Testing"

Annual Book of Astm Standards 1999: Section 1 : Iron and Steel Products : Volume 01.03 : Steel-Plate, Sheet, Strip, Wire; Stainless Steel Bar (Annual Book of a S T M Standards Volume 0103). Astm Intl, 1999.

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Частини книг з теми "Steel strip Testing"

Gácsi, Zoltán, and Zsolt Csepeli. "Stereological Characterisation of Steel Wide Strip Microstructures." In Materials Science, Testing and Informatics II, 207–12. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-957-1.207.

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YAMANE, T., K. IWANAGA, and S. ANDO. "DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNETIC ON–LINE MINUTE DEFECT INSPECTION SYSTEM FOR STRIP STEEL." In Non-destructive Testing '92, 486–90. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89791-6.50103-7.

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Wan, Benli, Bin Hu, Yuntao Li, and Yuhong Zhu. "Study on Effect of Electromagnetic Characteristics of Deformed 304 Stainless Steel on Eddy Current Testing." In Studies in Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/saem200003.

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The induced ferrite and other high magnetic microstructures content changes are studied when 304 austenitic stainless steel stripe specimens are tested under different uniaxial tension deformation, namely its deformation less than 50%. Furtherly, the correlation is plotted between the resulting magnetic permeability or coercivity caused by these microstructures and deformation. Meanwhile, the optimal eddy current excitation frequency under different deformation was obtained, which was consistent with 3-D finite element analysis (FEA). Besides, other various factors affecting the quality of eddy current testing (ECT), such as temperature and conductivity, are also considered comprehensively during the tensile test. The results of the experiment and simulation calculation show that when the deformation is within 50% that necking deformation has occurred, the magnetic permeability of specimens increases with deformation, and gradually begin to have the magnetic properties of weak ferromagnetic materials, which also changes the optimal excitation frequency, which varies from 60 kHz to 110 kHz. Because of the electromagnetic response noise increase, the impedance plane diagrams of defects distort simultaneously, which leads to the quantitative evaluation error of defects.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Steel strip Testing"

Miles, David J., Tim J. M. Bond, Raymond N. Burke, and Ruben van Schalkwijk. "Testing and Analysis of Steel Strip Reinforcement for Pipeline External Rehabilitation." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31099.

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Анотація:

A new technology for external rehabilitation of pipelines, known as XHab™, has been developed. This method involves wrapping multiple layers of ultra-high strength steel strip (UHSS) in a helical form continuously over an extended length of pipeline using a dedicated forming and wrapping machine. The reinforcement afforded by the strip can be used to bring a defective section of pipe (e.g. externally corroded or dented) back to its original allowable operating conditions, or even to increase the allowable operating pressure if the desired operating conditions exceed the original pipeline design limits. This paper describes the full scale burst testing and analysis of defective pipes which have been repaired using the XHab process. The full scale test sections are 30″ × 0.5″ API 5L X52 DSAW pipe and include the following specimens: • Bare pipe with no defects; • Bare pipe with single machined defect; • Wrapped pipe with single machined defect and designed reinforcement; • Wrapped pipe with single machined defect and insufficient reinforcement; • Wrapped pipe with interacting defect array and designed reinforcement. The above full scale burst tests are supplemented by FEA models using ABAQUS. The material models for the steel pipe, UHSS strip, defect patch material and strip adhesive are based on measured data from the batch tests and tuned against the control burst test results. The structural behavior in the individual metallic and non-metallic elements can therefore be examined more closely, particularly in the region of the defect and where the wrapped strip crosses seam and girth welds.

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Miles, David J. "Qualification of an Application System for In-Field External Reinforcement of Pipelines Using Helical Steel Wrap." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90421.

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Анотація:

A solution, known as XHab™, has been developed for external repair and reinforcement of pipelines using ultra high strength steel strip. This method involves wrapping multiple layers of strip in a helical form continuously over an extended length of pipeline using a dedicated forming and wrapping machine. The reinforcement provided by the strip can be used to: a) Restore the original maximum allowable operating pressure to a section of defective pipe (e.g. external corrosion or denting), or b) Reinforce an intact but de-rated section of pipeline (e.g. a Location Class change through encroachment) to maintain reduced hoop stress in the base pipe as required by codes and regulations, but allow reinstatement of the original operating pressure by carrying the additional load in the strips. This paper describes the full-scale qualification testing, including in-field proving runs, and design analysis necessary to demonstrate the field-readiness of the application system and reinforcement product. This includes wrapping and pressure testing of pipe with machined external wall defects. The potential for XHab repair of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is also discussed for an upcoming series of tests on pipe samples with electrical discharge machined notches. To demonstrate reinforcement of intact pipe, a 40ft joint of 26-inch vintage flash-butt seam welded pipe, instrumented with hoop and axial strain gages, has been wrapped by the XHab machine with sufficient reinforcement to simulate a change from Location Class 1, Div. 2 to Location Class 3 (ASME B31.8). This pipe has been subjected to pressure cycling and ultimate burst alongside an identical unwrapped pipe sample which provides a baseline. The test results are presented and compared to finite element analysis.

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Venero, Nicholas J., Tim J. M. Bond, Raymond N. Burke, and David J. Miles. "In-Field Application of Steel Strip Reinforcement for Pipeline External Rehabilitation." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31098.

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Анотація:

A new technology for external rehabilitation of pipelines, known as XHab™, has been developed. This method involves wrapping multiple layers of ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) strip in a helical form continuously over an extended length of pipeline using a dedicated forming and wrapping machine. The reinforcement afforded by the strip can be used to bring a defective section of pipe (e.g. externally corroded or dented) back to its original allowable operating conditions, or even to increase the allowable operating pressure if the desired operating conditions exceed the original pipeline design limits. This paper describes the design, manufacture and testing process for a self-propelled wrapping machine for in-field rehabilitation. The wrapping apparatus consists of several major components including an opening sufficiently wide to receive the pipe, a movement assembly, a winding head, a preforming device, an accumulator and an oscillating adhesive applicator. The wrapping apparatus uses the winding head to wrap the reinforcing steel strip around the pipe. The movement assembly uses a pair of tracks in contact with the pipe to drive the wrapping apparatus along which enables helical wrapping of the reinforcing strip material. The oscillating adhesive assembly applies structural adhesive to the pipe immediately before the strip is wound. The winding head, motive assembly and adhesive applicator are electronically synchronized to one another to enable precise control of pitch and adhesive volume. The paper also describes the field application of XHab including mobilization/demobilization of equipment and interaction with other rehabilitation equipment, as well as specific aspects such as initiation and termination of wrapping, protection of rehabilitated area and implementation of cathodic protection.

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Maddox, Stephen J., and Yan-Hui Zhang. "Comparison of Fatigue of Girth-Welds in Full-Scale Pipes and Small-Scale Strip Specimens." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57103.

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Анотація:

As part of a study of fatigue in girth-welded steel pipes, tests were performed under constant amplitude loading on both full-scale pipes and strip specimens cut from such pipes. Significant differences were found in their high-cycle fatigue lives, which extended to around 108 cycles, and apparent fatigue endurance limits, the small-scale strips displaying superior fatigue properties. The reasons for this were investigated considering the fatigue crack initiation site, weld geometry, type of pipe, loading conditions, residual stresses, the re-testing of unfailed specimens and size effects. Fracture mechanics fatigue crack growth calculations were also performed using a K solution specially calculated by FEA for the girth weld. Conclusions are drawn about the suitability of strip fatigue test specimens for representing the fatigue behaviour of full-scale girth welded pipes and the scope for re-testing unfailed full-scale pipes.

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Kendrick, Vance, Brian Frye, Alison Sutcliffe, Jose M. Rodriguez-Ibabe, and Douglas G. Stalheim. "Evaluation of Toughness Characteristics of API Grade Pipeline Steel Produced on Compact Strip Production (CSP) Line." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64153.

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Анотація:

As concerns for environmental impact of oil and gas transmission pipelines and overall public safety of the transmission pipeline systems are raised in the public domain, development of optimum toughness characteristics are a key attribute. Toughness performance as measured by charpy impact testing or drop weight tear testing (DWTT) is heavily influenced first by the average transformed grain size and more importantly the cross sectional uniformity/distribution. In addition, the crystallographic texture created can further improve or detract from the toughness performance. The final transformed cross sectional grain size along with the uniformity/distribution is heavily influenced by the available total metallurgical reduction ratio, microalloy design, proper generation of the various recrystallization behavior types during rolling, critical per pass reductions and the final post rolling cooling rate. The final crystallographic texture is influenced by final rolling temperature, cooling rate and final cooling stop temperature. When the final cross sectional grain size and overall uniformity/distribution are marginal for optimum toughness, the addition of favorable crystallographic textures can enhance the toughness performance. The challenge of producing optimum toughness on a thin slab caster, <100 mm thickness, is well known due to the available metallurgical reduction ratios. Typically, for API grade steels, a metallurgical reduction ratio ≥7:1 is required in order to achieve optimum toughness. However, in a thin slab caster the maximum metallurgical reduction ratios possible can be between 5:1 and 7:1 depending on the final thickness. Nucor Steel Gallatin has been working to optimize the overall toughness of API X-grades for transmission pipeline steels in thicknesses up to 12.7 mm using their thin slab Compact Strip Production (CSP) production facility. By utilizing a proper understanding of reducing the as-cast thin slab, along with the key alloy/process attributes and recrystallization behavior kinetics during the rolling process to optimize the final transformed cross sectional grain size and more importantly the uniformity/distribution, a high level of toughness performance can be realized. In addition, a further understanding of the contribution of specific crystallographic textures can further improve the toughness performance of these grades. This paper will discuss alloy/process parameters that have been studied and optimized to improve the low temperature toughness of API steels. In addition, toughness performance and metallographic characterization of different processing parameters will be presented.

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Sanchez, Nuria, Nenad Ilić, and Martin Liebeherr. "Characterization of X80 Grade Linepipe Steel Coil With 24 mm Thickness." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90412.

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High strength and high toughness at low temperatures on heavy wall thickness skelp is required to build high pressure gas transportation pipelines. Detailed mechanical and microstructural characterization was carried on 24mm thick ArcelorMittal X80 coils in order to identify the microstructure control required to reach high toughness as determined by the shear fracture appearance after DWTT testing. Detailed microstructural characterization through thickness reveals that the microstructure gradient described by a systematic increase of the average grain size between surface and middle thickness of the strip and the increment of the volume fraction of M/A (martensite/ retained austenite) are the key microstructural parameters to control in order to ensure the adequate toughness of the material. The obtained high toughness of the coils indicates that the microstructure, controlled by an optimized rolling and cooling practice, is homogeneous through thickness of heavy wall linepipe grades.

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Micone, Nahuel, and Wim De Waele. "Scale Effects Influence on the Fatigue Crack Growth of an Offshore Steel." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61818.

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Offshore tubular members are manufactured in a very wide thicknesses and diameters. The design curves considered for the fatigue design of such structures are assessed based on testing small scale laboratory specimens. A correction factor is applied to account for differences in thickness and weld geometry. However crack growth behaviour in tubular elements is complex and it is not totally clear if this can accurately be represented by testing small-scale coupons. Large scale fatigue tests aim to characterize the fatigue behaviour in a more realistic manner. However conducting such tests is very expensive. Hence, a medium scale strip type specimen with dimensions between small scale standardized specimens and a full pipe is designed. It has the same curvature and thickness as the pipe from which it is extracted and a quasi semi-elliptical notch is introduced. It is hypothesized that can account for most of the scale effects. Furthermore it can be tested in conventional test rigs at rather high frequencies. With the objective of quantifying the scale effects between standardized ESE(T) specimens and medium size coupons, a series of crack growth based tests on a high strength offshore steel are carried out. By comparing the corresponding da/dn-ΔK curves it will be possible to evaluate possible scale effects.

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Stalheim, Douglas G., and Bernhard Hoh. "Guidelines for Production of API Pipelines Steels Suitable for Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) Service Applications." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31299.

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Worldwide oil and natural gas reserves can be classified as either sweet or sour service. The sour service classified oil and natural gas reserves contain some level of H2S making the product flowing through a steel pipeline corrosive. Due to this, the majority of the oil and natural gas reserves that have been drilled are of the sweet service nature. However as demand continues and supplies change, many of the remaining oil and natural gas reserves contain the H2S component and are of a sour service nature. These oil and natural gas reserves containing the H2S component through a corrosion mechanism will allow for diatomic hydrogen — in the presence of moisture — to disseminate to monatomic hydrogen and diffuse into the pipeline steel microstructure. Depending on the microstructure and level of cleanliness the monatomic hydrogen can become trapped at areas of high residual stress, recollect to diatomic hydrogen and creating partial pressures that exceed the tensile strength of the steel resulting in cracking. Therefore transmission pipelines are being built to transport sour service oil or natural gas requires steels with hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) resistance. Alloy designs, steel making processing, continuous casting, plate or strip rolling, pipe forming, and last not least corrosion testing are all key components in producing pipeline steels that are resistant to HIC applications and meeting the NACE TM0284 specifications. However, producing steels that have good HIC performance do not necessarily meet other mechanical property requirements such as strength and YT ratios. Balance has to be achieved to meet not only the HIC requirements but the other required mechanical properties. Mastering this complex HIC process poses a serious challenge to pipe producers and their primary material suppliers. The capability of producing HIC steel grades according to critical specifications and/or standards clearly distinguishes excellent steel producers from good steel makers. This paper will discuss the basics of the hydrogen induced cracking phenomenon, the requirements of the NACE TM0284 specification and give guidelines for steel production of API pipeline steels that not only can meet the specification requirements the NACE testing but also fulfill the other mechanical property requirements.

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Zhang, Y. H., and S. J. Maddox. "Fatigue Testing of Full Scale Girth Welded Pipes Under Variable Amplitude Loading." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83054.

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In the fatigue design of steel catenary risers there are concerns regarding the fatigue damage to girth welds from low stresses, below the constant amplitude fatigue limit, in the loading spectrum and the validity of Miner’s cumulative damage rule. In both cases there is increasing evidence that current design methods can be non-conservative. These fundamental issues were addressed in a recent JIP. A key feature was development of the resonance fatigue testing rigs to enable them to test full-scale pipes under variable amplitude loading. Such tests were performed under a loading spectrum representative of that experienced by some risers, with many tests lasting over 100 million cycles to investigate the fatigue damage due to small stresses as well as the validity of Miner’s rule. However, the resonance rigs are only capable of producing spectrum loading by gradually increasing or decreasing the applied load, whereas more ‘spiky’ random load sequences may be relevant in practice. Therefore the programme also included fatigue tests in conventional testing machines on strip specimens cut from pipes to compare the two types of loading sequence. This paper presents the results of these tests, conclusions drawn and recommendations for changes to current fatigue design guidance for girth welded pipes regarding the definition of the fatigue limit, allowance for the damaging effect of low stresses and the validity of Miner’s rule.

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Conder, Robert J., Peter Felton, Richard Smith, Raymond Burke, Frits Dijkstra, and Xavier Deleye. "Key Quality Aspects for a New Metallic Composite Pipe: Corrosion Testing, Welding, Weld Inspection and Manufacturing." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31073.

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The composite pipe system, known as XPipe™, uses high-performance adhesives to manufacture a metallic composite pipe. Both technical development and a robust manufacturing quality system are required to ensure the safe use of such novel technology. Several aspects are discussed in this paper. Firstly, the use of ultra-high strength martensitic steels in a buried, cathodically protected environment requires an understanding of their susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. A series of slow strain rate and constant load tests was performed under polarised conditions to establish any reduction in ductility over samples tested in air. The results are presented and implications for their use in such a system are discussed. Secondly, although the technology to perform quality welds in thin walled austenitic materials using automated orbital techniques is well established, weld inspection by radiographic techniques is not preferred due to the continuous nature of the process and safety considerations. However, the inspection of such welds by ultrasonic techniques is challenging due to the coarse grained nature of the austenitic welds and the thinness of the liner, well below the 6mm normally considered the minimum for conventional weld inspection. Therefore, Automated Ultrasonic Testing (AUT) requires optimized ultrasonic techniques. AUT capabilities and recommendations towards an optimal inspection concept will be discussed in this paper. Thirdly, the manufacture of the liner, ultra-high strength steel strip and adhesive into the XPipe™ composite pipe requires a robust manufacturing control system, which maintains traceability of the incoming materials and controls and records all the essential parameters during pipe production. This is achieved using a sophisticated SCADA system, using feedback from a variety of sensors.

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