Статті в журналах: "Stabilised Soil Bricks"

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O.A, Fadele,, and Ata, O.J. "Stabilising Potential of Sawdust Lignin based Extracts in Compressed Lateritic Bricks." Civil Engineering Dimension 20, no. 1 (April 7, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.20.1.16-20.

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Lignocellulosic materials are abundant in nature, rich in some functional groups, considered less harmful to human health and the environment.The resulting waste may be recycled for other beneficial uses. Lignin is known to be a natural binder in lignocellulosic materials and several studies have confirmed it has binding ability with soil particles. This paper studied its stabilising potential in compressed lateritic bricks, especially its effects on density and compressive strength properties of the bricks. Lignin additives extracted from sawdust were used to stabilise laterite, while the bricks were moulded with the UNIFE ram, a type of the CINVA ram. The laterite was stabilised at 4%, 8% and 12%, while cement stabilised samples and 0% (unstabilised laterite) samples prepared accordingly were used as controls. The results showed that the LBAs contributed to the strength gained by the bricks at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days air curing, while the bricks samples were categorised as high density.

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Gana, Dauda, N.A. Nwankwor, and T.J. Tika. "THE PROPERTIES OF LATERITE SOILS AS THEY AFFECTS THE STABILITY OF BITUMEN STABILISED BRICKS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 6, no. 6 (March 27, 2020): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v6.i6.2019.400.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the properties of laterite soil and how they affect the stability of bitumen stabilized bricks. The samples for the study were disturbed samples sourced in seven locations in Adamawa State. Each sample weigh 20kg transported to the laboratory for tests. The tests conducted include: Sieve Analysis, sedimentation Test, Liquid Limit Test, Plastic Limit Test, Activity Ratio, Free Swell Test and Optimum Moisture Content Test. Three research questions guided the study and the findings of the study include; that the samples shows increase percentage smaller or less than 63 microns sizes, which indicate that the samples are more of silt and clay particles. The properties of the laterite soils taken for the study include; liquid limit ranging from 35-49, plasticity index from 11-14 percent, the activity ratio ranges from 1.0-1.4, and free swell test shows less than 100 percent. One of the recommendations made was that, Laterite soil stabilization should precede a study of the particles size distribution to ensure that the categories of the Laterite soil can bland with the bitumen emulsion to envelop the particles for the purpose of preventing moisture movement in the bricks.

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., Swapnil H. Patil. "RESEARCH ON INTER LOCKING STABILISED SOIL BRICKS (I.S.S.B.) A LITERATURE SURVEY." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 03 (March 25, 2016): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0503068.

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Sharma, Tarun, Sandeep Singh, Shubham Sharma, Aman Sharma, Anand Kumar Shukla, Changhe Li, Yanbin Zhang, and Elsayed Mohamed Tag Eldin. "Studies on the Utilization of Marble Dust, Bagasse Ash, and Paddy Straw Wastes to Improve the Mechanical Characteristics of Unfired Soil Blocks." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 14522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114522.

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Earthen materials are the world’s oldest and cheapest construction materials. Compacted soil stabilised blocks are unfired admixed soil blocks made up of soil plus stabilisers such as binders, fibres, or a combination of both. The manufacturing and usage of cement and cement blocks raises a number of environmental and economic challenges. As a result, researchers are attempting to develop an alternative to cement blocks, and various tests on unfired admixed soil blocks have been performed. This investigation undertakes use of agricultural waste (i.e., paddy straw fiber and sugarcane bagasse ash) and industrial waste (i.e., marble dust) in manufacturing unfired admixed soil blocks. The applicability of unfired soil blocks admixed with marble dust, paddy straw fiber, and bagasse ash were studied. The marble dust level ranged from 25% to 35%, the bagasse ash content ranged from 7.5% to 12.5%, and the content of paddy straw fibre ranged from 0.8% to 1.2% by soil dry weight. Various tests were conducted on 81 mix designs of the prepared unfired admixed soil blocks to determine the mechanical properties of the blocks, followed by modeling and optimization. The characterization of the materials using XRD and XRF and of the specimens using SEM and EDS were performed for the mineral constituents and microstructural analysis. The findings demonstrate that the suggested method is a superior alternative to burned bricks for improving the mechanical properties of unfired admixed soil blocks.

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Ukwizagira, Gaspard, and Leopold Mbereyaho. "Strength Assessment of Improved Adobe Brick Using Natural Stabilizers." Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 07, no. 01 (2023): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46382/mjbas.2023.7102.

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Adobe or mud brick building technique is an ancient technique dating back at least to 8300 BC. The oldest continually inhabited structures in the world are made in adobe. Adobe brick have revealed many advantages such as low cost, simple construction, excellent thermal and acoustic properties. Dispute these advantages, adobe buildings experience many problems, like water effect and low brick strength, among others. The objective of this study was to assess the strength of adobe brick made from natural soils and stabilized using laterite, fine sand and fibrous grass. The study first checked the quality of all used materials components, and then with reference to the USCS, the classification and quality of those materials were determined. Afterwards, the controlling brick sample made of natural soil, and the stabilized brick made of natural soils with stabilizers were manufactured using the mix ratio of 50% natural soil, 30% of laterite, 15% of fine sand and 5% of fibrous grass. After the bricks curing, the compressive strength test was performed. It was observed that the adobe brick strength was improved from 1.04 N/mm2 to 2.128 N/mm2 after its stabilization. Further studies were recommended regarding the improvement of adobe bricks performance using other soils mixture content, or other types of stabilizers with target to achieve the strength of stabilized soil bricks with cement or even the strength of burnt bricks.

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Akerele, Adebimpe Omorinsola, Irewolede Aina Ijaola, and Olatunbosun Hezekiel Omolayo. "Effects of Synthetic Foam on the Properties of Stabilized Lateritic Bricks." Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeppm-2021-0007.

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AbstractManaging the production costs of construction projects is crucial especially in the aspect of material management. The use of lightweight materials reduces the dead load in structures, thus the reduction in the use of reinforcement and concrete in the foundation. To this end, this study examined the effect of synthetic foam on the properties of stabilized lateritic brick with a view to producing lightweight stabilized laterite brick for use on weak soils with low bearing capacity. Laboratory tests were conducted on the bricks produced to determine the density, compressive strength, and water absorption properties at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Preformed foam using synthetic foaming agent was used at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% to replace the water in the experiment. One hundred twenty samples of stabilized foamed lateritic bricks were produced at a mixed ratio of 1:4 (cement: laterite) using a 0.6 water/cement ratio. The result showed that the bricks at all percentages of foam content meet up with the minimum requirement of compressive strength of 1.6N/mm2, 2.0N/mm2 and 3.5N/mm2 recommended by the Nigerian Building code, Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute, and the third class brick of the BS 3921:1985 respectively. The water absorption is within the limits of bricks specified in standards as 15%. The highest compressive strength was recorded at 25% foam inclusion (4.839N/mm2) on 28th day hence concluding that foaming agent stabilizes the characteristics strength of laterite bricks and also reduces its density.

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Wani, Absar Yousuf, and Mohit Bhandari. "Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Compressed Soil Blocks Manufactured Using Waste Materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012012.

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Abstract This experimental investigation is done on the earth compressed block prepared by the Waste material. These waste materials are Rice Straw Fiber, marble powder, and Sugarcane Bagasse ash. This waste pollutesthe environment and creates the problem of disposal. Redbrick needs heat treatment which results in air pollution, cement bricks need water for curing which needs waterusage in huge quantity. Marble powder stabilized bricks need sun drying. An increase in marble content in the bricks results in the increment of compressive strength due to the presence of calcium content in the marble powder.it also increases the dry density of the brick because marble powder doesnot absorbs water and can easily fill the voids created by the soil,Sugarcene Bagasse ash andRice Straw fiber. Rice Straw Fiber reduces the compression of bricks reason is fiber cuts off on the pressure and it also creates voids when blended with the soil mix making usage of bagasse in the brick can help in increasing the strength of the concrete due to its pozzalonic action with cement but bagasse ash reduces the dry density of bricks and doesnot affect the strength of bricks because its creates voids and it is chemically neutral in bricks.

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Burroughs, Steve. "Recommendations for the Selection, Stabilization, and Compaction of Soil for Rammed Earth Wall Construction." Journal of Green Building 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.5.1.101.

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Rammed earth possesses environmental advantages over most other competing construction materials. However, if it is to be more routinely used in the construction of modern, sustainable buildings, its material properties and production processes must be properly quantified. This paper proposes practical recommendations for soil selection, stabilizer treatment, and on-site compaction for rammed earth, based on a recent set of 219 stabilization experiments. The purpose of the recommendations is to maximize the probability of constructing rammed earth walls that meet or exceed a compressive strength criterion of 2 MPa. The recommendations cover: (1) Quantifying the natural soil properties of linear shrinkage and texture in a staged sequence in order to identify suitable soils to stabilize (and to reject unsuitable soils); (2) Quantifying the amounts of cement and/or lime to be added to the selected soil according to the values of soil properties measured; and (3) Quantifying the forces involved in on-site compaction of stabilized soil (for both manual and pneumatic ramming), and relating these to laboratory-based test standards. Although the recommendations need to be tested and verified/refined using new data, their initial application to rammed earth construction situations in Australia indicates that they have predictive utility. Further research will also indicate the degree of applicability of the recommendations to the production of compressed earth bricks.

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Srikanth Reddy, S., A. C. S. V. Prasad, and N. Vamsi Krishna. "Lime-Stabilized Black Cotton Soil and Brick Powder Mixture as Subbase Material." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5834685.

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Various researchers, for the past few decades, had tried to stabilize black cotton soil using lime for improving its shrinkage and swelling characteristics. But these days, the cost of lime has increased resulting in increase in need for alternative and cost effective waste materials such as fly ash and rice husk ash. Brick powder, one among the alternative materials, is a fine powdered waste that contains higher proportions of silica and is found near brick kilns in rural areas. The objective of the study is to investigate the use of lime-stabilized black cotton soil and brick powder mixture as subbase material in flexible pavements. Black cotton soil procured from the local area, tested for suitability as subbase material, turned out to be unsuitable as it resulted in very less CBR value. Even lime stabilization of black cotton soil under study has not showed up the required CBR value specified for the subbase material of flexible pavement by MORTH. Hence the lime-stabilized black cotton soil is proportioned with brick powder to obtain optimum mixture that yields a better CBR value. The mixture of 20% brick powder and 80% lime-stabilized black cotton soil under study resulted in increase in the CBR value by about 135% in comparison with lime-stabilized black cotton soil. Thus it is promising to use the mixture of brick powder and lime-stabilized black cotton soil as subbase material in flexible pavements.

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Bassa, Bruno, Renonet Karka Bozabe, and Adoum Issak. "MAIN ENGINEERINGSPROPRETIES OF STABILISED EARTH BLOCK BRICKS FORMULATED WITH SOILS FROM NDJAMENA-CHAD." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 1132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12950.

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The most used bricks in house building in NDjamena, city of Chad which is situated in semi dry arid area with 600 millimeters of pluviometry per year and 50 Â°C as highest temperature, are raw clay bricks, terracotta bricks or bricks in ciment block. The raw clay bricks have strong sensibility in water and weak resistance to compression. The terracotta and cement block bricks have high thermal conductivity contrary to the adobe and their manufacturingcontribute to destroy the environment. The aim of this paper is to search Stabilised Earth Block (SEB) bricks whichare made with clay, sand and few percent of cement and respond to climatic, environmental and economic constraints. Therefore, some bricks are built in mixing differentspercents of sand and clay (M1 : 40% sand and 60% clay, M2 : 50% sand and 50% clay, M3 : 60% sand and 40% clay, M4 : 70% sand and 30% clay, M5 : 30% sand, 30% slime and 40% clay, and M6 : 40 % sand, 20% slime and 40% clay) for obtaining physical stabilizationand adding 8%, 10% or 15% of cementin each type of brick for the chemical stabilization. Theuse of moulding press machine grants already the mechanical stabilization to these bricks. Proctor test has allowedto retain M1, M3 and M4 for searching the best values of the rate absorption of water by capillarity , the resistance in compression and the thermal conductivity of these bricks. The results of tests show bricks M3 with 10% of cement have the good values 21,23 g.cm-Â².min-1/2 of rate absorption, 3,82 MPa of resistance in compression and 0,5W.m-1.Â°K-1 as thermal conductivity.

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Lopez-Lara, T., C. L. Gonzalez-Vega, J. B. Hernandez-Zaragoza, E. Rojas-Gonzalez, D. Carreón-Freyre, R. Salgado-Delgado, E. Garcia-Hernandez, and M. Cerca. "Application of Optimum Compaction Energy in the Development of Bricks Made with Construction Trash Soils." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/835620.

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In general, bricks frequently show different densities and therefore different resistances because the compaction energy is not considered in their production. Expansive soils represent a problem for light buildings over them because of volumetric instability. A generalized solution has been to extract them and substitute them by inert soil; thus they become construction trash. So, in this work the compaction energy aspect and the use of construction trash soils in the elaboration of resistant masonry bricks of homogeneous and controlled density are a new contribution in the production of bricks of better quality. First, the soil was stabilized with CaOH which leads to a decrease in its volumetric changes. Then, they were compacted with a specific energy for obtaining an optimal and maximum controlled density to ensure an increase in strength. Our results show that two optimal compaction energies can be considered with respect to the variation of optimum moisture in masonry bricks of expansive soil stabilized with lime. The first is when the optimal humidity reaches its smallest value (integrated soil lumps) and the second is when humidity increases (disintegrated soil lumps), after reaching its lowest value. We also conclude that high compaction energy does not improve density values.

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Pandey, Bhudev, and Neelesh Kumar Singh. "Manufacturing of Stabilized Soil Bricks." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 14, no. 03 (May 2017): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-1403023640.

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Jude, K., C. O. Igwe, and B. M. Mohammed. "Effects of Palm Leaf Ash and Palm Kernel Fibre on Properties of Compressed Laterite Earth Brick." Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2022): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/josem.v1i2.45365.

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This study was designed to compare the effects of the properties of compressed laterite earth brick (CLEB) stabilized with palm leaf ash (PKA) and palm kernel fiber (KPF). The study was carried out in Building Technology Department, Federal Polytechnic Bida, Niger State. Bricks of 222×110×70 were produced using manual pressed machine where nine bricks each were stabilized with palm kernel fiber for 1%, 2%, and 3%. Also 9 bricks each were stabilized with palm leaf ash for each percent 5%, 10% and 15%. The materials used were Palm Kernel Fiber, Palm Leaf Ash laterite soil, and water. The abrasion resistance test and water penetration test were carried out. The findings revealed that the water penetration rate for the CLEB bricks stabilized with PKF recorded average penetration rate of 10.18 at 1%, 11.52 at 2% and 12.19 at 3%. Only 3% produced higher penetration rate while CLEB stabilized with PLA recorded average water penetration rate of 11.58 at 5%, 10.63 at 10%, and 11.27 at 15%. All were in conformity with NBRRI specification of 12.5%. The abrasion resistance of the 28 day CLEB stabilized with PKF recorded average abrasion of 1.40 at 1%, 1.28 at 2% and 3.68 at 3%. All result were conformity with the NBBRI specification of 6.9. While the abrasion resistance of the 28 day CLEB stabilized with PLA recorded average abrasion of 2.39 at 5%, 2.22 at 10% and 2.32 at 15% which were in conformity with the NBBRI specification of 6.9. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the CLEB stabilized with palm kernel fiber at 1% and 2% are in conformity with NBRRI specification of compressive strength, water absorption rate and abrasion resistance. While compressed laterite bricks stabilized with palm leaf ash should be improve to conform to NBRRI specification.

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Hossain, MB, Z. Barman, and M. Dey. "Properties of locally available river dredged soil stabilized with cement." Progressive Agriculture 32, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v32i1.55717.

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In Bangladesh, the topsoil of agricultural land is being used to manufacture burnt clay bricks for a long time. This is one of the major reasons for reducing the cultivable land every year. But, we have a huge amount of River Dredged Soil (RDS) available that could be used for manufacturing building materials as an alternate to the conventional bricks. In this regard, the present study has been performed to investigate various properties of RDS from the Brahmaputra River and different mixes of RDS containing different percentages of cement content. The physical properties such as specific gravity, unit weight, mean diameter, maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of RDS were determined following standard procedures. Cylindrical specimens of RDS were prepared by mixing with different amounts of cement content. All the specimens were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days before testing. Water absorption of the RDS-cement specimens after 28 days was found between 14 to 18% which is in the range of first-class burnt clay brick. It was found that the water absorption decreases with the increase in the percentages of cement content. The unconfined compressive strength was observed to increase with the increment of cement content as well as curing age. The maximum unconfined strength was recorded for the specimens containing 14% cement and the rate of strength increment was about 45% in two weeks. It means the addition of cement with RDS will definitely increase the strength. But, the maximum use of cement must be decided based on the required strength and economic consideration. The deformation at failure was found decrease with the increase in cement content. This indicates that the stiffness of the stabilized RDS would increase upon the increment of cement content. Based on the above test results, it is concluded that the dredged soil from Brahmaputra River can be stabilized with cement for making compressed earth block which would be an alternative to the burnt clay brick that uses valued agricultural soil as raw material. Progressive Agriculture 32 (1): 71-77, 2021

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Shanmukha, K. N., K. S. Manjunath, and M. C. Prahallada. "Stabilized and Compressed Laterite Soil Bricks." i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering 7, no. 3 (2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.7.3.13608.

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Olumodeji, A. O., F. O. Ayodele, and K. D. Oluborode. "Evaluation of compressive strength and abrasive properties of rice husk ash – cement compressed stabilized earth bricks." Nigerian Journal of Technology 42, no. 2 (August 11, 2023): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v42i2.5.

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Cement, the most utilized building material in developing countries like Nigeria, is rising daily, making it hard for low-income people to acquire a home. This study aimed at producing compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEBs) from Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and cement. After uncontrolled calcination of rice husk, the RHA oxide compositions were assessed by X-Ray Fluorescence. Design Expert (RSM) designed mix proportions for seventeen earth brick variables. Cement-RHA-Soil was blended with 0-5% cement and 20-25% water. Box Behnken Design (BDD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in Design Expert Version 6 was used to generate seventeen (17) design mix proportions (variables) for the CSEBs. After damp curing for three days, compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEBs) were evaluated for compressive strength and abrasion at 28, 56, and 108 days. RHA was pozzolanic because its major oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3) yielded 75.27%. CSEB compressive strength improved with age. RCB16- CSEBs with 2.5% RHA+2.5% Cement+21.25% WC - exhibited the best compressive and abrasion strength. Thus, RHA is a good cement replacement in CSEB production for cheaper and sustainable building.

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Sasui, Watcharin Jinwuth, and Sirimas Hengrasmee. "The Effects of Raw Rice Husk and Rice Husk Ash on the Strength and Durability of Adobe Bricks." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 4 (May 3, 2018): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309128.

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Adobe houses are an important form of housing among many low income communities in developing countries. Unfortunately one drawback of adobe bricks is that their strength and durability against water are poor, which can lead to material deterioration and structural collapse. To improve the properties of adobe, the soil used to build bricks is sometimes stabilized with either natural or artificial additives. Rice husk is a natural additive commonly used in both raw and ash form as a stabilizer for several masonry materials due to its pozzolanic property. This study investigates and compares the influence of Raw Rice Husk (RRH) and heap burned Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as stabilizers on the compressive strength, stability, water absorption and volumetric shrinkage of adobe specimens. Whether the stabilizer was RRH or RHA, these materials were used in the proportion of 2% of dry weight of soil. Results showed significantly improved performance for the specimens containing RRH, but none for the RHA. This suggests that the excessive burning temperature in heap reduced the cementation properties of RHA. Based on these results, the study concludes that the application of raw rice husk as a stabilizer is more effective than heap burned rice husk ash for the construction of local adobe houses in areas affected by flood and rain.

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Faria, Obede Borges, Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle, and Célia Neves. "Influence of the addition of "synthetic termite saliva" in the compressive strength and water absorption of compacted soil-cement." Ambiente Construído 16, no. 3 (September 2016): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212016000300096.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of adding 0.1 wt% of "synthetic termite saliva" on a fine and clayey sand latosol (76.5% sand) from the region of Bauru, SP (Brazil), stabilized with 1% to 3% of cement. Compacted cylindrical specimens (with standard Proctor energy) were tested to determine their compressive strength and water absorption. The results indicate that the use of the chemical stabilizer increased by at least 35% the compressive strength and reduced by up to 13% the water absorption of the samples. This work contributes to efforts aimed at reducing the consumption of cement through the production of stabilized compressed earth blocks and bricks (CEB) and rammed earth.

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Scalisi, Francesca, and Cesare Sposito. "Performance of Earth Bricks Supplemented by Nanoparticles and their Application in Architecture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 864 (April 2017): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.864.8.

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The potential for architecture offered by natural materials in terms of comfort, reduction of embodied energy and energy-saving in the operational phase, dictates in-depth research that might highlight advantages and contribute to improving their characteristics. This research focuses on earth bricks and, in particular, a type of brick made from unfired clay, known as adobe. The aim of the research is to verify improvements in performance of adobe with the aid of nanotechnology. The adobe mixture was prepared with water, soil (from Sicily) and LAPONITE® as a stabilizer. The adobe bricks were subjected to tests of resistance to compression and flexion, resistance to abrasion, capillary absorption of water and resistance to impact. The results may be deemed positive, in particular those relating to resistance to compression. Further research will be necessary, especially with regard to problems of water absorption.

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SHANMUKA, K. N., K. MANJUNATH, and M. C. PRAHALLADA. "STABILIZED LATERITE SOIL BRICKS - AN ALTERNATIVE MASONRY UNIT." i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering 8, no. 3 (2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.8.3.14462.

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Joel, Manasseh, and Joseph E. Edeh. "Effect of Curing Condition on Some Properties of Cement Stabilized Lateritic Interlocking Bricks." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.37.

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The effect of three different curing conditions on the compressive strength and water absorption of lateritic interlocking bricks, produced with laterite stabilized with 0 %, 2 %, 4 %, 6 % and 8 % cement content was investigated. The study is aimed at providing an alternative to the conventional method of curing interlocking bricks. The three curing conditions used in the study are A (covering of bricks with tarpaulin after sprinkling with water twice a day) B (complete immersion in water) C (complete covering with air and water tight polythene bags). Laterite used in the production of interlocking bricks was as an A-2-7 soil, using the AASHTO system of soil classification. Compressive strength of bricks increased with cement content and days under the different curing conditions, 28 day optimum compressive strength values of 4.28 N/mm2, 3.67 N/mm2 and 3.67 N/mm2 at 8 % cement content was obtained from bricks using curing condition C B and A respectively. Water absorption value decreased with cement content under the different curing conditions, minimum water absorption values of 2.44 %, 1.68 % and 1.72 % at 8 % cement content was obtained with bricks cured under curing condition A B and C respectively. Based on results of test, curing condition C is recommended for use in the production of cement stabilized interlocking bricks, as this will enhance effective production of interlocking bricks in areas where water is scarce.

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Salimah, Aisyah, Miftah Hazmi, Muhammad Fathur Rouf Hasan, Putera Agung Maha Agung, and Yelvi. "A comparative study of red brick powder and lime as soft soil stabilizer." F1000Research 10 (July 20, 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27835.2.

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Background: The role of soil in building construction is to support the loads above it. Different types of soil with poor mechanical properties require more attention. Therefore, more effort is needed to stabilize the soil by improving its properties. These improvements are intended to modify soil properties to improve engineering performance, such as strength, decrease in compressibility and permeability. This study aimed to compare the potential of lime and brick powder as stabilizers based on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values. Soil stabilization can be defined as modifying the soil properties by chemical or physical means to improve its engineering efficiency. The main objectives of stabilizing soil are increasing its bearing capacity, resistance to weathering processes, and permeability. Methods: This work did laboratory tests with disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. The proportions of lime or red brick powder additives are 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the soil sample. From the results of the laboratory tests, the soil type obtained is MH (low plasticity silt) as per the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Results: This study showed that soft soil could be improved by adding lime and red brick powder as a soil stabilizer. In both soaked and unsoaked CBR tests, there was an increase in the CBR value for each proportion of the mixed additives. However, the red brick powder addition (15%) has significantly increased the CBR value. Conclusions: The soil sample mixed with 15% red brick powder had the highest Maximum Dry Density (MDD), about 5.5% over untreated soil. The increment of lime to 15% has increased the CBR soaked by 61% in relation to untreated soil. The increment of red brick powder to 15% has increased the CBR unsoaked by 73% in relation to untreated soil.

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Al-Baidhani, Ali F., and Abbas J. Al-Taie. "Shrinkage and Strength Behavior of Highly Plastic Clay Improved by Brick Dust." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.05.07.

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Highly plastic soils exhibit unfavorited properties upon saturation, which produce different defects in engineering structures. Attempts were made by researchers to proffer solutions to these defects by experimenting in practical ways. This included various materials that could possibly improve the soil engineering properties and reduce environmental hazards. This paper investigates the strength behavior of highly plastic clay stabilized with brick dust. The brick dust contents were 10%, 20%, and 30% by dry weight of soil. A series of linear shrinkage and unconfined compression tests were carried out to study the effect of brick dust on the quantitative amount of shrinkage experienced by highly plastic clay and the undrained shear strength. The effect of curing on soil shear strength was included in this paper. It was found that the critical behavior of highly plastic soil can be mitigated by mixing with 20% or 30% of brick dust. The undrained shear strength of highly plastic clay mixed with brick dust increased with the increase of brick dust content up to 20%. It was affected by the curing period. The best improvement was achieved when the optimum content of brick dust was 20%. Finally, seven days of curing improved the undrained shear strength with over 100%.

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Salimah, Aisyah, Miftah Hazmi, Muhammad Fathur Rouf Hasan, Putera Agung Maha Agung, and Yelvi. "A comparative study of red brick powder and lime as soft soil stabilizer." F1000Research 10 (August 9, 2021): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27835.1.

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Background: Soil has an important role to play in planning buildings because it supports the loads above it. Different types of soil with poor mechanical properties require more attention. Therefore, it is necessary to put in more effort to stabilize soil in order to improve its properties. This study aimed to compare the potential of lime and brick powder as stabilizers based on the values of California bearing ratio (CBR). Soil stabilization can be defined as the process of stabilizing soil properties by chemical or physical means to improve its engineering efficiency. The main objectives of stabilizing soil are to increase the bearing capacity of soil, to increase its resistance to weathering processes, and its permeability. Methods: In this work laboratory tests were done with disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. The proportions of lime or red brick powder additives mixed together are 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the original soil sample. From the results of the laboratory tests, the soil type obtained is MH soil based on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The MH soil type is a low plasticity silt soil. Results: The study’s results showed that with the addition of lime and brick powder, the soil could be stabilized. In both soaked and unsoaked CBR tests, there was an increase in the CBR value for each proportion of the mixed additives. However, red brick powder had a significant increase of 15%. Conclusions: This study found a very large range of variations because of the many material requirements for each test. We suggest other researchers perform the CBR test by reducing the range of variations in the additives to get firm data and using our experimental procedure in this study for further research.

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Saputri, Utamy Sukmayu, Yuli Suharnoto, Asep Sapei, and Niels vuegen. "THE UTILIZATION OF DRILL CUTTING WASTE FOR BRICK MANUFACTURING." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ENGINEERING AND APPLIED TECHNOLOGY (IJEAT) 3, no. 2 (November 29, 2020): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52005/ijeat.v3i2.63.

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Chevron Geothermal Salak, Ltd (CGS) as one of the Geothermal Power Plants, to increase geothermal reserves, CGS conducts drilling and as is well known this activity produces a lot of drill cutting waste material so that it can quickly fill the temporary storage area. To overcome this, efforts should be made to reduce and / or utilize the waste. The effort is to use the material as a mixture of brick manufacturing. The purpose of this study is to be able to know the use of drill cutting waste as a raw material for brick manufacturing, to know the properties or characteristics and quality of drill cutting waste, and to be able to know the composition of the drill cutting waste mixture for brick manufacturing. The compositions used is drill cutting waste, soil stabilizer, and cement. In this study the compressive strength test was carried out at a maximum age of 28 days. It aims to find out the best mixture composition in the brick manufacturing, so that it gets high quality and can be used in the field. The results of this study can be concluded that by utilizing drill cutting waste as a material for making concrete blocks, it has achieved a compressive strength of 21.74 MPa that meets the quality requirements of concrete bricks in the quality level category IV. The brick products produced from the use of drill cutting can be used for drainage channels, trash container, pond walls, and retaining wall.

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Ali, Tarek, Sameh Yehia, and Mohamed El-Didamony. "Low Cost Housing in Egypt by Using Stabilized Soil Bricks." International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science 3, no. 3 (2017): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.3.1.

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Mimboe, Aude Grace, Marina Tatiane Abo, Jean Noël Y. Djobo, Sylvain Tome, Rodrigue Cyriaque Kaze, and Juvenal Giogetti N. Deutou. "Lateritic soil based-compressed earth bricks stabilized with phosphate binder." Journal of Building Engineering 31 (September 2020): 101465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101465.

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Ji, Yongcheng, Wenhao Ji, Ziyi Zhang, and Rui Wang. "Road Performance Investigation on Fiber-Reinforced Recycled Cement Base Material." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194102.

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The characteristics of the materials used in early buildings in China have led to a large proportion of discarded red bricks among the construction waste generated by demolishing abandoned buildings. The application of red brick aggregate with a particle size ≤5 mm and red brick powder with particle size 0.125~0.75 mm (referred to as recycled brick powder) was studied in this study after the crushing of waste red brick in road structures. The research results will provide a theoretical basis for the whole-grain recycling of waste red brick aggregate. The aggregate of red brick with a particle size smaller than 2 mm was mixed with different amounts of cement soil and fiber to prepare a cement-stable binder for the sub-base material. The recycled brick powder of 0.125~0.75 mm was used to replace the quartz sand with different substitution rates. As pavement materials, different amounts of fiber were used to prepare fiber-reinforced recycled-brick-powder cementitious composites. The optimal mixing ratio of the two materials was evaluated from the mechanical properties. The results showed that the optimal mixing ratio of the cement-stable binder was as follows: waste-red-brick-aggregate content was 50%, cement content was 4%, and fiber content was 0.2%. The optimum ratio of fiber-reinforced recycled-brick-powder cementitious composites was determined to be as follows: the replacement rate of recycled brick powder is 25%, and the content of PVA fiber is 1%. The regression analysis was used to fit the equations between the fiber content and the 7d unconfined compressive strength and the tensile strength of the cement-stabilized binder for different red-brick-aggregate admixtures at 4% cement content. A scanning electron microscope was used to observe the failure modes of the fiber. The influence of failure modes, such as pulling out, fracture, and plastic deformation, on the mechanical properties was expounded.

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Fayaz, Misba. "Permeability Analysis of Dredged Material and Its Stabilization Using Surkhi/Brick Dust." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 2029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39168.

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Abstract: This study presents the permeability and strong relationship of dredged soil stabilized with surkhi/brick dust which is to be used for constructing road embankments. Tests like the unconfined compressive strength test and the falling head permeability test were conducted. The test results showed that as the percentage replacement of surkhi increases, the samples become less permeable. Showing that the surkhi tends to cover up the pore spaces of the soil, causing the water to have fewer passageways. Large amount of sediments are dredged from rivers and lakes as a result of environmental dredging in India. These dredged materials (DM) have poor Geotechnical properties and are normally treated as wastes. On the other Hand, there is a huge demand of sub-grade materials due to the increasing number of highway construction projects in the J&K. Thus, the reuse of the dredged material as sub-grade material may be considered as an Environmental-friendly and economical option. For the stabilization of dredged material various waste materials can be effectively used. brick dust is one such waste product. The surkhi/brick dust is generated from brick kilns. The amount of brick dust produced every year is in the range of 3-4 million ton. This project therefore intends to study the stabilization of dredged material procured from Sindh Nallah having a higher content of alluvial Soil using Surkhi/Brick dust as an additive. Soil stabilization by this means can be utilized on airport pavements, highway pavements, earthen dams and many other situations where sub-soils are not suitable for construction. Keywords: dredged material Sindh Nallah, surkhi, Dredged soil, CBR, UCS, proctor test, porosity, void ratio and permeability

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Ranjan, Satish, and Tarun Sharma. "Evaluating the properties of compressed soil earth blocks after the addition of bagasse ash, marble powder and paddy straw." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012005.

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Abstract Constructing structures and their establishments with the help of non-toxic and ecological materials that reduce the environmental damages caused in the process and help protect nature can be termed sustainable construction. Red burnt clay bricks are being used for the construction which requires a lot of energy in the process. For the preparation of these bricks, cement is used as a stabilizer and we all are aware that the production of cement releases a lot of energy. Red burnt clay bricks are burnt in kilns which pollutes the environment. Many countries have started using compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) to overcome these situations. CSBEs are the blocks consisting of clay and one or more stabilizers which are compressed together with the help of a manual press or machines. This study used waste materials like rice straw, marble dust, and bagasse ash as stabilizers. Using waste materials in CSEBs can help us in sustainable development and also will help in reducing the cost of construction. In this study, rice straw is used in the percentages 0.75%, 0.90%, and 1.05%. Marble dust is used in the percentages of 8%, 10%, and 12%. And bagasse ash is used in the percentages of 27%, 32%, and 37%. A total of 27 combinations were selected with these percentages. And for each test, 2 blocks of size 220mm x 100mm x 100mm and beams of size 500mm x 100mm x 100mm were prepared. These blocks were cured by the sprinkling of water for 28 days. Various tests like OMC & MDD, and Flexural Strength were performed in this study.

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Hidalgo, Cesar, Gloria Carvajal, and Fredy Muñoz. "Laboratory Evaluation of Finely Milled Brick Debris as a Soil Stabilizer." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11040967.

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Brick is one of the most common building materials, and it is also one of the largest components of waste generated from both construction and demolition. Reuse of this waste would reduce the environmental and social impacts of construction. One potential bulk use of such waste is as a cementing agent for soil stabilization. However, this is currently limited by the need to mill the residue to a particle size below 0.035 mm. In this study, the behavior of two soil types stabilized using alkali-activated brick dust was investigated. The unconfined compression strength at different curing temperatures and moistures and the use of different types and concentrations of alkaline activators were investigated. It was found that the addition of brick dust resulted in an increase in the soil strength between 1.7–2.3 times with respect to the non-stabilized material, suggesting that the resulting materials will find practical applications in construction.

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Mrema, A. L. "Earth Building in Tanzania - Use of Soil Stabilized Bricks and Blocks." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 28, no. 1 (December 31, 2005): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v28i1.365.

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Namboonruang, Weerapol, Rattanakorn Rawangkul, Wanchai Yodsudjai, and Nutthanan Suphadon. "Thermal Conductivity and Strength Properties of Soil-Based Lime Adobe Stabilized with Pottery Burnt Hull Ash." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1950–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1950.

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This work studies the possibility to produce the new novel brick by mixing between the local soil, local lime and burnt hull ash which is the waste in the earthenware industry. All materials conducted in this work are found in Ratchaburi province located in the western of Thailand. The chemical and mechanical properties are studied including the thermal conductivity will be determined. Varying burnt hull ash (BHA) contents are added into the combination and compared properties with the soil cement brick (RCB) at the same percentage weight. Results show that the compressive strength and flexural strength of soil brick mixed with 10% constant lime and varying burnt hull ash contents (CLBA) shows the maximum values at BHA of 25% by weight at water to powder ratio of 0.4225 and the thermal conductivity of CLBA is lower than that of SCB given as 43.98%.

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Oliveira, João Victor da Cunha, Frankslale Fabian Diniz de Andrade Meira, and Leila Soares Viegas Barreto Chagas. "Soil-cement bricks with insertion of scheelite-tailings: Mechanical behavior and physico-chemical evaluation of kneading water." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 6 (May 18, 2021): e0210615412. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i6.15412.

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Through the environmental perspective of producing new construction materials with the inclusion of tailings or residues that improve their properties and, at the same time, promote a practice that mitigates environmental impacts, the objective of this work is to diagnose the effect of incorporating scheelite- tailings as recycled aggregate in soil-cement bricks, partially replacing the soil, seeking to make its use feasible in interlocking pavements, as well as studying the physical-chemical properties of the mixing water used in the making of soil-cement bricks, originating from drains air conditioning system at IFPB Campus Campina Grande. The bricks produced used CP II Z-32 class cement, landfill cut-off soil for disposal, scheelite-tailings, and kneading water from air conditioning drains at the IFPB Campus Campina Grande. Conformation was performed manually with the aid of a hydraulic press, with subsequent curing at room temperature and periodic wetting during the first 7 days of cement hydration (alkaline stabilizer), until the ages of laboratory tests of compressive strength reached (28 days) and direct flexion (180 days). It was noted that the results of compressive strength exceeded the minimum limits of ABNT NBR 10834:2013, as well as the results of the flexion test demonstrated that the mechanical strength of the bricks is superior when incorporating the mineral tailings, a phenomenon also noticed through of the compressive strength test. The quality of the water used to manufacture the bricks, in addition to ensuring better chemical potential in the hydration reaction based on the state of the art, promotes a reduction in the use of water from the public supply, which comes from a relatively low water source.

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Soumaila, Bakayoko, Brahima Koné, Mosso Kotchi Alex, and Kouakou Conand Honore. "Caracterisation et Renforcement des Proprietes Geotechniques des Briques de Terre avec Rajout de Paille de Riz." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 36 (November 30, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n36p55.

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Les briques de terre stabilisées peuvent être une bonne alternative pour résoudre le problème de logement si les typologies de sol, les horizons de prélèvement de sol et les quantités de liants bon marché comme la paille de riz sont identifiés. Une étude a été réalisée sur les sols prélevés dans l’horizon B de Ferralsols et d’Acrisols ainsi que sur un échantillon de Kaolin ont été utilisés pour les fabrications d’adobe. Les briques de terre crue ont été fabriquées avec différentes proportions de paille de riz (0,2% ; 0,4% ; 0,6% ; 0,8% et 1%) et soumises à des tests de compressibilité et de flexion. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le dosage à 0,4% de paille a été optimal, avec une résistance à la compression de 1,04 - 1,2 N/mm2 pour les Ferrasols prélevés à une profondeur de 113 cm -30 m et 0,21- 0,65N/mm2 pour les Acrisols (74 -122 cm). La proportion optimale de paille était 0,2% pour la flexion (0,01 - 0,06N/mm2) avec une valeur plus élevée (0,06 N/mm2) pour le kaolin issu du Ferralsol plinthic, justifiant cette recommandation pour une meilleure résistance à la flexion. Le Ferrasol Stagnic dosé à 0,4% de paille peut être recommandé pour une meilleure résistance des briques à la compression. The bricks of soil stabilized may constitute a promising alternative to solve the problem of housing provided that the typologies of soil, sampling horizons and quantities of cheap bonds like rice straw are identified. This study was carried out on the soil samples collected from the B horizon of Ferralsols and Acrisols, as well as on a sample of Kaolin used to manufacture Adobe. Mud bricks were made with different proportion of rice straw (0.2% ; 0.4% ; 0.6% ; 0.8% and 1%), and subjected to compressibility and flexion tests. The results showed that the 0.4% straw backing is optimal, it gives a compressive strength of 1.04 – 1.2 for Ferralsols collected at the depth of 113 cm - 30 m and 0.21 – 0.65N/mm2 in Acrisols (74 - 122 cm). The optimal straw proportion was 0.2% for Kaolin from Ferrasol Plinthic, supporting this recommendation for bending resistance. Ferrasol Plinthic with 0.4% straw may be recommended for a better resistance of the bricks to compression.

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El Wardi, Fatima Zohra, Sara Ladouy, Abdelhamid Khabbazi, Khalid Ibaaz, and Asmae Khaldoun. "Unfired Clay-Cork Granules Bricks Reinforced with Natural Stabilizers: Thermomechanical Characteristics Assessment." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 2068–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091778.

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Cork is an ecological, natural, and renewable additive, an excellent thermal and acoustic insulator. All these attributes encourage its use in the building sector. Adding this additive to the Earth leads to a more lightweight composite with better thermal performance than the Earth alone. Unfortunately, the mechanical performance of this composite is degraded significantly, limiting its use in construction applications. The authors propose in this study to stabilize the clay-cork composite using natural stabilizers. A chemical stabilization was tested using local quick-lime, in addition to a physical stabilization using natural sheep-wool fibers. The primary purpose is to propose eco-friendly construction material with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties and the lowest environmental impact based on local and ecological raw materials to encourage more sustainable and low-energy constructions. First, physicochemical and mineralogical characterization of used clay was investigated. Then, an experimental investigation was conducted to identify the lime content that allows the optimal stabilization for the used clay. In this context, many different specimens of Bensmim soil stabilized with lime at six many contents 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70% were prepared and tested. The obtained results showed that the optimal lime content for the better stabilization of the used soil is about 30%. Next, an experimental study of thermomechanical properties was conducted on unfired clay bricks mixed with expended cork granules and stabilized by the addition of variable proportions of quick-lime 0, 10 and 30% and sheep-wool fibers 0, 1, and 2%. The mechanical performance of the specimens was investigated in terms of compressive and flexural strengths. At the same time, thermal quality was qualified through evaluating thermal conductivity using the steady-state Asymmetrical Hot Plate test method. The very encouraging experimental findings showed that using lime and sheep-wool fibers at the studied addition content resulted in lightweight composites with lower thermal conductivity and higher compressive and flexural strength than reference samples. The highest thermomechanical performances are obtained with clay-cork blocks reinforced with 30% lime content and 2% sheep-wool fibers. This block recorded values of 583 kg/m3, 0.155 W/m/K, 1.55 MPa, and 3.91 MPa, for bulk density, thermal conductivity, flexural and compressive strength respectively, compared to 765 kg/m3, 0.238 W/m/K, 0.96 MPa and 2.29 MPa for control samples. New material presents lightweight material for both improved thermal and mechanical qualities encouraging its use in building applications. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091778 Full Text: PDF

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Malkanthi, S. N. "An Innovative Approach to Produce Soil-Based Building Products." Bolgoda Plains 01, no. 01 (October 2021): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/bprm.2021.17.

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Soil has been used as a building material in different forms, such as mud, adobe, rammed earth, and bricks. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB), a form of soil blocks with different additives including cement, fly ash, and lime, is a sustainable building material with many advantages compared to other conventional building materials. The usual practice of past researchers in producing CSEB was to add different materials like sand to the soil to control its clay and silt (finer) content. A high level of finer content is not desirable when it comes to the strength and durability of CSEB. This study proposes to reduce/ extract the finer content in the soil by washing it using a conventional concrete mixing machine.

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Asha Sapna, A. P., and C. Anbalagan. "Sustainable Eco-Friendly Building Material – A Review Towards Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks and Fire Burnt Clay Bricks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1210, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1210/1/012023.

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Abstract The aim of the current research article is to provide a comprehensive review and discuss and conclude on two types of earth blocks i.e., stabilized compressed earth blocks and fire-burnt clay bricks. A direct correlation exists between the number of greenhouse gases emitted and the amount of coal used to manufacture the fire-burnt clay bricks. To address this issue, new construction materials have been developed. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs) is an enhanced earth-based masonry material as it is not burnt. CSEBs are manufactured by compressing the soil under pressure. Coal and other burning fuels are not used at any point in the manufacturing process of CSEBs. Environment-friendly and energy-efficient construction materials that encourage the sustainable development have grown significantly in the recent years, as the public have become highly conscious. Since the building materials are produced in local communities, the local resources are efficiently used, transportation costs get reduced and high-quality housing is made available to a large spectrum of people. Less time-consuming construction techniques and low labour demand results in increased strength, insulation and thermal characteristics, lower carbon emissions and embodied energy during the life cycle of the materials and exceptionally low levels of trash that can be easily disposed of. When locally-produced materials are used for building purposes, it creates jobs and is more eco-friendly, during the times of crisis. CSEB and conventional bricks require different amounts of energy and release significantly different amounts of carbon dioxide throughout the production process. A review of the construction process that utilizes clay bricks and CSEBs has been conducted using the data and reports from numerous research papers and organizations. According to this review, the Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks outperform the fire-burnt clay bricks in terms of advantages. When it comes to creating new environment-friendly construction materials, the CSEBs remain a viable option.

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Costantini-Romero, Adriana Belen, and Franco M. Francisca. "Construcción con bloques de suelo cemento como alternativa sostenible para envolvente Edilicia." Revista Hábitat Sustentable 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07190700.2022.12.01.08.

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Alternative materials, such as cement-stabilized earth blocks (CSEB), provide new opportunities to make environmentally friendly envelopes. Earth-based construction materials are easy to obtain, abundant in nature, and their use minimizes environmental impacts and improves the thermal performance of bricks. In this work, the thermal properties of CSEB are analyzed, to evaluate their efficiency for building envelopes. It is experimentally determined that cement percentages are between 3% and 9% for the manufacturing of CSEB for non-bearing masonry. The moisture content should be less than 20%, to avoid significant increases in thermal conductivity. Wall thermal resistivity and inner and outer thermal resistance are also determined by means of passive building thermography measurements. The different CSEB wall compositions of experimental dwellings under real use conditions were monitored during the winter, and from this, thermal transmittances were established for the walls of 1,219 W/m2K to 1.599 W/m2K The results obtained allow determining the relative efficiency of each building envelope type in avoiding heat losses.

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Abdullah, Abd Halid, Sasitharan Nagapan, Anna Antonyova, Kannan Rasiah, Riduan Yunus, and Samiullah Sohu. "Comparison of Strength Between Laterite Soil and Clay Compressed Stabilized Earth Bricks (CSEBs)." MATEC Web of Conferences 103 (2017): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710301029.

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41

Nguyen, Thi Thuy Minh, Saeed Rabbanifar, Zhe Luo, Christopher Huddleston, Trey O’Connor, Adam Richard, Malik Michel, et al. "Development of Fiber Reinforced Sustainable Dredge Bricks." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020789.

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To maintain adequate depth of commercial waterways, large quantities of earthen material are dredged and stored on undeveloped placement areas adjacent to the waterway. As dredge placement areas become overwhelmed, an environmental and financial sustainable solution for the reuse of dredged soil is prioritized. In this study, locally dredged material from the Sabine-Neches Waterway was used to explore the potential of dredged material in the production of compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEBs) for small-scale structures in the region. CSEB mixture designs were developed containing fly ash (FA), Portland cement (PC), hydrated lime (HL), water (W), dredged material (DM), and natural and synthetic fibers. Optimized mixtures designs reached the recommended compressive strength of over 1200 psi. Results showed that that the addition of fibers reduced the compressive and flexural strength of the bricks, with a maximum compressive strength of 1394 psi with a corresponding flexural strength of 381 psi being obtained with fiberless dredge bricks. Multiple coating systems were also tested to increase the resistance of the bricks to weathering and erosion. Results showed that the use of coatings reduced water absorption and increased the bricks resistance to erosion, making them more adept in regions commonly subjected to flooding and heavy wind-driven rains.

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Malkanthi, S. N., A. A. D. A. J. Perera, G. H. Galabada, and P. D. Dharmaratne. "Enhancement of the Properties of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks through the Replacement of Clay and Silt with Fly Ash." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 6 (December 11, 2021): 7927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4580.

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The use of earth as a building material, in different forms, such as unburnt and burnt bricks, rammed earth, mud blocks, and soil blocks, is a common practice globally. This study is focused on soil blocks stabilized with cement which are referred to as Cement Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs). The strength and durability of CSEBs are primarily governed by the amount of silt and clay content (finer) in the soil. Many researchers have shown that low finer content improves the properties of CSEB and they have altered the finer content by adding different additives. The current study used a washing method to reduce the finer content and fly ash was utilized as finer to re-fill the soil to the required finer content amount. Also, soil grading was modified by adding larger particles that were separated from the same soil to fit the soil grading to the optimization curves mentioned in the literature. The finer content was changed to 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Blocks were made by stabilizing the soil with 6%, 8%, and 10% cement and with the size of 150mm×150mm×150mm. The results revealed that fly ash addition up to 10% improves the properties of CSEBs and compressive strength changes from 4.28N/mm2 to 13.43N/mm2.

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Venkatarama Reddy, B. V., and M. S. Latha. "Mortar Shrinkage and Flexure Bond Strength of Stabilized Soil Brick Masonry." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30, no. 5 (May 2018): 05018002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002280.

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Sharma, Tarun, and Sandeep Singh. "Characteristics of unfired soil blocks stabilized with industrial waste and agricultural waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012041.

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Abstract The problem of pollution is on daily rise and environment protection is becoming challengeable task due to production of fired bricks and improper disposal of waste materials. This experimental investigation is conducted on unfired compacted soil block stabilized with waste materials. The waste materials utilized in this investigation were paddy straw fiber, sugarcane bagasse ash and marble dust because of their improper disposal and burning of paddy straw is one of them. Marble dust was put on at distinct percentages in the span of 25% to 35%, bagasse ash and paddy straw fibers (75mm length) were also added in varied %age. Experiments were conducted on the blocks to determine the compaction properties and compressive strength of the blocks. The outcome of this experimentation determined that the light weight unfired admixed soil block is achievable with optimum amount of waste materials. Also, inclusion of marble dust in soil block admixed with bagasse ash and paddy straw fiber increases the compressive strength.

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Sekar, T. "Investigation on Characteristics of Fly Ash and Crusher Waste Stabilized Black Cotton Soil Bricks." i-manager's Journal on Civil Engineering 4, no. 2 (May 15, 2014): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.4.2.2984.

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Abed, Ziyad M. "The effect of using different percentages of soil and fine aggregate on stabilized earth bricks." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 737 (March 6, 2020): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/737/1/012046.

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Verma, Aman, and Tarun Sharma. "Experimental Study of the Strength Aspects of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks using Marble Dust, Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Paddy Straw Fiber." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012025.

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Abstract The world is facing pollution crises and these cries are due to improper disposal of waste material. This materials are Rice husk ash, bagasseash, waste marble powder, remanings of grains like rice starw and many more. Some of the waste materials can easily be disposable in the construction industry by using them in the concrete or in any other construction material. This paper deals with this waste material to be utilized in the compressed earth blocks. To study the mechanical properties of compressed soil blocks prepared by a combination of various ratios of Marble powder, paddy Straw Fiber and Sugarcane bagasse ash, the compression test, and water absorption test was performed. The marble powder is introduced in the manner to replace soil by 25%, 35%% and 45 %. Paddy Starws fibers are introducedby the replacement percentage of.6%,.8%and 1% whereas the bagasse ash is been introduced in the manner of 8%,10% and 12%This various test shows that the Marble powder Waste increase dry density which helps in increasing the compression Capacity of the brick. Whereas Paddy Straw fiber and bagasse ash decrease the dry density of brick which results in decreasingthe optimum water content of the mixof the brick. Bagasse ash and paddy straw fiber increase the water absorption capacity of the brick.

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Bredenoord, Jan, Wutinai Kokkamhaeng, Pichit Janbunjong, Ongarj Nualplod, Suwatchai Thongnoy, Wasana Khongwong, Piyalak Ngernchuklin, and Aparat Mahakhant. "Interlocking Block Masonry (ISSB) for Sustainable Housing Purposes in Thailand, With Additional Examples From Cambodia and Nepal." Engineering Management Research 8, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/emr.v8n2p42.

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This paper is about Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSB) as developed in Thailand. ISSB are seen as an eco-friendly building material for home building and structures such as water tanks and sanitation facilities. For several decades the Thai R&D Institute TISTR has worked on developing and testing ISSB, which in other countries are called compressed stabilized earth blocks or CSEB. The composition of building blocks and the quality of building structures determine together the structural quality of the house or building. If there is a need for earthquake- and storm resistance, the building blocks and the structures must have specific features. Building stacked houses is an important issue given the growing scarcity of land for housing and the increasing land prices. ISSB is not only applied in Thailand, but also in Cambodia for low-cost housing and in Nepal for home reconstruction after the 2015 earthquake. ISSB or CSEB is also applied in other countries as an alternative building material and technology to replace the use of fired bricks and concrete building blocks for housing. Reducing the use of cement in the materials and structures is important for environmental reasons, but in ISSB/CSEB the use of cement as a stabilizer cannot always be avoided. This is surely the case in areas where earthquakes, heavy storms and floods can occur. Although this paper focuses mainly on technical aspects of sustainable housing and construction, there is also a focus on social sustainability, meaning a strong involvement of local communities in the production of sustainable building materials for walls, newly developed construction technologies, and mutual house and facility construction.

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Nafu, Yakum Reneta, Noubissie Tchoko Romuald Loic, Mbou Tiaya Elvis, and Foba Josepha Tendo. "Influence of Palm Oil Mesocarp Fibres on the Thermal Properties of Cement-Stabilized Compressed Earth–Based Brick." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 7, no. 6 (November 11, 2022): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2022.7.6.2910.

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The harsh tropical climatic conditions and rapid deterioration of building strictly from soil have rendered one billion people in developing countries homeless. To alleviate this situation the effect of Palm oil mesocarp fibres was investigated on the thermal properties of cement-stabilized earth brick. Fibres were extracted and pretreated with warm distilled water at 100 °C diluted with 2% NaOH and oven dry at 105 °C for 24 hours. Sedimentary test, grain size, and elementary Analysis were conducted on the soil resulting in clayey soil which has a good insulation property. The soil was stabilized with 10% cement by mass reinforced with fibres. Nine different samples formulation of ten each were made with fibres content 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% using a mold of size (100×100×50) mm and cured for 28 days. Thermal effusivity, volume calorific capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity of the samples were investigated using the tiny hot plate method and a computing algorithm estimation error. It resulted that the thermal effusivity, volume calorific capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity were 2.18242×103 J/M2K1/2 to 1.02716×103 J/M2K1/2, 2.64×106 J/M3K to 1.23×106 J/M3K, 1.81 W/mK to 0.82 W/Mk and 7.05×10-7 m2s-1 to 6.83×10-7 m2s-1 respectively with an optimal yield at 2.5% fibres concentration.

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Malanda, Narcisse, Jean Albin Nkaya, Gilbert Ganga, Ngambara Emamou Nondel Durvy, and Paul Louzolo-Kimbémbé. "Thermo-Mechanical Properties Study of Stabilized Soil Bricks to Sugar Cane Molasses and Cassava Starch Binders." Open Journal of Applied Sciences 13, no. 02 (2023): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2023.132020.

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