Статті в журналах: "Stabilised Soil Blocks"

1

Adam, E. A., and P. J. Jones. "Thermophysical properties of stabilised soil building blocks." Building and Environment 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(94)00041-p.

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2

Balaji, Nallaval Chinnaswamy, Monto Mani, and Byrasandra Venkataramanappa Venkatarama Reddy. "Thermal conductivity studies on cement-stabilised soil blocks." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 170, no. 1 (February 2017): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.15.00032.

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3

Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama, and S. S. Lokras. "Steam-cured stabilised soil blocks for masonry construction." Energy and Buildings 29, no. 1 (December 1998): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7788(98)00033-4.

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4

Sharma, Tarun, Sandeep Singh, Shubham Sharma, Aman Sharma, Anand Kumar Shukla, Changhe Li, Yanbin Zhang, and Elsayed Mohamed Tag Eldin. "Studies on the Utilization of Marble Dust, Bagasse Ash, and Paddy Straw Wastes to Improve the Mechanical Characteristics of Unfired Soil Blocks." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 14522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114522.

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Earthen materials are the world’s oldest and cheapest construction materials. Compacted soil stabilised blocks are unfired admixed soil blocks made up of soil plus stabilisers such as binders, fibres, or a combination of both. The manufacturing and usage of cement and cement blocks raises a number of environmental and economic challenges. As a result, researchers are attempting to develop an alternative to cement blocks, and various tests on unfired admixed soil blocks have been performed. This investigation undertakes use of agricultural waste (i.e., paddy straw fiber and sugarcane bagasse ash) and industrial waste (i.e., marble dust) in manufacturing unfired admixed soil blocks. The applicability of unfired soil blocks admixed with marble dust, paddy straw fiber, and bagasse ash were studied. The marble dust level ranged from 25% to 35%, the bagasse ash content ranged from 7.5% to 12.5%, and the content of paddy straw fibre ranged from 0.8% to 1.2% by soil dry weight. Various tests were conducted on 81 mix designs of the prepared unfired admixed soil blocks to determine the mechanical properties of the blocks, followed by modeling and optimization. The characterization of the materials using XRD and XRF and of the specimens using SEM and EDS were performed for the mineral constituents and microstructural analysis. The findings demonstrate that the suggested method is a superior alternative to burned bricks for improving the mechanical properties of unfired admixed soil blocks.

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5

Walker, P. J. "Strength, durability and shrinkage characteristics of cement stabilised soil blocks." Cement and Concrete Composites 17, no. 4 (January 1995): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(95)00019-9.

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6

Ogunye, F. O., and H. Boussabaine. "Diagnosis of assessment methods for weatherability of stabilised compressed soil blocks." Construction and Building Materials 16, no. 3 (April 2002): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-0618(02)00004-1.

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7

Subramaniaprasad, C. K., Benny Mathews Abraham, and E. K. Kunhanandan Nambiar. "Sorption characteristics of stabilised soil blocks embedded with waste plastic fibres." Construction and Building Materials 63 (July 2014): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.042.

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8

Goutsaya, Janvier, Guy Edgar Ntamack, and Saâd Charif d’Ouazzane. "Damage Modelling of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilised with Cement." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (May 29, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3342661.

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This work aims at studying the mechanical behaviour of compressed Earth blocks (CEBs) and compressed stabilised Earth blocks (CSEBs) with 4% and 8% in weight cement stabilisation. A numerical simulation method based on the nonlinear behaviour law coupling isotropic elasticity damage is proposed to predict the mechanical behaviour of brittle and quasibrittle materials at simple compressive loading conditions. This model relies on the free energy of the material to generate the damage-dependent stress expression in order to bring it closer to the experimental findings. Tests on the geotechnical properties of the three soil samples (MAI, BAM, and GAD) collected in Ngaoundere city, the chief town of the Adamawa region of Cameroon, were carried out. Furthermore, simple compression tests were carried out on samples of dimensions 4 × 4 × 4 cm3 after 28 days of drying. By comparing the experimental and numerical results used, we could notice that the average compressive stresses of CEBs are approximately 4.13 MPa and 4.16 MPa, and the average deformation limits are 0.0068 and 0.0069; concerning the average Young’s moduli, they are about 842.30 MPa and 789.88 MPa, and for 4% cement, we obtained an average compressive strain of about 4.23 MPa and 4.28 MPa, average deformation limit 0.0072 and 0.0075, and Young’s moduli we obtained about 719.16 MPa and 714.06 MPa. At 8% cement dosage, we obtained average compressive stresses of about 5.01 MPa and 5.20 MPa, average deformation limit of 0.0073 and 0.0074, and Young’s moduli give us 866.43 MPa and 872.56 MPa.

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9

Kumar, R. Sathish, Maganti Janardhana, and N. Darga Kumar. "Mechanical properties of sustainable soil blocks stabilised with rice husk ash, cement and lime." International Journal of Masonry Research and Innovation 1, no. 3 (2016): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmri.2016.080425.

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10

Darga Kumar, N., R. Sathish Kumar, and Maganti Janardhana. "Mechanical properties of sustainable soil blocks stabilised with rice husk ash, cement and lime." International Journal of Masonry Research and Innovation 1, no. 3 (2016): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmri.2016.10001373.

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11

Mohammed, I. U., Mohammed Usman, and Farida Ujudud Shariff. "EVALUATION OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND WATER RESISTING CAPACITIES OF LIME STABILIZED SOIL BLOCKS FOR BUILDING CLIMATE RESILIENT STRUCTURES." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0701-1172.

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The compressive strength and water resisting capacities of lime stabilised soil blocks for use in building climate resilient structures were evaluated. Good laterite material, lime of suitable chemical composition and potable water were used for mixing. Six (6) different mix proportions of soil-blocks were produced i.e., 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% lime content in laterite. The dry compressive and wet compressive strengths tests for the blocks produced were measured after the period of 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. Results showed that the 2% lime has an average dry compressive strength ranging between 0.17 to 0.67 N/mm2 and no wet compressive strength was recorded due to the dissolution of the blocks in water after first day of immersion and 4% lime has an average dry compressive strength ranging from 0.71 to 1.24N/mm2 and wet compressive strength ranging from 0.76 to 0.49N/mm2 from day 1 to day 3, while day 7, 14 and 28 dissolved in water. The 6% lime has an average dry compressive strength ranging between 0.58 to 1.96 N/mm2 and wet compressive strength of 0.67 to 1.47 N/mm2. A decrease in average dry and wet compressive strengths was observed for 8%, 10% and 12% lime contents. Therefore, the 6% lime-soil mix ratio gave the highest compressive strength of 1.96 N/mm2 above the weakest average strength of 1.70 N/mm2, specified by the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, and minimum requirements of 1.75N/mm2 by the Nigerian National Building Code.

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12

Hershey, Rachel, Marc Kalina, Innocent Kafodya, and Elizabeth Tilley. "A sustainable alternative to traditional building materials: assessing stabilised soil blocks for performance and cost in Malawi." International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 16, no. 1 (July 18, 2023): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19397038.2023.2237062.

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13

Qamar, F., T. Thomas, and M. Ali. "Assessment of mechanical properties of fibrous mortar and interlocking soil stabilised block (ISSB) for low-cost masonry housing." Materiales de Construcción 69, no. 336 (September 25, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2019.13418.

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Walls of Interlocking Stabilised Soil Blocks (ISSBs) have been considered in low-cost houses around the world especially in developing countries. These were reported to be very weak in resisting the lateral load (e.g. wind or earthquake) without special considerations. In this paper, mechanical properties (compressive strength, elastic modulus, pre/post crack energy absorbed and toughness index) of ISSBs with three configurations and seven combinations of plain and fibrous mortar cubes are experimentally evaluated. Sisal fibre and rice straw (2% and 5%, by cement mass) were considered for fibrous mortar. Empirical equations were developed to predict elastic modulus. It was found that ISSBs had reasonable strength to be considered for masonry. The failure load and toughness index of 2% sisal fibre samples was improved by 10% and 16%, respectively, whereas 2.21 times enhancement was found in elastic modulus. Thus, 2% sisal fibre in plaster (i.e. reinforced coating) would likely improve the lateral resistance of interlocked masonry walling.

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14

Olaleye, Amuda Abayomi, and Obafemi Adeniyi Ibitoye. "ARCHITECT’S RESPONSE ON UTILISATION OF INTERLOCKING STABILISED SOIL BLOCKS AS AN ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIAL FOR HOUSING PROJECTS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 6, no. 5 (February 9, 2023): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0605-1191.

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Housing has become a major concern in Nigeria and requires sustainable intervention. The United Nations' position on the advantages of Interlocking Stabilised Soil blocks (ISSBs) in the year 2009 is fundamental to its usage for affordable housing delivery in developing nations. Considering the fact that the recent global economic challenges impacted the Nigerian economy, housing, recorded to be deficient by the Ministry of Housing in 2015 is a concern due to the tremendous rise in the cost of materials. This study assessed architects' response to the adoption of ISSBs as an alternative building material for Housing Projects in Southwest Nigeria towards recommending its widespread adoption for economical building construction works. The objectives were; to examine the role of architects in building material specifications; to explore characteristics of ISSBs that make them viable as an alternative building material, and to assess architects' response to the adoption of ISSBs. The study adopted a Mixed Method of Research in carrying out the assessment. Relevant literature was reviewed and necessary data were collected through interviews granted to the targeted respondents towards providing in-depth knowledge of ISSBs. Structured Questionnaires were administered to architects who are lecturers in selected schools of architecture who are members of the Association of Architectural Educators or registered with the Architects Registration Council of Nigeria. A total of 66 questionnaires were returned from the 70 administered. Findings revealed that architects have a huge role in building material specifications. ISSBs offer a passive solution to building challenges (better thermal comfort, quality indoor

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15

Befikadu Zewudie, Besukal. "Experimental Study on the Production and Mechanical Behavior of Compressed Lime-Cement-Stabilized Interlock Soil Blocks." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (January 12, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2933398.

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Compressed stabilized soil block is a sustainable building material primarily made up of stabilized damp soil compressed under pressure. Soil properties and the type of the stabilizer used in producing compressed soil blocks have a significant impact on the quality and behavior of the soil blocks. This study presents the physical and mechanical behavior of lime-cement-stabilized compressed interlock soil blocks produced from two types of natural soil. The two types of soil have different index properties and mineral oxide compositions. Lime-cement combination and cement standalone was used as a binder in the production of test sample blocks depending on the index properties of the soil. 2%lime + 6%cement, 3%lime + 8%cement, and 4%lime + 10%cement were used for the soil block produced from silty clay soil of medium plasticity index. On the other hand, 6%, 8%, and 10% cement by dry mass of soil were used to stabilize silty sand soil. The behaviors of the blocks, such as dry density, the initial rate of water absorption, saturated absorption of water, compressive strength, and stress-strain relation, were examined. The result shows that the compressed soil blocks produced from lime-cement-stabilized silty clay soil has a low rate of initial water absorption and a low dry unit weight when compared to cement-stabilized sandy soil blocks. Soil blocks produced from cement-stabilized silty sand soil attain greater compressive strength by more than 50% of the compressive strength of silty clay soil blocks stabilized by a combination of lime and cement at 60 days after production. The initial tangent modulus of the soil blocks produced using a manual compressing machine from a clay soil stabilized by the lime-cement proportions of 2%L + 6%C, 3%L + 8%C, and 4%L + 10%C is about 1,700 MPa–2,300 MPa with a dry density greater than 1,660 kg/m3.

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16

Parlato, Monica C. M., Simona M. C. Porto, Carmen Galán-Marín, Carlos Alberto Rivera-Gómez, Massimo Cuomo, and Francesco Nocera. "Thermal Performance, Microstructure Analysis and Strength Characterisation of Agro-Waste Reinforced Soil Materials." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (July 26, 2023): 11543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151511543.

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The use of raw-earth materials reinforced by natural fibres, i.e., livestock waste in the form of greasy wool, represents an eco-friendly alternative for a variety of construction applications. This proposal is based on the analysis of unfired adobe blocks stabilised with wool fibres for use as both structural and non-structural building materials. The influence of fibre length on the thermophysical and mechanical properties of the tested material was investigated. The thermal conductivity coefficient (λ) of raw-earth samples was assessed by following three different test setting procedures (T = 20 °C, and HR at 30%, 50%, and 70%), with the aim to evaluate the effects of different fibre lengths in the raw-earth mix. Samples reinforced by fibres 20 mm in length exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity coefficient (λ = 0.719 W/mK) obtained by a test reproducing typical indoor conditions within the Mediterranean area, i.e., T = 20 °C, and HR 50%. The best mechanical performance was exhibited by samples reinforced by fibres 40 mm in length, with a flexural and compression strength of 0.88 MPa and 2.97 MPa, respectively. The microstructure of these biocomposites was also examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) to qualitatively evaluate the variation of thermal and mechanical properties due to the different adhesion among the fibres and the soil. The experimental data show good efficiency and a significant improvement in the behaviour of these materials compared to the control samples. The evaluation of the results, with the length of the fibres being the only variable of the analysed samples, allowed for the identification of the mix suitable for the best mechanical and thermal performances, depending on the final use of the material.

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17

Stolte, W. J., D. J. McFarlane, and R. J. George. "Flow systems, tree plantations, and salinisation in a Western Australian catchment." Soil Research 35, no. 5 (1997): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96066.

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A lower hillslope in the Western Australian wheatbelt had become waterlogged and saline by 1981, when close-spaced rows of eucalypts were planted in blocks both in and adjacent to the discharge area and piezometers were established on the site. We analysed the trends in the piezometric heads and salinity concentrations over the period of record. We also modelled the hillslope profile using finite element analysis to determine the water flow mechanisms and to see how a change in vegetation in the upland area would affect the waterlogging and salinity. Piezometric levels under the trees decreased for the first 5 years after planting and then stabilised until 1991 when they started gradually decreasing again. The non-treed area between the plantation blocks remained unaffected until about 1991, when the levels there also started to decrease quite significantly, probably because of the trees. The trees therefore appear to have been effective and beneficial in the short to medium term. However, the salinity of the groundwater under the trees has increased significantly in the last 5 years, particularly where the tree density is highest. The continued flow of saline groundwater to the trees is believed to be increasing the salinity. It could not be expected that plantations of this type will maintain health and be able to control the excess water in such an hydrologic setting in the long term. Tree plantations on discharge areas are a short to medium term management strategy, not a solution, and the only way to control salinity in the long term is to plant vegetation species in the recharge areas that use all of the water that falls there. Modelling showed that only a small surplus of water over winter, in the order of 50 mm/year, caused the increased recharge and consequent salinisation. The modelling results also show that the surplus could be managed with an effective vegetation species (e.g. lucerne) with a rooting depth of about 1·5 m that would be able to transpire at least until early to mid summer.

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18

Campos, Carlos J. A., Anna Berthelsen, Fiona MacLean, Lisa Floerl, Don Morrisey, Paul Gillespie, and Nathan Clarke. "Monitoring Intertidal Habitats for Effects from Biosolids Applications onto an Adjacent Forestry Plantation." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 11, 2023): 12279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612279.

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Stabilised organic solids derived from sewage sludge (“biosolids”) are applied to land as an alternative to disposal as landfill. This study evaluated the long-term effects of biosolids applied to forestry plantations on the adjacent intertidal habitats of Rabbit Island (New Zealand). On this island, biosolids are applied to enhance the growth of trees (Pinus radiata). Shoreline topography, macroalgal cover, sediment grain size, the concentrations of nutrients, trace metals, and faecal indicator bacteria, and benthic infaunal communities were studied in 2008, 2014, and 2019 at twelve intertidal transect sites (four “reference” and eight “application”) adjacent to forestry blocks where biosolids have been applied over a period of 24 years. The sediment composition did not differ significantly between the survey years or between the reference and application sites. Total nitrogen concentrations in the sediments increased over time at some transects, but such increases were not consistent among the application transects. No symptoms of excessive algal growth, sediment anoxia, and hydrogen sulphide odours were observed at most sites. Key infaunal taxa were similar between the reference and application transects. Overall, no long-term adverse changes to intertidal habitats attributed to biosolids application were detected between the reference and application sites. This study shows that biosolids application can co-occur without detectable adverse effects on nearby intertidal environments. In a global context of rising concern over climate change, environmental pollution, and resource scarcity, forest fertilisation with biosolids can facilitate biomass production and soil development while protecting valued coastal ecosystems.

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19

James, Jijo, and Rajasekaran Saraswathy. "Performance of Fly Ash - Lime Stabilized Lateritic Soil Blocks Subjected to Alternate Cycles of Wetting and Drying." Civil and Environmental Engineering 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe study investigated the durability performance of lime and fly ash stabilized lateritic soil blocks subjected to conditions of alternate wetting and drying. A locally available lateritic soil was collected and characterized in the laboratory for its geotechnical properties. The soil was then stabilized using lime and fly ash of various combinations. The blocks were tested for their compressive strength, water absorption and efflorescence. Durability was evaluated by subjecting the blocks to three cycles of wetting and drying and testing its compressive strength. The investigation revealed that fly ash-lime stabilization was capable of producing stabilized blocks meeting the standard requirements of Indian codes in terms of compressive strength, water absorption and efflorescence. The results revealed that a combination of 10 % fly ash with 10 % lime was enough to stabilize the soil to achieve the strength of a class 20 block whereas a combination of 10 % fly ash and 14 % lime was required to achieve the strength of a class 30 block. Wetting and drying cycles resulted in a marginal increase in strength after the first cycle but reduction thereafter. The optimal combination of 10 % fly ash and 14 % lime resulted in less than 25 % loss in strength after three cycles of wetting and drying.

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20

Zhang, Xin, Xin Ping Zhang, Hong Tao Peng, Qiang Xia, and Jun Wang. "Relation of Microstructure and Unconfined Compression Strength of Soil Stabilized with TerraZyme." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.760.

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TerraZyme as an enzymatic soil stabilizer was used in this research. The stabilized soil was mixed with TerraZyme in proper proportion to determine the relationship of unconfined compression strength and microstructure caused by the introduction of TerraZyme. The experimental results show that the unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil with TerraZyme added is higher than that without TerraZyme. The micrographs of scanning election microscopy (SEM) indicate that the microstructure of the stabilized soil sample with TerraZyme added is denser than that without TerraZyme. This is because the particles of stabilized soil sample treated with TerraZyme are more coarse and blocky than those untreated with TerraZyme. The stabilized soil is with fewer pores than that without TerraZyme. This kind of compact microstructure should be the basis of higher unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil with TerraZyme added.

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21

Bukunmi O, Adegbenle. "OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE OF STABILIZED EDE LATERITE AS AN ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 3, no. 8 (January 30, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v3.i8.2016.63.

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Laterite samples from Ede area with particle components of 19.7% clay, 32.8% silt and 47.5% sand was stabilized with combined cement, lime and bitumen and test for Compressive strength, Linear Shrinkage, Permeability and Water Absorption. The stabilizers were mixed with laterite soil in different ratios and percentage. The laterite carried 90% which is constant while the three stabilizers shared the remaining 10% in varying form. After 28 days of curing, laterite stabilizer with 90% of laterite, 8% of cement, 1% lime and 1% bitumen (LCLB1) possessed compressive strength of 2.01N/mm2. It Water Absorption Capacity was 3.05%. LCLB4 stabilizer (90% laterite, 6% cement, 2% lime and 2% bitumen) has the same compressive strength with LCLB1 stabilizer but with a high Water Absorption Capacity of 4.2%. The stabilizer of 90% laterite, 3.33% cement, 3.33% lime and 3.33% of bitumen (LCLB8) has the lowest compressive strength of 0.74N/mm2 and the highest Water Absorption Capacity of 5.39%. The results shows that LCLB1 stabilizer is a better stabilizer for strength and blocks made from laterite stabilized with it stand a good alternative to sand Crete blocks in building constructions. The combination of these stabilizers in order to determine a most economical volume combination for optimum performance is highly possible and economical.

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22

James, Jijo, P. Kasinatha Pandian, K. Deepika, J. Manikanda Venkatesh, V. Manikandan, and P. Manikumaran. "Cement Stabilized Soil Blocks Admixed with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash." Journal of Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7940239.

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The study involved investigating the performance of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) stabilized soil blocks amended with sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA). Locally available soil was tested for its properties and characterized as clay of medium plasticity. This soil was stabilized using 4% and 10% OPC for manufacture of blocks of size 19 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm. The blocks were admixed with 4%, 6%, and 8% SBA by weight of dry soil during casting, with plain OPC stabilized blocks acting as control. All blocks were cast to one target density and water content followed by moist curing for a period of 28 days. They were then subjected to compressive strength, water absorption, and efflorescence tests in accordance with Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) specifications. The results of the tests indicated that OPC stabilization resulted in blocks that met the specifications of BIS. Addition of SBA increased the compressive strength of the blocks and slightly increased the water absorption but still met the standard requirement of BIS code. It is concluded that addition of SBA to OPC in stabilized block manufacture was capable of producing stabilized blocks at reduced OPC content that met the minimum required standards.

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23

Vignesh, N. P., K. Mahendran, and N. Arunachelam. "Effects of Industrial and Agricultural Wastes on Mud Blocks Using Geopolymer." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (January 11, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1054176.

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For this research, the red soil sample was drawn, and a steady percentage of the geopolymer was used along with distinct proportions of stabilizers such as fly ash, groundnut shell ash, bagasse ash, and GGBFS. Geopolymer was used in the manufacture of stabilized mud blocks as a binding agent. The geopolymer solution’s effects on mud block strength have been researched. The effects of industrial by-products and waste such as fly ash, groundnut shell ash, bagasse ash, and GGBFS were also explored with the geopolymer to stabilize the mud blocks.

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James, Jijo, and Pitchai Kasinatha Pandian. "Valorisation of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in the Manufacture of Lime-Stabilized Blocks." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjce-2016-0007.

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Abstract The study investigated the potential of lime in the manufacture of stabilized soil blocks and the valorisation of a solid waste, Bagasse Ash (BA), in its manufacture. A locally available soil was collected from a field and characterized in the soil laboratory as a clay of intermediate plasticity. This soil was stabilized using lime, the quantity of which was determined from the Eades and Grim pH test. The soil was stabilized using this lime content, amended with various BA contents during mixing, and moulded into blocks of 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm. The blocks were then moist cured for a period of 28 days, following which they were subjected to compressive strength, water absorption and efflorescence tests. The results of the tests revealed that the addition of BA resulted in enhanced compressive strength of the blocks, increased the water absorption marginally, and resulted in no efflorescence in any of the combinations, although the limited combinations in the study could not produce enough strength to meet the specifications of the Bureau of Indian Standards. The study revealed that BA can be effectively valorised in the manufacture of stabilized soil blocks.

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25

James, Jijo, and P. Kasinatha Pandian. "A Short Review on the Valorisation of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in the Manufacture of Stabilized/Sintered Earth Blocks and Tiles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1706893.

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Valorisation of solid wastes in the manufacture of soil based building materials is one of the several technically feasible and cost-effective solutions for waste management. Sugarcane bagasse ash is one such solid waste generated in huge quantities in India, a leading sugar producer. This paper aims at reviewing the valorisation of sugarcane bagasse ash in the manufacture of stabilized as well as sintered earth blocks. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a silica rich material that can play the role of an effective pozzolan leading to enhanced pozzolanic reactions resulting in better performing building materials. The reviewed literature reveals that it has been utilized in the manufacture of blocks as well as tiles in the form of an auxiliary additive as well as a primary stabilizer. However, its utilization in stabilized blocks has been more common compared to sintered blocks due to higher energy consumption in the latter. To summarize, sugarcane bagasse ash not only has improved performance in most of the cases but also has reduced the cost of the material, leading to the conclusion that its valorisation in manufacture of blocks and tiles is a genuine and highly productive solution for waste management as well as cost economy.

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26

Faria, Obede Borges, Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle, and Célia Neves. "Influence of the addition of "synthetic termite saliva" in the compressive strength and water absorption of compacted soil-cement." Ambiente Construído 16, no. 3 (September 2016): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212016000300096.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of adding 0.1 wt% of "synthetic termite saliva" on a fine and clayey sand latosol (76.5% sand) from the region of Bauru, SP (Brazil), stabilized with 1% to 3% of cement. Compacted cylindrical specimens (with standard Proctor energy) were tested to determine their compressive strength and water absorption. The results indicate that the use of the chemical stabilizer increased by at least 35% the compressive strength and reduced by up to 13% the water absorption of the samples. This work contributes to efforts aimed at reducing the consumption of cement through the production of stabilized compressed earth blocks and bricks (CEB) and rammed earth.

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Zhou, Sheng-quan, Da-wei Zhou, Yong-fei Zhang, and Wei-jian Wang. "Study on Physical-Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Expansive Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash and Lime." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (November 14, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4693757.

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Fly ash and lime have been frequently employed to reduce the swelling potential of expansive soils. Laboratory experiments, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used in this study to investigate the stabilizing effect of fly ash and lime on expansive soils in the Jianghuai undulating plain area. The comparison was drawn between the variation laws of physical parameters, mechanical properties, microstructure, and mineral composition of expansive soil before and after being stabilized. Experimental results suggest that, after 5% lime is added based on fly ash, the plasticity index of the expansive soil decreases by 64.9%, the free swelling ratio is reduced to about 10%, the unloading swelling ratio is reduced to nearly 4%, and the stabilized soil no longer exhibits the expansive property. The unconfined compressive and tensile strengths of the stabilized soil increase first and then decrease with the rising in fly ash content. After the addition of 5% lime, both the unconfined compressive and tensile strengths increase significantly. The optimum modifier mixture ratio is obtained as 10% fly ash + 5% lime. The SEM images reveal that the microstructures of the stabilized expansive soil vary from an irregular flake-like and flocculent structures to blocky structures, and the soil samples compactness is enhanced. XRD results indicate that quartz is the main component of the stabilized soil. These are the underlying causes of the rise in the strength. The conclusions of this study can be referenced for the engineering design and construction of expansive soil in Jianghuai undulating plain area.

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Costantini-Romero, Adriana Belen, and Franco M. Francisca. "Construcción con bloques de suelo cemento como alternativa sostenible para envolvente Edilicia." Revista Hábitat Sustentable 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07190700.2022.12.01.08.

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Alternative materials, such as cement-stabilized earth blocks (CSEB), provide new opportunities to make environmentally friendly envelopes. Earth-based construction materials are easy to obtain, abundant in nature, and their use minimizes environmental impacts and improves the thermal performance of bricks. In this work, the thermal properties of CSEB are analyzed, to evaluate their efficiency for building envelopes. It is experimentally determined that cement percentages are between 3% and 9% for the manufacturing of CSEB for non-bearing masonry. The moisture content should be less than 20%, to avoid significant increases in thermal conductivity. Wall thermal resistivity and inner and outer thermal resistance are also determined by means of passive building thermography measurements. The different CSEB wall compositions of experimental dwellings under real use conditions were monitored during the winter, and from this, thermal transmittances were established for the walls of 1,219 W/m2K to 1.599 W/m2K The results obtained allow determining the relative efficiency of each building envelope type in avoiding heat losses.

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Malkanthi, S. N., A. A. D. A. J. Perera, G. H. Galabada, and P. D. Dharmaratne. "Enhancement of the Properties of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks through the Replacement of Clay and Silt with Fly Ash." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 11, no. 6 (December 11, 2021): 7927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4580.

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The use of earth as a building material, in different forms, such as unburnt and burnt bricks, rammed earth, mud blocks, and soil blocks, is a common practice globally. This study is focused on soil blocks stabilized with cement which are referred to as Cement Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs). The strength and durability of CSEBs are primarily governed by the amount of silt and clay content (finer) in the soil. Many researchers have shown that low finer content improves the properties of CSEB and they have altered the finer content by adding different additives. The current study used a washing method to reduce the finer content and fly ash was utilized as finer to re-fill the soil to the required finer content amount. Also, soil grading was modified by adding larger particles that were separated from the same soil to fit the soil grading to the optimization curves mentioned in the literature. The finer content was changed to 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Blocks were made by stabilizing the soil with 6%, 8%, and 10% cement and with the size of 150mm×150mm×150mm. The results revealed that fly ash addition up to 10% improves the properties of CSEBs and compressive strength changes from 4.28N/mm2 to 13.43N/mm2.

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Raj, Shubham, Sher Mohammad, Rima Das, and Shreya Saha. "Coconut fibre-reinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth blocks." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-10-2016-0101.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the optimum proportion of coconut fibre and cement suitable for rammed earth wall construction. Coconut fibres and cement can be easily incorporated into the soil mixture which adds strength and durability to the wall. This paper highlights the salient observations from a systematic investigation on the effect of coconut fibre on the performance of stabilized rammed earth blocks. Design/methodology/approach Stabilization of soil was done by adding Ordinary Portland Cement (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent by weight of soil), whereas coconut fibre in length about 15 mm was added (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 per cent by weight of soil) as reinforcement. Thirty types of mixes were created by adding different proportions of cement and fibre to locally available soil and compacting the mix at constant compaction energy in three layers with Proctor rammer. Findings Samples were tested for compressive strength and tensile strength, and failure patterns were analysed. The use of cement and fibre increases ultimate strengths significantly up to an optimum limit of 0.8 per cent fibre content, provides a secondary benefit of keeping material bound together after failure and increases residual strength. Benefits of fibre reinforcement includes both improved ductility in comparison with raw blocks and inhibition of crack propagation after its initial formation. Originality/value After analysing the results, it is recommended to use 0.8 per cent fibre and 5-10 per cent cement by weight of soil to achieve considerable strength. This research may add a value in the areas of green and sustainable housing, waste utilization, etc.

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Payá, Jordi, José Monzó, Josefa Roselló, María Victoria Borrachero, Alba Font, and Lourdes Soriano. "Sustainable Soil-Compacted Blocks Containing Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) Activated with Olive Stone BIOMASS Ash (OBA)." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 9824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239824.

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Soil stabilization using cementing materials is a well-known procedure for earth-based building blocks preparation. For the selected binding materials, innovation usually focuses on low carbon systems, many of which are based on alkaline activation. In the present paper, blast furnace slag (BFS) is used as a mineral precursor, and the innovative alkali activator was olive stone biomass ash (OBA). This means that the most important component in CO2 emissions terms, which is the alkali activator, has been replaced with a greener alternative: OBA. The OBA/BFS mixture was used to prepare compacted dolomitic soil blocks. These specimens were mechanically characterized by compression, and water strength coefficient and water absorption were assessed. The microstructure of blocks and the formation of cementing hydrates were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetry, respectively. The final compressive strength of the 120-day cured blocks was 27.8 MPa. It was concluded that OBA is a sustainable alkali activator alternative for producing BFS-stabilized soil-compacted blocks: CO2 emissions were 3.3 kgCO2/ton of stabilized soil, which is 96% less than that for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) stabilization.

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Bredenoord, Jan, Wutinai Kokkamhaeng, Pichit Janbunjong, Ongarj Nualplod, Suwatchai Thongnoy, Wasana Khongwong, Piyalak Ngernchuklin, and Aparat Mahakhant. "Interlocking Block Masonry (ISSB) for Sustainable Housing Purposes in Thailand, With Additional Examples From Cambodia and Nepal." Engineering Management Research 8, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/emr.v8n2p42.

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This paper is about Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSB) as developed in Thailand. ISSB are seen as an eco-friendly building material for home building and structures such as water tanks and sanitation facilities. For several decades the Thai R&D Institute TISTR has worked on developing and testing ISSB, which in other countries are called compressed stabilized earth blocks or CSEB. The composition of building blocks and the quality of building structures determine together the structural quality of the house or building. If there is a need for earthquake- and storm resistance, the building blocks and the structures must have specific features. Building stacked houses is an important issue given the growing scarcity of land for housing and the increasing land prices. ISSB is not only applied in Thailand, but also in Cambodia for low-cost housing and in Nepal for home reconstruction after the 2015 earthquake. ISSB or CSEB is also applied in other countries as an alternative building material and technology to replace the use of fired bricks and concrete building blocks for housing. Reducing the use of cement in the materials and structures is important for environmental reasons, but in ISSB/CSEB the use of cement as a stabilizer cannot always be avoided. This is surely the case in areas where earthquakes, heavy storms and floods can occur. Although this paper focuses mainly on technical aspects of sustainable housing and construction, there is also a focus on social sustainability, meaning a strong involvement of local communities in the production of sustainable building materials for walls, newly developed construction technologies, and mutual house and facility construction.

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Arairo, W., M. Saba, M. El Bachawati, J. Absi, and K. J. Kontoleon. "Mechanical characterization and environmental assessment of stabilized earth blocks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012060.

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Abstract Soil is a local material which allows populations in warm regions to better cope with severe environmental conditions. The materials’ performance depends on the chemical and physical nature of the soil. The greatest problem with these materials remains their high sensitivity to shrinkage, and their vulnerability in terms of cracking due to drying. These pathologies may lead to a radical decrease in their mechanical performance. Several works have indicated that the consideration of plant fibers, as reinforcement in earth materials, made it possible to avoid cracking, and, thus, ensure the stability of structures. These results are not generalizable and depend on the involved materials. This work aims to investigate different scenarios for the stabilization of earth blocks. In this context, the use of cement with two types of natural fibers for the stabilization of Lebanese earth blocks has been studied. The mechanical properties of stabilized earth blocks have shown that the developed mix provides suitable results compared to the traditional masonry block. The environmental impacts of earth blocks have been compared using SimaPro software. The results of this study show that the stabilized earth blocks are gaining their place as a sustainable, affordable building material suitable for low-cost construction.

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Amin, Maher O. "Effect of Gypsum Stabilization on Mechanical Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 20, no. 3 (August 31, 2013): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.20.3.09.

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There is a need for development of alternative materials for the building industry with low carbon footprint and at the same time saving energy. Clay has been used as a building material from the beginning of humankind. The Compressed Earth Blocks often referred to simply as CEB, is a type of manufactured construction material formed by the compression of the soil in a mold with the help of a manual or motorized press to form a regular block of appropriate shape and size. For the purpose of researches, the press is manufactured locally at Mosul Technical Institute. In the present work, the effect of semi-hydrate gypsum as stabilizer on some of the mechanical and physical properties of unfired CEB was determined. A series of test blocks were fabricated using a local soil stabilized with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% semi-hydrate gypsum, for each of the precedent ratios, three percentages of mixing water were used 10, 20 and 30%, and compacted with a manual press. Results for compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and drying shrinkage are presented in the paper. Results show that the addition of semi-hydrate gypsum improves the mechanical and physical properties of CEB. These preliminary results reinforce their suitability for application in low cost buildings.

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Santos de Oliveira, Leandro, Normando Perazzo Barbosa, Fabiana Silva Santos, and Carlos Maviael de Carvalho. "Stabilization of Raw Earth through Alkaline Activation." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.215.

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Stabilization is important in earthen construction in order to improve mechanical strength, volumetric stability, workability and even ductility. Currently, the products used to stabilize the earth are lime, Portland cement and bitumen emulsions. Due to the environmental problems that the mankind faces nowadays, the use of earthen construction is increasing. Adobe is the most traditional type of block used in masonry. To improve strength against water, a new way to stabilize this kind of unburned earth block is proposed by the alkaline activation of earth. This paper presents the first results about the experimentation made in the stabilization of soil with alkali activator. Two cure temperatures were tested: room temperature and oven at 50°C. The amounts of stabilizer used were 3% and 6% activator by mass of earth. Results show that it is possible for adobe blocks to be resistant to water action using the alkaline activation.

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Ranjan, Satish, and Tarun Sharma. "Evaluating the properties of compressed soil earth blocks after the addition of bagasse ash, marble powder and paddy straw." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012005.

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Abstract Constructing structures and their establishments with the help of non-toxic and ecological materials that reduce the environmental damages caused in the process and help protect nature can be termed sustainable construction. Red burnt clay bricks are being used for the construction which requires a lot of energy in the process. For the preparation of these bricks, cement is used as a stabilizer and we all are aware that the production of cement releases a lot of energy. Red burnt clay bricks are burnt in kilns which pollutes the environment. Many countries have started using compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) to overcome these situations. CSBEs are the blocks consisting of clay and one or more stabilizers which are compressed together with the help of a manual press or machines. This study used waste materials like rice straw, marble dust, and bagasse ash as stabilizers. Using waste materials in CSEBs can help us in sustainable development and also will help in reducing the cost of construction. In this study, rice straw is used in the percentages 0.75%, 0.90%, and 1.05%. Marble dust is used in the percentages of 8%, 10%, and 12%. And bagasse ash is used in the percentages of 27%, 32%, and 37%. A total of 27 combinations were selected with these percentages. And for each test, 2 blocks of size 220mm x 100mm x 100mm and beams of size 500mm x 100mm x 100mm were prepared. These blocks were cured by the sprinkling of water for 28 days. Various tests like OMC & MDD, and Flexural Strength were performed in this study.

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Sharma, Tarun, and Sandeep Singh. "Characteristics of unfired soil blocks stabilized with industrial waste and agricultural waste." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012041.

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Abstract The problem of pollution is on daily rise and environment protection is becoming challengeable task due to production of fired bricks and improper disposal of waste materials. This experimental investigation is conducted on unfired compacted soil block stabilized with waste materials. The waste materials utilized in this investigation were paddy straw fiber, sugarcane bagasse ash and marble dust because of their improper disposal and burning of paddy straw is one of them. Marble dust was put on at distinct percentages in the span of 25% to 35%, bagasse ash and paddy straw fibers (75mm length) were also added in varied %age. Experiments were conducted on the blocks to determine the compaction properties and compressive strength of the blocks. The outcome of this experimentation determined that the light weight unfired admixed soil block is achievable with optimum amount of waste materials. Also, inclusion of marble dust in soil block admixed with bagasse ash and paddy straw fiber increases the compressive strength.

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Raj, Aditya, Tarun Sharma, Sandeep Singh, Umesh Sharma, Prashant Sharma, Rajesh Singh, Shubham Sharma, et al. "Building a Sustainable Future from Theory to Practice: A Comprehensive PRISMA-Guided Assessment of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) for Construction Applications." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 9, 2023): 9374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129374.

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Compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) offer a cheaper and environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional building materials for construction. In addition to addressing waste disposal difficulties, the inclusion of waste additives may improve the characteristics of compressed earth blocks (CEBs). This article attempts to outline the findings of researchers who have utilized the various manufacturing processes and investigated the influence of binders and fibers on the properties of CEBs. A systematic search of Web of Science and Scopus electronic databases for works on soil blocks published between 2012 and 2022 yielded 445 articles, while reports, case studies, conference papers, and non-English articles were omitted. Keywords such as “Soil blocks”, “Earth bricks”, and others were used to identify eligible studies. This study has been segmented into five sections, including a descriptive examination of articles and authors who have investigated soil blocks, a comparative analysis based on their manufacturing processes, and physical, mechanical, and durability aspects of the CSEBs, which were analyzed to determine the impact of additives. The PRISMA 2020 standards were followed in the evaluation of each record, which resulted in the identification of 61 articles that were pertinent to the study’s objective. The comparative analysis of the articles reveals that the binders were more significant in improving the compressive strength, cyclic wetting-drying and erosion (durability) aspects of the soil blocks, while fibers were effective in enhancing their flexural and thermal performance. The literature review indicates that if the minimum permissible limits are met, waste materials have the potential to partially replace the soil. In addition, this study suggests establishing standardized manufacturing norms and testing protocols to ascertain the quality and safety of CSEBs used in construction. However, this study is constrained by the limited databases used, governed by keywords, electronic resources and timeframe that could be used as research avenues in the future.

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Li, Qin, and Ke Wei Sun. "Research on Environment-Friendly Soil Stabilizer Solidifying Buildings Residues for Paving Materials." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1155.

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Two groups of buildings residues was studied in the paper as to unconfined compressive strength, soaked unconfined compressive strength, shrinkage values, porosity. It is show that Q2 soil stabilizer can improve the micro-structure of solidified blocks of buildings sediment for dispersed sphere-shaped particles can be generated by Q2 soil stabilizer mixed with buildings residues and cement. As a result, the solidified block of buildings sediments was improved in the properties in its increased unconfined compressive strength, decreased shrinkage values and higher durability.

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Mrema, A. L. "Earth Building in Tanzania - Use of Soil Stabilized Bricks and Blocks." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 28, no. 1 (December 31, 2005): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v28i1.365.

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Galán-Marín, C., C. Rivera-Gómez, and F. Bradley. "Ultrasonic, Molecular and Mechanical Testing Diagnostics in Natural Fibre Reinforced, Polymer-Stabilized Earth Blocks." International Journal of Polymer Science 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/130582.

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The aim of this research study was to evaluate the influence of utilising natural polymers as a form of soil stabilization, in order to assess their potential for use in building applications. Mixtures were stabilized with a natural polymer (alginate) and reinforced with wool fibres in order to improve the overall compressive and flexural strength of a series of composite materials. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and mechanical strength testing techniques were then used to measure the porous properties of the manufactured natural polymer-soil composites, which were formed into earth blocks. Mechanical tests were carried out for three different clays which showed that the polymer increased the mechanical resistance of the samples to varying degrees, depending on the plasticity index of each soil. Variation in soil grain size distributions and Atterberg limits were assessed and chemical compositions were studied and compared. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) techniques were all used in conjunction with qualitative identification of the aggregates. Ultrasonic wave propagation was found to be a useful technique for assisting in the determination of soil shrinkage characteristics and fibre-soil adherence capacity and UPV results correlated well with the measured mechanical properties.

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Yang, Xinlei, and Hailiang Wang. "Strength of Hollow Compressed Stabilized Earth-Block Masonry Prisms." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 5, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7854721.

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Earth represents an ecological building material that is thought to reduce the carbon footprint at a point in its life cycle. However, it is very important to eliminate the undesirable properties of soil in an environmentally friendly way. Cement-stabilized rammed earth, as a building material, has gradually gained popularity due to its higher and faster strength gain, durability, and availability with a low percentage of cement. This paper covers a detailed study of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry prisms to establish the strength properties of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry. The test results for masonry prisms constructed with hollow compressed cement-stabilized blocks with two different strength grades and two earth mortars with different strengths are discussed.

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Gueffaf, Nezha, Bahia Rabehi, and Khaled Boumchedda. "Recycling Dam Sediments for the Elaboration of Stabilized Blocks." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 50 (September 2020): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.50.131.

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Through this work we propose one of the solutions that allow us to recycle dam sediments as a potential raw material for the development of stabilized soil blocks. For the stabilization of the prepared samples, different percentages of cement and lime were chosen respectively (0, 6, 8, 10 and 15%), (0, 5, 8 and 10%). Different compaction pressures 2, 5 and 7MPa are used. The tests carried out showed very interesting results on the mechanical strength for specimens stabilized with cement up to 8.32MPa for 15% and 5.67MPa for 10% of lime at 7MPa compaction. The obtained water absorption coefficient is about 2.6 for 15% cement and 4.04% for 10% lime; however a thermal conductivity of specimens with cement and lime is about 1.06 and 0.731W/m.k, respectively.

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Sharma, Tarun, Sandeep Singh, Parteek Singh Thind, Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan, Raman Kumar, Shubham Sharma, Wojciech Kaplonek, Nima Khalilpoor, and Alibek Issakhov. "A Systematic Review on the Performance Characteristics of Sustainable, Unfired Admixed Soil Blocks for Agricultural and Industrial Waste Management." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (October 6, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1749694.

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Unfired admixed soil blocks are composed of standard soil and a stabilizer or reinforcement material in the form of binder and fiber. This literature review systematically examines the performance characteristics of unfired admixed soil blocks made by using binders such as cement, lime, and other agricultural and industrial wastes available in the form of fibers and ash. A systematic search was carried out on Web of Science and SCOPUS using different keywords, and 313 records were found. After the screening and eligibility process as per PRISMA guidelines, 36 papers were eligible and hence selected to be reviewed and analyzed. This paper examines the performance characteristics of the blocks in terms of physical properties, mechanical properties, durability, microstructural evaluation, statistical analysis, cost analysis, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emission. It was found that of the total 9 parameters considered for discussion, most of the studies using different admixtures (binder and fibers) in soil blocks were focused on compressive strength testing of blocks, water absorption, and durability by wetting drying cycles. However, other parameters like bulk density, maximum dry density and optimum water content, thermal conductivity, tensile strength, and flexural strength examined in recent studies are also reported in this paper. This systematic review proposes some research problems to be worked on various additional parameters like linear shrinkage, pull out test, erosion test, sorptivity test, porosity, efflorescence, water permeability, freeze/thaw test, and analysis of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions during the manufacturing of unfired admixed soil blocks using various binders and fibers for further study which the current literature lacks.

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Muhwezi, Lawrence, and Stella Eve Achanit. "Effect of Sand on the Properties of Compressed Soil-Cement Stabilized Blocks." Colloid and Surface Science 4, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.css.20190401.11.

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Rivera, Jhonathan Fernando, Ruby Mejía de Gutiérrez, Sandra Ramirez-Benavides, and Armando Orobio. "Compressed and stabilized soil blocks with fly ash-based alkali-activated cements." Construction and Building Materials 264 (December 2020): 120285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120285.

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Abdulwahab, M. T., O. A. U. Uche, and G. Suleiman. "Mechanical properties of millet husk ash bitumen stabilized soil block." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 14, no. 1 (July 19, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v14i1.5.

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Malkanthi, S. N. "An Innovative Approach to Produce Soil-Based Building Products." Bolgoda Plains 01, no. 01 (October 2021): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/bprm.2021.17.

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Soil has been used as a building material in different forms, such as mud, adobe, rammed earth, and bricks. Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB), a form of soil blocks with different additives including cement, fly ash, and lime, is a sustainable building material with many advantages compared to other conventional building materials. The usual practice of past researchers in producing CSEB was to add different materials like sand to the soil to control its clay and silt (finer) content. A high level of finer content is not desirable when it comes to the strength and durability of CSEB. This study proposes to reduce/ extract the finer content in the soil by washing it using a conventional concrete mixing machine.

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Goutsaya, Janvier, Guy Edgar NTAMACK, Bienvenu Kenmeugne, and Saâd Charif d’Ouazzane. "Mechanical characteristics of compressed earth blocks, compressed stabilized earth blocks and stabilized adobe bricks with cement in the town of Ngaoundere - Cameroon." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v8i2.1441.

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The aim of this study is to examine the effects of cement stabilization on the mechanical stress of compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEBs) and adobe stabilized earth bricks (ASEBs). Hence, this work is based on an experimental study carried out in order to determine the geotechnical properties of the samples soil, namely, the dry particle size analysis after washing, the particle size distribution by sedimentometry, Atterberg limits, and the preparation of specimens with different levels of cement proportions. Moreover, single compression and three-point bending compression out on specimens measuring 4x4x4cm3 and 4x4x16cm3 respectively. The findings indicate that dosing with 8% cement results in a clear increase in compression stress of approximately 25.55% for CSEBs compared to the reference set at 0% and 22.85% for ASEBs. On the other hand, for a dosage of 4%, we observe a slight increase in stress by simple compression of around 3.26% for CSEBs and 3.14% for ASEBs. For three-point bending compression for a cement dosage of 8%, there is also an increase in stress of about 25% for the CSEBs compared to the reference taken at 0% and 23.02% for the ASEBs.

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Rajurkar, Vaishali, and A. Z. Chitade. "Study of Natural Fiber over Strength and Density of Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth Blocks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1193, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1193/1/012025.

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Abstract The promotion of sustainable materials is needed in the construction industry; in this study demolishing waste (DW) is used to replace natural sand. Initially, the test blocks were cast with the local soil and DW stabilized with 8% of cement at optimum moisture content. The blocks were prepared and tested; the required density of blocks was achieved through dynamic compaction and cured in a Gunny bag for 28 days. The effects of different compositions and different mix ratios between soil, DW, and FA (5–20%) and curtailing cement by 1% of the total mix. To improve the strength and durability of the material three different natural fibers i.e. wheat straw, jute, and coconut coir (0–2%) are randomly added by total weight. The density, tangent modulus (Ei) and wet strengthl of the geo material are investigated. The density of the block is reduced from 17.012 to 15.845kN/m3 with the addition in FA. The density of the mix increases considerably up to 10% FA and 1.5% of all fibers. Further addition of FA and fibers decreases the wet density and eventually the strength. The thermal conductivity of wheat straw is better but the wet cube compressive strength of blocks with coconut coir is 5.735 MPa around 40 to 45 % more than wheat straw at 1.5% fiber of total mix. Referring to the above study higher the density higher the strength and stiffness. It is observed from the above study that the range of Ei values is in between 5.5 to 9.75 MPa in moist conditions. The material developed in the study can be used as an energy-efficient, non-toxic and sustainable alternative to burnt bricks for load-bearing walls of low-rise buildings.

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