Книги: "STATIC VAR SYSTEM"

1

Wijnen, H. A. van. De macht van de kroon. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Balans, 2000.

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2

Smith, Barry S. Ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer system at the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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3

Smith, Barry S. Ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer system at the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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4

Smith, Barry S. Ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer system at the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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5

Smith, Barry S. Ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer system at the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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6

Smith, Barry S. Ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer system at the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, Virginia. Richmond, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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7

Office, General Accounting. Federal retirement: Federal and private sector retirement program benefits vary : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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8

Office, General Accounting. VA information systems: Computer security weaknesses persist at the Veterans Health Administration : report to the Acting Secretary of Veterans Affairs. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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9

Office, General Accounting. Navy relocation: Transfer of the Naval Explosives Development Engineering Department : briefing report to the Honorable Herbert H. Bateman, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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10

Office, General Accounting. Navy relocation: Transfer of the Naval Explosives Development Engineering Department : briefing report to the Honorable Herbert H. Bateman, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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11

United States. Department of Veterans Affairs. Office of Inspector General. Veterans Health Administration, interim report: Review of patient wait times, scheduling practices, and alleged patient deaths at the Phoenix Health Care System. [Washington, D.C.]: VA Office of Inspector General, 2014.

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12

United States. Department of Veterans Affairs. Office of Inspector General. Veterans Health Administration, review of alleged patient deaths, patient wait times, and scheduling practices at the Phoenix VA Health Care System. [Washington, D.C.]: VA Office of Inspector General, 2014.

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13

United, States Congress Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Public Lands National Parks and Forests. National Park System Review Board; park marine resource protection; and Wolf Trap repayment terms restructuring: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, National Parks and Forests of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 844, H.R. 1484, S. 1360, H.R. 2844, and S. 1859, February 21, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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14

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations., ed. VA health care: Restructuring ambulatory care system would improve services to veterans : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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15

The tilted playing field: Is criminal justice unfair? New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.

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16

Kakar, Abdullah Tosh. Development of robust control algorithms for static-var compensators in multi mode systems. 1992.

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17

Boden, Leslie I., and Emily A. Spieler. Workers’ Compensation. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.027.

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This chapter describes the history and current status of workers’ compensation programs in the United States. Workers’ compensation, the oldest social insurance system in the United States, was designed to provide medical and cash benefits to people with work-related injuries and illnesses while protecting employers from liability. Primarily established state by state, these programs vary significantly among jurisdictions. The chapter explores several disturbing themes: the failure of these systems to provide benefits for many occupationally caused injuries and illnesses; the questionable adequacy of benefit levels; confusion and humiliation of applicants; and the recurring political issue of fraud. The chapter also briefly describes the relationship of workers’ compensation programs with other disability and health insurance systems, employment relations, and workplace safety regulation. It closes with questions about the future of workers’ compensation in the United States.

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18

Cole, Donald B. Martin Van Buren and the American Political System. Princeton University Press, 2016.

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19

Cole, Donald B. Martin Van Buren And The American Political System. Eastern National Park and Monument Associatio, 2004.

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20

Cole, Donald B. Martin Van Buren and the American Political System. Princeton University Press, 2014.

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21

Cole, Donald B. Martin Van Buren and the American Political System. Princeton University Press, 2014.

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22

Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Dynamics of massive systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0006.

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This chapter presents the laws of motion of an ensemble of point masses forming a solid body whose shape is invariant, or a fluid whose shape can vary with time. It argues that an ensemble of point masses constitutes a solid if the distances between the points can be assumed constant. The chapter then provides examples of the motions of a solid. Finally, it demonstrates the Euler equations of fluid motion. Here, it states that a perfect fluid is characterized by its (inertial) mass density ρ‎(t, xⁱ), its pressure p(t, xⁱ) which phenomenologically describes its internal collisions, and a velocity field v(t, xⁱ) giving its velocity at xⁱ at time t.

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23

Kelemen, R. Daniel. European States in Comparative Perspective. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.23.

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The character of European states—their approaches to governance, the extent to which they penetrate and shape their societies—has changed radically over centuries. Today, European states continue to vary from one another across many fundamental dimensions. Some are nation states, other states are openly multinational. Some are unitary, others federal. Some command strong bureaucratic capacities, others struggle to collect taxes and keep roads paved. Some states operate impartial and effective systems of justice, while in others judicial systems are riven with corruption or hobbled by inefficiency. Some states intervene heavily in the economy, while others do so minimally. This chapter provides an overview of the contributions that historical institutionalist scholarship has made to our understanding of the origins, evolution and impact of the state in Europe.

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24

The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA): NAA, "the three sisters". [Washington, DC?]: Defense Information Systems Agency, 1995.

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25

Cobbs, Elizabeth L., Amanda Hull, and Alyssa Adams. Person-Directed Health Care Across the Lifespan: The Veterans Affairs Health Care System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0027.

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The VA is the largest and most comprehensive health care system in the United States today. It aims to provide integrated, seamless continuum of person-directed care blending healing approaches across the lifespan. This chapter reviews the VA elements that support this highly sophisticated and effective system, including primary care, mental health, geriatrics, extended care and palliative care, integrative health, and education. The chapter also provides an overview of the philosophical transformation occurring within the VA where disease care is shifting to a whole-health system where the veteran, not the disease, is at the center of care. The Integrative Health and Wellness Program at the Washington DC VA is highlighted as a program that exemplifies this transformation.

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26

Gibson, James L., and Michael J. Nelson. The Legal System and Its African American Constituents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865214.003.0001.

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Despite popular reports that the legal system is in a state of crisis with respect to its African American constituents, research on black public opinion in general is limited owing to the difficulty and expense of assembling representative samples of minorities. We suspect that the story of lagging legal legitimacy among African Americans is in fact quite a bit more nuanced than is often portrayed. In particular, black public opinion is unlikely to be uniform and homogeneous; black people most likely vary in their attitudes toward law and legal institutions. Especially significant is variability in the experiences—personal and vicarious—black people have had with legal authorities (e.g., “stop-and-frisk”), and the nature of individuals’ attachment to blacks as a group (e.g., “linked fate”). We posit that both experiences and in-group identities are commanding because they influence the ways in which black people process information, and in particular, the ways in which blacks react to the symbols of legal authority (e.g., judges’ robes).

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27

Dmoch, Wojciech, Bartłomiej Kołodziej, Michał Mioduszewski, and Artur Mudrecki. Harmonisation of VAT in the Europe: Present and Future. Kozminski University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/9788366502093.

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The monograph is intended to create a platform for discussion on the most important issues concerning the reform and future of the VAT system in the European Community. It will be a place for an effective exchange of reflections and experiences, including in terms of highlighting and presenting to international audiences Poland’s positive experiences with mechanisms, such as split payments, reverse charge and Binding Tariff Information. Conclusions resulting from the scientific discussion will certainly be able to be used not only in national VAT legislation, but also in the practice of tax administration facing the difficult task of maintaining the budgetary effectiveness of VAT as the main source of state tax revenue

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28

Rubenstein, Lisa V. Integrating Physical and Mental Health Care in the Veterans Health Administration. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0007.

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The Veterans Health Administration, part of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), is responsible for the largest integrated health care system in the United States and is committed historically and by statute to provide mental and physical health care for veterans. The evolution of integrated mental and physical health care in the VA serves as an in-depth, real-world example of large-scale implementation of integrated care models. The VA’s ongoing national primary care/mental health care integration initiative is the foundation for the system’s efforts in this regard. The challenges and opportunities VA implementers faced in promoting integrated mental health care show the feasibility and importance of providing integrated care and the fundamental changes required for achievement. This chapter discusses the drivers and resources, as well as the barriers, involved in the development of an integrated physical and mental health care model.

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29

Staff, CGS. Systems - Agriculture, Pollution, and Politics: How They Interact Within the Chesapeake Bay. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1996.

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30

Pearl, Phillip L., Jules Beal, Monika Eisermann, Sunita Misra, Perrine Plouin, Solomon L. Moshe, James J. Riviello, Douglas R. Nordli, and Eli M. Mizrahi. Normal EEG in Wakefulness and Sleep. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0007.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG) interpretation depends on accurate pattern recognition. One of the first lessons the novice electroencephalographer learns is that EEG pattern interpretation must take into account the patient’s age and the level of vigilance, or state. EEG patterns vary according to central nervous system development and maturation. This process evolves over time, starting with the early development and maturation of the nervous system (an evolution) to a peak of maturity, followed by an involution. Basic differences exist between the ascending (developmental) and descending (involutional) portions of this curve. This chapter discusses pediatric EEG, from the dramatic ontogenic transitioning of the neonate, premature and term, to infants, children, and adolescents.

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31

Medie, Peace A. Global Norms and Local Action. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190922962.001.0001.

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When and why do states implement international women’s rights norms? Global Norms and Local Action is an examination of states’ responses to violence against women (VAW) in Africa and their implementation of the international women’s justice norm. Despite the presence of laws on various forms of VAW in most African countries, most victims face barriers to accessing justice through the criminal justice system. This problem is particularly acute in post-conflict countries. International organizations such as the United Nations and women’s rights advocates have, therefore, promoted the international women’s justice norm, which emphasizes the establishment of specialized mechanisms within the criminal justice sector to address VAW. With a focus on the response of the police to rape and intimate partner violence in post-conflict Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia, this book theorizes the United Nations’ and women’s movements’ influence on the implementation of the international women’s justice norm. It draws on over 300 interviews in both countries to demonstrate that high international and domestic pressures, combined with favorable political and institutional conditions, are key to the rapid establishment of specialized mechanisms within the police force and to how police officers respond to rape and intimate partner violence cases. It argues that despite significant weaknesses, specialized mechanisms have improved women’s access to justice. The book concludes with a discussion of why a holistic approach to addressing VAW is needed.

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32

Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Random Phase Approximation Plasma Phenomenology, Semiclassical and Hydrodynamic Models; Electrodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0010.

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Chapter 10 reviews both homogeneous and inhomogeneous quantum plasma dielectric response phenomenology starting with the RPA polarizability ring diagram in terms of thermal Green’s functions, also energy eigenfunctions. The homogeneous dynamic, non-local inverse dielectric screening functions (K) are exhibited for 3D, 2D, and 1D, encompassing the non-local plasmon spectra and static shielding (e.g. Friedel oscillations and Debye-Thomas-Fermi shielding). The role of a quantizing magnetic field in K is reviewed. Analytically simpler models are described: the semiclassical and classical limits and the hydrodynamic model, including surface plasmons. Exchange and correlation energies are discussed. The van der Waals interaction of two neutral polarizable systems (e.g. physisorption) is described by their individual two-particle Green’s functions: It devolves upon the role of the dynamic, non-local plasma image potential due to screening. The inverse dielectric screening function K also plays a central role in energy loss spectroscopy. Chapter 10 introduces electromagnetic dyadic Green’s functions and the inverse dielectric tensor; also the RPA dynamic, non-local conductivity tensor with application to a planar quantum well. Kramers–Krönig relations are discussed. Determination of electromagnetic response of a compound nanostructure system having several nanostructured parts is discussed, with applications to a quantum well in bulk plasma and also to a superlattice, resulting in coupled plasmon spectra and polaritons.

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33

William A, Schabas. Part 3 General Principles of Criminal Law: Principes Généraux Du Droit Pénal, Art.25 Individual criminal responsibility/Responsabilité pénale individuelle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0030.

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This chapter comments on Article 25 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 25 distinguishes various forms of criminal participation. Like much of the Rome Statute, it was a negotiated compromise crafted by jurists from different legal traditions. Concepts and words in one system did not necessarily have the same connotations as they did in others. Judge Van den Wyngaert has described article 25 as being ‘based upon an eclectic combination of sources from several national legal traditions’, adding that ‘such multi-faceted origins comes as no surprise, considering the States Parties' obvious wish to find a compromise between different legal traditions’.

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34

Quitangon, Gertie. Veterans. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0026.

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The US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has the largest nationally integrated, publicly funded health care system in the country, providing care to approximately 8 million military veterans. It is a training ground for a majority of medical, nursing, and allied health professionals in the United States and has a record of more than 90 years of health care research and innovation. Mental health care for veterans has evolved considerably from World War I to the post-9/11 era, and lessons learned from veterans of Vietnam and more recent wars have been informing changes in practices and procedures. Improvement of mental health care has been a VA institutional priority, and the VA has led in the implementation of integrated care and recovery-oriented services. It is a pioneer in post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury research. This chapter introduces the VA structures and programs developed to enhance access to services and delivery of evidence-based best practices.

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35

Education Empire: The Evolution of an Excellent Suburban School System (Suny Series, Educational Leadership). State University of New York Press, 2005.

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36

Barry, Rodger, Sousa Ferro Miguel, and Marcos Francisco, eds. The EU Antitrust Damages Directive. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198812760.001.0001.

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This book provides a comprehensive review of the implementation of the Antitrust Damages Directive across a selected number of EU States. It looks at generic EU law issues, such as Member State process and methodology for implementing this EU Directive. It also assesses, more specifically, the national debates and their consequences at the level of substantive choices adopted—in terms of implementation of the various Directive provisions, which may necessitate some change in national legal procedures and/or remedies in relation to claims involving an EU competition law infringement. The book achieves this through discussion of the general EU law issue regarding the national methods used for transposition of an EU Directive, examining the processes and general approaches to the implementation of EU law in the form of a Directive within the legal systems of the various Member States analysed. Processes may vary from involving considerable consultation with public stakeholders to an approach confined to executive or parliamentary decision-making. Additionally, the research assesses the way in which the Antitrust Damages Directive was actually transposed and why the particular approach was adopted within the Member State, considering, for instance, whether the Directive was simply adopted as it stands (literal incorporation of its text through ‘cut and paste’) and what this will mean in terms of national court interpretation and application of the Directive/national law measures implementing it.

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37

Kinnard, Douglas. Secretary of Defense. University Press of Kentucky, 2014.

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38

Kinnard, Douglas. Secretary of Defense. University Press of Kentucky, 2021.

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39

Education Empire: The Evolution of an Excellent Suburban School System (S U N Y Series, Educational Leadership). State University of New York Press, 2005.

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40

Thomson, Lindsay D. G. International perspectives and practice differences. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0069.

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Across the developed world, services for those with mental disorder in prison have been established but are seldom equivalent to those found in the community. Prisoners are largely the socio-economically deprived with high rates of mental disorder. They have often been victimized. Prisons are our new asylums. In the United States three times as many mentally ill people are in prison than in psychiatric hospital. It is essential that whatever our geographical location, we learn from other jurisdictions and other systems. Rates of imprisonment, organization of psychiatric services, and location of treatment of mentally disordered offenders all vary; and it is easy to fall into the trap of assuming that the system with which you are familiar is the right one. There are major differences across the world in terms of rates of imprisonment, place of treatment of acutely ill prisoners, and the structure of our mental health services in prisons. Those requiring hospital care should be transferred out of prison for this. Independence of health services from correctional services would promote the development of the former. One challenging issue for correctional psychiatry in some jurisdictions is capital punishment and psychiatrists ethically should have no role in executions and be aware of the ethical stance of the World Psychiatric Association. This chapter examines correctional psychiatry in an international context and explores similarities and differences in our practices, and the cultural, political, and economic background to these.

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41

Thomson, Lindsay D. G. International perspectives and practice differences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0069_update_001.

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Across the developed world, services for those with mental disorder in prison have been established but are seldom equivalent to those found in the community. Prisoners are largely the socio-economically deprived with high rates of mental disorder. They have often been victimized. Prisons are our new asylums. In the United States three times as many mentally ill people are in prison than in psychiatric hospital. It is essential that whatever our geographical location, we learn from other jurisdictions and other systems. Rates of imprisonment, organization of psychiatric services, and location of treatment of mentally disordered offenders all vary; and it is easy to fall into the trap of assuming that the system with which you are familiar is the right one. There are major differences across the world in terms of rates of imprisonment, place of treatment of acutely ill prisoners, and the structure of our mental health services in prisons. Those requiring hospital care should be transferred out of prison for this. Independence of health services from correctional services would promote the development of the former. One challenging issue for correctional psychiatry in some jurisdictions is capital punishment and psychiatrists ethically should have no role in executions and be aware of the ethical stance of the World Psychiatric Association. This chapter examines correctional psychiatry in an international context and explores similarities and differences in our practices, and the cultural, political, and economic background to these.

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42

Karen L, Remmer. The Outcomes of Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780198809722.016.0004.

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This chapter explores variations in dispute outcomes in investment treaty arbitration. Building on the literature on political institutions, the study places the theoretical importance of actor information about the rules of the game and the resources of the participants at the centre of analysis. Such information shapes the strategy of the players and their relative ability to compete successfully, establishing the basis for hypotheses about variations in dispute outcomes. Drawing on the universe of known disputes, the analysis relies on statistical models and data capable of addressing concurrently the full range of potential dispute outcomes rather than particular categories of wins and losses. States do not just win or lose treaty-based investment disputes; disputes can also be concluded by decisions to discontinue arbitral proceedings and by settlements negotiated between states and investors prior to an arbitral award. Consistent with theoretical expectation, the findings indicate that dispute outcomes vary in response to the evolution of the system of dispute settlement over time, sector of investment, and access to international legal expertise, thereby underlining the pivotal role of information flows in investment dispute settlement.

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43

Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. Temperature and heat. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0003.

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Concepts of temperature, temperature scales and temperature measurement. The ideal gas law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure. Assumptions underlying the ideal gas, and distinction between ideal and real gases. Introduction to equations-of-state such as the van der Waals, Dieterici, Berthelot and virial equations, which describe real gases. Concept of heat, and distinction between heat and temperature. Experiments of Rumford and Joule, and the principle of the conservation of energy. Units of measurement for heat. Heat as a path function. Flow of heat down a temperature gradient as an irreversible and unidirectional process. ‘Zeroth’ Law of Thermodynamics. Definitions of isolated, closed and open systems, and of isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isothermal changes in state. Connection between work and heat, as illustrated by the steam engine. The molecular interpretation of heat, energy and temperature. The Boltzmann distribution. Meaning of negative temperatures.

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44

Kölch, Michael, Jörg M. Fegert, and Ulrike M. E. Schulze. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Care. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.17.

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In child and adolescent mental health care, the competing goals of protecting young people as a vulnerable population and their increasing legal autonomy constitute a specific ethical problem. Improving care, assessment, and treatment interventions requires research. Research that includes this vulnerable underage population has to be minimally burdensome and harmful and requires the informed consent of both children and parents. Therefore, adherence to evidence-based interventions and weighing the risks and benefits of interventions are of utmost importance in child and adolescent psychiatry. While access to mental health care can vary widely, it is crucial for at-risk populations such as children from families of low socioeconomic status, children of the mentally ill, and, in particular, children in youth welfare systems.

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45

Kleykamp, Meredith, and Crosby Hipes. Social Programs for Soldiers and Veterans. Edited by Daniel Béland, Kimberly J. Morgan, and Christopher Howard. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.003.

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Regardless of whether they are characterized as compensation or entitlements, the scope of military benefits is more expansive than many assume, and far more generous than most other private or public sector employment benefits packages or public sector entitlements. The essay that follows reviews the historical contours of military and veterans’ benefits. It discusses the major programs for both current and former military members through the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and program requirements. The near universality of this integrated web of institutional supports for military populations stands in stark contrast to the fragmented, conditional nature of the civilian welfare state. Two key features of the military benefit system are emphasized: the camouflaged nature of these generous benefits as part of the American welfare state and inequality in access to these benefit programs. The chapter concludes by discussing the coming challenges to the military welfare system, including the ability to maintain generous health care and pensions for military retirees and the challenge of caring for a generation of wartime veterans, more of whom have survived catastrophic injuries requiring a lifetime of care than in previous generations.

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46

Avery, V. Philanthropy in Black Higher Education: A Fateful Hour Creating the Atlanta University System. Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2013.

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47

Avery, V. Philanthropy in Black Higher Education: A Fateful Hour Creating the Atlanta University System. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

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48

Avery, V. Philanthropy in Black Higher Education: A Fateful Hour Creating the Atlanta University System. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.

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Hernandez, Michael R. Tracheoesophageal Fistula. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0017.

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Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) in the neonate is a complex congenital disorder that may occur in isolation or as part of a larger association of findings (i.e., VACTERL association). Care of these patients must include testing to clarify the anatomic and physiologic characteristics of each finding. This is particularly important for planning of surgical and anesthetic care. Surgical options for TEF repair vary in location of incision and also whether the approach is open or minimally invasive. Patients with severe congenital heart disease, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pose unique challenges to the perioperative caregiver. The anesthesia team must balance the patient’s pulmonary and systemic blood flow while still heeding the need to avoid excessive ventilation via the TEF. Regional analgesia may provide the option of early extubation after TEF repair, but risks must be weighed against the patient’s anatomic and physiologic status.

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50

Ali, Ased. Pathogenesis of urinary tract infection. Edited by Rob Pickard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0001.

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The realization of the harms resulting from indiscriminate use of antibiotics for minor infection has added impetus to the need to understand better the interaction between urogenital tract epithelium and invading bacteria during the initial stages of urinary tract infection (UTI). It is thought that uropathogenic Escherichia coli clones develop in the gut and migrate across the perineum to the urethra and up into the bladder. The response of the epithelium to bacterial adherence and the evolution of the invading bacteria will then govern the clinical consequences. These can vary between rapid invasion and further migration to produce systemic sepsis to tolerance of the bacteria in a planktonic state in asymptomatic bacteriuria. The key to these differences is the activation of epithelial pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors by expressed proteins on the bacterial cell wall. Increased understanding of these interactions will lead to non-antibiotic-based strategies for clinical management of urinary infection.

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