Статті в журналах: "Start-up size"

1

Colombo, Massimo G., and Luca Grilli. "Start-up size: The role of external financing." Economics Letters 88, no. 2 (August 2005): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.02.018.

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2

Mata, José, and José A. F. Machado. "Firm start-up size: a conditional quantile approach." European Economic Review 40, no. 6 (June 1996): 1305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(95)00034-8.

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3

Gottschalk, Sandra, Kathrin Muller, and Michaela Niefert. "Entry strategies, founder's human capital and start-up size." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 11, no. 4 (2010): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2010.036294.

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4

Lisi, Gaetano. "Does Firm Size Matter? The Impact of Homeownership on Business Start-up in Italy." Applied Economics Quarterly: Volume 65, Issue 3 65, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/aeq.65.3.237.

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Abstract This paper is the first attempt to empirically test the relationship between homeownership and business start-up by putting emphasis on the characteristics of both homeowners and firms. It relies on the fact that the firm size is relevant when considering the relationship between homeownership (outright or with mortgage) and new enterprises (small-sized or medium- and large-sized). A cross-section analysis of Italy supports our hypothesis that firm size matters in estimating the actual effect of homeownership on business start-up: Homeownership has a negative effect on large-sized business start-up; in contrast, outright homeownership has a positive effect on small business start-up, whereas homeownership with mortgage payments has a negative effect only on small business start-up. Theoretical explanations are also provided. JEL Classifications: C31, L25, L26, M13, R21, R31 firm size, business start-up, homeownership

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5

Martin-Sanchez, Victor, Ignacio Contín-Pilart, and Martin Larraza-Kintana. "The Influence of Entrepreneurs' Social Referents on Start-up Size." Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (August 2017): 17707. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.17707abstract.

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6

Choudhari, S. H. "Start-Up and Shut-Down of Large Size Turbo Sets." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 16 (December 1986): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)59384-2.

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7

Martin-Sanchez, Victor, Ignacio Contín-Pilart, and Martin Larraza-Kintana. "The influence of entrepreneurs’ social referents on start-up size." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 14, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0454-7.

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8

Audretsch, David B., Enrico Santarelli, and Marco Vivarelli. "Start-up size and industrial dynamics: some evidence from Italian manufacturing." International Journal of Industrial Organization 17, no. 7 (October 1999): 965–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7187(98)00002-2.

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9

Folta, Timothy B., Frederic Delmar, and Francesca Melillo. "Endogeneity in Start-Up Size. Selection Effects among Types of Entrants." Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (July 2012): 17852. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.231.

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10

Nurmi, Satu. "Sectoral Differences in Plant Start-up Size in the Finnish Economy." Small Business Economics 26, no. 1 (February 2006): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-004-6482-z.

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11

Matsunami, Kensaku, Alexander Ryckaert, Michiel Peeters, Sara Badr, Hirokazu Sugiyama, Ingmar Nopens, and Thomas De Beer. "Analysis of the Effects of Process Parameters on Start-Up Operation in Continuous Wet Granulation." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091502.

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Toward further implementation of continuous tablet manufacturing, one key issue is the time needed for start-up operation because it could lead to lower product yield and reduced economic performance. The behavior of the start-up operation is not well understood; moreover, the definition of the start-up time is still unclear. This work investigates the effects of process parameters on the start-up operation in continuous wet granulation, which is a critical unit operation in solid drug manufacturing. The profiles of torque and granule size distribution were monitored and measured for the first hour of operation, including the start-up phase. We analyzed the impact of process parameters based on design of experiments and performed an economic assessment to see the effects of the start-up operation. The torque profiles indicated that liquid-to-solid ratio and screw speed would affect the start-up operation, whereas different start-up behavior resulted in different granule size. Depending on the indicator used to define the start-up operation, the economic optimal point was significantly different. The results of this study stress that the start-up time differs according to the process parameters and used definition, e.g., indicators and criteria. This aspect should be considered for the further study and regulation of continuous manufacturing.

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12

Resende, Marcelo. "Determinants of firm start-up size in the Brazilian industry: an empirical investigation." Applied Economics 39, no. 8 (May 2007): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840500461998.

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13

Colombo, Massimo G., Marco Delmastro, and Luca Grilli. "Entrepreneurs' human capital and the start-up size of new technology-based firms." International Journal of Industrial Organization 22, no. 8-9 (November 2004): 1183–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2004.06.006.

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14

Maroli, C., and V. Petrillo. "Modelling of start-up assist by electron cyclotron waves for large-size tokamaks." Il Nuovo Cimento D 10, no. 6 (June 1988): 677–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02451106.

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15

Coad, Alex, Julian S. Frankish, Paul Nightingale, and Richard G. Roberts. "Business experience and start-up size: Buying more lottery tickets next time around?" Small Business Economics 43, no. 3 (March 6, 2014): 529–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9568-2.

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16

Dong, Huijian. "Competitive Advantage of Intrapreneurs in Start-up Business: A Dynamic Model." Journal of Business 1, no. 2 (May 19, 2016): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/job.v1i4.24.

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Intrapreneurs, defined as the active and creative force in the entrepreneurs, starts new business as projects, groups, or departments within an existing firm. They represent the frontier of innovation in a current standing firm and explore new growth points for the hosting organization. On the other side, entrepreneurs that start new business compete with intrapreneurs in the same pool of potential clients in the broad market. This paper attempts to explore the competitive advantages of intrapreneurs relative to entrepreneurs when starting a new area of business. The paper employs a dynamic model to identify the necessary conditions that intrapreneurs ought to be endowed to dominate entrepreneurs. This study also identifies the conditions of providing innovation-friendly environment for intrapreneurs to dominate entrepreneurs.

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17

Kumar, Ajay, and Bhim Jyoti. "Characteristics and Determinants of New Start-ups in Gujarat, India." Entrepreneurship Review 1, no. 2 (September 13, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/entrepreneurship-review.v1i2.154.

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Purpose: This study examines the relationship of socio-economic characteristics of start-ups with their size in Gujarat, India. It also assesses the determinants affecting the annual sale of start-ups. Methods: It includes primary information based on a survey of 120 founders of start-ups. Linear and semi-log linear regression models have been applied to assess the determinants of start-ups. Probit regression models have been considered to assess the factors affecting the annual sale of the start-ups. Results: Stage of start-up, the participation of founders in conferences, educational qualification, and new products launched by start-ups, professional connections of founders, source of funding, and support from incubator/accelerator/supporting organizations are found crucial determinants of start-up size in Gujarat. The annual sales of the start-ups are positively associated with stage of start-up, support from a mentor, team members, founder's academic qualification, and collaboration with national or international organizations, unskilled workers. Implications: Technology transfer and commercialization, development of new products, government regulations, the requirement of costumers, free rights for entrepreneurs, appropriate financial support for new entrepreneurs, transparency and clarity in government policies, the establishment of high-tech start-ups, and development of digital infrastructure, increase in R&D spending in research academia, and association of research institutions with entrepreneurs would be conducive to create an appropriate start-ups ecosystem and to reduce regional development disparities across Indian states. Subsequently, it would be helpful to increase sustainable development in India. Originality: This study has used primary information of 120 founders of start-ups to assess the determinants, and the factors affecting annual sales of start-ups using the regression model in, Gujrat, India. Thus, it has an empirical contribution to the body of knowledge. Limitations: This study could not provide rational justifications on most factors that show an insignificant impact on start-ups due to the small sample size. Further research, therefore, may be considered to identify the association of start-up size with the variables using a large sample size in India.

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18

Santarelli, Enrico. "Start-up size and post-entry performance: the case of tourism services in Italy." Applied Economics 30, no. 2 (February 1998): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368498325967.

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19

Girma, Sourafel, Holger Görg, Aoife Hanley, and Eric Strobl. "The effect of grant receipt on start-up size: Evidence from plant level data." Journal of International Entrepreneurship 8, no. 4 (April 27, 2010): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10843-010-0061-y.

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20

Cilasun, Seyit Mümin, and Burak Günalp. "An Empirical Analysis of the Average Plant Start-Up Size in Turkish Manufacturing Industries." Review of Industrial Organization 40, no. 4 (December 22, 2011): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11151-011-9329-1.

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21

Schmid, J., S. Alligné, D. Biner, C. Münch-Alligné, N. Hugo, and C. Nicolet. "Optimization of turbine start-up sequence of a full size frequency converter variable speed pump-turbine." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1079, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1079/1/012109.

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Abstract The stability of the electricity grid will be disrupted by the massive integration of new renewable energies. Hydropower plants have a major role to play in this transformation of the electricity market by increasing their operational flexibility and their ability to provide ancillary services. However, this flexibility may lead to an accelerated degradation of mechanical components. By changing the turbine operating point far from the best efficiency point or by increasing the number of transient manoeuvres such as start and stop sequences, unsteady flow phenomena, cavitation development and additional wear and tear stress the unit’s components and impact its lifetime. The present work aims to provide preliminary insight on the optimization of the start-up sequence of a 5 MW reversible Francis pump-turbine equipped with a Full Size Frequency Converter (FSFC). The goal of the optimization approaches are to determine a start-up sequence which minimizes the runner damage, the penstock fatigue and the water losses. The objective functions are evaluated by 1D hydraulic transient simulations with the SIMSEN software and which it allow to compare the relative mitigation between the conventional fixed-speed start-up and the linear variable-speed start-up equipped with a Full Size Frequency Converter.

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22

Zaech, Simon, and Urs Baldegger. "Leadership in start-ups." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 35, no. 2 (February 8, 2017): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242616676883.

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This article explores the role of leadership in start-ups and outlines a model of when, why and how leadership behaviour of founder-CEOs influences start-up performance. The model has been tested using a sample of 102 start-ups and their founder-CEOs and includes feedback from 372 employees, rating their leadership behaviour of founder-CEOs. The results indicate that transformational leadership has a significant and positive effect on start-up performance. However, no significant, direct effects on start-up performance were found for transactional leadership or laissez-faire leadership. Furthermore, the size of the start-up has a significant, positive, moderating effect on the relationship between laissez-faire leadership and start-up performance, as well as a significant, positive, moderating effect on the relationship between the transactional leadership dimension, management by exception and start-up performance. Results indicate that for start-ups and their performance, leadership behaviour is as important as their context. Today, leadership is neglected by most entrepreneurs and is not considered a motivation for founding a business. The results show that founders should focus more on leadership behaviour.

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23

Sharafizad, Jalleh, and Alan Coetzer. "Women business owners’ start-up motivations and network content." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 23, no. 2 (May 16, 2016): 590–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-07-2015-0085.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how women small business owners’ (SBOs) business start-up motivations influence their network content. Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 women SBOs who were recruited through purposeful sampling methods. Interview data on their start-up motivations were used to categorise them into three types: classic, forced and work-family. The interviews explored the network contents of the three categories of participants. Findings – There were many similarities between network contents of classic and forced SBOs, as both groups had started their business for financial reasons rather than family reasons. All the participants’ networks contained information and advice, economic transactions, intangible support and strong ties. However, the sources and types of network content were different for the classic and forced SBOs when compared to work-family SBOs. Research limitations/implications – This study has limitations that tend to be commonly found in exploratory studies, such as a small sample size. However, the findings lay the groundwork for future quantitative studies that examine associations between SBOs’ motivations for starting a business and their network contents. Originality/value – This research responds to calls for studies aimed at developing a more nuanced understanding of SBOs’ networking behaviour. The study provides empirical evidence of a relationship between the motivations for starting a business and the network content of SBOs. The findings can be used by businesswomen’s network organisations in their mentoring and training interventions.

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24

Ran, L., R. Yacamini, and K. S. Smith. "Torsional Vibrations in Electrical Induction Motor Drives During Start-up." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 118, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2889655.

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When electrical induction motors are started direct on-line they generate a considerable pulsating torque. This start up torque can create problems when the motor is connected to mechanical loads such as fans or pumps and there are reported cases of the interconnecting shafts having been sheared on start-up. This paper examines the inter-relationship between the electric motor and the mechanical system which is effectively a multi-mass oscillatory system. It will be shown that large transients of both torque and speed occur immediately on start-up due to excitation of the oscillatory system. It will also be shown that later during the run up process, large vibrations can occur due to the negative damping of the rotor winding. A time domain model of the intercoupled electromechanical system is presented and the effect of ac system impedance, rotor resistance and the size of the motor relative to the driven mass is investigated.

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25

Krusekopf, Charles, Alice de Koning, and Rebecca Frances Wilson-Mah. "From start-up to expansion: Vittrium Building Products." CASE Journal 14, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 672–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tcj-12-2017-0112.

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Synopsis After three years in business together, Des Carpenter and Kees Schaddelee had a decision to make – should they double the size of their location, based on the opportunities and competitive threats they perceived? The startup phase took longer than expected and access to distribution channels was more difficult than expected. Nonetheless, the business gained traction with online sales that proved the concept of custom-made counters using EnvironiteTM technology was viable. As they prepared to expand the business, the owner-managers needed to decide on a growth strategy that would let them leverage their strengths. In analyzing their successes so far, they needed to evaluate their business model including their product line, target markets, marketing strategy (including the pricing strategy, product lines, and channels of distribution) and operations. Research methodology Data were collected through interviews with business owners and a review of company documents, production processes and the company website. Relevant courses and levels This case exercise will suit strategy and entrepreneurship students at both the senior undergraduate level and graduate level. The case discussion will ask students to consider operations, supply chain management, marketing and other issues, all through the lens of a holistic vision for the company. This case may be taught as an example of a growth strategy or a business model in a capstone business strategy course or higher level entrepreneurship course. It is appropriate for both undergraduate seniors and graduate students. Theoretical bases This case may be taught as an example of a growth strategy or a business model in a capstone business strategy course or higher-level entrepreneurship course. The case may be used to help students understand external and internal analysis, identifying the sources of value creation and competitive advantage, and creating an appropriate strategy for growth. It provides a rich context to discuss and apply the following conceptual tools: the application of a value chain analysis and the application of a business model canvas (key partners, key activities, key resources, value propositions, customer relationships, distribution channels, customer segments, cost structure and revenue streams). The case may also be used to reinforce the applications of growth phases in a young firm that are part of the entrepreneurial setting, for example, value proposition, ideal customer, revenue streams and key performance indicators.

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Finolda, Finolda, and Metta Padmalia. "THE ANALYSIS OF CONSUMERS’ PURCHASING FACTORS ON BOGA SERVICE START-UP." Jurnal Entrepreneur dan Entrepreneurship 8, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37715/jee.v8i1.1114.

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This study aims to analyze the factors of consumer behavior in purchasing Empal Catering Bibik. The factors examined in this study are cultural factors, social factors, personal factors and psychological factors. The population in this study were consumers of Empal Catering Bibik. The sample size of 40 respondents. The research samples were collected using non-probability sampling methods and purposive sampling techniques. The research data was taken by using questionnaires which were distributed to respondents. Data analysis using the second order confirmatory analysis factor analysis. The results of data processing shows that consumer behavior factors in purchasing consumer food service start-ups are personal factors and psychological factors.

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27

Dadilov, A. S. "Investigation of effect of cyclic fuel delivery on start mode of small-sized diesel engine CH8,5 / 11." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 9, no. 1-1 (January 10, 2015): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67199.

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The article considers the possibility of improving starting characteristics of small-size diesel engine type CH8,5/11 by replacing vortex combustion chamber by piston combustion chamber. The authors present the formulas for determination of optimum amount of cycle fuel supply in diesel engine start mode, fuel vaporization in start mode in volume and from the wall of a cylindrical combustion chamber. Results of experimental studies show the influence of cycle fuel supply on duration of small-sized diesel start-up.

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28

KRIM, Karima. "START-UP FROM A LEGAL POINT OF VIEW -A COMPARATIVE STUDY-." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.2-3.25.

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Startups, are the main driver of economic development today. These are, projects established to grow rapidly with an innovative activity linked to modern technologies. They are characterized by their small size and high risk which makes financial institutions reluctant to finance them. The Algerian legislator intervened to regulate the mode of obtaining the mark of a” Startup”, without paying attention to its legal form and being satisfied with the general provisions governing commercial companies. However, this study showed that the simplified joint stock company, compared to the rest of the companies, is the most appropriate legal form for these projects, which it is proposed to regulate to avoid the deficiency defined by the provisions of the emerging projects

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29

Islam, Serazul. "Start‐up and growth constraints on small‐scale trading in Bangladesh." Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship 1, no. 3 (October 23, 2009): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561390910999515.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to ascertain the reasons for starting the new small business by the people and also to find out the difficulties they experienced at the time of and after starting their business at Pabna and Gazipur – two districts of Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachTo attain the objectives, both primary and secondary data have been used. To collect the primary data, an interview schedule has been used to interview the selected 250 small entrepreneurs. For secondary sources, the journal, article, web site, textbooks, etc. have been consulted.FindingsThe paper reveals that money earning for family, self‐employment, relief from the curse of unemployment, family business tradition, previous experience of the similar or different line of business, lack of higher formal education, etc. are the broad general reasons for start‐up of new business. Shortage of fixed and working capital, lack of training and business skill, lack of collateral free institutional support, lack of experienced and reliable employees, etc. are the common factors that inhibit the entrepreneurs to start and run their business smoothly.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is limited to two districts and trading enterprises only. Owing to time and resource constraints and non‐availability of official records of the number of small‐scale traders, statistically representative sampling cannot be chosen. In order to capture a large sample size, almost all trading concerns of Pabna and Gazipur will have to be visited, which is almost impossible. However, some of the limitations are overcome by synthesizing information from a number of sources. The present paper provides a starting‐point for further research in the small‐scale trading of suburban areas of other districts.Originality/valueThe paper provides useful information about the starting of new small businesses and initial difficulties.

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Neff, S. B., T. A. Neff, S. Gerber, and M. M. Weiss. "Flow rate, syringe size and architecture are critical to start-up performance of syringe pumps." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 24, no. 7 (July 2007): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265021507000026.

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Birley, Sue, and Paul Westhead. "A taxonomy of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size." Journal of Business Venturing 9, no. 1 (January 1994): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)90024-8.

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Zaby, Simon. "Innovative start-ups and young entrepreneurs: Definition of venture capital and findings from Switzerland." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 7, no. 1 (2017): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv7i1art10.

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This paper aims to investigate success factors of innovative start-up firms from the perspective of young start-up managers. Which key factors did they experience before and since the foundation of their company? The experience from the quite young Swiss start-up scene pro-vides important insights to entrepreneurs and policy-makers in emerging countries that cur-rently face the necessity of building up a start-up environment. One part of the data has been collected by the author, the other part originates from the Swiss Venture Capital Database (total sample size: 306). The results show a significant role of venture capital financing for the success of innovative start-ups. Interestingly, this is to some extent because the start-ups see various additional benefits from venture capitalists involved in their firm. Thus, the findings shed new light on a proper definition of venture capital that should not solely focus on the flow of funds.

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Youssefi, Reyhane, Jörg Maier, and Günter Scheffknecht. "Pilot-Scale Experiences on a Plasma Ignition System for Pulverized Fuels." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 4726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164726.

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The need for flexible power generation is growing worldwide as the energy transition is altering the operational regimes of thermal power plants. Plasma ignition systems, as an alternative technology to the conventional start-up method with natural gas or oil firing, offer a cost- and energy-efficient start-up process in pulverized fuel power stations. The application of plasma ignition systems for cold start-ups using different qualities of pre-dried lignite is investigated in a pilot-scale combustion facility. A plasma integrated swirl burner is developed and validated using highly ignitable lignite dust. Eight pre-dried lignite qualities with a moisture content of up to 30% and a broad particle size distribution are investigated for this application to determine the applicability and limitations of the plasma ignition system with regard to the fuel quality. The performance of lignites for cold start-up in the plasma ignition system are categorized based on their ignition and combustion performance. All lignite qualities were ignited under the cold-start-up condition with a plasma power of 4 kW to 7 kW. Lignite qualities with a moisture content of up to 20% and a median particle size of below 450 μm form a self-sustained flame with short-time plasma-supported combustion, while flame blow-out is observed for lignites with lower qualities.

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Burton, M. Diane, Michael S. Dahl, and Olav Sorenson. "Do Start-ups Pay Less?" ILR Review 71, no. 5 (December 13, 2017): 1179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917747240.

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The authors analyze Danish registry data from 1991 to 2006 to determine how firm age and firm size influence wages. Unadjusted statistics suggest that smaller firms paid less than larger firms paid, and that firm age had little or no bearing on wages. After adjusting for differences in the characteristics of employees hired by these firms, however, they observe both firm age and firm size effects. Larger firms paid more than did smaller firms for observationally equivalent individuals but, contrary to conventional wisdom, younger firms paid more than older firms. The size effect, however, dominates the age effect. Thus, although the typical start-up—being both young and small—paid less than a more established employer, the largest start-ups paid a wage premium.

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35

Colombo, Massimo G., and Luca Grilli. "Erratum to “Start-up size: The role of external financing” [Economics Letters 88 (2005) 243–250]." Economics Letters 90, no. 1 (January 2006): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.10.006.

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Capelleras, Joan-Lluis, and Durim Hoxha. "Start-up size and subsequent firm growth in Kosova: the role of entrepreneurial and institutional factors." Post-Communist Economies 22, no. 3 (September 2010): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2010.498687.

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Arauzo-Carod, Josep-Maria, and Agustí Segarra-Blasco. "The Determinants of Entry are not Independent of Start-up Size: Some Evidence from Spanish Manufacturing." Review of Industrial Organization 27, no. 2 (September 2005): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11151-005-8321-z.

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38

Brown, J. David, John S. Earle, Mee Jung Kim, and Kyung Min Lee. "Start-ups, job creation, and founder characteristics." Industrial and Corporate Change 28, no. 6 (July 3, 2019): 1637–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtz030.

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Abstract Analyzing data on all US employers in a cohort of entering firms, we document a highly skewed size distribution, such that the largest 5% account for over half of cohort employment at firm birth and more than two-thirds at firm age 7. Analyzing linked survey-administrative data, we find that female, African–American, and younger founders are initially less likely to start large firms. The gender gap persists through firm age 7, while racial and age gaps do not. Education is positively associated with start-up size, except for graduate degrees. Prior entrepreneurship and founding team size are positively associated, but team diversity is not. Specifications with capital and industry controls illuminate roles of financial constraints and sectoral choice.

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Chu, Jie, and Xiaofei Xu. "Bubble Growth in Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Carbon Dioxide Mixture." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040648.

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In this paper, we study bubble nucleation and growth in a poly(methyl methacrylate) and CO 2 mixture by molecular dynamics simulations. It is known in the foaming industry that the bubble size has a more uniform distribution with a higher start-up pressure. The real physical reason remains unclear. In this work, we found that the free volume-rich polymer segments could adsorb many small-size bubbles in the region close to the polymer chain. The existence of these small bubbles limits the number of free CO 2 molecules, which is helpful for bubble stabilization. Moreover, the free volume of polymer segments decreases with an increase of the start-up pressure. As a result, the size of the large bubbles becomes more uniform with a higher startup pressure.

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40

Liu, Tong, Shiming Zhang, and Moran Wang. "Does Rheology of Bingham Fluid Influence Upscaling of Flow through Tight Porous Media?" Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030680.

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Non-Newtonian fluids may cause nonlinear seepage even for a single-phase flow. Through digital rock technologies, the upscaling of this non-Darcy flow can be studied; however, the requirements for scanning resolution and sample size need to be clarified very carefully. This work focuses on Bingham fluid flow in tight porous media by a pore-scale simulation on CT-scanned microstructures of tight sandstones. A bi-viscous model is used to depict the Bingham fluid. The results show that when the Bingham fluid flows through a rock sample, the flowrate increases at a parabolic rate when the pressure gradient is small and then increases linearly with the pressure gradient. As a result, an effective permeability and a start-up pressure gradient can be used to characterize this flow behavior. By conducting flow simulations at varying sample sizes, we obtain the representative element volume (REV) for effective permeability and start-up pressure gradient. It is found that the REV size for the effective permeability is almost the same as that for the absolute permeability of Newtonian fluid. The interesting result is that the REV size for the start-up pressure gradient is much smaller than that for the effective permeability. The results imply that the sample size, which is large enough to reach the REV size for Newtonian fluids, can be used to investigate the Bingham fluids flow through porous media as well.

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41

Russo, Fabiana, Alberto Tenore, Maria Rosaria Mattei, and Luigi Frunzo. "Multiscale modelling of the start-up process of anammox-based granular reactors." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 10 (2022): 10374–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022486.

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<abstract>This work proposes a mathematical model on partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) granular bioreactors, with a particular interest in the start-up phase. The formation and growth of granular biofilms is modelled by a spherical free boundary problem with radial symmetry and vanishing initial value. Hyperbolic PDEs describe the advective transport and growth of sessile species inhabiting the granules. Parabolic PDEs describe the diffusive transport and conversion of soluble substrates, and the invasion process mediated by planktonic species. Attachment and detachment phenomena are modelled as continuous and deterministic fluxes at the biofilm-bulk liquid interface. The dynamics of planktonic species and substrates within the bulk liquid are modelled through ODEs. A simulation study is performed to describe the start-up process of PN/A granular systems and the development of anammox granules. The aim is to investigate the role that the invasion process of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria plays in the formation of anammox granules and explore how it affects the microbial species distribution of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing, aerobic ammonia-oxidizing, nitrite-oxidizing and heterotrophic bacteria. Moreover, the model is used to study the role of two key parameters in the start-up process: the anammox inoculum size and the inoculum addition time. Numerical results confirm that the model can be used to simulate the start-up process of PN/A granular systems and to predict the evolution of anammox granular biofilms, including the ecology and the microbial composition. In conclusion, after being calibrated, the proposed model could provide quantitatively reliable results and support the start-up procedures of full-scale PN/A granular reactors.</abstract>

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Zhang, Xiaowen, Chenglin Yang, Xijie Song, Fangping Tang, Chongyang Hu, Fan Yang, and Lijian Shi. "Study of Safety Auxiliary Facilities to Prevent the Start-Up Failure of Large Axial Flow Pump Systems under Gate Failure Working Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010220.

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Large axial flow pump systems are used in coastal pump stations. It is common and very dangerous for large axial flow pump systems to encounter the failure of the fast hydraulic gate during start-up operations. Methods for equipping LAPS with reasonable safety aids for start-up operations in order to deal with the unexpected situation that the quick gate cannot be opened, limiting the safety and stability of LAPS, have become a key focus of research. We aim to investigate the effect of safety aids on the LAPS’s start-up characteristics under gate rejection conditions and to find the best safety aid allocation method to solve the LAPS’s start-up failure problem. Based on the verification of the model test, a numerical simulation of the start-up process of the large axial flow pump system equipped with auxiliary safety features was carried out under the condition of gate rejection. The results show that under the condition of gate rejection, the auxiliary FLVA or OVHO can help LAPS reduce the risk of start-up failure to a certain extent. The FLVA will play the main protective role during the start-up operations of the LAPS if the LAPS is equipped with both the OVHO and FLVA of unrestricted size under the gate rejection condition. LAPS equipped with OVHO (1.27 Hm) and FLVA (49.1% Ag) and LAPS equipped with FLVA (49.1% Ag) have comparable start-up safety. The latter has an His of 1.783 Hr and a Pis of 1.30 Pr. The former has an instantaneous shock head of 1.772 Hr and a Pis of 1.30 Pr, which exhibit a decrease of 0.38% and 0 %, respectively. The research results will provide an important reference value for the prevention of pump station start-up failures under gate rejection conditions.

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Tenango-Pirin, Oscar, J. C. García, Laura Castro-Gómez, J. A. Rodríguez, F. Sierra, Oscar De Santiago, and J. M. Rodríguez-Lelis. "Effect of the Modification of the Start-Up Sequence on the Thermal Stresses for a Microgas Turbine." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5834172.

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Microgas turbines (MGT) are an alternative for small-scale energy production; however, their small size becomes a drawback since it enhances the heat transfer among their components. Moreover, heat transfer drives to temperature gradients which become higher during transient cycles like start-up. The influence of different start-up curves on temperature and thermal stresses of a microgas turbine was investigated. Stationary and rotational blades of the turbine were numerically simulated using CFD and FEM commercial codes. Conjugated heat transfer cases were solved for obtaining heat transfer from fluid toward the blades. Changes of temperature gradients within the blades during the start-ups were calculated under transient state with boundary conditions according to each curve to assess accurate thermal stresses calculations. Results showed that the modification of the start-up curves had an impact on the thermal stresses levels and on the time when highest stresses appeared on each component. Furthermore, zones highly stressed were located near the constraints of blades where thermal strains are restricted. It was also found that the curve that had a warming period at the beginning of the start-up allowed reducing the peaks of stresses making it more feasible and safer for the turbine start-up operation.

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44

Lybaert, Nadine, and Ine Umans. "Start-up Performance: Looking for an Explanation in Entrepreneurial Characteristics and Financing Choice." European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship 17, no. 1 (September 7, 2022): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecie.17.1.833.

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Although start-ups are gaining popularity and are known to have an important influence on the economy, surprisingly little research is available on these enterprises. One of the topics which remain to be explored concerns the performance of start-ups. So as to gain some insight into this phenomenon, we investigate the influence of characteristics of both the entrepreneur and the start-up (namely gender, age, education, experience, and start-up size). Thereby we base our arguments on the literature of SMEs and large companies, taking into account that start-ups behave differently than SMEs. Based on the translations of these arguments, we come to 5 hypotheses. However, since literature for SMEs and large companies is mixed and finds no unambiguous effect for these characteristics, this focus might limit to an incomplete overview. Therefore, we integrate the use of outside finance as a moderator, so as to find out whether the relations are influenced (strengthened or weakened) by the used financing source. The integration of this moderator is justifiable based on previous studies, where associations can be found between entrepreneurial characteristics and financing decisions on the one hand, but in addition, between financing decisions and performance on the other hand. So, it has been found that a firm’s success or failure depends heavily on its initial financing decision. Concerning the population of start-ups, studies show that the use of debt or any other form of external financing is associated with a better start-up performance. Based on a dataset of 117 Belgian start-ups, and making use of quantitative research, only the expected results concerning the level of education and gender could be confirmed. So, it is found that higher levels of education lead to better start-up performance, while no difference is found in the performance of start-ups led by female versus male entrepreneurs. At the same time, no significant interaction between any of the investigated characteristics and outside finance could be found. As such, it could not be confirmed that for start-ups using outside finance, the effect of the characteristics on performance will be different, compared to when they don’t use any form of outside finance.

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45

Chai, Baodui, Junhu Yang, Xiaohui Wang, and Bingxiao Jiang. "Pressure Fluctuation Characteristics Analysis of Centrifugal Pump as Turbine in Its Start-Up Process." Actuators 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11050132.

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In order to study pressure fluctuation characteristics of a centrifugal pump as turbine (PAT) in its start-up process, Fluent was used to do numerical simulation of the PAT start-up process. Time and frequency domain analyses were performed on the data acquired at different positions and different heads. The results show that a large number of low-pressure areas and strong vortexes are formed within the impeller at the initial time of start-up. With the increase in rotating speed, the vortexes rapidly decrease and are concentrated on the blade non-working face. The pressure fluctuation amplitude is the maximum at the start-up initial instant; with increase in rotating speed, it reduces rapidly at the volute spiral part. The pressure fluctuation number within one impeller rotation cycle is consistent with blade number, and the dominant frequency of pressure fluctuation is 6 times the impeller rotational frequency. The dominant frequency amplitude of radial pressure fluctuation increases with decrease in radial size in the volute. The pressure fluctuation in the impeller is much more intensive than that in the volute, and its maximum dominant frequency amplitude occurs in the middle of the impeller towards the inner edge. With the increase in head, the number of pressure fluctuation and the amplitude of dominant frequency increase at the same time during the start-up process.

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46

Ng, W. J., S. L. Ong, K. Y. Tan, J. Y. Hu, L. Y. Lee, and L. F. Song. "Toxicity assays to determine the start-up strategy for an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (anSBR)." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2002): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0760.

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Addition of glucose as the co-substrate and the use of a water-based polymer to enhance granulation were studied with the aim of shortening the start-up period of an anSBR (anerobic sequencing batch reactor) for high-strength industrial wastewater treatment. An initial start-up feed composition consisting of 70% sucrose and 30% industrial wastewater was favorable to reduce the start-up time. Increase in the average particle size and reduction in settled supernatant turbidity was observed with increased water-based polymer addition up to a concentration of 0.1 m/L. Polymer dosages above 0.1 ml/L were undesirable as big and “flaky” flocs were formed which prevented the flocs from settling quickly. Addition of 0.005 ml/L to 0.1 ml/L polymer to the mixed liquor had no observable adverse effects on the anaerobic biomass metabolism. Instead, the addition of the polymer appeared to improve biogas production and had an overall positive effect on anSBR performance treating the industrial wastewater.

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Mahapatra, Durga Madhab, and Sukanta Kumar Baral. "Redefining Emerging Start-ups’ Issues in India During Pandemic Time." SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 48, no. 1 (March 2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09708464211066182.

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As a start-up, as India’s economy grows, so will the contribution of private equity and venture capital to the overall economy. It is also a fair acknowledgment of the unique requirements that these kinds of businesses need in order to maintain their business operations, which require innovation and size. Furthermore, adding that some of the outstanding start-up countries like India are adopting technology to transform areas such as healthcare and wellness, education, agriculture and allied sectors, clean energy, security, financial inclusion and exclusion and water management. The spirit of start-ups boosts the next generation of economies and serves as a one-stop solution to the fortunes of people in rural India and the thieving economy. The Start-up and Stand-up missions can help the youth in upgrading their skills to become entrepreneurs. With gig work gaining ground, deserving candidates can get lucrative offers for their services. The article addresses the issues and problems that start-ups in India confront. The startup eco system is closely watching the Indian business climate and critically assessing how much help is required from the Indian government with their new Digital India initiatives.

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Bodner, Merit, Željko Penga, Walter Ladreiter, Mathias Heidinger, and Viktor Hacker. "Simulation-Assisted Determination of the Start-Up Time of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 7929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237929.

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Fuel starvation is a major cause of anode corrosion in low temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The fuel cell start-up is a critical step, as hydrogen may not yet be evenly distributed in the active area, leading to local starvation. The present work investigates the hydrogen distribution and risk for starvation during start-up and after nitrogen purge by extending an existing computational fluid dynamic model to capture transient behavior. The results of the numerical model are compared with detailed experimental analysis on a 25 cm2 triple serpentine flow field with good agreement in all aspects and a required time step size of 1 s. This is two to three orders of magnitude larger than the time steps used by other works, resulting in reasonably quick calculation times (e.g., 3 min calculation time for 1 s of experimental testing time using a 2 million element mesh).

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Myoga, H., H. Asano, Y. Nomura, and H. Yoshida. "Effects of Immobilization Conditions on the Nitrification Treatability of Entrapped Cell Reactors Using the PVA Freezing Method." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 4-6 (February 1, 1991): 1117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0563.

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The effects of immobilization conditions, such as freezing temperature, amount of seed sludge, gel size and mixing of other microorganisms with seed sludge, on the nitrification treatability of entrapped cell reactors using the PVA freezing method are discussed. Results indicated that the freezing temperature did not affect nitrification treatability within the range from −20 °C to −80 °C. The amount of seed sludge affected the start-up time and maximum nitrification rate, but the effects were not in proportion to the amount of seed sludge. Regarding the gel size, the maximum nitrification rate of the crushed gel (average gel size is 1mm3) reactor was 1.5 times that of the 3mm cubic gel reactor. Results also indicated that start-up time and maximum nitrification rate were enhanced when seed sludge was mixed with other microorganisms which did not have nitrification ability, before the immobilization procedure.

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Ida Hindarsah, Yuce Sariningsih, Yusep Ikrawan, Heri Erlangga, Erik, and Andry Mochamad Ramdan. "Model of Start Up Management to Strengthen Student Entrepreneurship Program in The MERDEKA Campus." Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems1369.

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The government's seriousness towards the growth and development of entrepreneurship is felt by universities. One of them is the birth of the Free Learning and Independent Campus (MBKM) program. The Merdeka Campus programs aim to prepare students to become graduates who have the competencies needed in the future and as respond to digital transformation that is happening globally has pushed Indonesia to become a country that excels in giving first to start-up. The research purposes to investigate the implementation of start-up management to strengthen student entrepreneurship program. This research will be conducted at Pasundan University. The method used is the Mix Method approach, namely a quantitative approach (survey) supplemented by qualitative data (interviews and Focus Group Discussions). The survey was conducted to 54 active student respondents at the University, as well as Focus Group Discussions. The results showed that the effect of creativity and innovation on motivation was 42,5% and motivation on management was 33,9%. Due to the small management influence, tools are needed to help improve start-up capabilities in increasing profits, market size and productivity through online interactions with business websites.

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