Статті в журналах: "Squalor"

1

Fitzpatrick, Mike. "Public Squalor, Private Squalor." British Journal of General Practice 58, no. 552 (July 1, 2008): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08x319549.

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2

Marsland, David. "Squalor." Social Policy & Administration 25, no. 1 (March 1991): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.1991.tb00350.x.

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3

Dumanis, Michael. "Squalor." Ploughshares 38, no. 1 (March 2012): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/plo.2012.a473902.

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4

Snowdon, John, Graeme Halliday, and Glenn E. Hunt. "Two types of squalor: findings from a factor analysis of the Environmental Cleanliness and Clutter Scale (ECCS)." International Psychogeriatrics 25, no. 7 (April 8, 2013): 1191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021300032x.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Most people who collect and hoard, and then have difficulty discarding items, do not live in squalor, even though accumulation of hoarded items can make cleaning very difficult. Commonly, people living in squalor accumulate garbage, but relatively few fulfill proposed criteria for “hoarding disorder.” We examined the overlap between hoarding and squalor among people referred because of unacceptable living conditions.Methods: Ongoing collection of data by a Squalor Project team, including ratings on the Environmental Cleanliness and Clutter Scale (ECCS), allowed (1) description of characteristics of cases and (2) examination of ratings of uncleanliness, and of the effect of accumulation of items or material on access within dwellings. Principal component analysis was used to examine latent variables underlying the ECCS.Results: The mean age of the referred occupants (108 male, 95 female) was 61.9 years. The mean ECCS score in 186 rated cases was 18.5. Factor analysis of ECCS data showed a two-factor solution as the most plausible. Factor 1, comprising seven squalor items, accounted for 33.7% of the variance. Factor 2 comprised reduced accessibility and accumulation of items of little value (variance 17.6%). Accumulation of garbage loaded equally on the two factors. High levels of squalor and/or accumulation were recorded in 105 (56%) of the 186 dwellings. One-third scored high on accumulation/hoarding, while 38% scored high on squalor; 15% scored high on both squalor and accumulation. A quarter of those scoring high on squalor scored low on hoarding/accumulation.Conclusions: The ECCS is useful when describing whether referred cases show high levels of squalor, hoarding, or both.

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5

Gleason, Andrew, Matthew Lewis, Sook Meng Lee, and Stephen Macfarlane. "A preliminary investigation of domestic squalor in people with a history of alcohol misuse: neuropsychological profile and hoarding behavior – an opportunistic observational study." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 11 (June 16, 2015): 1913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215000897.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Domestic squalor has been associated with alcohol misuse but little work has explored this. Executive dysfunction is commonly observed in squalor and is also associated with alcohol misuse. Hoarding can accompany squalor, but it is unclear whether hoarding is also linked with alcohol misuse. This study compared neuropsychology and hoarding status of individuals living in squalor with and without a history of alcohol misuse.Methods:A subgroup analysis was conducted on a series of 69 neuropsychological reports of people living in squalor. Data on cognitive profiles, basic demographics, alcohol use, and hoarding were extracted and analyzed.Results:Alcohol misuse was reported in 25 of the 69 participants (36%). Alcohol misusers were significantly younger (mean age 66.2 years, SD = 10.7) than non-misusers (mean age 75.6 years, SD = 10.3) (p < 0.00) and significantly more likely to be male (p = 0.01). No significant differences between the two subgroups were found for estimated premorbid intellectual functioning, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, or individual neuropsychological domains. Alcohol misusers were more likely to be living in squalor without hoarding than squalor with hoarding (p = 0.01).Conclusions:Alcohol misusers living in squalor were less likely to hoard than non-misusers. This finding suggests that alcohol misuse may be a risk factor for squalor via failure to maintain one's environment rather than through intentional accumulation of objects. The similar cognitive profile among those with and without a history of alcohol misuse could represent a common pattern of executive dysfunction that predisposes individuals to squalor regardless of underlying alcohol misuse diagnosis.

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6

McMillin, Arnold. "The Belarusian leadership, his country and squalor as depicted in the work of young Belarusian prose writers." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.3084.

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This article reviews some of the recent texts of young Belarusian prose writers about leadership, the country itself, squalor and alcohol abuse. The attitudes to the Leader in this highly varied selction of stories are at best humorous and more often disrespectful, whilst the picture of Belarus given is of a backward, sometimes squalid country with serious social problems, like violence and excessive drinking.

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7

Snowdon, John, and Graeme Halliday. "A study of severe domestic squalor: 173 cases referred to an old age psychiatry service." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 2 (August 3, 2010): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210000906.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Although community psychiatric services commonly encounter cases where intervention is needed due to persons’ unclean or cluttered living conditions, evidence concerning the referral rate and prevalence of severe domestic squalor is sparse.Methods: Between 2000 and 2009, ratings of cleanliness and clutter have been made in all cases of people living in squalor who have been referred to an old age psychiatry service in Central Sydney. Where possible, one-year follow-up was arranged.Results: 173 persons aged 65 years or more were referred to the service during the ten years and assessed as living in squalor (120 moderate or severe, two thirds of whom showed a moderate or severe degree of hoarding/clutter). Of 157 followed up after one year, 47% were still at home, 32% were in long-term care homes, 12% had moved elsewhere, and 9% had died. The annual new referral rate was close to 1 per 1000 elderly people in the catchment area, and of moderate or severe squalor was 0.66 per 1000. Limiting follow-up to those in moderate or severe squalor, 41% were still at home one year later. Current findings suggest that the minimum prevalence in the community of older people living in moderate or severe squalor in Sydney is 1 per 1000.Conclusions: The costs of intervening in cases of severe domestic squalor are considerable. Increased attention and funding are warranted, as the incidence and prevalence are higher than had previously been estimated.

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8

Gregory, Carol, Graeme Halliday, John Hodges, and John Snowdon. "Living in squalor: neuropsychological function, emotional processing and squalor perception in patients found living in squalor." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 5 (November 25, 2010): 724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210002103.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Patients living in squalor have a wide range of psychiatric diagnoses, but these may have a common neural basis involving frontal systems. This study investigated frontal executive function, theory of mind, emotional processing including disgust, and appreciation of squalor in elderly patients found living in squalor.Methods: Six patients referred to an old age psychiatry service underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests, assessment of living conditions and awareness of self and others’ squalor.Results: All six patients showed impairment in frontal executive function, typically accompanied by amnesic deficits. Theory of mind and emotional processing were surprisingly preserved. While five of the patients could recognize severely unclean or cluttered living conditions in newspaper photographs, more than half did not appreciate that their own living conditions were squalid.Conclusion: Deficits in frontal executive function appear important in the genesis of squalor although functions linked to orbito-frontal ability appear preserved.

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9

Snowdon, John, and Graeme Halliday. "How and when to intervene in cases of severe domestic squalor." International Psychogeriatrics 21, no. 6 (July 10, 2009): 996–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610209990597.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Little has been published concerning how best to intervene in cases of severe domestic squalor.Methods: Background literature and reports on how best to intervene in cases of severe domestic squalor were reviewed.Results: Reports by groups in London (Ontario), and Sydney (Australia) have provided recommendations for development of coordinated services to intervene in cases of squalor. Guidelines have been issued. Treatments for compulsive hoarding may contribute to improvement in cases where squalor is attributable to restricted access due to clutter.Conclusions: Effective interventions in cases of severe domestic squalor are commonly expensive and require good inter-agency collaboration. Budgetary support must be available to enable appropriate services to take on cases and provide case management.

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10

Lee, Sook Meng, Matthew Lewis, Deborah Leighton, Ben Harris, Brian Long, and Stephen Macfarlane. "Neuropsychological characteristics of people living in squalor." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 5 (February 4, 2014): 837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610213002640.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Squalor is an epiphenomenon associated with a range of medical and psychiatric conditions. People living in squalor are not well described in the literature, and prior work has indicated that up to 50% do not have a psychiatric diagnosis. Squalor appears to be linked with neuropsychological deficits suggestive of the presence of impaired executive function. We present a case series of people living in squalor that examines their neuropsychological assessment and diagnosis.Methods:Clinicians from local health networks were invited to submit neuropsychological reports of patients living in squalor. These selected reports were screened to ensure the presence of squalor and a comprehensive examination of a set of core neuropsychological domains. Assessments were included if basic attention, visuospatial reasoning, information processing speed, memory function, and executive function were assessed.Results:Sixty-nine neuropsychological reports were included. Sixty-eight per cent of the group underwent neuropsychological assessments during an inpatient admission. For participants where it was available (52/69), the mean Mini-Mental State Examination score was 25.29 (SD = 3.96). Neuropsychological assessment showed a range of cognitive impairment with nearly all the participants (92.75%) found to have frontal executive dysfunction. One person had an unimpaired neuropsychological assessment. Results indicated that dorsolateral prefrontal rather than orbitofrontal functions were more likely to be impaired. Vascular etiology was the most common cause implicated by neuropsychologists.Conclusions:Frontal executive dysfunction was a prominent finding in the neuropsychological profiles of our sample of squalor patients, regardless of their underlying medical or psychiatric diagnoses. Our study highlights the importance of considering executive dysfunction when assessing patients who live in squalor.

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11

Keane, Brigid. "Senile squalor syndrome." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 92, no. 8 (August 1999): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689909200829.

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12

Fry, David R. "Non-senile squalor." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 93, no. 2 (February 2000): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680009300224.

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13

Khan. "Hidden Saudi Squalor." Foreign Affairs 75, no. 4 (1996): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20047734.

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14

Halliday, Graeme, and John Snowdon. "The Environmental Cleanliness and Clutter Scale (ECCS)." International Psychogeriatrics 21, no. 6 (July 10, 2009): 1041–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610209990135.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Development of a scale to rate the degree and various aspects of uncleanliness will facilitate description and research in cases of severe domestic squalor.Methods: Discussion with representatives of relevant agencies led to selection of various aspects of domestic uncleanliness and clutter to be assessed when describing cases of squalor. Rooms and areas with varying functions (toilet, kitchen, bedroom, etc.) were all to be rated, along with other indicators of squalor (e.g. odor, vermin). Trial use and further discussion resulted in reduction to ten items, each rated on a four-point scale, with succinct descriptions of anchor-points. Two experienced psychogeriatricians then used this new Environmental Cleanliness and Clutter Scale (ECCS) to rate independently 55 dwellings which had been reported by Aged Care staff as cluttered or unclean, and also rated overall degree of squalor. Reliability and indications of validity were analyzed.Results: The inter-rater reliability for the ten items was considered satisfactory (κ 0.48, varying from 0.31 to 0.58). Cronbach's α for the new scale was 0.94, demonstrating high internal consistency. Each author's ratings of degree of squalor (none to severe) matched well with the other's ratings on the scale; a score of >12 usually indicated moderate or severe squalor.Conclusion: The ECCS proved reliable and useful in rating cases where elderly people were living in severe domestic squalor.

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15

Gleason, Andrew, Danielle Perkes, and Anne PF Wand. "Managing hoarding and squalor." Australian Prescriber 44, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2021.020.

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16

Shah, A. "Squalor Syndrome: a Viewpoint." Australian Journal on Ageing 14, no. 4 (November 1995): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1995.tb00726.x.

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17

Lev, Leora. "With Love and Squalor." American Book Review 27, no. 4 (2006): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/abr.2006.0160.

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18

Shaw, Therese, and Ajit Shah. "Squalor Syndrome and Psychogeriatric Admissions." International Psychogeriatrics 8, no. 4 (December 1996): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610296002979.

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A series of patients with the squalor syndrome who were admitted to a psychogeriatric ward were compared with those without the syndrome. Patients with squalor syndrome recieved a greater number of services prior to admission, were less likely to be on psychotropic medication prior to admission, had longer length of hospital admission, and were discharged to a “more dependent” accommodation facility. These findings, methodological difficulties, and avenues for future research are discussed.

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19

Drummond, Lynne M., Joanne Turner, and Steven Reid. "Diogenes' syndrome — a load of old rubbish?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 14, no. 3 (September 1997): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700003190.

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AbstractObjective: It has been suggested that presentation with self-neglect, domestic squalor and hoarding, represents a distinct syndrome, widely known as Diogenes' syndrome. The validity of this syndrome is controversial and we suggest that in previous series of such patients other psychiatric diagnoses, particularly obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), may have been missed.Method: A series of 50 patients admitted for treatment of OCD were examined, looking for presentation with self-neglect, domestic squalor and hoarding. Response to treatment was also measured by comparing pre and post-treatment scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and Activity Checklist.Results: Of the sample 8% presented with all three features. This sub-group of patient had a poorer outcome than other patients with OCD.Conclusion: Presentation with self-neglect, domestic squalor and hoarding is not uncommon in patients with severe OCD and this supports the suggestion that patients previously described as having Diogenes' syndrome may have had undiagnosed OCD.

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20

Snowdon, John, Ajit Shah, and Graeme Halliday. "Severe domestic squalor: a review." International Psychogeriatrics 19, no. 01 (September 14, 2006): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610206004236.

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21

Sands, Nathan. "Book review: Squalor." Capital & Class 47, no. 3 (September 2023): 501–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03098168231190166a.

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22

Clark, Joan. "Senile squalor syndrome: two unusual cases." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 92, no. 3 (March 1999): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689909200313.

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23

Funayama, Michitaka, Masaru Mimura, Yuko Koshibe, and Yutaka Kato. "Squalor Syndrome After Focal Orbitofrontal Damage." Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology 23, no. 2 (June 2010): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnn.0b013e3181d746ba.

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24

Robinson, Peter. "IPPR Indicators: Private affluence, public squalor." New Economy 8, no. 1 (March 2001): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0041.00179.

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25

Sutherland, Antony, and Stephen Macfarlane. "Domestic squalor: Who should take responsibility?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 7 (April 7, 2014): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867414530478.

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26

Luu, May, Nathanael Lauster, Christiana Bratiotis, Jesse Edsell-Vetter, and Sheila R. Woody. "Squalor in community-referred hoarded homes." Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 19 (October 2018): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.08.005.

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27

Cybulska, E. "Senile squalor: Plyushkin's not Diogenes' syndrome." Psychiatric Bulletin 22, no. 5 (May 1998): 319–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.5.319.

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Some names appear to stick to syndromes or diseases like a proverbial glue, regardless of their total inappropriateness. Gross self-neglect in old age characterised by domestic squalor, social withdrawal, apathy, tendency to hoard rubbish (syllogomania) and a lack of shame was originally reported by Macmillan & Shaw in 1966 and subsequently ‘christened’ by Clark et al as Diogenes∗ syndrome in 1975. Post (1982) preferred the term ‘senile recluse’ and argued that this is not a syndrome but merely an end stage of personality disorder. It was usually extremely difficult to help these patients, as one's care and goodwill often met with hostility and blunt refusal to cooperate (Cybulska & Rucinski, 1986). More recent studies, however, have shown a strong association of this condition with frontal lobe dysfunction (Orrell & Sahakian, 1991), thus giving a psychiatrist of old age a somewhat firmer basis for action.

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28

GUPTA, MANAN, RAM J. BISHNOI, and JASON E. SCHILLERSTROM. "Neurobiological Mediators of Squalor-dwelling Behavior." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 23, no. 5 (September 2017): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000253.

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29

KAHN, DAVID A. "Neurobiological Mediators of Squalor-dwelling Behavior." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 23, no. 5 (September 2017): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pra.0000000000000259.

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30

Sadlier, Matthew, Colm Cooney, Eimer Philbin-Bowman, and Aideen Lewis. "Diogenes syndrome and autistic spectrum disorder." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, no. 4 (December 2011): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s079096670001171x.

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AbstractDiogenes syndrome or senile squalor syndrome has been described in the psychiatric literature with an associated mental illness in between one half and two thirds of the cases cited. The occurrence of the syndrome in the absence of a psychiatric disorder has received much attention with many hypotheses proposed. We present the case of a 72-year-old man living for many years in domestic squalor whose presentation, neuropsychological profile and history suggest an underlying autistic spectrum disorder. We are not aware of any similar case in an older adult reported in the medical literature. The co-occurrence of these two conditions is an intriguing one as certain key features of autistic spectrum disorder may predispose to Diogenes syndrome.

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31

Cullen, Ross. "Himalayan Mountaineering Expedition Garbage." Environmental Conservation 13, no. 4 (1986): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900035335.

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Expedition garbage is an unfortunate by-product of Himalayan mountaineering expeditions. High transport costs, lack of concern amongst climbers, and lack of direction by authorities, results in squalid garbage heaps around mountain campsites. Growth in numbers of expeditions, climbers, and trekkers, to the Himalaya necessitates prompt action to prevent despoliation of those areas.Such despoliation of campsites by inadequate treatment or unsatisfactory disposal practices cannot be halted by reliance on improved climber behaviour alone. Host-country authorities must develop and enforce more comprehensive guidelines and policies for garbage disposal than currently prevail. A combination of burning and transport to pits off-site seems likely to be typically the best disposal practice to follow. A combination of change in expedition behaviour, provision of leadership in garbage disposal, and use of environmental protection levies, seems necessary to combat the problem of growing squalor at campsites and expanding desecration of surrounding areas.

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32

Rubert, Steven Craig, and Rene Loewenson. "Modern Plantation Agriculture: Corporate Wealth and Labour Squalor." International Journal of African Historical Studies 26, no. 2 (1993): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219579.

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33

Shenton, Bob, and Rene Loewenson. "Modern Plantation Agriculture: Corporate Wealth and Public Squalor." Labour / Le Travail 34 (1994): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143894.

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34

Shah, A. K. "The Use of Legislation in Cases of Squalor." Medicine, Science and the Law 35, no. 1 (January 1995): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249503500108.

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35

Hope, B. "Half of the world lives in "medieval" squalor." BMJ 315, no. 7102 (July 26, 1997): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7102.205h.

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36

Halliday, Graeme, Sube Banerjee, Michael Philpot, and Alastair Macdonald. "Community study of people who live in squalor." Lancet 355, no. 9207 (March 2000): 882–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)06250-9.

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37

Walsh, Sarah. "Living in squalor—life of a medical student." Lancet 355, no. 9215 (May 2000): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)72560-5.

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38

Rasmussen, Jessica L., Gail Steketee, Randy O. Frost, David F. Tolin, and Timothy A. Brown. "Assessing Squalor in Hoarding: The Home Environment Index." Community Mental Health Journal 50, no. 5 (December 1, 2013): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-013-9665-8.

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39

HELMAN, ANAT. "Cleanliness and squalor in inter-war Tel-Aviv." Urban History 31, no. 1 (May 2004): 72–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926804001798.

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Pressures for cleanliness in inter-war Tel-Aviv stemmed from the British government, the autonomous Jewish Municipality, local residents and visiting Zionists. This article reconstructs Tel-Aviv's sanitation during the 1920s and 1930s, describes and analyses attempts to clean the urban public space and their limited success. It is argued that the sanitary reality and the issue of cleanliness and squalor in Tel-Aviv, ‘The First Hebrew City’, reflected British colonial policies, Zionist national ideologies, ethnic and social stereotypes.

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40

Browne, Debbie, and Rekha Hegde. "Diogenes syndrome: patients living with hoarding and squalor." Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry 19, no. 5 (September 2015): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pnp.396.

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41

Loska, Elżbieta. "Jak uniknąć skazania w rzymskim procesie karnym? – kilka porad praktycznych." Acta Iuridica Resoviensia 33, no. 2 (2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/actaires.2021.2.6.

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The text is based on an analysis of source texts and literature on the subject related to the question of how in republican Rome a perpetrator tried to avoid the punishment prescribed for his deed. The article deals mainly with the so-called squalor practice. Its purpose was to convince the criminal court that the accused was innocent. According to tradition, the accused appeared at the trial in dark, often tattered robes, unkempt, unshaven, as if in mourning. This was to prove that the accusation was unfair and harmful. This practice is illustrated by the example of three trials: that of Publius Cornelius Scipio, Rutilius Rufus and Titus Annius Milo. The course of these trials differed a lot: the content of the accusation, the defendant’s guilt, his willingness to act in accordance with the accepted tradition, the attitude of Roman society towards it, and the consequences of not using squalor. In each of these cases, however, the accused resigned from wearing mourning robes during the trial, which was supposed to demonstrate his attitude to the charges against him.

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42

Lee, Sook Meng, Matthew Lewis, Deborah Leighton, Ben Harris, Brian Long, and Stephen Macfarlane. "A comparison of the neuropsychological profiles of people living in squalor without hoarding to those living in squalor associated with hoarding." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 32, no. 12 (December 2, 2016): 1433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4631.

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43

Vostanis, Panos, and Christine Dean. "Self-neglect in Adult Life." British Journal of Psychiatry 161, no. 2 (August 1992): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.161.2.265.

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Two cases of self-neglect in adult patients with no psychiatric diagnosis are reported. The presentation included domestic squalor and hoarding of rubbish, with the patients living alone and having a history of schizoid and paranoid personality traits. Both refused all recommended help. A move to more protected accommodation was the only practical measure that led to a degree of improvement.

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McDermott, Shannon, Kathinka Linahan, and Barbara Jean Squires. "Older People Living in Squalor: Ethical and Practical Dilemmas." Australian Social Work 62, no. 2 (June 2009): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03124070902789112.

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Mendelsohn, Oliver. "Hope beyond the squalor—the police panchayat of Mumbai." Indian Law Review 2, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24730580.2018.1561603.

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Snowdon, John. "Severe domestic squalor: Time to sort out the mess." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 7 (April 29, 2014): 682–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867414533160.

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Proctor, Carmel, and Sakib Rahman. "Diogenes Syndrome: Identification and Distinction from Hoarding Disorder." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2021 (November 25, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2810137.

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“Severe domestic squalor” or Diogenes syndrome is characterised by extreme self-neglect of environment, health, and hygiene, excessive hoarding, squalor, social withdrawal, and a distinct lack of concern or shame regarding one’s living condition. This report presents a case of a 51-year-old male admitted to the hospital psychiatric ward following the police removing him from his home. Police officers attended the man’s home following the alarm being raised by his stepfather that he had not been seen or heard from in 3 weeks. His home was covered in several feet of rubbish, rotting food, and debris and smelled intensely of rotting mould, urine, and faeces. He was found lying nude on top of garbage with a rug over him. Diogenes syndrome is highly comorbid with psychiatric and somatic disorders, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, personality disorder, and stress. This case report provides a rare opportunity to better understand the distinction of Diogenes syndrome from the closely related condition hoarding disorder. Furthermore, creating an agreed-upon constellation of symptoms representative of Diogenes is essential to creating a formal Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) entry, which would facilitate the much-needed development of assessment measures to enable accurate diagnosis and treatment.

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Snowdon, John, Alberto Pertusa, and David Mataix-Cols. "ON HOARDING AND SQUALOR: A FEW CONSIDERATIONS FOR DSM-5." Depression and Anxiety 29, no. 5 (May 2012): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.21943.

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Wrigley, Margo, and Colm Cooney. "Diogenes syndrome — an Irish series." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 9, no. 1 (May 1992): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700013896.

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AbstractObjective: Diogenes syndrome or the senile squalor syndrome is characterised by gross self neglect, domestic squalor and social withdrawal. Two series of such patients have been described in Britain. This paper examines the frequency and characteristics of the syndrome in an Irish urban population and discusses the management issues involved. Method: Detailed demographic, social, medical and psychiatric data was collected on all patients fulfilling the criteria for Diogenes syndrome who were referred to the North Dublin Old Age Psychiatry Service over a two year period 1989-1990. Results: Twenty nine cases (5% of all referrals) were identified giving an incidence rate of 0.5% per annum. Most were single or widowed (83%), and living alone (72%). 79% were known to the public health nurse and 59% had at least one medical problem. The commonest reason for referral was self-neglect. Thirteen suffered from senile dementia, three had schizophrenia, three were alcohol dependent and 10 had no psychiatric diagnosis. Subsequently, 12 patients remained at home, 12 moved into residential care and five died. Conclusion: The patients in this Irish series resemble those in the two British series. Management issues emphasised are the need to consider each patient as an individual and to balance risk with the right to self-determination. The role of care teams for the elderly in overall management is discussed.

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Castro, L. C., and O. Ribeiro. "Diogenes Syndrome and Pathological Hoarding Behaviour: A Case Report." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71324-0.

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Background:Diogenes syndrome is the combination of severe self-neglect, domestic squalor, social withdrawal, a tendency to hoard excessively, and refusal of help, in elderly patients.Aim:To report a case of Diogenes’ syndrome underlying the impact of pathological hoarding behaviour in the quality of life of the patient. to discuss the pathological hoarding behaviour (syllogomania) in the context of this specific behavioural disorder.Methods:Case study and review of the literature.Results:The subject of this case study is a 78-year-old man with Diogenes syndrome. Hoarding behaviour is the major presentation symptom in this case, along with domestic squalor and social withdrawal. He has marked obsessive personality traits, no insight for his morbid condition and an attitude of refusal of treatment.Discussion:The literature reveals high comorbidity of Diogenes syndrome with psychiatric and somatic disorders. Some authors raise the possibility that obsessive-compulsive disorder may be the cause of hoarding rubbish in those cases of Diogenes syndrome in which hoarding exists and cannot be better explained by other psychopathology. other authors hypothesise Diogenes syndrome as a reaction to stress in elderly people with certain personality characteristics or as the end stage of a personality disorder. the ethiopathogeny of Diogenes syndrome remains unclear and there is no consensus about diagnostic criteria. It is a relevant area for future research, contributing for a better comprehension of the differential diagnosis of pathological hoarding behaviour and late life psychopathology.

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