Статті в журналах: "Steel 40x"

1

Kubich, V. I. "INFLUENCE OF BORINATION, BORON CEMENTATION OF STEEL 45 AND VISCOSITY OF A LUBRICANT ON THE PARAMETERS OF ADHESION BOND IN THE STEEL 45 - 40X SYSTEM." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 18, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021no2/67-75.

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In the work, the regularities of changes in the shear strength of the adhesive bond τ and the piezoelectric coefficient β in the metal systems "steel 45 - 40X", "steel 45+В-40Х", "steel 45+ВС-40Х" were obtained during physical modeling of the materials I-20A, Wolf 10W-40, TAD-17i, Litol-24 with distinctive dynamic viscosities using the additional equipment of the SMTs-2 friction machine. It has been established that a twofold increase in the shear rate causes a decrease in the piezoelectric coefficient in the "steel 45+VS - 40X" system by a factor of 1.2-1.6 for Wolf 10W-40, TAD-17i, Litol-24 lubricants and its relative similarity independent of dynamic viscosity. At the same time, a twofold increase in the shear rate in the "steel 45+B-40X" system also causes a decrease in the piezoelectric coefficient by a factor of 1.16-1.38 for all tested lubricants and its alignments, as in the "steel 45+VS" system, does not observed. It was found that the clearly expressed regularity of the effect of the equivalent dynamic viscosity on the strength of the adhesive bond at p = 0 MPa is not revealed, and the nature of the manifestation is predetermined by a possible change in the mechanism of intermolecular interaction, which depends on the structure of the molecules of lubricants. It was determined that the piezoelectric coefficient naturally decreases with an increase in dynamic viscosity in the entire considered range of normal pressures.

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2

Haretski, H. P., N. F. Solovey, S. L. Shenets, A. V. Tereshchenko, S. V. Avdeev, A. I. Pokrovskii, and O. I. Tolkacheva. "Structure and characteristics of boron-containing steels for fasteners." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2020-1-25-30.

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According to TU 14-1-4486-88 and TU 14-1-5490-2004, in accordance with international standards DIN EN 10263-4, OJSC «BSW – Management Company of the Holding «BMC» produces hot-rolled products of the following grades of steel: 20Г2Р, 30Г1Р, 20MnB4, 30MnB4 and 32CrB4 microalloyed with boron. They are used for the manufacture of fasteners instead of previously used steels 35X, 38X and 40X. The use of boron-containing steels reduces the surface defects of hardware; to increase the stability of the mechanical properties of bolts, screws, studs, strength class 8.8 and 10.9 by GOST 1759.4-87; to achieve a high level of toughness at negative temperatures. It is shown that steel 20Г2Р provides stable mechanical properties of products up to M27 (in contrast to steel grades 35X, which are designed exclusively for bolts of class M16 8.8). The boron-containing steels in the delivery state with the structure of granular perlite have high technological plasticity – in the cold, the bolt head is formed and the thread is rolled without tearing in the thread hollows, as is the case with chromium steels of type 40X. It was found that their ductility increases due to the low content of carbon and chromium, as well as the formation of dispersed carbonitride-boride phases of a globular form.

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3

Cheremnykh, S., and M. Kuzhin. "SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF STABILITY OF 40X STEEL SHELL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1425 (December 2019): 012191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1425/1/012191.

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4

Pachurin, G. V., and A. A. Filippov. "Economical preparation of 40X steel for cold upsetting of bolts." Russian Engineering Research 28, no. 7 (July 2008): 670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x08070095.

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5

Ryabchikov, A. I., Tran My Kim An, T. V. Koval, D. O. Sivin, P. S. Anan’in, and O. S. Korneva. "Nitriding of steel 40x with a high-intensity ion beam." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1115 (November 2018): 032019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1115/3/032019.

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6

Pachurin, G. V., and A. A. Filippov. "Rational reduction of hot-rolled 40X steel before cold upsetting." Steel in Translation 38, no. 7 (July 2008): 522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s096709120807005x.

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7

Myl’nikov, V. V., D. I. Shetulov, O. B. Kondrashkin, E. A. Chernyshov, and A. I. Pronin. "CHANGES IN FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AT DIFFERENT LOADING SPECTRA." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 10 (November 3, 2019): 796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-10-796-802.

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Fatigue strength of widely used engineering structural steels was studied at various frequencies of loading according to the scheme of cantilever bending of the rotating cylindrical samples. Fatigue resistance index is tangent of angle of inclination of fatigue curve to axis of longevity. It is established that 40 and 45 steels belong to the group of materials in which decrease in frequency of loading leads to cyclic softening and decrease in fatigue resistance, which is numerically expressed by increasing slope of fatigue curve. Tests of the samples made of 40X steel had shown that increase in frequency of loading cycles leads to a noticeable decrease in slope of fatigue curve parameter, i.e. to an increase in fatigue resistance. Decrease in fatigue resistance parameter is associated with an increase in hardening of material of the samples (parts) surface layers which reduces fatigue damage to the surface itself. Dependence of the fatigue curve slope tangent on surface damage at changing loading cycles frequency is shown and it is stated that, regardless of frequency, damage of material surface layers increases along the slope of fatigue curve. For each of these groups mathematical relations are defined. The correlation coefficient providing degree of convergence of experimental results with the constructed fatigue curve was adopted as a criterion of cyclic behavior stability of steels. It is revealed that increase in behavior stability of 40X steel is observed with increase in cyclic deformation rate. Tests of 45 steel have shown that decrease in cyclic strength with increase in loading frequency does not affect fatigue stability of material. Increased dispersion of experimental results was observed in 40 steel at low loading frequency, despite the high values of cyclic strength at given loading frequency. On the basis of conducted experiments, dynamics of behavior of real machine parts and structures subjected to cyclic loads operating was determined in the studied loading spectrum.

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8

Tarelnyk, Viacheslav, Ievgen Konoplianchenko, Oksana Gaponova, and Bogdan Sarzhanov. "Assessment of Hydroabrasive Wear Resistance of Construction Materials with Functional Coatings, which are Formed by Resource-Saving and Environmentally Friendly Technologies." Key Engineering Materials 864 (September 2020): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.864.265.

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The work presented in this paper is devoted to the formation of thick-layer wear-resistant coatings by technologies based on electrospark alloying, an example of essential components hardening for the heavy-duty processing equipment operating under hydroabrasive wear conditions. The aim of the paper is to improve the manufacturing and repairing technologies for the helical surfaces of the screws made of 65Г, 30X13 and 40X steels and corrosion-resistant stainless steel 12X18H10T. The above aim has been achieved owing to applying the new environmentally friendly technologies for the formation of the surface layers, and also due to the choice of the surface layers that are most resistant against hydroabrasive wear, which choice being provided for by conducting the comparative tests on the samples made of the above said steel grades and strengthened in various ways. The analysis results of the hydroabrasive wear resistance of the samples made of steel and provided with protective coatings is presented.

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9

Ryabov, A. V. "Mastering of production of lead-free ecologically clean free-machining steels." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-3-337-343.

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Both in the domestic and world steel industry alternative ecologically clean free-cutting steels, having cutting machinability characteristics and mechanicalproperties, comparable with lead-containing steels, but voided of their drawbacks,are actively searched. First ofall the alternative steels should not be not so ecologically harmful. Scientific and technological aspects of lead-free free-machining steels production, alloyed by bismuth, calcium, tin, boron and nitrogen presented. Solubility of bismuth in iron and iron alloys with chromium, manganese, nickel, tungsten, vanadium, cobalt,phosphor, sulphur, aluminum, carbon and other elements at the temperature of 1550–1650 ºСdetermined. Parameters of interaction of the first and second order calculated. Study of bismuth behavior and tin spherical samples in 40X steel melt accomplished. The study done at the high temperature facility with controlled atmosphere and X-ray TV observation system. Simulation of phase compositions multicomponent alloys of steel АВЦ40ХГНМaccomplished by application of a program package FactSage. Within the study,a production technology of lead-free, ecologically clean free-machining, steels elaborated and masteredat OJSC “Zlatoust electro-metallurgical works”. Free-machining corrosion-resistant steels (АВЦ19ХГН, АВЦ40Х, АВЦ40ХГНМ, АВЦ12Х18Н10, АВЦ40Х13, АВЦ14Х17Н2) alloyed by bismuth and calcium, steels (АО40Х, АО30ХМ) alloyed by tin, and steels (А38ХГМАРand А30ХМАР) containing BN were the objects of the study. The steels samples were in the form of forged billet of 10, 20 and 80 mm diameter and ingots of 18 and 500 kg (round 345 mm). Steel quality characteristics determined such as mechanicalproperties in longitudinal and cross directions of ingots, uniformity of distribution of fusible elements, carbon and Sulphur along the axis zone and in billet transverse sections. Pictures of ingots macrostructure by height and section obtained. Estimation of hardenability and steel contamination by non-metallic inclusions, austenitic grain size, steel machinability by cutting, surfacequality of re-worked billet and steel macrostructure accomplished. Comparable ecological studies of atmosphere contamination during the steel alloying also accomplished.

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10

Pimonov, M. V., D. A. Romanov, and H. Chen. "The structure of the surface layer of 0.4C-1Cr structural steel after finishing stages of machining by cutting." Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment 4 (2020): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2020-4-17-30.

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The microstructure and local fields of internal stresses arising in the surface layer of 0.4C-1Cr structural alloy steel (40X type) samples after machining by cutting are investigated. Before treatment, the samples were subjected to recrystallization annealing at a temperature of 600°C for 60 min. Sample processing was carried out in three modes: finishing (mode 1), sequential combination of roughing and semi-finishing (mode 2), sequential combination of roughing, semi-finishing and finishing (mode 3). With 1, 2 and 3 processing modes, chips are removed to a depth of 0.25, 1.5 and 1.75 mm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the amplitude of the curvature-torsion of the crystal lattice of the forming phases, the excess density of dislocations, and the amplitude of internal stresses. It has been established that the main phase components in 40X steel after cutting are lamellar pearlite with different morphology and fragmented and unfragmented ferrite.

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11

Korotkov, V. A. "Influence of plasma quenching on the wear resistance of 45 and 40X steel." Russian Engineering Research 36, no. 11 (November 2016): 916–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x16110125.

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12

Фролов, Е. А., В. В. Агарков, С. И. Кравченко та Н. В. Верещага. "ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ МАТЕРІАЛУ ТА ХІМІКО-ТЕРМІЧНОЇ ОБРОБКИ НА ЗНОСОСТІЙКІСТЬ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ УНІВЕРСАЛЬНО-ЗБІРНИХ ПЕРЕНАЛАГОДЖУВАНИХ ШТАМПІВ". Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, № 84 (2 липня 2019): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2019.84.05.

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The article presents the results of experimental studies of the wear resistance of metals in order to select the most effective for the manufacture of guide elements of prefabricated universal readjusted stamps. To determine the effect of the material and chemical-heat treatment of them on the wear resistance of the guide elements, the optimal friction pair was selected and tested under conditions similar to the operating conditions of the stamps. Specimens for testing were made in the form of cuts of steel 20, 12ХНЗА (12HNZA), 40Х (40Н) and 38ХМЮА (38HMYUA). Laboratory tests were performed on the machine MИ-1M (МI-1M) under a load of 50, 75 and 100 kgf with a contact area of 243 mm2. The amount of wear was determined by the gravimetric method of I. Kragelsky. Before testing for wear resistance, the specimens were subjected to thermal and heat-chemical treatment: Steel 20 (cementation, normalization, quenching, tempering), 12ХНЗА (12HNZA) (cementation, high tempering, quenching, tempering), 40X (40Н) (quenching, tempering, nitriding) and 38ХМЮА (38HMYUA) (quenching, vacation, nitriding). Studies of the microstructure and microhardness of the test specimens have shown that the nitriding of 38ХМЮА (38HMYUA) and 40X (40H) steel specimen reduces its wear by 1...2 µm and 2...3 µm, and the microhardness of both materials decreases by 50...100 Nm. The analysis of the wear intensity graphs on the number of cycles have shown that for all specimens there are two periods of wear (1 – running-in of rubbing surfaces, 2 – steady wear). Also, studies have shown that the surface layer of nitrated specimens on 38ХМЮА (38HMYUA) steel has a higher wear resistance and a slight tendency to seizing and hardening, providing a high resistance of the part to wear in various friction conditions. The results of testing samples under various loads have shown that the linear wear value is proportional to the change in the specific pressure value established on the basis of the conducted studies that the most effective material for the manufacture of guide elements for PURS is 38ХМЮА (38HMYUA) steel with the following thermal and heat-chemical treatment (quenching – 940 ... 950°C, tempering – 650°C and nitriding – 540°C).

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13

Велев, Борис, Иван Иванов та Владимир Каменов. "Автоматизированная система комплексного неразрушающего контроля структуры и механических свойств материалов машиностроения". Дефектоскопия 3 (березень 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0130308221030027.

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An automated system with two optimized modular devices is presented — MULTITEST-MC010 for research of ferromagnetic materials with the methods for measuring magnetic noise and magneto acoustic emission of Barkhausen and MULTITEST — CD010 for research of mechanical engineering materials with the methods of velocity measurement of longitudinal waves C and attenuation coefficient δof ultrasound. The main approaches and principles for the automated data processing of complex non-destructive testing are presented, as well as the setup of the modular devices of the automated system. For approbation of the system the influence of the heat treatment (hardness) in structural steel 40X on the non-destructive information parameters of the magnetic noise and the magneto acoustic emission — magnetic noise voltage EBN and voltage of the magneto acoustic emission EMAE was studied. The mechanical properties in foundry cast iron samples with complex measurement of the information parameters , C, by simultaneous use of the two modular devices of the system were also studied. The possibility for the complex application of these parameters for non-destructive testing of the mechanical properties after heat treatment in structural steel 40X and the tensile strength in cast iron specimens has been proven.

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14

Matarneh, Rami, Svitlana Sotnik, Nataliya Belova, and Vyacheslav Lyashenko. "Automated modeling of shaft leading elements in the rear axle gear." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12258.

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The aim of this work is to automate the design process of the "shaft leading" of the rear axle gear in order to reduce the time and effort. All the technical requirements for the design process are given and SolidWorks development medium is selected. A 3D model was developed and steel material 40X was added and its parameters were specified. A finite element analysis of the created design performed under the action of the torque transmission force.

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15

Sandomirskii, S. G. "Monitoring the Physicomechanical Properties of 40X Steel on the Basis of the Limiting Magnetic Hysteresis Loop." Steel in Translation 48, no. 5 (May 2018): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091218050078.

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16

Bilenko, E. G., and I. I. Vegera. "Effect of high-speed thermal treatment followed by ion-beam nitriding on physicomechanical properties of steel 40X." Journal of Friction and Wear 29, no. 6 (December 2008): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068366608060020.

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17

Chanyshev, A. I. "Construction of constitutive equations for deformable media under complex loading in terms of steel 40X test data." Journal of Mining Science 50, no. 5 (September 2014): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739114050032.

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18

Leont’ev, L. B., N. P. Shapkin, and V. N. Makarov. "Functional Nanostructured Tribotechnical Materials." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.410.

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The paper describes the tribotechnical properties of thin-film coatings obtained by the tribotechnical modification of 40X grade steel with different organic and inorganic tribotechnical materials (natural inorganic and artificial polymers), as well as with composite materials based on vermiculite. Comparative tribotechnical investigations revealed that composites possess better tribotechnical properties than single-component materials. The most promising materials for the tribotechnical modification of steel friction surfaces are vermiculite-based nanostructured composites that provide minimal friction coefficient and high wear resistance under the conditions of boundary friction. The tribotechnical properties of polymagnesiumphenylsiloxane are a little worse than that of the materials based on vermiculite. Polymagnesiumphenylsiloxane and nanostructured composites based on vermiculite can be used as additives to motor oils and solid lubricants, as well as for the modification of friction surfaces during manufacturing or reconditioning of machine parts to increase their durability.

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19

Mylnikov, V. V., A. I. Pronin, S. V. Veselov, and D. A. Valko. "RESULTS OF COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE DURABILITY OF CUTTING CERAMIC PLATES WHEN TURNING HARDENED STEEL BLANKS." Steklo i Keramika, no. 1 (January 2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/glc.2022.01.pp.015-020.

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The paper presents the results of a study on the durability of cutting ceramics: a replaceable polyhedral plate developed at NSTU and cutting ceramics WOK-60 when processing hardened steel blanks made of 40X (45HRC) steel. As a result of the tests carried out, it was found that with the use of cutting modes developed at KNAU, the durability of SMP from cutting ceramics created at NSTU is more than 1.7 times higher than the performance of plates based on the WOK-60 material. At the same time, the roughness of the treated surface of the work piece was Ra = 0.35 ? 0.05 microns when using SMP from the developed ceramics Ra = 0.55 ? 0.05 microns when using WOK-60 plates. The stages of destruction of cutting ceramic plates are revealed, taking into account the hierarchy of structural scales.

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20

Киричек, Андрей, Andrey Kirichek, Сергей Баринов, and Sergey Barinov. "Heterogeneous structure parameter effect upon resistance to contact spalling." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17091.

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At present time to increase surface layer life in machinery there is formed a heterogeneously streng thened structure representing alternate hard tough areas. The method of static-pulse working (SPW) with surface plastic forming is a method promising enough for the heterogeneous structure formation in a surface layer. At SPW the plastic forming of material to be strengthened is carried out through an impulse load which is a consequence of rise at a blow in an impact system of a strain wave and controlled by the change of geometrical parameters in an impact system. The SPW allows creating a strengthened structure both uniformly, and heterogeneously. For a wider use of the heterogeneous strain strengthening of the SPW in industry there were developed the heterogeneity parameters describing the distribution of hard-tough areas in the surface layer; there were carried out researches of the resistance to a contact spalling of heterogeneously strengthened samples of steel 45, steel X, steel 35 XGSA; there was carried out the analysis of the distribution of hard-tough areas in the surface layer of strengthened samples. As a result of researches carried out for steel 45, steel 40X, steel 35XGSA there was defined a range of heterogeneity parameters conducive to the increase of their resistance to a contact spalling two … six times more.

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21

Pachurin, G. V., A. A. Filippov, and S. V. Chinenkov. "Resource-saving preparation of the structure and mechanical properties of steel 40X for cold die forging of hardware." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 2-2 (March 20, 2013): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67967.

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The article contains the technology of the preparation of the level surfacehardening, mechanical characteristics and structure of rolled used for cold die forging, eliminating the costly operations annealing furnaces and mechanical turning of surface defects.

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22

Shugurov, V. V., N. N. Koval, Yu F. Ivanov, A. D. Teresov, and E. A. Petrikova. "Formation of a silicon-niobium-based surface alloy using electron-ion-plasma surface engineering." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2064, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2064/1/012067.

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Abstract The results of the development and study of the modes of formation of a surface alloy based on silicon and niobium on steel 40X using electron-ion-plasma engineering of the surface are presented. The surface alloy was created in several stages: first, layers of silicon and niobium were deposited successively, and then electron-beam remelting of the surface took place. After that, the samples were subjected to nitriding. The dependences of the change in the surface hardness of the samples on the processing modes are shown. In the optimal processing mode, the surface hardness increased by almost 70 times compared to the original material.

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23

IGNATKIN, IVAN Yu. "STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE OF TAPERS WHEN APPLYING METAL-CLADDING LUBRICANT-COOLING FLUIDS." Agricultural engineering, no. 2 (2021): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-2-57-61.

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The paper discusses the results of comparative tests of the period of tap resistance in various technological environments. The workpieces were processed in the medium of industrial oil I-30 with using a 10 and 20 percent solution of the metal-coating additive “Valena SV” in the same oil. The tests were performed on M10×1 taps made of high-speed steel of the R6M5 brand during the production of through threaded holes in samples made of steel of the Steel 40X brand. The cutting speed varied from 5.7 to 11.1 m/min at the rotary speed of the tool ranging between 180 and 355 rpm. Based on the experimental material, a regression model of the relationship between the relative wear resistance and the additive concentration, and cutting speed has been determined. The author has evaluated the model adequacy and the convergence of the experimental and calculated data. It has been found that at a cutting speed of 11.1 m/min and an additive concentration of 20%, the relative wear resistance of the taps increased by 3.1 times. The results obtained testify to the eff ectiveness of the composition and confi rm the hypothesis of an increase in the wear resistance of the taps in the medium of metal-plating lubricating-and-cooling liquids.

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24

Pavlov, Valentin Fyodorovich, Vladimir Stepanovich Vakulyuk, Vyacheslav Petrovich Sazanov, and Arsenij Vital'evich Efrosinin. "THE ESTIMATION OF ROLLER STRENGTHENING INFLUENCE ON THE ENDURANCE LIMIT OF SHAFTS WITH PRESSURIZED HUB." Journal of Dynamics and Vibroacoustics 5, no. 4 (March 12, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2409-4579-2019-5-4-29-35.

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The influence of roller strengthening on endurance limit under bending of the 25 mm and 50 mm diameter shafts made of steel 20 and 25 mm diameter shafts made of steel 40X with a pressurized hub has been examined. It’s been stated that the endurance limit of roller strengthened shafts with a pressurized hub depends not only on a value of compressive residual stresses in their dangerous section but on the character of its distribution. The valuation of a surface hardening influence on the endurance limit of shafts by the surface residual stresses criterion and the average integral residual stresses criterion has been shown that the average integral residual stresses criterion calculated through the part’s dangerous section surface layer thickness equal the critical depth of the non-propagating fatigue crack can be recommended for the hardened shafts with a pressurized hub endurance limit increase prediction. It’s been shown that on a diameter of a shaft with a pressurized hub raising it is necessary to increase a thickness of a hardened surface layer with compressive residual stresses.

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25

Sazanova, T. S., A. A. Kalinina, N. R. Yanbikov, V. S. Dobrynin, A. Yu Shurygin, and I. V. Vorotyntsev. "Heat treatment effect of steel 40X (AISI 5140) on microbiological corrosion process under influence of bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa: microstructural study." Corrosion: Materials, Protection, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1813-7016-2019-0-6-37-43.

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26

Stechishina, N., M. Stechishin, A. Martynyuk, N. Lukianyuk, V. Lyukhovets, and Yu Bilyk. "Influence of the parameters of hydrogen nitrogen nitrogen in a glow discharge on tribological and physico-chemical properties of steel 40X." Problems of tribology 101, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2021-101-3-31-41.

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One of the modern and effective methods of hardening metals is nitriding in a glow discharge in ammonia or in an anhydrous medium (nitrogen + argon) - BATR. This paper presents the results of experimental studies comparing the results of tribological and physicochemical properties of hardened surfaces obtained by nitriding with autonomous and interconnected BATR modes. The complex of traditionally fixed values of operating parameters (temperature, composition of the gas mixture, pressure and saturation time) without taking into account energy characteristics (voltage, current density and specific discharge power) significantly reduces the technological capabilities of BATR to achieve the necessary physicochemical properties of metal surfaces specified by conditions exploitation. Taking into account the energy characteristics of BATR, a significant reduction in the energy consumption of the nitriding process is achieved. The energy levels of the main subprocesses are significantly different: the formation of nitrides occurs at low energies, surface sputtering occurs at high voltage values, and nitrogen diffusion occurs at increased current density values. In cases where the energy of the flow is insufficient, either a glow discharge may not occur at all, or with a lack of voltage, the nitride ball on the surface is not sprayed and it acts as a barrier that prevents the diffusion process into the inner layers of the metal, which leads to low physicochemical and, correspondingly, tribological indicators of nitrided balls. The quantitative ratio between them and the required operational properties of the metal, respectively, can be achieved only through an independent combination of the energy and operating characteristics of BATR

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Burlakova, V. E., and E. G. Drogan. "Effect of organic acid concentration in lubricant on tribological characteristics of friction couple." Vestnik of Don State Technical University 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/1992-5980-2019-19-1-24-30.

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Introduction.The possibility of using monocarboxylic acids as a lubricant composition additive, and the effect of their concentration in lubricant on the evolution of the friction factor of a brass-steel couple, as well as the morphology of the film surface under friction is considered. The work objective is to study the effect of the concentration of carboxylic acids in the lubricant composition on the evolution of the friction factor of copper – steel alloy.Materials and Methods.Tribological studies of a brass-steel friction couple in aqueous solutions of monocarboxylic acids with the concentrations of 0.025; 0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.5 mol/l are carried out. Using scanning electron microscopy, we have studied the morphology of the servovite film surface that is formed on a steel disk after frictional interaction of a brasssteel couple in aqueous solutions of acids with the concentration of 0.1 mol/l.Research Results.Tribological characteristics of the brasssteel tribocoupling in aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids of various concentrations are studied. The optimum acid concentration in the lubricant composition is specified. Herewith, a selective transfer and a wearless friction regime are implemented under friction of the brass 59–steel 40X couple. A decrease in the friction ratio to 0.009 and 0.007 is found out under friction in aqueous solutions of valeric and caproic acids, respectively. The formation of an anti-friction film on the steel surface is identified through the scanning electron microscopy. It is established that the film formed in an aqueous solution of caproic acid has a denser structure in comparison with the film formed under friction in aqueous solutions of butyric and caproic acids.Discussion and Conclusions.Thus, the tribological studies of a brass-steel friction couple in aqueous acid solutions show that the optimum molar acid concentration in the lubricant composition is 0.1 mol/l. At this acid concentration, the values of the friction factor characteristic of the wearless mode are attained.

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Ogin, P. A., D. L. Merson, and S. I. Yaresko. "THE INFLUENCE OF LASER EMISSION AND BEAM VELOCITY ON THE GEOMETRY OF FLASHING ZONE DURING LASER HARDENING OF 40H STEEL." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 2 (2016): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2073-5073-2016-2-46-51.

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Sazanov, V. P., V. S. Vakulyuk, V. K. Shadrin, N. A. Surgutanov, and P. A. Shlyapnikov. "Assessing the influence of surface hardening on the endurance limit of specimens made of steel 40X using residual stresses of reference specimen." VESTNIK of the Samara State Aerospace University, no. 5-4(47) (July 22, 2015): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/1998-6629-2014-0-5-4(47)-29-36.

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Фролов, Є. А., Н. К. Резніченко, Є. С. Дерябкіна, С. І. Кравченко, В. В. Агарков та С. Г. Ясько. "ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ПОКРИТТІВ І ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ МЕТОДІВ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ НАПРЯМНИХ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ НА ЇХ ЗНОСОСТІЙКІСТЬ". Open Information and Computer Integrated Technologies, № 89 (23 березня 2021): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/oikit.2020.89.03.

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The matter of the experimental studies of the effect of coatings and technological methods of manufacturing guide elements of universal prefabricated readjustable tooling on their wear resistance are presented. The coatings investigated were made of VK15 carbide powder, which were applied by detonation spraying, and a titanium nitride-based coating produced by condensation with ion bombardment, as well as the surface hardening of guide elements by diamond burnishing for various steels: 20V, 12KhN3A, 40Kh, 38KhMYuA-B and others.During the process of diamond smoothing the roughness improves by 2 - 3 classes and the very nature of the roughness changes: a surface microrelief is created with rounded peaks and valleys instead of microroughness with sharp peaks and valleys, which are characteristic of surfaces after grinding. In this case the bearing surface of the samples increases essentially, and their running-in is accelerated. According to the results of tests under a load of 50, 75 and 100 kgf, a graph of the dependence of wear on the specific pressure was built and it was found that the wear of samples after burnishing decreases by 25 ... 40% compared to polished and at a load of 20 kgf/cm, respectively, is for steel 20 ... 2.7 and 1.9 μm, for steel 12XN3A – 2.3 and 1.6 μm, for steel 40X – 1.8 and 1.3 μm and for steel 38XMYUA – 1.4 and 0.8 μm.With increasing the load the wear of the ground specimens increases sharply, and for the flattened specimens this process is much slower. Based on the test results, graphs of the wear rate were plotted depending on the test duration, as well as for wear in relation to the number of cycles. According to the test results, it was found that steel 38KhMYuA has less wear, which is associated with its high hardness and insignificant tendency to metal seizure. Based on the research results, it was found that different methods of processing parts (previous) grinding and diamond burnishing have different wear. It has been found that diamond burnishing is a very effective surface hardening process.As a result of the tests carried out, it was found that the best performance in testing for wear resistance obtained for a column with TiN coating, the thickness of which does not exceed 0.1 μm, is 5 - 6 times less than the wear resistance of columns with a hard-alloy coating. For the system of directly changeable dies, a pair is recommended, which includes a guide column with a detonation coating VK15 and a holder (sleeve) with a CIB coating based on TiN, since these coatings showed high performance properties and had practically no wear.

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Trung, Do Duc. "Effect of Cutting Parameters on the Surface Roughness and Roundness Error When Turning the Interrupted Surface of 40X Steel Using HSS-TiN Insert." Applied Engineering Letters : Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/aeletters.2022.7.1.1.

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32

Desiati, Resetiana Dwi, Eni Sugiarti, Endro Junianto, Erie Martides, and Budi Prawara. "Pengaruh Substrat Terhadap Kekerasan Lapisan NiCoCrAlY Yang Terdeposisi Dengan Teknik HVOF[Effect of Different Substrate on Hardness Properties of NiCoCrAlY Coatings Deposited by HVOF Technique]." Metalurgi 32, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/metalurgi.v32i2.309.

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Micro structure and micro hardness characterizations have been done on NiCoCrAl coating deposited on different substrate, i..e, carbon steel, nickel chrome and hastealloy. NiCoCrAlY coating was deposited by high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying technique. Characterization and measurents were applied on all cross section of the coating surfaces. Micro structural analysis was characterized by optical microscope with 40x magnification. Moreover, micro hardness tester was utilized to measure the hardness of the sample with 300 gf for 13 second. The hardness data was measured by calculating the average of 3 position of hardness measurement on substrate before coating, after coating and NiCoCrAl coating layer. According to micro structural analysis, it reveald that the thickness of NiCoCrAlYcoating layer was about 370.76 mm, 92 mm, dan 115.73 on carbon steel, nickel chrome and hastealloy substrate, respectively. Surface morfology showed that the coated layer was not flat and porous structure or void on the coated layer. The porosity of the coated layer might effect the mechanical properties of the sample where high procentase of porosity might reduce the hardness of the sample. The hardness of NiCoCrAlY coating was about 349.95, 315.60 and 311.30 HV for carbon steel, nickel chrome and hastealloy substrate, respectively. The distance from interface between coating layer and substrate might effect hardness measurement. More closer to interface could decrease hardness value and it might caused by interdiffusion of coating elements. Thus would be effect to its mechanical properties.AbstrakTelah dilakukan karakterisasi strukturmikro dan kekerasan mikro pada lapisan NiCoCrAlY yang dideposisikan di atas substrat yang berbeda yaitu baja karbon, nikel krom dan hastealloy. Lapisan NiCoCrAlY dideposisikan menggunakan teknik penyemprotan HVOF (high velocity oxy fuel). Proses karakterisasi dan pengukuran dilakukan pada seluruh lapisan dengan irisan melintang. Karakterisasi strukturmikro diamati dengan menggunakan mikroskop optik dengan perbesaran 40x. Selanjutnya untuk pengukuran kekerasan menggunakan kekerasan mikro dengan beban 300 gf selama 13 detik. Data pengujian kekerasan diperoleh dengan mengukur nilai rata-rata dari 3 posisi uji kekerasan pada masing-masing bagian substrat sebelum dilapisi, setelah dilapisi dan lapisan NiCoCrAlY. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi strukturmikro diketahui bahwa lapisan NiCoCrAlY berhasil terdeposisi dengan ketebalan 370,76 mm, 92 mm, dan 115,73 mm masing-masing di atas substrat baja karbon, nikel krom dan hastealloy. Morfologi permukaan lapisan menunjukkan bahwa lapisan yang terdeposisi tidak begitu rata dan masih tampak adanya pori atau lubang di area lapisan NiCoCrAlY yang terbentuk. Porositas dari lapisan sangat berpengaruh pada sifat mekanik, semakin tinggi persentase porositas lapisan maka kekerasan akan menurun. Nilai kekerasan lapisan NiCoCrAlY pada substrat baja karbon adalah sebesar 349,95 HV, nikel krom sebesar 315,60 HV dan hastealloy sebesar 311,30 HV. Jarak dengan interface mempengaruhi pengukuran kekerasan. Semakin dekat dengan interface akan semakin menurun nilai kekerasaannya. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh daerah interdifusi elemen pelapis sehingga mempengaruhi kekuatan mekaniknya.

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Сорочинский, Sergey Sorochinskiy, Казак, Irina Kazak, Вакуленко, Karina Vakulenko, Безлюдько, Gennadiy Bezlyudko, Соломаха, and Roman Solomakha. "Metal Coercivity as a Measure of Microdamages for Evaluation of Fatigue and Recovery of Mechanical Properties." NDT World 19, no. 3 (September 20, 2016): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21173.

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Introduction. The problem of determining the current state of metal parts mechanical properties is always relevant. For its solution a simple, cheap and sufficiently informative NDT method is needed. Today the method of magnetic coercive force seems to be the most suitable. The purpose of this work was to determine patterns of change in a coercive force after cyclic loading of steel samples in the initial state and after surface plastic deformation (work hardening). Method. Two batches of 40X steel cylindrical samples in the delivery condition were put to cyclic tests. The both batches were tested in the same range of tension amplitudes but for the second batch the tests were carried out in two steps with intermediate surface plastic deformation. The change in the level of accumulated fatigue damage was determined by the coercive force method. Results. The most significant coercive force increase (up to 1.5%) was observed in the initial stages of the specimens’ elongation. For samples subjected to preliminary cyclic loading, surface plastic deformation leads to lower coercive force values (by 9%–17%) and to 2.8–3.4 times longer operating life. This effect can be explained by “healing” the accumulated defects by the surface treatment. Discussion. The results indicate high sensitivity of the coercive force to changes in structural state of the metal as a result of both fatigue damage accumulation and partial recovery of the metal structure due to defect “healing”.

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Shlykov, Alexey E., Evgeniy B. Mironov, Sergey M. Gaidar, Maxim P. Erzamaev, and Leyla S. Kurmanova. "Methodology and results of comparative atmospheric tests of experimental conservation composition." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700258.

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The article presents the results of full-scale comparative tests of various protective compositions, for which the Movil car preservative, Litol-24 grease, PVC grease, K-17 preservation oil, experimental preservation compound (EKS-1) were used. The objects of conservation are steel plates of grades U8, 65G, 45, 40X, and St3. After the tests, etching, weighing, measuring the surface roughness of the samples were performed, and metal losses were determined. Tests of EKS-1 show protective efficacy comparable to that of greases, and in some cases, it significantly exceeds it. It is proved that the area of corrosion and metal loss during the test of the composition on these materials was not more than 4.7 % and 5.3 g/m2 per year, respectively. The research results show that the use of the protective composition EKS-1, due to its manufacturability, significantly reduces the complexity of work during the conservation of agricultural machinery, as well as ensures the protection of metal products during both short-term and long-term storage.

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35

Filonchik, O. N. "Determination of the optimal horizontal boring mill for the repair of the pipe-rolling reduction-stretching mill’s body stands." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (March 12, 2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2022-1-55-60.

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The article defines the optimal equipment necessary for the repair of the body stands of a pipe-rolling reduction-stretching mill. The body stand of the mill crate, made of 40X structural alloy steel, undergoes wear of the bearing seats during operation. Body stands restoration is carried out by surfacing the worn surfaces of the part with subsequent machining to the dimensions specified in the design documentation. In the process of surfacing medium-carbon steels, carbides are formed, which leads to a sharp increase in hardness in the zone of thermal influence, which affects the durability of carbide plates and processing accuracy.It is necessary to consider the geometric shape, dimensions, weight and material of the part while choosing equipment for repairing the body stand. Using a horizontal boring machine with a horizontal spindle performing rotational and translational movement of the axial feed, it is necessary to take into account the rigidity of the spindle, which affects the accuracy of processing, especially when restoring deep holes after surfacing with hardening surfacing materials. Bending the spindle can cause vibration and beating, which will affect the quality of the work performed. An increase in the rigidity of the machining can be achieved by using a drilling rod or by increasing the diameter of the spindle. Since it is necessary to restore deep blind holes in the repaired housing, it is impossible to use a drilling rod. In the process of work, the optimal diameter of the spindle of the horizontal boring machine was determined, taking into account the design features of the work piece.

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36

Pereira, Jefferson Ricardo, Janaina Salomon Ghizoni, Paulo Henrique Orlato Rossetti, Naudy Brodbeck May, and Accácio Lins do Valle. "Imperfections in plaster surfaces caused by the release of hydrogen gas of polyvinylsiloxane impression materials." Journal of Research in Dentistry 1, no. 2 (September 7, 2013): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v1e2201398-106.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of bubbles of hydrogen liberation from different polyvinylsiloxane impression materials. Material and Methods: A metallic stainless steel jig containing six receptacles, like trays, was constructed to accommodate the impression materials. The molds were poured immediately, and at 1 hour, 12 hours and 24 hours in order to evaluate the number of bubbles present in each sample. Each sample was made of improved stone (type IV), totaling 48 samples for each polyvinylsiloxane impression material. After setting, the surface of each sample was inspected under a light microscope at 40x magnification and the number of bubbles was recorded. Results were submitted to statistical analysis by ANOVA and Tukey Test (p=.05). Results: ANOVA test showed statistically significant differences among the polyvinylsiloxane impression materials, as determined by the number of bubbles (p<.05). The Tukey test showed statistically significant differences among the three groups (p<.05). Conclusions: Statistical differences were found between addition silicone with regard to the ideal time to wait for the plaster cast, showing that Aquasil results in fewer bubbles in plaster, followed by the President and Simply Perfect samples.

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Pachurin, G. V., S. M. Shevchenko, and Mariya V. Mukhina. "Rolled Metal Structure Resource Saving Preparation for Long-Length Hardened Bolt Upsetting." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.662.

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Along with design factors, reliability of the work-pieces for machines and mechanisms is a function of the structure and the properties of the implied materials; these properties depend significantly on the kind and the mode of the process treatment. Taking into account hardwares production, along with the increased structural integrity and service reliability, a reduction of costs starts from the rolled metal production to manufacturing of the finished parts of required quality. This is particularly relevant under the conditions of mass-production. The article presents a resource saving process flow for a 40X rolled steel, developed as a result of studying the influence of thermal and plastic treatment modes on its structural and mechanical properties. The purpose of the new process flow is the production of hardened bolts, involving drawing and isothermal treatment, but excluding the volume quenching and tempering. Spheroidizing annealing is substituted with an isothermal operation, patenting, which allows to reduce energy costs and to increase environmental compatibility of production and service reliability of bolted items. This makes it possible to shorten the process chain and to reduce the cost of long-length bolts production. The method prevents any potential quench cracking, eliminates the necessity for work-pieces' straightening, decreases the risk of thread defects.

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Bogoduhov, S. I., E. S. Kozik, E. B. Shvidenko, and B. S. Garipov. "Processing the Working Parts of Tools Used in Construction Industry Using High Energy Methods." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.647.

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This paper considers the effect of hardening of throwaway cutting inserts made of hard alloy T15K6 using continuous laser impact at various modes. Tests were carried outon inserts made of hard alloy T15K6. The cutting properties of the inserts were determined by cutting on a T612 vertical milling machine. A face mill with a diameter of 100 mm with mechanical mounting of tested inserts was used as a tool.Dry milling was performed using two inserts. At that, cutting mode was of impact natureas the mill diameter was larger than the width of machined workpiece. Number of passes – 5. Cutting modes:v = 197 m/min, h = 1 mm, S = 160 mm/min, b = 90 mm. Machiningwasperformedonworkpieces made of 40X grade steel (GOST 4543-71). Workpiecedimensions– 160x60x90 mm. During the machining, hard alloy inserts moved beyond the workpiece edge and cut into it from the other side. One of the main performance characteristics of hard alloys is material rigidity (modulus of elasticity, Е). Tests were carried out after various types of laser impact at bending and material rigidity was determined by strain gauging. Decreasein the slopeofstraight-lineportionofrelativestrain-versus-stress curve at bending indicates the decrease in hard alloys’ modulus of elasticity after laser processing. Small defect structure is being formed.

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Wu, Guo Sheng, and Yu Tao Wang. "Study on Thermal Fatigue Performance of Cold Work Roll Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.817.

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Thermal stability and thermal fatigue performance tests of four kinds of cold work roll steels were done. There are indications that after isothermal 2～6 hours under conditions of 400°C～720°C, the best is 8Cr5SiMoV steel, its thermal stability grows up as isothermal time increase; the second is 8Cr4MoV steel; the worse are 8Cr5MoV steel and 9Cr3MoV steel; and all the thermal stability of four kinds of cold work roll steels are lower than 400°C. Thermal fatigue performance of four kinds of cold work roll steels are basically same as their thermal stability, i.e. the best is 8Cr5SiMoV steel, and the second is 8Cr4MoV steel.

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40

KONAT, Łukasz, Jerzy NAPIÓRKOWSKI, and Beata BIAŁOBRZESKA. "STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES AND ABRASIVE- WEAR RESISTANCE OF BRINAR 400 AND BRINAR 500 STEELS." Tribologia 273, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6132.

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In the paper, microstructures and the examination results of abrasive-wear resistance of steel grades Brinar 400 and Brinar 500 are presented. It was found on the grounds of light and electron scanning microscopy that these steels are characterised by subtle differences in microstructures, influencing their mechanical and usable properties. In as-delivered condition, the steels have fine-grained structure with post-martensitic orientation, containing few particles of carbide phases. Such microstructures of Brinar steels and the performed chemical analyses indicate that their properties are formed during specialised operations of thermo-mechanical rolling. Generally, it can be said that the examined steels were designed according to the accepted standards of material engineering, related to low-alloy, high-strength, and abrasive-wear resistant martensitic steels. According to the above, the obtained results of structural examinations of Brinar 400 and Brinar 500 steels were referred to real abrasive-wear indices obtained by the spinning bowl method with use of various abrasive soil masses. The tests carried-out in light soil (loamy sand), medium soil (sandy loam), and in heavy soil (loam), as well as hardness measurements showed strict dependence of abrasive-wear indices on microstructures and the heattreatment condition of the examined steels. Examination results of abrasive-wear resistance of Brinar steels were compared with those of steel 38GSA in normalised conditions.

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41

Walbank, Michael B. "Notes on Attic Decrees." Annual of the British School at Athens 85 (November 1990): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015781.

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Several fragments of 4th-century BC Athenian decree-inscriptions are discussed. Joins are made betweenIGii2. 13a and 68 andHesperia, 40, no. 3;IGii2. 257 and 300; 242 and 373; 407 andSEG32. 94;IGii2. 309 and 552; 530 and 590. Attributed to the same stele, but not joining, areIGii2. 139 and 289; 277 and 428; 540a andSEG24. 117;IGii2. 540b andHesperia, 21, no. 17;IGii2. 286 and 625; 414a and 403; 398a (+ 438) and 612; 484 and 558; 489 and 532; 495 and 709; 405 andHesperia, 4, no. 32. Other decrees discussed, mainly in light of the work of A.S. Henry on the formulae of Athenian decrees, areIGii2. 44; 81; 121; 129; 147; 154; 155; 156; 285+ 414d; 321; 335; 364; 406; 416; 1001; andSEG21. 362 and 25. 85.

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Li, Zi Hui, Mei Na Gao, and Xu Yue Wang. "Material Performance in Laser Cladding of a Laminated Plate with Wavy Bond Interface." Materials Science Forum 861 (July 2016): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.861.159.

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A laminated plate with excellent mechanical properties is commonly used for a bulkhead part in which the interface structure of diffusion bonded is detrimental to the bending quality. In this study, 304 stainless steel and Q235 carbon steel were cladded by laser cladding technique. Microstructure, yield strength, elements diffusion, hardness and tensile fracture morphology of the clad metals were evaluated. The bond interface of the cladded metals demonstrated a wavy morphology in this work. Tensile test results shows that yield strength reaches 400-410MPa and tensile strength reaches 405-419MPa. They are higher than the standard value 235MPa and 370MPa, respectively. In wavy interface region, transition layer of metallurgical bond was formed as a result of mutual diffusion of Fe, Cr and Ni. The hardness is increased in the substrate and cladding plate near the bond interface. The mechanical properties of the low-carbon steels is increased by laser cladding with austenitic stainless steel, which are far beyond the national standard and other bending methods.

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43

Zhang, Qiu Yang, Shu Qi Wang, and Lan Wang. "Comparative Study on Wear of Hot-Working Die Steels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 331 (July 2013): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.331.559.

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The wear behavior and wear mechanism of hot-working die steels H13 and H21 were studied using a pin-on-disc high-temperature wear machine. H21 steel presented higher wear resistance than H13 steel at 25 and 400°C. However the wear rate of H21 steel increased rapidly and was substantially higher than that of H13 steel under a load of 150 N or above at 200°C. Tribo-oxide layer possessing protective effect generated at 200 °C for H13 steel, but appeared at 400 °C for H21 steel with obviously lower amount than that of H13 steel due to relatively high alloy contents. Higher wear resistance of H21 steel is attributed to the undissolved carbides and high thermal strength.

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Gontijo, L. C., R. Machado, L. C. Casteletti, S. E. Kuri, and Pedro A. P. Nascente. "Study of the S Phases Formed on Plasma-Nitrided Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.775.

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An expanded austenite layer is formed on the surfaces of austenitic stainless steels that are nitrided under low-temperature plasma. This S phase is an iron alloy metastable phase supersaturated with nitrogen. We have identified a similar expanded ferrite or ferritic S phase for nitrided ferritic (BCC) stainless steels. Samples of austenitic AISI 304L and AISI 316L and ferritic AISI 409L stainless steels were plasma-nitrided at 350, 400, 450 and 500°C, and the structural and corrosion characteristics of the modified layers were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical tests. For the austenitic AISI 304L stainless steel, the results showed that a hard S phase layer was formed on the surface, without corrosion resistance degradation, by using low plasma temperatures (350 and 400°C). A similar behavior was observed for the austenitic AISI 316L stainless steel: the modified layers formed at 350 and 400°C were constituted mainly by the S phase. Plasma-nitriding treatment of the ferritic AISI 409L stainless steel caused the formation of a layer having high amount of nitrogen. XRD measurements indicated high strain states for the modified layers formed on the three stainless steels, being more pronounced for the ferritic S phase.

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45

Ayer, Raghavan, and P. M. Machmeier. "TEM examination of hardening and toughening phenomena in a ultrahigh-strength steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 698–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100171225.

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During the development of the popular ultrahigh strength AF1410 steel, Machmeier, et.al., observed that a small variation in the chromium content had a significant improvement on the toughness of the steel in the quenched and tempered condition. The present TEM study was directed at examining the microstructural basis for this toughness enhancement.The following samples of AF1410 type steels with two levels of chromium were examined: Steel A: 0.16%C, 10.02%Ni, 2.97%Cr, 1.21 %Mo, 13.74%Co and bal. Fe Steel B: 0.16%C, 10.15%Ni, 1.95%Cr, 0.98%Mo, 13.8% Co and bal. Fe. Steel A represents the composition of AF1410 while steel B had the same base composition except for 1% higher chromium.Figure 1 shows the strength and toughness of steels A and B when tempered in the range of 400-600°C. The yield strengths of the two steels were comparable over most of the tempering range; however, the toughness of steel B, measured by Charpy V notch impact test, was superior in the range of 482 - 538°C.

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46

Safari, Mehdi, Hossein Mostaan, and Abdoreza Ghaderi. "Dissimilar resistance spot welding of AISI 304 to AISI 409 stainless steels: mechanical properties and microstructural evolutions." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 6 (2018): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018057.

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In this work, dissimilar resistance spot welding of austenitic stainless steel sheet (304 grade) and ferritic stainless steel sheet (409 grade) is studied experimentally. For this purpose, the effects of process parameters such as welding current, welding time and electrode force on tensile-shear strength of resistance spot welded joints are investigated with response surface methodology (RSM). Also, microstructural evolutions during resistance spot welding process of AISI 409 and AISI 304 stainless steels are evaluated by optical microscopy. It is concluded from results that the tensile-shear strength of spot welds is increased with increasing the welding current, welding time and electrode force. It is shown that widmanstatten ferrites have been grown in the weld metal of dissimilar resistance spot welds of AISI 304 and AISI 409 stainless steels.

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47

Kwon, In Kyu. "Differences of Fire Resistance According to Boundary Conditions of Submarine Structural Steels." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.137.

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Structural steels have been developed in terms of users needs. Particularly, easy welding is one of the most important factors of steel works that results in submarine structural steel (SM). The SM has become a popular structural steel in building construction in columns and beams proving as good as ordinary structural steels (SS). However, evaluation of fire resistance at H-section made of SM steels was not suggested in terms of boundary conditions. In this paper, to compare the fire resistance of H-section made of SM steels, such as SM 400, SM 490, and SM 520 was tested and analyzed in terms of load carrying capacity at high temperature. The facts showed that as the strength is increased, the reduction ratio of an allowable load is rapid and fixed to fixed boundary condition was more robust than others in high temperatures.

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48

Xiao, Qi, Dan Dan Tong, and Ling Feng Song. "Analysis on Ultimate Bearing Capacity of the UHV Transmission Tower with Large Width Angle Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.786.

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The dissertation taked the ZBS2 straight-line tower in the UHV line project as the object,used the finite element software ANSYS to establish finite element model and did a analysis about its dynamic characteristics. Considering width and thickness of large width angle steel,the section area of large width angle steel is larger than normal angle steel,and the application of large width angle steel can increase bearing capacity of the member.Therefore,this article taked large width angle steel to replace double combined angle steels in the main members of the tower,and calculated the ultimate bearing capacity. Analysis of comparison indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity increases by 13% when large width angle steel is used.Therefore it is feasible and advantageous that large width angle steel uses in the UHV transimission tower,and it provide a reference and basis for future design of the UHV transmission tower with large width angle steel.

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Ju, Yan Zhong, and Xiao Lei Zhang. "Analysis of Wind-Induced Vibration Response on a Tower Consisted of Steel Tubes and Angel Steels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.763.

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tower consisted of steel tubes and angel steels has equal advantages which steel tube tower has and not easy to happen some bar breeze vibration,but but the wind vibration response for such transmission tower structure research is less. In the engineering background of a tower consisted of steel tubes and angel steels , set up the finite element model for transmission towers. Using Kaimal spectrum for numerical simulation of wind velocity time history. Of 90 ° Angle of wind direction wind to dynamic response are analyzed, the results show that for the displacement, the maximum of dynamic analysis results 88% larger than the result of the average wind, 53.7% larger than standard wind load static result; For axial force, the maximum of dynamic analysis results 147% larger than average the result of the wind, 108% larger than standard wind load static result. So in view of the transmission tower structure dynamic response analysis should be more precise.

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50

Xu, Longyun, Jian Yang, Joohyun Park, and Hideki Ono. "Mechanism of Improving Heat-Affected Zone Toughness of Steel Plate with Mg Deoxidation after High-Heat-Input Welding." Metals 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020162.

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In the present study, the mechanism of improving HAZ toughness of steel plate with Mg deoxidation after the simulated welding with the heat input of 400 kJ/cm was investigated through in situ observation, characterization with SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS, and thermodynamic calculation. It was found that intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) and polygonal ferrite (PF) contributed to the improvements of HAZ toughness in steels with Mg deoxidation. With the increase of Mg content in steel, the oxide in micron size inclusion was firstly changed to MgO-Ti2O3, then to MgO with the further increase of Mg content in steel. The formation of nanoscale TiN particles was promoted more obviously with the higher Mg content in the steel. The growth rates of austenite grains at the high-temperature stage (1400~1250 °C) during the HAZ thermal cycle of steels with conventional Al deoxidation and Mg deoxidation containing 0.0027 and 0.0099 wt% Mg were 10.55, 0.89, 0.01 μm/s, respectively. It was indicated that nanoscale TiN particles formed in steel with Mg deoxidation were effective to inhibit the growth of austenite grain. The excellent HAZ toughness of steel plates after welding with a heat input of 400 kJ/cm could be obtained by control of the Mg content in steel to selectively promote the formation of IAF or retard the growth of austenite grain.

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