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1
Vivian Moraa Nyaata. "Situating children in divorce mediation in South Africa and Australia: A comparative study." Journal of Policy and Development Studies (JPDS) 1, no. 1 (August 26, 2022): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.51317/jpds.v4i1.226.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study focuses on situating children in divorce mediation in South Africa and Australia. This study investigates how South Africa and Australia have domesticated and are implementing relevant international laws and policies that allows hearing the voices of children in divorce mediation. This study found that South Africa and Australia do not have specific legislation that provides hearing in the child's voice in divorce mediation. However, the Australian government funds on-going research to improve the hearing of a child's voice in divorce mediation. Aided by government funding, Australia has developed unique techniques to listen to the child's voice during divorce mediation. The special priority afforded to children’s rights in South Africa and Australia is justified under the Capabilities approach cost-effectiveness principle because it prevents a spiralling need for state intervention later in the lives of its citizens. Some of the techniques used by the Australian government go beyond the requirements of the UNCRC and ACRWC. For example, some FRCs employ technology to screen for child abuse before hearing a child's voice in divorce mediation. Like the Office of the Family Advocate in South Africa, FRCs use a teamwork approach where child consultants and mediators work together to listen to the child's voice during divorce mediation.
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HEYWOOD, A. E., N. ZWAR, B. L. FORSSMAN, H. SEALE, N. STEPHENS, J. MUSTO, C. LANE, et al. "The contribution of travellers visiting friends and relatives to notified infectious diseases in Australia: state-based enhanced surveillance." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 16 (August 30, 2016): 3554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001734.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYImmigrants and their children who return to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives (VFR) are at increased risk of acquiring infectious diseases compared to other travellers. VFR travel is an important disease control issue, as one quarter of Australia's population are foreign-born and one quarter of departing Australian international travellers are visiting friends and relatives. We conducted a 1-year prospective enhanced surveillance study in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia to determine the contribution of VFR travel to notifiable diseases associated with travel, including typhoid, paratyphoid, measles, hepatitis A, hepatitis E, malaria and chikungunya. Additional data on characteristics of international travel were collected. Recent international travel was reported by 180/222 (81%) enhanced surveillance cases, including all malaria, chikungunya and paratyphoid cases. The majority of cases who acquired infections during travel were immigrant Australians (96, 53%) or their Australian-born children (43, 24%). VFR travel was reported by 117 (65%) travel-associated cases, highest for typhoid (31/32, 97%). Cases of children (aged <18 years) (86%) were more frequently VFR travellers compared to adult travellers (57%,P< 0·001). VFR travel is an important contributor to imported disease in Australia. Communicable disease control strategies targeting these travellers, such as targeted health promotion, are likely to impact importation of these travel-related infections.
3
Shield, Jennifer, Sabine Braat, Matthew Watts, Gemma Robertson, Miles Beaman, James McLeod, Robert W. Baird, et al. "Seropositivity and geographical distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis in Australia: A study of pathology laboratory data from 2012–2016." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): e0009160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009160.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background There are no national prevalence studies of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Australia, although it is known to be endemic in northern Australia and is reported in high risk groups such as immigrants and returned travellers. We aimed to determine the seropositivity (number positive per 100,000 of population and percent positive of those tested) and geographical distribution of S. stercoralis by using data from pathology laboratories. Methodology We contacted all seven Australian laboratories that undertake Strongyloides serological (ELISA antibody) testing to request de-identified data from 2012–2016 inclusive. Six responded. One provided positive data only. The number of people positive, number negative and number tested per 100,000 of population (Australian Bureau of Statistics data) were calculated including for each state/territory, each Australian Bureau of Statistics Statistical Area Level 3 (region), and each suburb/town/community/locality. The data was summarized and expressed as maps of Australia and Greater Capital Cities. Principal findings We obtained data for 81,777 people who underwent serological testing for Strongyloides infection, 631 of whom were from a laboratory that provided positive data only. Overall, 32 (95% CI: 31, 33) people per 100,000 of population were seropositive, ranging between 23/100,000 (95% CI: 19, 29) (Tasmania) and 489/100,000 population (95%CI: 462, 517) (Northern Territory). Positive cases were detected across all states and territories, with the highest (260-996/100,000 and 17–40% of those tested) in regions across northern Australia, north-east New South Wales and north-west South Australia. Some regions in Greater Capital Cities also had a high seropositivity (112-188/100,000 and 17–20% of those tested). Relatively more males than females tested positive. Relatively more adults than children tested positive. Children were under-represented in the data. Conclusions/Significance The study confirms that substantial numbers of S. stercoralis infections occur in Australia and provides data to inform public health planning.
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Buchanan, Fiona. "Zero Tolerance in South Australia: A Statewide Community Initiative." Australian Journal of Primary Health 2, no. 1 (1996): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py96013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Zero Tolerance Campaign against violence to women and children is a hard hitting, controversial campaign designed to raise public awareness and provoke debate about male abuse of power in the areas of domestic violence, rape and sexual assault, and child sexual abuse. Zero Tolerance is also an example of best practice in cross sectoral co-operation. The campaign comprises a statewide initiative involving the Health Promotion Unit of the South Australian Health Commission, the Domestic Violence Resource Unit, Family and Community Services, community health workers and local community action groups throughout the state. The process of bringing together a wide range of individuals from very different backgrounds and differing perspectives to work collaboratively on a controversial, innovative project led to extensive examination and defining of the issues involved. The planning process included a microcosm of the debate which Zero Tolerance intends to generate in the community. Resolution of the issues raised, employed many of the strategies developed and identified as best practice in the field of primary health care. The paper explores the challenges and rewards in the context of working collaboratively through the planning of a controversial initiative and identifies the merits of a campaign which has built on a diverse range of knowledge. Zero Tolerance, as a campaign, has the scope to be adapted in a variety of culturally and socially diverse initiatives as it becomes identified as an example of international best practice developed to stop violence against women and children.
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Sueur, Eddie Le. "Children's Rights and the State in Loco Parentis." Children Australia 15, no. 2 (1990): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200002716.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The state government Department for Family and Community Services (formerly DCW) in South Australia is currently seeking to clarify and where necessary change policy in the area of guardianship, long term legal status and related issues. To facilitate this aim in the context of a broader consultation process, a discussion paper was prepared by the author in his role of Chief Policy Officer of DCW in October 1989. The full paper covers a range of issues bearing on the department's role in relation to children and their families where there is a possibility of state care being ordered.
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Townsend, Michelle. "Educational outcomes of children on guardianship or custody orders: A pilot study: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare." Children Australia 32, no. 3 (2007): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200011603.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) has recently released a report on the educational outcomes for children and young people on guardianship or custody orders. This report, four years in the making, represents one of the first comprehensive Australian assessments based on educational performance data from multiple jurisdictions for children on guardianship or custody orders. Developed for the National Child Protection and Support Services data group, the study was funded by the Community and Disability Services Ministers’ Advisory Council (AIHW 2007).This pilot study examines how children on guardianship/custody orders are performing compared with all Australian children in education department-based testing for reading and numeracy in years 3, 5 and 7. Mean test scores were examined in addition to the achievement of national benchmarks for reading and numeracy. These nationally agreed benchmarks are designed to assess whether children have achieved the minimum standards for years 3, 5 and 7 (AIHW 2007). Data on 895 children on guardianship or custody orders were collected from five jurisdictions - Queensland, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory - for August 2003 (AIHW 2007). The data were linked through collaborative efforts by state and territory education and community services departments.
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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "Confidentiality in child protection cases Who benefits?" Children Australia 35, no. 3 (2010): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200001127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Child protection legislation in every Australian state and territory prohibits the disclosure of the identity of a person who acts as a mandatory reporter. There is also provision in most child protection legislation that prevents the naming of children and families in protection cases. It is argued that disclosure is not in the interests of the child, the family or the general public. Children's Court proceedings in most states and territories in Australia are closed to the public so that, unlike in most other jurisdictions, interested parties are not able to observe the proceedings. Child protection authorities also have considerable power to collect information about children and families from many sources. This power to obtain information is compounded by legislation which removes confidentiality provisions from professional codes of ethics. Furthermore, the rules of evidence do not ordinarily apply in the Children's Court. This article uses New South Wales as the exemplar state and raises questions about all of these issues.
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Bartlett, Tess S., and Christopher J. Trotter. "Did We Forget Something? Fathering Supports and Programs in Prisons in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 8 (February 6, 2019): 1465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x19828575.
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This article draws from data gathered for an Australian Research Council–funded study conducted in Victoria and New South Wales between 2011 and 2015, which examined how dependent children are responded to when their primary carer is imprisoned. In particular, this article specifically addresses a gap in knowledge by examining the current state of fathering programs in prison in Victoria. To do so, the views of 39 primary carer fathers incarcerated in Victoria are analysed. We argue that there is a distinct lack of support for fathers in prison, acting as a barrier towards maintaining father–child relationships. Findings indicate that 79% of the fathers in this study were never offered any parenting support services or programs. By clearly highlighting the state of fathering programs in prisons in Victoria, this article offers suggestions as to how best to facilitate the connection between incarcerated fathers and their children.
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Zernetska, O. "William Wentworth – Democrat by Worldview, Australian Politician and Explorer by Calling." Problems of World History, no. 8 (March 14, 2019): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2019-8-10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is dedicated to William Charles Wentworth, the leading Australian political figure during the first half of the 19th century, whose lifelong work for self-government culminated in the NewSouth Wales in 1855. While detecting his life-long activity we come to the conclusion that he was an exceptionally talented men: explorer, author, gifted barrister (he graduated from CambridgeUniversity with honours), landowner, and statesman. In 1819 he published a book “Statistical, Нistorical, and Political Description of The Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependant Settlements in Van Diemen’s Land” which was the first book of Australia written by native-born Australian. The analyses of this outstanding magnum opus, written by a young man before his thirties, allow to state that his book did much to stimulate emigration to Australia. It was reissued in revised and enlarged editions in 1820 and 1824. It is found out that while returning to Australia, Wentworth as a gifted orator and excellent journalist became the colony’s leading political figure of the 1820s and 1830s, calling for the abolition of convicts’ transportation and establishing representative government, freedom of the press and trial by jury. It is disclosed how he struggled for the Legislative Council (Parliament) and new Constitution in 1840s and 1850s; how he made primary education for all children in the colony a reality and did his utmost to open Sydney University. In sum: this great son of Australia accomplished everything he planned for his native land.
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Hansen, Patricia, and Frank Ainsworth. "Children in out-of-home care: What drives the increase in admissions and how to make a change." Children Australia 33, no. 4 (2008): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200000390.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Australia the number of children removed from birth parents and admitted to State care, i.e. foster care, kinship care, other home-based care, group homes or residential care, continues to rise. Because the number of foster carers (the preferred care option after kinship care) has fallen and the recruitment of new carers has become more difficult, this rise in admissions to care is a critical issue. This paper explores those factors that drive the increase in the number of children that are taken into State care and makes suggestions about how this trend might be reversed. New South Wales is used as the example for this purpose although the points made are applicable in other States and Territories.
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Jordan, Julie, Lola Bishop, and Robynne Hunt. "The Family and Baby Program: Becoming More Accountable." Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, no. 4 (2000): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00045.
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The aim of this paper is to discuss briefly Child and Youth Health's (CYH) Family and Baby Program (FAB). CYH is a statewide community health service for young South Australians funded by the State Government. The organisation has a primary health care focus and works in partnership with individuals, families and communities to enhance the health status of children and young people in South Australia, focusing on the promotion of health and the prevention of ill health. CYH has two divisions, the Child and Family Health Service (which offers health services to families of children aged 0 to 12 years) and The Second Story (which serves the health needs of young people aged 12 to 25 years). It also has a Parent Helpline, a statewide telephone information and support service for parents of both children and young people.
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Millei, Zsuzsa, Brad Gobby, and Jannelle Gallagher. "Doing state policy at preschool: An autoethnographic tale of universal access to ECEC in Australia." Journal of Pedagogy 8, no. 1 (August 28, 2017): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jped-2017-0002.
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AbstractIn 2009, the Australian states and territories signed an agreement to provide 15 hours per week of universal access to quality early education to all children in Australia in the year before they enter school. Taking on board the international evidence about the importance of early education, the Commonwealth government made a considerable investment to make universal access possible by 2013. We explore the ongoing processes that seek to make universal access a reality in New South Wales by attending to the complex agential relationships between multiple actors. While we describe the state government and policy makers′ actions in devising funding models to drive changes, we prioritise our gaze on the engagement of a preschool and its director with the state government’s initiatives that saw them develop various funding and provision models in response. To offer accounts of their participation in policy making and doing at the preschool, we use the director’s autobiographical notes. We argue that the state’s commitment to ECEC remained a form of political manoeuvring where responsibility for policy making was pushed onto early childhood actors. This manoeuvring helped to silence and further fragment the sector, but these new processes also created spaces where the sector can further struggle for recognition through the very accountability measures that the government has introduced.
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O’Donovan, Siobhan, Corinna van den Heuvel, Matthew Baldock, and Roger W. Byard. "Childhood cycling fatalities in South Australia before and after the introduction of helmet legislation." Medicine, Science and the Law 60, no. 3 (April 23, 2020): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420918036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the years following the introduction of legislation in Australian states mandating the wearing of helmets, there was a decline in the number of deaths. Debate has occurred, however, as to why this occurred. The Traffic Accident Reporting System database, which records data for all police-reported crashes in South Australia, was searched for all cases of deaths occurring in the state in bicycle riders aged ≤14 years from January 1982 to December 2001. The numbers of deaths were then compared over the 10-year periods before (1982–1991) and after (1992–2001) the introduction of helmet legislation, and also on a yearly basis from 1982 to 2001. Comparing the numbers of deaths in the two periods before and after helmet legislation in 1991 showed a marked decrease in cases from 36 to 12. However, in examining the numbers of deaths per year in greater detail, it appears that these were already steadily reducing from nine cases per year in 1982 (2.9/100,000) to two cases in 1991 (0.67/100,000) to a virtual plateau after 1991 (ranging from 0 to 2 cases annually). It seems that the introduction of compulsory bicycle helmet wearing in South Australia came at a time when the numbers of child cyclist deaths had been steadily declining over the preceding decade. While helmet wearing clearly protects children who are still riding bicycles, the reasons for the reduction in numbers of deaths appears more complex than legislative change and likely involves a subtle interaction with other behavioural and societal factors and preferences.
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Amadio, John. "WILTJA: Model of Education Delivery." Aboriginal Child at School 21, no. 1 (March 1993): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200005575.
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The Pitjantjatjara people in the north west of South Australia and the Yalata Community in the far west of the state identify as Anangu (the people) Anangu culture is very different in many ways from the mainstream culture largely associated with urban centres but some of the aspects in common include a desire to maintain their culture and lifestyle, wanting a favourable future for their children and their communities, and a desire to be self managing.
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Mertin, Peter, and George Wasyluk. "Incidence of Behavioural and Emotional Problems Amongst Primary School Children." Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist 7, no. 2 (November 1990): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0816512200026146.
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In 1988 the report entitled “Interagency Responses to School Children with Social and Behavioural Problems” was released in South Australia. The investigation, chaired by Ms. Penny Stratmann, was asked to review the current provision of services for children of school age in South Australia who exhibit social and behavioural problems, and to examineinter alia, the extent of the problem.The report stated that the extent of the problem was difficult to assess in numerical terms because; (i) schools do not keep systematic records, (ii) identification of disruptive students is a matter of definition and attitude (some schools would identify student behaviour as disruptive which other schools may be able to prevent or contain), (iii) it is even harderto identify is the number of children whose response to problems is passive (they are often compliant, no trouble, not noticeable), and (iv) small numbers of disruptive students create a disproportionately large amount of havoc in schools and stress in teachers. (These outcomes are the most significant in their impact but the least measurable).
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Duke, Rosalie. "Children's and adults' attitudes towards parents smacking their children." Children Australia 20, no. 2 (1995): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200004478.
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Australian children's interests groups are campaigning for legislation to prohibit adults from using physical punishment with children. In this study, 100 South Australian children, early childhood university students and parents were questioned about their personal experiences of physical punishment in childhood. All three groups had strong negative recollections of being smacked. All of the adult subjects agreed that physical violence is damaging to children's psychological development and they knew that smacking is banned in South Australian state schools and pre-schools. Nevertheless a significant number (79%) used physical punishment for disciplining their own children. Furthermore, 80% of parents and early childhood education students opposed State legislation to ban hand-smacking and only 50% approved legislation to ban adults from hitting children with an implement. Although the university students had been taught and used positive child management techniques in schools and pre-schools, 65% said that they would smack their own children for ‘naughty’ behaviour. The study suggests that early learning (even learning of a negative nature) can take precedence over professionally gained knowledge and professional practice. Advocacy groups would be advised to press for community education encouraging the use of alternative child management techniques before introducing changes to legislation.
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Gabbe, Belinda J., Joanna F. Dipnall, John W. Lynch, Frederick P. Rivara, Ronan A. Lyons, Shanthi Ameratunga, Mariana Brussoni, et al. "Validating injury burden estimates using population birth cohorts and longitudinal cohort studies of injury outcomes: the VIBES-Junior study protocol." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (August 2018): e024755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024755.
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IntroductionTraumatic injury is a leading contributor to the global disease burden in children and adolescents, but methods used to estimate burden do not account for differences in patterns of injury and recovery between children and adults. A lack of empirical data on postinjury disability in children has limited capacity to derive valid disability weights and describe the long-term individual and societal impacts of injury in the early part of life. The aim of this study is to establish valid estimates of the burden of non-fatal injury in children and adolescents.Methods and analysisFive longitudinal studies of paediatric injury survivors <18 years at the time of injury (Australia, Canada, UK and USA) and two whole-of-population linked administrative data paediatric studies (Australia and Wales) will be analysed over a 3-year period commencing 2018. Meta-analysis of deidentified patient-level data (n≈2,600) from five injury-specific longitudinal studies (Victorian State Trauma Registry; Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry; UK Burden of Injury; British Columbia Children’s Hospital Longitudinal Injury Outcomes; Children’s Health After Injury) and >1 million children from two whole-of-population cohorts (South Australian Early Childhood Data Project and Wales Electronic Cohort for Children). Systematic analysis of pooled injury-specific cohort data using a variety of statistical techniques, and parallel analysis of whole-of-population cohorts, will be used to develop estimated disability weights for years lost due to disability, establish appropriate injury classifications and explore factors influencing recovery.Ethics and disseminationThe project was approved by the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee project number 12 311. Results of this study will be submitted for publication in internationally peer-reviewed journals. The findings from this project have the capacity to improve the validity of paediatric injury burden measurements in future local and global burden of disease studies.
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Delfabbro, Paul, Mignon Borgas, Robyn Vast, and Alexandra Osborn. "The effectiveness of public foster carer recruitment campaigns: The South Australian experience." Children Australia 33, no. 3 (2008): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200000298.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Between 2004 and 2006, the State Government of South Australia funded a foster carer recruitment service to increase the number of foster carers within the State. Based on a combination of public advertising, community consultation, and a step-by-step process of assessment, the service was successful in attracting considerable public interest in foster care. However, only limited success was achieved in recruiting new foster carers. To investigate this, a retrospective survey of 347 people who made contact with the recruitment service was conducted. The survey examined several factors that might have acted as barriers to becoming a foster carer, including: perceptions of the quality of the service, the nature of the assessment process, concerns about foster care, and personal characteristics and circumstances. The results showed that concerns about the nature of foster care (e.g. nature of the children, their families and fear of being falsely accused of abuse) discouraged around 30% of respondents, but that the majority declined to continue because of inopportune personal circumstances or a fear of failure. The findings highlight the importance of providing greater community information regarding foster care prior to large-scale campaigns, as well as undertaking more specifically targeted recruitment strategies.
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Foley, Bridget C., Katherine B. Owen, William Bellew, Luke Wolfenden, Kathryn Reilly, Adrian E. Bauman, and Lindsey J. Reece. "Physical Activity Behaviors of Children Who Register for the Universal, State-Wide Active Kids Voucher: Who Did the Voucher Program Reach?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 5691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165691.
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Active Kids is a government-led, universal voucher program that aims to reduce the cost of participation in structured physical activity for all school-enrolled children in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. As part of the Active Kids program evaluation, this cross-sectional study examined the Active Kids’ program’s reach to children in NSW and their physical activity behaviors, before voucher use. Demographic registration data from all children (4.5–18 years old) who registered for an Active Kids voucher in 2018 (n = 671,375) were compared with Census data. Binary and multinomial regression models assessed which correlates were associated with meeting physical activity guidelines and participation in the sessions of structured physical activity. The Active Kids program attracted more than half (53%) of all eligible children in NSW. Children who spoke a primary language other than English at home, were aged 15–18 years old, lived in the most disadvantaged areas, and girls, were less likely to register. Of the registered children, 70% had attended structured physical activity sessions at least once a week during the previous 12 months, whilst 19% achieved physical activity guidelines. Active Kids achieved substantial population reach and has the potential to improve children’s physical activity behaviors.
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Chand, Sai, Emily Moylan, S. Travis Waller, and Vinayak Dixit. "Analysis of Vehicle Breakdown Frequency: A Case Study of New South Wales, Australia." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 8244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traffic incidents such as crashes, vehicle breakdowns, and hazards impact traffic speeds and induce congestion. Recognizing the factors that influence the frequency of these traffic incidents is helpful in proposing countermeasures. There have been several studies on evaluating crash frequencies. However, research on other incident types is sparse. The main objective of this research is to identify critical variables that affect the number of reported vehicle breakdowns. A traffic incident dataset covering 4.5 years (January 2012 to June 2016) in the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) was arranged in a panel data format, consisting of monthly reported vehicle breakdowns in 28 SA4s (Statistical Area Level 4) in NSW. The impact of different independent variables on the number of breakdowns reported in each month–SA4 observation is captured using a random-effect negative binomial regression model. The results indicate that increases in population density, the number of registered vehicles, the number of public holidays, average temperature, the percentage of heavy vehicles, and percentage of white-collared jobs in an area increase the number of breakdowns. On the other hand, an increase in the percentage of unrestricted driving licenses and families with children, number of school holidays, and average rainfall decrease the breakdown frequency. The insights offered in this study contribute to a complete picture of the relevant factors that can be used by transport authorities, vehicle manufacturers, sellers, roadside assistance companies, and mechanics to better manage the impact of vehicle breakdowns.
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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "From the Front Line: The State as a Failed Parent." Children Australia 38, no. 2 (May 29, 2013): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2013.6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The focus of this article is young women aged 16–17 years who, while in State care in New South Wales gave birth, and from whom the child was then removed by the same department that is responsible for the mother's care. This topic is rarely examined due to two constraints. One is the lack of available data about the incidence of events of this kind. The second is the confidentiality provision in the New South Wales Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 which defines the Children's Court as a closed court and prohibits the reporting of identifiable case information.As a consequence much of this article is based on the authors' direct observation of cases involving young women of this age that they have encountered while undertaking professional duties in the Children's Court. The article also explores the further issue of the adoption of children removed from mothers who are still in State care.Because of the lack of data this article can be classified as an opinion piece which attempts to raise awareness about an important care issue. The article has a New South Wales focus but the authors expect that the same concerns are echoed in other Australian states and territories.
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Ainsworth, Frank, and Patricia Hansen. "Group Homes for Children and Young People: The Problem Not the Solution." Children Australia 43, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In every state and territory in Australia, child welfare departments, under various names, maintain or, alternatively, fund group homes for children and young people in the non-government sector. Increasingly, these group homes offer only four places with no integrated treatment or educational services. In that respect they can best be viewed as providing care and accommodation only. Since 2010, following the release of a definition of therapeutic residential care by the National Therapeutic Residential Care Work Group, there has been debate about how to make group homes therapeutic. In 2017, as part of a wider reform effort, New South Wales renamed all their out-of-home care (foster care and residential care) as intensive therapeutic care and ceased using the term residential. The net result is that the group homes in New South Wales will from now on be referred to as intensive therapeutic care homes. This article raises questions about the utility of this renaming and explores whether or not group homes can be therapeutic given the characteristics of the population of children and young people they accommodate, their small size, the staffing complement and the limited job satisfaction with high staff turnover as a consequence of this smallness. All of these factors lead to the well-documented, anti-therapeutic instability of the group home life space.
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Hood, Mary, and Christopher Boltje. "The Progress of 500 Referrals from the Child Protection Response System to the Criminal Court." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 31, no. 2 (August 1998): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589803100205.
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Five hundred concerns about abuse to children cases were followed from the initial report to a child welfare system through the intervention process to criminal prosecution. The sample originated with the Child Protection Services, a unit based in a paediatric hospital in the state of South Australia, and its links to the wider child abuse reporting and intervention system are described. This study showed only 27.4% of cases substantiated at the welfare/health level were prosecuted in criminal courts, and only 17% achieved a conviction, half of those resulting from a guilty plea. The apparent reasons for this are detailed, including the links to the characteristics of the children, the accused and the professional and legal systems. The study suggests non-prosecution does not indicate that cases were too readily substantiated. On the contrary, constraints in the legal system lead to choices being made by all involved about whether to proceed which significantly reduce the likelihood of prosecution.
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Gleeson, C., D. A. Hay, C. J. Johnston, and T. M. Theobald. "“Twins in School” — An Australia-wide Program." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 39, no. 2 (April 1990): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000005468.
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AbstractThe multiple birth family is more likely to have a dispute with the education system than with any other service. So many potential areas of conflict exist over the abilities and behaviour of multiples and over such issues as separation or keeping back one twin. One reason for disputes is the lack of good data to adequately reflect the different perspectives of parents and teachers and the differing needs of families: the same solution does not apply to all. To provide the first large-scale data base and building upon an initial survey of 85% of all primary school teachers in South Australia, the LaTrobe Twin Study and AMBA worked with Education Departments to set-up in each state Education Research Teams (ERTs) of parents of multiples who were also teachers. The ERTs were crucial in three phases. 1) Developing and circulating questionnaires and publicising the nationwide survey. 784 families and 1264 teachers of their children completed these questionnaires, many reporting that simply having to address the issues raised in the questionnaire was a valuable learning experience. 2) Exploring the data base. Issues arising included the very different bases on which parents and teachers judged separation desirable, with teachers emphasising the unsubstantiated claim that separation is essential to individual development. Separation became more common over the first three years of schooling but 20-25% of twins separated one year were back together the next. 3) Running regional meetings of parents, teachers and administrators to discuss the results and to pool experiences and plan policies at the local level. A need clearly exists to improve the level of consultation between families and school personnel and to ensure the widespread availability of information which identifies key issues in making decisions for that multiple birth family.
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Liversidge, Helen M. "Demirjian Stage Tooth Formation Results from a Large Group of Children." Dental Anthropology Journal 23, no. 1 (September 2, 2018): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v23i1.66.
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The aim of this study is to present further data on the timing and variation of individual permanent mandibular teeth using Demirjian stages from a large collaboration. Seven mandibular permanent teeth were assessed from dental radiographs of healthy dental patients from Australia, Belgium, Canada, England, Finland, France, South Korea and Sweden (cross-sectional study; n = 9,371, 4,710 males, 4,661 females; aged 2–18). Data are presented in three ways, namely by tooth stage for males, females, and pooled sex. Mean age at entry of each tooth formation stage (maturity data) was calculated using logistic regression and modified for age prediction. The 51% confidence interval for age within stage of individual tooth stages was calculated for use in forensic age estimation where the burden of proof is on the balance of probabilities. Average age, standard deviation, standard error, 3rd and 97th percentile within tooth stage was calculated from a uniform age sample (171 for each year of age from 3 to 16, n = 2,394). Modified maturity data and average age within stage from the uniform age distribution are two new methods of age estimation.
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GIBSON, A., L. JORM, and P. McINTYRE. "Using linked birth, notification, hospital and mortality data to examine false-positive meningococcal disease reporting and adjust disease incidence estimates for children in New South Wales, Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 12 (January 9, 2015): 2570–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814003355.
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SUMMARYMeningococcal disease is a rare, rapidly progressing condition which may be difficult to diagnose, disproportionally affects children, and has high morbidity and mortality. Accurate incidence estimates are needed to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination and treatment. We used linked notification, hospital, mortality and birth data for all children of an Australian state (2000–2007) to estimate the incidence of meningococcal disease. A total of 595 cases were notified, 684 cases had a hospital diagnosis, and 26 cases died from meningococcal disease. All deaths were notified, but only 68% (466/684) of hospitalized cases. Of non-notified hospitalized cases with more than one clinical admission, most (90%, 103/114) did not have meningococcal disease recorded as their final diagnosis, consistent with initial ‘false-positive’ hospital meningococcal disease diagnosis. After adjusting for false-positive rates in hospital data, capture–recapture estimation suggested that up to four cases of meningococcal disease may not have been captured in either notification or hospital records. The estimated incidence of meningococcal disease in NSW-born and -resident children aged 0–14 years was 5·1–5·4 cases/100 000 child-years at risk, comparable to international estimates using similar methods, but lower than estimates based on hospital data.
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Greer, Susan. "“In the interests of the children”: accounting in the control of Aboriginal family endowment payments." Accounting History 14, no. 1-2 (January 20, 2009): 166–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373208098557.
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This article contributes to an expanding literature concerned with the instrumentality of accounting and the consequences of its use within government—Indigenous relations. It examines a single case of how accounting was employed within the Australian state of New South Wales to manipulate the income and spending of Aboriginal women. The article explores how ccounting was integral to the control and administration of the New South Wales Family Endowment Payments; a policy intended to reconstitute Aboriginal women according to particular norms of citizenship. The article not only allows us to better understand the roles of accounting in such historical practices of social engineering, but also illustrates that the objectives for such programmes are not simple and that often they attempt to satisfy the competing interests of the social and the economic.
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Azzam, Nadin, Ju-Lee Oei, Susan Adams, Barbara Bajuk, Lisa Hilder, Abdel-Latif Mohamed, Ian M. R. Wright, and Andrew J. A. Holland. "Influence of early childhood burns on school performance: an Australian population study." Archives of Disease in Childhood 103, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313355.
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ObjectivesTo determine the influence of burn injuries on childhood performance in national standardised curriculum-based school tests.DesignBirth and health records of 977 children who were hospitalised with a burn injury between 2000 and 2006 in the state of New South Wales, Australia, were linked to performance scores in the National Assessment Program: Literacy and Numeracy test, a compulsory nationwide curriculum-based test (CBT) and compared with children who were not hospitalised for burns and who were matched for birth year, gender, gestation and socioeconomic status.Main outcome measuresTest scores in years 3 (ages 8–9), 5 (ages 10–11) and 7 (ages 13–14) in numeracy, writing, reading, spelling, grammar and punctuation.ResultsMean age at first burn injury was 28 months (median: 20, range: 0–140). Children with burns were significantly more likely to have younger mothers (28.5 vs 29.6 years) (P<0.001), be indigenous (OR 2.5 (95% CI 2.1 to 3.1)) (P<0.001) and have siblings (OR 1.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.4)) (P<0.001). They were also less likely to meet national minimum standards in most domains of testing until year 5, even after adjustment for parental education levels, parental smoking, maternal age and indigenous status. Each 10% increase in total body surface area burnt was associated with a decrease in year 5 scores by 37.0% in numeracy and 71.9% in writing.ConclusionsMost childhood burn injuries occur before the start of formal schooling. Children who are hospitalised for burns perform more poorly in CBT even after accounting for family and socioeconomic disadvantage. Rehabilitation of children with burn injuries must address school performance to decrease any long-term negative societal impact of burns.
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Hanly, Mark, Ben Edwards, Sharon Goldfeld, Rhonda G. Craven, Janet Mooney, Louisa Jorm, and Kathleen Falster. "School starting age and child development in a state-wide, population-level cohort of children in their first year of school in New South Wales, Australia." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 48 (2019): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.01.008.
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Green, Melissa J., Stacy Tzoumakis, Kristin R. Laurens, Kimberlie Dean, Maina Kariuki, Felicity Harris, Nicole O’Reilly, Marilyn Chilvers, Sally A. Brinkman, and Vaughan J. Carr. "Latent profiles of early developmental vulnerabilities in a New South Wales child population at age 5 years." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417740208.
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Objective: Detecting the early emergence of childhood risk for adult mental disorders may lead to interventions for reducing subsequent burden of these disorders. We set out to determine classes of children who may be at risk for later mental disorder on the basis of early patterns of development in a population cohort, and associated exposures gleaned from linked administrative records obtained within the New South Wales Child Development Study. Methods: Intergenerational records from government departments of health, education, justice and child protection were linked with the Australian Early Development Census for a state population cohort of 67,353 children approximately 5 years of age. We used binary data from 16 subdomains of the Australian Early Development Census to determine classes of children with shared patterns of Australian Early Development Census–defined vulnerability using latent class analysis. Covariates, which included demographic features (sex, socioeconomic status) and exposure to child maltreatment, parental mental illness, parental criminal offending and perinatal adversities (i.e. birth complications, smoking during pregnancy, low birth weight), were examined hierarchically within latent class analysis models. Results: Four classes were identified, reflecting putative risk states for mental disorders: (1) disrespectful and aggressive/hyperactive behaviour, labelled ‘misconduct risk’ ( N = 4368; 6.5%); (2) ‘pervasive risk’ ( N = 2668; 4.0%); (3) ‘mild generalised risk’ ( N = 7822; 11.6%); and (4) ‘no risk’ ( N = 52,495; 77.9%). The odds of membership in putative risk groups (relative to the no risk group) were greater among children from backgrounds of child maltreatment, parental history of mental illness, parental history of criminal offending, socioeconomic disadvantage and perinatal adversities, with distinguishable patterns of association for some covariates. Conclusion: Patterns of early childhood developmental vulnerabilities may provide useful indicators for particular mental disorder outcomes in later life, although their predictive utility in this respect remains to be established in longitudinal follow-up of the cohort.
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Callander, Emily Joy, Christine Andrews, Kirstine Sketcher-Baker, Michael Christopher Nicholl, Tanya Farrell, Shae Karger, and Vicki Flenady. "Safer Baby Bundle: study protocol for the economic evaluation of a quality improvement initiative to reduce stillbirths." BMJ Open 12, no. 8 (August 2022): e058988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058988.
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IntroductionStillbirth continues to be a public health concern in high-income countries, and with mixed results from several stillbirth prevention interventions worldwide the need for an effective prevention method is ever present. The Safer Baby Bundle (SBB) proposes five evidence-based care packages shown to reduce stillbirth when implemented individually, and therefore are anticipated to produce significantly better outcomes if grouped together. This protocol describes the planned economic evaluation of the SBB quality improvement initiative in Australia.Methods and analysisThe implementation of the SBB will occur over three state-based health jurisdictions in Australia—New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, from July 2019 onwards. The intervention is being applied at the state level, with sites opting to participate or not, and no individual woman recruitment. The economic evaluation will be based on a whole-of-population linked administrative dataset, which will include the data of all mothers, and their resultant children, who gave birth between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2023 in these states, covering the preimplementation and postimplementation time period. The primary health outcome for this economic evaluation is late gestation stillbirths, with the secondary outcomes including but not limited to neonatal death, gestation at birth, mode of birth, admission to special care nursery and neonatal intensive care unit, and physical and mental health conditions for mother and child. Costs associated with all healthcare use from birth to 5 years post partum will be included for all women and children. A cost-effectiveness analysis will be undertaken using a difference-in-difference analysis approach to compare the primary outcome (late gestation stillbirth) and total costs for women before and after the implementation of the bundle.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for the SBB project was provided by the Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number: HREC/2019/QRBW/47709). Approval for the extraction of data to be used for the economic evaluation was granted by the New South Wales Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee (approval number: 2020/ETH00684/2020.11), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number: EO2020/4/1167), and Public Health Approval (approval number: PHA 20.00684) was also granted. Dissemination will occur via publication in peer reviewed journals, presentation at clinical and policy-focused conferences and meetings, and through the authors’ clinical and policy networks.This study will provide evidence around the cost effectiveness of a quality improvement initiative to prevent stillbirth, identifying the impact on health service use during pregnancy and long-term health service use of children.
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Dessaix, A., and A. Engel. "Community Insights to Inform the Policy Positioning of Junk Food Marketing Reform in NSW, Australia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 135s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.59300.
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Background and context: In the lead up to the next state election, Cancer Council New South Wales (CCNSW) will run the “Saving Life 2019” advocacy campaign focused on changing NSW Government policy in cancer control. In developing a policy agenda, three priority areas were identified that required further research to better understand public perceptions, inform messaging and engagement strategies. Reform of current junk food marketing on government owned assets (including public transport) was identified as one of these priorities to reduce childhood obesity. Aim: •Understand how key audiences view overweight and obesity as a public health issue and specifically junk food marketing to children •Find new opportunities to progress CCNSW policy objectives by identifying additional key audiences in the general population; •Build the evidence base for a salient and convincing messaging guide for the advocacy campaign strategy and CCNSW's broader policy engagement and influencing work. Strategy/Tactics: The campaign will seek to demonstrate community support for restricting junk food marketing on government owned assets in NSW to the community, the media and political candidates to achieve policy commitments. CCNSW existing campaign strategy includes tactics across grassroots mobilization, targeted political engagement and securing earned media. The development of strategic research to underpin this campaign, including development of an evidence-based communications strategy, was critical in optimizing communications and public engagement. Program/Policy process: CCNSW commissioned an independent external agency to conduct the research. The research used a mixed methodology that included two facilitated online focus groups of up to 20 people each, followed by polling of the general public. Focus groups were conducted over two days, with participants recruited from a wide geographical spread and constituted a mixture of general population and parents who are the main meal preparer in households. Outcomes: A research and communications report containing an overview of the research, key findings, as well as communications considerations based on the research was used to inform our overall campaign strategy, including policy messaging and communications planning. What was learned: Findings noted that unprompted, overweight and obesity is considered an important public health issue. The specific issue of childhood obesity is seen to be a personal family issue and the responsibility of parents. The provision of junk food by parents to children was seen as a driver of childhood obesity, but the role of junk food marketing and its regulation was not top-of-mind. When prompted, the idea of banning junk food advertising on public transport was an action that could be taken by government to tackle childhood obesity, with children perceived as being vulnerable and requiring protection.
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Grzeskowiak, L. E., N. A. Hodyl, M. J. Stark, J. L. Morrison, and V. L. Clifton. "Association of early and late maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body mass index at 4 to 5 years of age." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 6, no. 6 (October 5, 2015): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174415007151.
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The objective was to investigate the association between early and late maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring body mass index (BMI). We undertook a retrospective cohort study using linked records from the Women’s and Children’s Health Network in South Australia. Among a cohort of women delivering a singleton, live-born infants between January 2000 and December 2005 (n=7658), 5961 reported not smoking during pregnancy, 297 reported quitting smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy, and 1400 reported continued smoking throughout pregnancy. Trained nurses measured the height and weight of the children at preschool visits in a state-wide surveillance programme. The main outcome measure was age- and sex-specific BMI z-score. At 4 to 5 years, mean (s.d.) BMI z-score was 0.40 (1.05), 0.60 (1.07) and 0.65 (1.18) in children of mothers who reported never smoking, quitting smoking and continued smoking during pregnancy, respectively. Compared with the group of non-smokers, both quitting smoking and continued smoking were associated with an increase in child BMI z-score of 0.15 (95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.29) and 0.21 (0.13–0.29), respectively. A significant dose–response relationship was also observed between the number of cigarettes smoked per day on average during the second half of pregnancy and the increase in offspring BMI z-score (P<0.001). In conclusion, any maternal smoking in pregnancy, even if mothers quit, is associated with an increase in offspring BMI at 4 to 5 years of age.
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Craig, Ashley, Karen Hancock, Yvonne Tran, Magali Craig, and Karen Peters. "Epidemiology of Stuttering in the Community Across the Entire Life Span." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45, no. 6 (December 2002): 1097–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/088).
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A randomized and stratified investigation was conducted into the epidemiology of stuttering in the community across the entire life span. Persons from households in the state of New South Wales, Australia, were asked to participate in a telephone interview. Consenting persons were given a brief introduction to the research, and details were requested concerning the number and age of the persons living in the household at the time of the interview. Interviewees were then given a description of stuttering. Based on this description, they were asked if any person living in their household stuttered (prevalence). If they answered ‘yes,’ a number of corroborative questions were asked, and permission was requested to tape over the telephone the speech of the person who stutters. Confirmation of stuttering was based on (a) a positive detection of stuttering from the tape and (b) an affirmative answer to at least one of the corroborative questions supporting the diagnosis. Results showed that the prevalence of stuttering over the whole population was 0.72%, with higher prevalence rates in younger children (1.4–1.44) and lowest rates in adolescence (0.53). Male-to-female ratios ranged from 2.3:1 in younger children to 4:1 in adolescence, with a ratio of 2.3:1 across all ages. The household member being interviewed was also asked whether anyone in the household had ever stuttered. If the answer was ‘yes,’ the same corroborative questions were asked. These data, along with the prevalence data, provided an estimate of the incidence or risk of stuttering, which was found to range from 2.1% in adults (21–50 years) to 2.8% in younger children (2–5 years) and 3.4% in older children (6–10 years). Implications of these results are discussed.
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Rissel, Chris, Dafna Merom, Adrian Bauman, Jan Garrard, Li Ming Wen, and Carolyn New. "Current Cycling, Bicycle Path Use, and Willingness to Cycle More—Findings from a Community Survey of Cycling in Southwest Sydney, Australia." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7, no. 2 (March 2010): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.2.267.
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Background:Encouraging cycling could increase levels of physical activity and health in the community. A population survey of cycling and physical activity was conducted as part of the baseline evaluation of a new intervention research project (Cycling Connecting Communities).Methods:A telephone survey of adults (18+) living within 2 kilometers of selected major new bicycle paths in 3 local government areas in south western Sydney, Australia was conducted using a 2-stage sampling method. Multiple logistic regression analyses examined factors associated with riding in the last year, wanting to cycle more, and use of local bicycle paths.Results:With a 65% response rate, 1450 interviews were completed. Having ridden a bicycle in the past year was associated with younger age, being male, having access to a bicycle, and living close to destinations of interest. Two thirds of respondents (65%) wanted to ride more than they currently did. Factors associated with wanting to ride more were having children aged between 5−18 years, having used local bicycle paths, and perceptions of ease of cycling.Conclusions:The study found that there is a latent desire for more cycling among respondents, prompted to some extent by having children of an age (5−18 years) that like cycling, and having a reasonable opportunity to cycle due to local bicycle paths. Being relatively close to destinations of interest increases the likelihood of recent cycling.
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Waniganayake, Manjula, Fay Hadley, Matthew Johnson, Paul Mortimer, Tadgh McMahon, and Kathy Karatasas. "Maintaining culture and supporting cultural identity in foster care placements." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 44, no. 4 (September 11, 2019): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1836939119870908.
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This article reports on an exploratory study about maintaining and supporting the cultural identity of children from culturally and linguistically diverse family backgrounds in foster care placements. In this study, we spoke with foster carers and caseworkers who respectively live and work with children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in the state of New South Wales. Foster care is one of the most common placement types in out-of-home care where a child or young person is placed with an alternative caregiver on a temporary or long-term basis, usually due to neglect or abuse. The importance of nurturing a sense of belonging through cultural, linguistic and religious affiliations is recognised in Australian curriculum policies that guide teachers in early childhood and school settings. Teachers, however, may not be fully aware of their potential contribution in supporting these children to maintain their connections with their cultural heritage. Our findings provide evidence for extending the public discourse on cultural responsiveness and supporting cultural maintenance in foster care placements. We consider implications for foster care practice and future research involving key stakeholders such as children and young people in care, as well as teachers in early childhood and school settings.
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Mauch, Chelsea Emma, R. A. Perry, A. M. Magarey, and L. A. Daniels. "Dietary intake in Australian children aged 4–24 months: consumption of meat and meat alternatives." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 11 (April 23, 2015): 1761–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000719.
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Meat/meat alternatives (M/MA) are key sources of Fe, Zn and protein, but intake tends to be low in young children. Australian recommendations state that Fe-rich foods, including M/MA, should be the first complementary foods offered to infants. The present paper reports M/MA consumption of Australian infants and toddlers, compares intake with guidelines, and suggests strategies to enhance adherence to those guidelines. Mother–infant dyads recruited as part of the NOURISH and South Australian Infants Dietary Intake studies provided 3 d of intake data at three time points: Time 1 (T1) (n482, mean age 5·5 (sd1·1) months), Time 2 (T2) (n600, mean age 14·0 (sd1·2) months) and Time 3 (T3) (n533, mean age 24 (sd0·7) months). Of 170 infants consuming solids and aged greater than 6 months at T1, 50 (29 %) consumed beef, lamb, veal (BLV) or pork on at least one of 3 d. Commercial infant foods containing BLV or poultry were the most common form of M/MA consumed at T1, whilst by T2 BLV mixed dishes (including pasta bolognaise) became more popular and remained so at T3. The processed M/MA increased in popularity over time, led by pork (including ham). The present study shows that M/MA are not being eaten by Australian infants or toddlers regularly enough; or in adequate quantities to meet recommendations; and that the form in which these foods are eaten can lead to smaller M/MA serve sizes and greater Na intake. Parents should be encouraged to offer M/MA in a recognisable form, as one of the first complementary foods, in order to increase acceptance at a later age.
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Khano, Sonia, Lena Sanci, Susan Woolfenden, Yvonne Zurynski, Kim Dalziel, Siaw-Teng Liaw, Douglas Boyle, et al. "Strengthening Care for Children (SC4C): protocol for a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial of an integrated general practitioner-paediatrician model of primary care." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (September 2022): e063449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063449.
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IntroductionAustralia’s current healthcare system for children is neither sustainable nor equitable. As children (0–4 years) comprise the largest proportion of all primary care-type emergency department presentations, general practitioners (GPs) report feeling undervalued as an integral member of a child’s care, and lacking in opportunities for support and training in paediatric conditions. This Strengthening Care for Children (SC4C) randomised trial aims to evaluate a novel, integrated GP-paediatrician model of care, that, if effective, will improve GP quality of care, reduce burden to hospital services and ensure children receive the right care, at the right time, closer to home.Methods and analysisSC4C is a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT) of 22 general practice clinics in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia. General practice clinics will provide control period data before being exposed to the 12-month intervention which will be rolled out sequentially each month (one clinic per state) until all 22 clinics receive the intervention. The intervention comprises weekly GP-paediatrician co-consultation sessions; monthly case discussions; and phone and email paediatrician support, focusing on common paediatric conditions. The primary outcome of the trial is to assess the impact of the intervention as measured by the proportion of children’s (0–<18 years) GP appointments that result in a hospital referral, compared with the control period. Secondary outcomes include GP quality of care; GP experience and confidence in providing paediatric care; family trust in and preference for GP care; and the sustainability of the intervention. An implementation evaluation will assess the model to inform acceptability, adaptability, scalability and sustainability, while a health economic evaluation will measure the cost-effectiveness of the intervention.Ethics and disseminationHuman research ethics committee (HREC) approval was granted by The Royal Children’s Hospital Ethics Committee in August 2020 (Project ID: 65955) and site-specific HRECs. The investigators (including Primary Health Network partners) will communicate trial results to stakeholders and participating GPs and general practice clinics via presentations and publications.Trial registration numberAustralia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry 12620001299998.
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Velardo, Stefania, and Murray Drummond. "Qualitative insight into primary school children’s nutrition literacy." Health Education 119, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 98–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-08-2018-0039.
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Purpose Health literacy is a key international public health goal. Conceptualising health literacy as an asset highlights the importance of fostering a health literate youth for the benefit of future generations, yet research has predominantly focused on examining adults’ and older adolescents’ health literacy. This presents a gap for child-centred studies with younger populations. The purpose of this paper is to report the findings from a qualitative study that explored health literacy, in a nutrition context (i.e. nutrition literacy), from primary school children’s perspectives. Design/methodology/approach The study examined children’s experiences in accessing, understanding and interacting with nutrition information. In doing so, the research employed a socio-ecological framework to understand facilitators and barriers that can influence children’s nutrition literacy. Preadolescent boys and girls aged 11–12 years were invited to take part in the study. At the time of recruitment, students were attending one of three state government schools in a socioeconomically disadvantaged region of metropolitan South Australia. A series of focus groups and individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 participants. Interview data were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic techniques. Findings Children demonstrated that they accessed and interacted with a variety of sources of nutrition information. Nutrition understandings were derived from the home, school and media environments. Parents and teachers were cited as key influences on children’s interactions with nutrition information and children particularly emphasised the trust placed in their teachers as health “experts.” While the home and school environments emerged as potential settings to develop children’s nutrition literacy skills, the children’s narratives also alluded to potential barriers surrounding nutrition literacy. Originality/value This study provides further insight into children’s nutrition literacy. While functional nutrition literacy remains a fundamental starting point, children are interested in opportunities to develop more interactive skills, such as those related to cooking. Opportunities also exist to foster more critical competencies. This research thereby highlights the importance of more integrated strategies to promote nutrition literacy among this population group across multiple settings.
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Devlin, Róisín, Rajeev Jairam, Mona Asghari, and Valsamma Eapen. "Does assertive mental health care make a difference to children in out-of-home care? A pilot study." Developmental Child Welfare 4, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25161032211064644.
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Background: Children in out-of-home care (OOHC) experience poor mental health. With the number of Australian children in OOHC rising, accessible and effective interventions are needed to address this escalating predicament. South Western Sydney Child & Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) collaborated with the local statutory child protection agency, developing a specialized assertive mental health team supporting children in OOHC (OOHC MHT). This study outlines the characteristics of the first cohort of children referred to the OOHC MHT and the impact of intervention in improving outcomes, warranting ongoing provision of this service. Methodology: A two-part study was used to compare the psychosocial and emotional wellbeing of children referred to the OOHC MHT (OOHC group) against CAMHS-referred children who had not experienced OOHC (Control group). Evaluation of the OOHC MHT’s intervention was conducted by measuring Health of the Nation Outcome Scale-Child and Adolescent (HoNOSCA) and Child Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) scores over the first year of treatment. Results: The OOHC group demonstrated significantly higher levels of emotional, behavioural and social problems compared to the control group through their HoNOSCA score on admission (OOHC Group: M = 24.9; SD = 5.3, Control Group: M = 16.7; SD = 5.7; p = .001) and CGAS (OOHC Group: M = 40.5; SD = 7.9, Control Group: M = 50.3; SD = 7.9; p = .001). Significant improvements in the OOHC group’s HoNOSCA (T1 = 24.9, T3 = 17.0) and CGAS (T1 = 40.5, T3 = 52.8) measures were observed over the first year of treatment. Conclusion: Children in OOHC referred to CAMHS present with poorer mental health and psychosocial functioning than referred children who have not experienced OOHC. Assertive intervention was associated with improvement in social, emotional and behavioural problems and reduction in psychosocial impairment, suggesting the benefit of such an intervention both state-wide, and nationally.
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Jones, Debra Maria, David Lyle, Claire Brunero, Lindy McAllister, Trish Webb, and Stuart Riley. "Improving health and education outcomes for children in remote communities: A cross-sector and developmental evaluation approach." Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement 8, no. 1 (September 3, 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijcre.v8i1.4163.
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Early childhood is one of the most influential developmental life stages. Attainments at this stage will have implications for the quality of life children experience as they transition to adulthood. Children residing in remote Australia are exposed to socioeconomic disadvantage that can contribute to developmental delays and resultant poorer education and health outcomes. Complex contributing factors in far west New South Wales have resulted in children with speech and fine motor skill delays experiencing no to limited access to allied health services for a number of decades. More recently, growing awareness that no single policy, government agency, or program could effectively respond to these complexities or ensure appropriate allied health service access for children in these communities has led to the development of the Allied Health in Outback Schools Program, which has been operational since 2009. The program is underpinned by cross-sector partnerships and a shared aspirational aim to improve the developmental outcomes of children to enhance their later life opportunities. It was identified early that the initiative had the potential to deliver mutually beneficial outcomes for communities and participating partner organisations.Over the last five years the program has been the catalyst for partnership consolidation, expansion and diversification. The developmental evaluation approach to continuous program adaptation and refinement has provided valuable insights that have informed health and education policy and enabled the program to be responsive to changing community needs, emerging policy and funding reforms.This article explores the evolution of the program partnerships, their contribution to program success and longevity, and their capacity to respond to an emergent and dynamic environment. The authors propose that a community-centred and developmental approach to program innovation and implementation in remote locations is required. This is based on the premise that contemporary linear, logic-based policy development and funding allocations, with predetermined program deliverables and outcomes, are no longer capable of responding appropriately to the complexities experienced by remote communities.Keywords: allied health, remote communities, cross-sectoral partnerships, service learning
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Eapen, Valsamma, Siaw-Teng Liaw, Raghu Lingam, Susan Woolfenden, Bin Jalaludin, Andrew Page, Jane Kohlhoff, et al. "Watch me grow integrated (WMG-I): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of a web-based surveillance approach for developmental screening in primary care settings." BMJ Open 12, no. 8 (August 2022): e065823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065823.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
IntroductionThe increasing prevalence of developmental disorders in early childhood poses a significant global health burden. Early detection of developmental problems is vital to ensure timely access to early intervention, and universal developmental surveillance is recommended best practice for identifying issues. Despite this, there is currently considerable variation in developmental surveillance and screening between Australian states and territories and low rates of developmental screening uptake by parents. This study aims to evaluate an innovative web-based developmental surveillance programme and a sustainable approach to referral and care pathways, linking primary care general practice (GP) services that fall under federal policy responsibility and state government-funded child health services.Methods and analysisThe proposed study describes a longitudinal cluster randomised controlled trial (c-RCT) comparing a ‘Watch Me Grow Integrated’ (WMG-I) approach for developmental screening, to Surveillance as Usual (SaU) in GPs. Forty practices will be recruited across New South Wales and Queensland, and randomly allocated into either the (1) WMG-I or (2) SaU group. A cohort of 2000 children will be recruited during their 18-month vaccination visit or opportunistic visit to GP. At the end of the c-RCT, a qualitative study using focus groups/interviews will evaluate parent and practitioner views of the WMG-I programme and inform national and state policy recommendations.Ethics and disseminationThe South Western Sydney Local Health District (2020/ETH01625), UNSW Sydney (2020/ETH01625) and University of Queensland (2021/HE000667) Human Research Ethics Committees independently reviewed and approved this study. Findings will be reported to the funding bodies, study institutes and partners; families and peer-reviewed conferences/publications.Trial registration numberANZCTR12621000680864.
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Macdonald, Elspeth, Heather Mohay, Debra Sorensen, Neil Alcorn, Brett Mcdermott, and Erica Lee. "Current Delivery of Infantmental Health Services: Are Infant Mental Health Needs Being Met?" Australasian Psychiatry 13, no. 4 (December 2005): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1665.2005.02232.x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: To identify services supporting the well-being of infants and their families in an area of South Brisbane, Australia, highlight problems of accessing these services and recommend strategies to make them more readily available. Method: Semistructured interviews were conducted with staff from 18 service providers offering antenatal services, or programmes primarily focused on children under the age of 2 years and/or their families. The interview aimed to identify the precise nature of the services offered, problems encountered in providing those services, perceived gaps in services and potential strategies for improvement. Results: Services were diverse, provided by a range of different professionals, in varying locations (home, community, hospital) and with funding from various sources. The major findings were:(i) the fragmentation of services, lack of communication between them, and lack of continuity in services from one stage of family formation to another; (ii) the shortage of services working with the parents and infant together; and (iii) the difficulty ofproviding services for some at-risk populations. Conclusions: Recommendations included: (i) maintaining a range of different services networked through a centralized resource/referral centre; (ii) expandingjoint mother–infant services and providing training for such services; and (iii) supporting outreach services for difficult to engage populations.
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Kite, James, Margaret Thomas, Anne Grunseit, Vincy Li, William Bellew, and Adrian Bauman. "Results of a mixed methods evaluation of the Make Healthy Normal campaign." Health Education Research 35, no. 5 (August 18, 2020): 418–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyaa022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Make Healthy Normal obesity prevention mass media campaign was implemented in New South Wales, Australia from 2015 to 2018. This study evaluated Phase 2 (2017–18) of that campaign, using three cross-sectional online surveys with men aged 18–54 years (n = 4352) and six focus groups with men aged 35–54 years and parents with children aged 5–12 years (n = 38), reflecting the campaign’s target audiences. We used linear and logistic regressions to examine changes over time in key outcomes, consistent with the campaign’s theorized hierarchy of effects. Focus group data were analysed thematically and integrated with survey results at the interpretation stage. Survey results showed reasonable prompted recognition, although unprompted recall remained low, and there were no consistent, positive shifts in other outcomes, including behaviour. Focus group results suggested that this was because the campaign’s messages, while considered clear and relevant, did not address the constraints participants experienced that made change difficult. Hence, the campaign by itself was unlikely to lead to behaviour change. We need to reconsider the role of campaigns in addressing multi-determined and complex problems. Evaluations should reconsider metrics of success, as they may not immediately result in behaviour change, especially in the absence of complementary policy and environmental strategies.
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Miller, Caroline L., Joanne Dono, Melanie A. Wakefield, Simone Pettigrew, John Coveney, David Roder, Sarah J. Durkin, Gary Wittert, Jane Martin, and Kerry A. Ettridge. "Are Australians ready for warning labels, marketing bans and sugary drink taxes? Two cross-sectional surveys measuring support for policy responses to sugar-sweetened beverages." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e027962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027962.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectiveTo assess public support for 10 potential policy initiatives to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption.DesignA 2014 historical data set, which employed a face-to-face survey in one Australian state (study 1), provided the basis for comparison with our 2017 nationally representative, cross-sectional, computer-assisted telephone interviewing population survey (study 2).ParticipantsStudy 1: South Australians, 15+ years (n=2732); study 2: Australians, 18+ years (n=3430).Primary outcome measures: levels of support for SSB-specific policy initiatives. For the 2017 national study (study 2), demographic characteristics, body mass index, knowledge of potential harms caused by consuming SSBs and SSB consumption were included in multivariable regression analyses.ResultsIn 2017, all 10 potential policy initiatives received majority support (60%–88% either ‘somewhat’ or ‘strongly’ in favour). Initiatives with educative elements or focused on children received high support (>70%), with highest support observed for text warning labels on drink containers (88%) and government campaigns warning of adverse health effects (87%). Higher support was observed for SSB tax paired with using funds for obesity prevention (77%) than a stand-alone tax (60%). Support for policy initiatives was generally greater among those who believed SSB daily consumption could cause health problems in adults (4%–18% absolute difference) and/or in children (8%–26% absolute difference) and lower among SSB high consumers (7+ drinks per week; 9%–29% absolute difference). State-specific data comparison indicated increased support from 2014 to 2017 for taxation (42%vs55%; χ2=15.7, p<0.001) and graphic health warnings (52%vs68%; χ2=23.4. p<0.001).ConclusionsThere is strong public support for government action, particularly regulatory and educational interventions, to reduce SSB consumption, which appears to have increased since 2014. The findings suggest that framing policies as protecting children, presenting taxation of SSBs in conjunction with other obesity prevention initiatives and education focused on the harms associated with SSB consumption will increase support.
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Rann, Mike. "SOUTH AUSTRALIA: THE RESOURCEFUL STATE." APPEA Journal 47, no. 2 (2007): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj06036.
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Awcock, Frances, Sophy Athan, Susan Ball, Elizabeth Ho, and Kaj Linstrom. "The State Library of South Australia." Australian Academic & Research Libraries 23, no. 2 (January 1992): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048623.1992.10754769.
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Grulich, Andrew E., Claire Vajdic, John M. Kaldor, Anne-Maree Hughes, Anne Kricker, Lin Fritschi, Jennifer J. Turner, Sam Milliken, Geza Benke, and Bruce K. Armstrong. "Birth Order, Atopy, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1368.1368.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract People with congenital or acquired immune deficiency have rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that are raised 50 fold or more above population rates, but it is unknown whether risk of NHL is associated with other forms of immune dysregulation. We performed a population based case-control study of risk factors for NHL in adults aged 20–74 years in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. We investigated the association of NHL risk with atopy, which is associated with a Th2 dominant immune response. In addition, we investigated the association of NHL with birth order and childhood crowding, which are known to predict atopy. Cases with NHL were selected from a cancer register (n=704), and controls (n=694) were randomly selected from state electoral rolls and frequency-matched to cases by age, sex and area. Cases with clinically apparent immune deficiency were excluded. Birth order, childhood crowding and history of atopic conditions (hayfever, asthma, eczema, and specific allergies) were assessed by questionnaire and by interview. Logistic regression models of NHL risk included the three matching variables as covariates. Being an only child or first born child of a larger family was strongly inversely associated with risk of NHL. Compared to a fourth or later born child, the odds ratios (OR) for development of NHL were 0.52 (95% CI 0.32–0.84) for an only child, 0.55 (95% CI 0.40–0.75) for a first-born child, and 0.70 (95% CI 0.51–0.96) and 0.81 (95 % CI 0.57–1.14) respectively for second and third born children (p trend < 0.0001). Indicators of crowding in later childhood, such as ever sharing a bed or bedroom, and number of years of sharing, were not associated with NHL risk. Diagnosis of atopic conditions was also inversely associated with NHL risk. Self-reported histories of hayfever, asthma, eczema and food allergies were each associated with reduced NHL risk; this reduction was significant for hayfever (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52–0.82) and food allergies (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.20–0.42), but not significant for asthma (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67–1.17) and eczema (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57–1.10). In summary, being an only or other first born child and reporting a history of atopic conditions were associated with reduced NHL risk. Taken together, these data suggest a hypothesis that late exposure to infections in early life and atopic conditions, both of which are associated with a predominant Th2 response, are associated with a reduced risk of NHL.
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Clarke, Patrick, and R. Julian Hafner. "Telepsychiatry in South Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 5, no. 3 (June 1997): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569709082109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
South Australia has a population of about 1.5 million, of whom one million live in Adelaide, the state capital. All except one of the state's 160 practising psychiatrists live in Adelaide or adjacent rural and semi-rural locations. Historically, professional and geographical isolation and lack of facilities have prevented psychiatrists from living and working outside the metropolitan environment.
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Robinson, A. C., C. M. Kemper, G. C. Medlin, and C. H. S. Watts. "The rodents of South Australia." Wildlife Research 27, no. 4 (2000): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97044.
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Thirty species of rodents are recorded from South Australia. At the time of European settlement, the State probably supported at least 19 species of native rodents. Eight additional species have been recorded only in subfossil material. At least 11 species are now considered to be extinct and there have been significant declines in all the other species as a result of over 150 years of European influence. In addition, three species have been introduced to the State since European settlement. Over the last ten years, there has been a significant increase in our understanding of the distribution and ecology of what remains of the rodent fauna through a series of systematic, site-based biological surveys, a significant increase in research on subfossil and owl pellet remains, documentation of Aboriginal ecological knowledge and ecological and distributional studies on three species. This paper describes our current state of knowledge of the distribution, ecology and threats to the South Australian rodent fauna and makes suggestions for future research and conservation management.