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Статті в журналах з теми "State"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 31 липня 2024

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1

Standing, David, Emma Feess, Satvik Kodiyalam, Michael Kuehn, Zachary Hamel, Jaimie Johnson, Sufi Mary Thomas, and Shrikant Anant. "The Role of STATs in Ovarian Cancer: Exploring Their Potential for Therapy." Cancers 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15092485.

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Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is a deadly gynecologic malignancy that presents many clinical challenges due to late-stage diagnoses and the development of acquired resistance to standard-of-care treatment protocols. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that STATs may play a critical role in OvCa progression, resistance, and disease recurrence, and thus we sought to compile a comprehensive review to summarize the current state of knowledge on the topic. We have examined peer reviewed literature to delineate the role of STATs in both cancer cells and cells within the tumor microenvironment. In addition to summarizing the current knowledge of STAT biology in OvCa, we have also examined the capacity of small molecule inhibitor development to target specific STATs and progress toward clinical applications. From our research, the best studied and targeted factors are STAT3 and STAT5, which has resulted in the development of several inhibitors that are under current evaluation in clinical trials. There remain gaps in understanding the role of STAT1, STAT2, STAT4, and STAT6, due to limited reports in the current literature; as such, further studies to establish their implications in OvCa are necessitated. Moreover, due to the deficiency in our understanding of these STATs, selective inhibitors also remain elusive, and therefore present opportunities for discovery.

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2

Aziz, Sahar. "State Sponsored Radicalization." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 27.1 (2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.27.1.state.

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Where was the FBI in the months leading up to the violent siege on the U.S. Capitol in 2021? Among the many questions surrounding that historic day, this one reveals the extent to which double standards in law enforcement threaten our nation’s security. For weeks, Donald Trump’s far right-wing supporters had been publicly calling for and planning a protest in Washington, D.C. on January 6, the day Congress was to certify the 2021 presidential election results. Had they been following credible threats to domestic security, officials would have attempted to stop the Proud Boys and QAnon from breaching the Capitol perimeter. Yet when the day came, the mob of pro-Trump extremists seemed to catch law enforcement by surprise. They seized the Capitol, ransacked congress members’ offices, and openly posted photos of their destruction and their weapons online. In the preceding two decades, the U.S. government has poured money into a behemoth national security apparatus. The FBI’s annual budget ballooned from $3 billion in 1999 to nearly $10 billion today. Much of this 300% increase went to countering terrorism with a mandate to surveil, investigate, and prosecute “homegrown terrorists.” In no uncertain terms, the directive was for the FBI to target Muslim communities.

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3

Wagle, Datta G. "AUA-2 State of healthcare in the United States(AUA Lecture)." Japanese Journal of Urology 102, no. 2 (2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol.102.89_2.

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4

Kim. "Limit states design for tunnels: related researches and present state of application." Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association 16, no. 3 (2014): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.9711/ktaj.2014.16.3.341.

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5

Seidman, Louis. "State Action and the Constitution's Middle Band." Michigan Law Review, no. 117.1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.117.1.state.

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On conventional accounts, the state action doctrine is dichotomous. When the government acts, constitutional limits take hold and the government action is invalid if those limits are exceeded. When the government fails to act, the state action doctrine leaves decisions to individuals, who are permitted to violate what would otherwise be constitutional constraints. It turns out though that the modern state action doctrine creates three rather than two domains. There is indeed a private, inner band where there is thought to be insufficient government action to trigger constitutional constraints, but often there is also a public, outer band where there is too much state action for the Constitution to apply. The Constitution takes hold only in a middle band—the Goldilocks band—sandwiched between these two domains. For constitutional limitations to have force, the government must act just enough—but not too much. This Article’s first aim is to identify and describe this puzzling structure. It also examines a variety of doctrinal principles that produce and, perhaps, justify the state action doctrine’s three bands. The Article then argues that these seemingly disparate principles are all related to the special constitutional problems produced by the emergence of the middle band of government regulation. Finally, the Article concludes with some brief speculation about whether the modern tripartite structure can survive.

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6

Metz, Matthew, and Janelle London. "State Vehicle Electrification Mandates and Federal Preemption." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 9.2 (2020): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.9.2.state.

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By requiring that new vehicles sold after a certain date be electric, states can lower drivers’ vehicle operating costs, boost local employment, and lower electric rates. But there’s a widespread perception that states can’t take advantage of these opportunities because a state vehicle electrification mandate would be preempted by federal law. Not so. While the Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) prohibits state regulations “relating to” the control of emissions in motor vehicles, and the Federal Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) prohibits state regulations “related to” fuel economy standards, there is a strong rationale for federal courts to reject preemption of state vehicle electrification mandates. The Supreme Court has indicated repeatedly that state laws regulating a product or process “upstream” that have an effect “downstream” are not preempted by the federal law. A state law conditioning construction of nuclear power plants on adequate means for storage and disposal of nuclear waste is not preempted by a federal law regulating nuclear plant safety, although its effect is to advance nuclear plant safety. A state ban on uranium mining is not preempted by a federal law on uranium milling and tailing safety, although its effect is to advance uranium milling and tailing safety. Similarly, a state law requiring that cars run on electricity should not be preempted by federal law on emissions and fuel economy standards, although its effect is to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy. Moreover, there is no conflict between a state vehicle electrification law and the purposes of the CAA and EPCA. The purpose of the Clean Air Act is to clean the air. The relevant purpose of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act is to reduce energy demand. Neither statute has a purpose of ensuring that new vehicles have at least some emissions, nor that they continue to use gasoline. This Article concludes that state vehicle electrification legislation should not be preempted. Neither the CAA nor the EPCA directly regulates how vehicles are powered. Neither statute explicitly prohibits states from mandating electrification of vehicles. And legal precedent limiting regulation of vehicles based on emissions or fuel economy standards has never addressed vehicle electrification mandates. Further, states have compelling reasons for vehicle electrification mandates that have nothing to do with regulating emissions or improving fuel economy standards. Such reasons may be sufficient to avoid preemption. The Supreme Court’s increasingly preemption-skeptical jurisprudence, as articulated in Virginia Uranium v. Warren, limits courts’ ability to scrutinize state motives in passing vehicle electrification statutes. Thus, although preemption cannot be dismissed as a concern, the stage has been set for state-based vehicle electrification mandates.

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7

Tantuğ, A. Cüneyd, and Özdemir Kavak. "A Comparative Study on State Programming: Hierarchical State Machine (HSM) Pattern and State Pattern." Lecture Notes on Software Engineering 3, no. 3 (2015): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/lnse.2015.v3.196.

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8

Ebersbach, Celina, Alicia-Marie K. Beier, Christian Thomas, and Holger H. H. Erb. "Impact of STAT Proteins in Tumor Progress and Therapy Resistance in Advanced and Metastasized Prostate Cancer." Cancers 13, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 4854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13194854.

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Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are a family of transcription factors involved in several biological processes such as immune response, cell survival, and cell growth. However, they have also been implicated in the development and progression of several cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Although the members of the STAT protein family are structurally similar, they convey different functions in PCa. STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 are associated with therapy resistance. STAT1 and STAT3 are involved in docetaxel resistance, while STAT3 and STAT5 are involved in antiandrogen resistance. Expression of STAT3 and STAT5 is increased in PCa metastases, and together with STAT6, they play a crucial role in PCa metastasis. Further, expression of STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6 was elevated in advanced and high-grade PCa. STAT2 and STAT4 are currently less researched in PCa. Since STATs are widely involved in PCa, they serve as potential therapeutic targets. Several inhibitors interfering with STATs signaling have been tested unsuccessfully in PCa clinical trials. This review focuses on the respective roles of the STAT family members in PCa, especially in metastatic disease and provides an overview of STAT-inhibitors evaluated in clinical trials.

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9

Forouzesh, F., and A. Darijani. "SOME CLASSES OF STATE IDEALS IN STATE MV -ALGEBRAS." Eurasian Mathematical Journal 10, no. 2 (2019): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2077-9879-2019-10-2-37-48.

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10

Alikhadzhiyeva, Inna S. "State policy concerning prostitution at the present stage: state and main directions." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 425 (December 1, 2017): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/425/27.

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11

Montrose, Louis. "Shakespeare, the Stage, and the State." SubStance 25, no. 2 (1996): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3685329.

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12

Williams, Austin Travis. "Stare Decisis and Autran v. State." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 2, no. 2 (October 1995): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v2.i2.6.

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In Autran v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals found "[t]he officers [sic] interest in the protection of appellant's property, as well as the protection of... the agency from claims of theft, can be satisfied by recording the existence of and describing and/or photographing the closed or locked container." Thus, Autran interpreted Article I, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution as requiring less intrusive means than the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution for conducting automobile inventory searches. This note examines the proper scope of an automobile inventory search as currently defined under federal and Texas law, and discusses Autran's failure to adhere to stare decisis' by unnecessarily overturning previously relied upon precedents.

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13

Kim, Byung-Kook. "State Capacity for Reform: The State in Korea and Mexico." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 3 (December 31, 1988): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps03005.

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Stetes comprise crucial in late industrialization. Their responses toward similar socioeconomic agenda, however, differ frequently in character. Why do economies respond differently toward similar tasks? Do states posses diverging capacities for managing economic challenges and resolving social issues? This essay focuses on dissimilar patterns of policy reform and offers state organizations as decisive explanatory variables. The organizational logic which governs reform process and shape policy dynamics is moreover analyzed on a micro level. The individual is our main focus. The diverging ways by which a manager is recruited and coalesces in larger groups comprise on empirical basis for generically constructing managerial role-types which we argue as placing profound consequences on reform. The ideologically overbearing professional manager which a selective persolnnel policy has engendered in Korea comprised a (deplorably) effective resource for managing economic challenges. The hybrid Mexican manager-produced by camarillas and performing political as well as managerial roles sharply diverged and curtailed state capacities for orderly policy change.

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14

Kałążny, Adam. "Should the state aid prohibition impact the property tax legislation in EU member states?" Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Law Series” 111, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023l3/7-12.

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Purpose of the article is to present the problem of applying the state aid rules (binding in EU) to the nonharmonized taxes such as property taxes, which differ strongly between Member States. The tax exemption from the real estate tax for the railway infrastructure which was introduced in Poland will be a subject to the investigation of Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). CJEU should answer to the question if the tax exemption from property tax in one Member State may be treated as a prohibited benefit granted to the entrepreneurs, having in mind that the same kind of property may be taxed significantly lower, or even not taxed at all in the other EU Member States. The verdict of CJEU will be important for the Polish entrepreneurs, but also will be significant for the tax policy in the EU. In case of the CJEU judgment declaring that the property tax exemption introduced by Poland constitutes illegal state aid it will be necessary to consider whether countries that do not tax the certain categories of property (or tax them at a very low level) do not grant illegal state aid to their entrepreneurs.

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15

Bogush, Volodymyr, Sergiy Getmantsev, Konstantin Bogatyirev, Ganna Tarasova, Yuriy Kulakov, and Yevgen Yatsunskiy. "Functional state of the rowers on kayaks at the stage of special basic training." Слобожанський науково-спортивний вісник, no. 3(71) (June 30, 2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2019-3.002.

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16

Denysenko, K. V., O. L. Samofalov, and I. A. Terletskyi. "THE STATE OF SOCIAL SECURITY IMPLEMENTATION AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF STATE BUILDING." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 1 (2021): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-1/30.

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17

Dorywalski, Sebastian, and Oleksandr Veretilnyk. "Dekada niepodległości Sudanu Południowego. Od weak state do collapsed state." Studia Politologiczne, no. 59/2021 (March 31, 2021): 320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2021.59.17.

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On July 9, 2021, the Republic of South Sudan celebrate the 10th anniversary of its independence. This study is an analysis of the functioning of South Sudan as a fullfledged member of the international community. We also analyzed the mistakes made by the government of this young country over the years of its independence and found out what consequences they led.

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18

Vital, David. "From ‘State within a state’ to state." Israel Affairs 5, no. 4 (June 1999): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537129908719529.

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19

Faure, Michael, and Wanli Ma. "Investor-State Arbitration: Economic and Empirical Perspectives." Michigan Journal of International Law, no. 41.1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.41.1.investor-state.

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The investor-state arbitration system (“ISA”) was originally modelled on traditional commercial arbitration and was expected to deliver fast, good, and cheap decisions, especially in comparison to domestic court systems. Yet the ISA system has increasingly been criticized, especially by developing countries. Developing countries claim that the system is not cheap, that decision-making increasingly takes a long time, and that arbitrators are biased in favor of investors (often coming from developed countries in the global North) and against states from the developing South. Several developing states have even withdrawn from the ICSID Convention, which governs the settlement of disputes between investors and states through the institution of the same name. This article provides an economic and an empirical perspective on ISA: It reviews the traditional Law and Economics arguments in favor of and against international commercial arbitration, analyzing to what extent the characteristics of ISA make ISA different than international commercial arbitration. Moreover, the article summarizes the rich empirical literature on the functioning of ISA, and it compares and synthesizes this empirical literature with Law and Economics theories. Based on both Law and Economics and the empirical literature, the article then analyzes existing suggestions for reforming the ISA system.

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20

McFee, Maddie. "Federal-State Partnership: How the Federal Government Should Better Support Its State Unemployment Insurance Offices in Times of Crisis." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 55.1 (2021): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.55.1.federal-state.

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In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused millions of people to lose their jobs and become dependent on unemployment benefits. State unemployment offices were not prepared for this sudden onslaught of claims. Offices could not increase staffing levels because they were not given money by the federal government to do so. As offices were overwhelmed, a scammer group named Scattered Canary took this opportunity to fraudulently claim millions of dollars from several states. Because the federal government supplies administrative funds to states based on average previous need, the system is not designed to support states’ increased needs during sudden economic downturns. This Note argues that the federal government should allot a portion of money within the currently existing Federal Unemployment Fund to create a source of emergency money for states during emergencies. These funds would provide as-requested grants to states to increase staffing more quickly than would otherwise be possible through existing emergency routes. Through the creation of this fund, the federal government would fulfill its part of the federal-state partnership and prevent widespread harm to states during economic crises.

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21

Zagashvili, V. "State at new stage of economic globalization." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2009): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2009-5-43-51.

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22

Li, Haifen, Yonghong Tan, Ruili Dong, and Yanyan Li. "State Estimation of Micropositioning Stage With Piezoactuators." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 64, no. 1 (January 2017): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2016.2610401.

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23

Winter, Jörg, and Peter Brandt. "Stage-Specific State I-State II Transitions during the Cell Cycle of Euglena gracilis." Plant Physiology 81, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.81.2.548.

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24

Saward, Michael. "Green state/democratic state." Contemporary Politics 4, no. 4 (December 1998): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569779808449976.

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25

Mannix, Rebekah, Lois K. Lee, and Eric Fleegler. "Red State Blue State." Academic Emergency Medicine 20, no. 8 (August 2013): 858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.12177.

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26

Bellini, Sandra. "State of the State." Advances in Neonatal Care 13, no. 5 (October 2013): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/anc.0b013e3182a35a7e.

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27

Jacoby, Karl. "Golden State, genocide state." Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2017.1265790.

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28

Bodnár-Király, Tibor. "State Description without State." Historical Studies on Central Europe 2, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 95–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-2.07.

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This study examines the reception of the state sciences in eighteenth-century Hungary. It argues that the genres of historical topography and political geography had a substantial role both in the adaptation of state description (Staatsbeschreibung) and in initiating the conflict between various state visions, based on the reappraisal of historical, legal arguments of the dualist political structure on the one hand, and the natural law-based conceptualisation of composite state (Gesamtstaat) and good administration (Gute Polizey), on the other. The essay claims that this opposing conceptualizations of state also contributed to laying the intellectual foundations for diverse Catholic and Protestant interpretations, developed throughout the eighteenth century. The article comes to the conclusion that until the late eighteenth century the two main competitive lines of state description fundamentally shaped the sociocultural contexts of knowledge of state. In the approach and method, however, these interpretations had different answers to the challenge represented by statistical knowledge. While Catholic history of state appeared less effective against statistical account, statisticians found fierce competitors in the protagonists of political geography.

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29

Johnson, Sandra H. "Death, State by State." Hastings Center Report 44, no. 4 (July 2014): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.323.

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30

Hama, Hawre Hasan. "Possible Kurdish State: Federal State or Unitary State?" Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 41, no. 1 (2017): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2017.0024.

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31

Khan, Ijaz. "Pakistan: Nation-State, State-Nation or Multinational State?" European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 8, no. 1 (February 9, 2011): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90001677.

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32

Kuppermann, A., and R. D. Levine. "Towards a state‐to‐state transition state theory." Journal of Chemical Physics 83, no. 4 (August 15, 1985): 1671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.449405.

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33

Nesbitt, Elizabeth A., Ruth A. Martin, Neil P. Carroll, and Jeff Grieff. "Reassessment of the Zemorrian foraminiferal Stage and Juanian molluscan Stage north of the Olympic Mountains, Washington State and Vancouver Island." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 43, no. 3 (April 1, 2010): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2010/0043-0275.

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34

Lyakhno, Yu P. "Possible Measurement of the Probability of P-states in the Ground State of 4He Nucleus." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 60, no. 04 (April 2015): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe60.04.0309.

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35

Atazhanov, Firdavs F. "ADMINISTRATIVE AND MILITARY STRUCTURE OF THE STATE OF AMIR TEMUR. STATE MANAGEMENT." Oriental Journal of Social Sciences 02, no. 02 (April 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojss-02-02-01.

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Анотація:

The article considers the state and military administration of the Timurid state. The key attention is paid to the transformations and reforms during the reign of Amir Temur. In the process of reforming his state system, the ruler was able to create a new administrative apparatus. The article also discusses the judicial and legislative power, the coverage of which is presented in the work "Temur's Code". An important place in the article is given to the consideration of military administration and hierarchy in the army of Amir Temur. The author emphasizes that Amir Temur was interested in the issues of centralization of power in the army and for this he limited the power of tribal leaders. The state built by Amir Temur, first of all, had to embody the best form of the political system. The relative stability of centralized power in Temur's empire made it possible to develop not only urban and agriculture, but also gave a great impetus to the development of crafts, trade, commodity-money relations, which were of exceptional importance for economic life.

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36

Pyvovarov, Konstyantyn. "STATE CUSTOMS CONTROL IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC SAFETY OF A STATE." Public Policy and Ecnomic Development, no. 2 (2014): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pped.2014.2.12.

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37

de Haas, Nienke, Coco de Koning, Stefania di Blasio, Georgina Flórez-Grau, I. Jolanda M. de Vries, and Stanleyson V. Hato. "STAT Family Protein Expression and Phosphorylation State during moDC Development Is Altered by Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics." Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (June 11, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7458238.

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The STAT signaling pathway is important in dendritic cell (DC) development and function. Tumor cells can induce STAT signaling, thereby inhibiting DC maturation and immunostimulatory functions, leading to hampered efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies. Platinum-based chemotherapeutics can inhibit STAT signaling, thereby making them an interesting tool to improve DC development and function. In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of STAT expression and phosphorylation during DC differentiation and maturation and investigate the effects of platinum drugs on STAT signaling during these processes. Monocytes were differentiated into monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) with IL-4 and GM-CSF and matured with cytokines or TLR ligands. STAT expression and phosphorylation were analyzed by western blotting, and moDC viability and phenotype were analyzed by flow cytometry. Platinum drugs were added at day 3 of differentiation or at the start of maturation to investigate regulation of the STAT signaling pathway. All STAT proteins were expressed during moDC differentiation and STAT1, STAT5, and STAT6 were phosphorylated. No significant changes occurred in the expression and phosphorylation state of the STAT proteins during differentiation. After maturation with TLR ligands, the expression of STAT1 increased, but other STAT proteins were not affected. Phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 increased during maturation, where TLR ligands induced significantly higher levels of phosphorylation than cytokines. Platinum drugs cisplatin and oxaliplatin significantly inhibited phosphorylation of STAT6 during differentiation and maturation. Treatment did not affect the phenotype or viability of the cells. As STAT6 is an important regulator of DC function, these findings suggest a role for platinum-based chemotherapeutics to enhance DC function via inhibition of STAT signaling, thereby potentially enhancing efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies.

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38

Gelman, Andrew. "Rich State, Poor State, Red State, Blue State: What's the Matter with Connecticut?" Quarterly Journal of Political Science 2, no. 4 (November 19, 2007): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00006026.

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39

Burleigh, Michael, and Wolfgang Wipperman. "The Third Reich: Racial State, Class State, Modern State?" British Journal of Holocaust Education 1, no. 2 (December 1992): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17504902.1992.11101983.

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40

Lee, Seong. "Privatization of State Infrastructure." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 11 (December 31, 1996): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps11011.

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Анотація:

World's political and economic environments are changing dramatically. Economic bloc is commonly recognized as an international trend and all nations are making the best effort to maximize their benefits. In Korea, the private enterprises obtained good achievements in the electronic and motor manufacturing industries despite international intense competitions. They contributed to the development of country's competitiveness and to the accumulation of wealth. The success of Korea's private enterprises resulted from the renovation of management and management's determined working principles. By applying the management models of private industries, state enterprises might bring its efficient management. The majority of state enterprises in Korea was established in early 1970 when GNP per capita was only U$200. However, some state enterprises, such as Korea Telecommunication, were established in 1980's when the GNP per capita was U$1,800.

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41

Mahamatjonovna, Kamalova Gulnora. "CURRENT STATE OF TRANSLATION." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 03, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-03-01-18.

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Анотація:

This article talks about the modern state of translation, as well as the laws of translation. The relevance of this topic is that the translation in its development has passed several stages, but currently preference is given to informative translation, in which the features of the individual author style are not so significant.

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42

Neha, Neha. "State, Land and Livelihood." Praxis International Journal of Social Science and Literature 6, no. 5 (May 25, 2023): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.51879/pijssl/060511.

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Land is significant material, economic resource of our society and great number of people dependent on it. Equitable access to land not just provide access to economic need and survival to individual or community but also give impetus to other democratic and constitutional rights like education, health, food availability, social security and basic stability etc. Indian Constitution aspire for providing justice in every field and to establish an egalitarian social order which could ensure basic human rights. Under, the Neoliberal regime and economic ideology, the access to land to masses becoming difficult and even redistributive justice measures have been taking reverse step. The article is an attempt to understand the current situation around land and livelihood issues of large number of people in our country who are condemned to live in a desperate situation.

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43

Shkabaro, Veronika M. "Succession of State Territory." Bulletin of Alfred Nobel University Series "Law" 1, no. 8 (July 3, 2024): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2709-6408-2024-1-8-12.

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The article is devoted to the study of state territory as an object of succession of states along with other objects of succession, which include state territory, international agreements (treaties), state property, state archives, state debts, membership in international organizations, state borders. International law solves the processes of state-territorial changes through the institution of succession of states, which is one of the most complex political and legal problems of the modern world. The article analyzes the grounds for the succession of states. Attention focuses on the problems of succession of states in the context of territorial succession. It is substantiated that the territorial aspect of the succession of states is particularly relevant and problematic in the modern world. The importance of the institution of legal succession of states determines as one of the oldest in international law. This article examines the existing approaches to the definition of the concept of “succession of states”. It is emphasized that international law binds succession only with the change of territory, and the succession of states arises if there is a final and irrevocable replacement of the sovereignty of one state over a particular territory with the sovereignty of another state. The article researches the peculiarities of the institution of legal succession of states in the legal doctrine of Ukraine and national and international legal acts. The author of the article analyzes the content of the current normative legal acts of international and national law of Ukraine on the territorial aspect of the succession of states. It is specified that the international legal basis of succession of states is rather insignificant and extremely limited. The author emphasizes that territorial transformations and changes in the political map of the world will not bypass the 21st century because of the events taking place in Ukraine and the world. European integration processes and separatist movements only strengthen the urgency of the problem of succession of states, demanding the improvement of the mechanism of legal regulation. The author also presents promising directions for further scientific research on improving the legislative definition of the succession of Ukraine.

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44

Lozynskyy, Orest, Andriy Lozynskyy, and Yaroslav Paranchuk. "Representation of electrical mode in arc furnaces by a state change model and determination of probabilities of those states." Computational Problems of Electrical Engineering 8, no. 1 (May 11, 2018): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jcpee2018.01.026.

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It is the first paper where the electrical mode of an arc furnace (AF) is proposed to be considered as a state change. This work also proposes a methodology for calculating the time values of the probabilities of these states. The methodology is based on the representation of state-change processes by the Markov model of continuous time, discrete state (CDS) stochastic processes. The state of electrical mode in each phase of an arc furnace is identified by the value of arc current that can be set for a given melting period, may be in the range of permitted deviations, or may get to the range of large operational or emergency deviations. Assuming that the system goes from state to state under the action of the Poisson flows of events, the concept of intensity of disturbance flows, and the intensity of flows of control actions are introduced. This makes it possible to form a system of Kolmogorov differential equations to change the state probabilities of the AF electrical mode. The solution of the system results in obtaining time dependencies of change in state probabilities. When analyzing graphs of changes over time in the probabilities of AF electrical mode states, it is possible to choose the desired intensity of the flow of control actions, which ensures that the electrical mode is in a given state under the action of the corresponding disturbance flow.

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45

Leskova, I. V. "Economic integration of the countries of the commonwealth of independent states: the current state and outlook." Social’naya politika i sociologiya 14, no. 3 (2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2071-3665-2015-14-3-2-34-39.

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46

Pierson, Christopher, Jerald Hage, Robert Hanneman, and Edward T. Gargan. "State Responsiveness and State Activism." British Journal of Sociology 42, no. 1 (March 1991): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/590863.

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47

Fiss, Owen M. "State Activism and State Censorship." Yale Law Journal 100, no. 7 (May 1991): 2087. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/796816.

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48

THOMAS, PAUL. "The state of the state." Theory and Society 33, no. 2 (April 2004): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ryso.0000023442.63711.20.

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49

Brooks, Courtney. "Making a State a State." World Policy Journal 30, no. 1 (2013): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0740277513482565.

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50

Silverstein, Todd P. "State Functions vs State Governments." Journal of Chemical Education 83, no. 6 (June 2006): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed083p847.1.

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