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Статті в журналах з теми "Sprinting"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 19 лютого 2023

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1

Zahedi, Seyed Majid, Songchun Fan, Matthew Faw, Elijah Cole, and Benjamin C. Lee. "Computational Sprinting." ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 34, no. 4 (January 16, 2017): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3014428.

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2

SALO, AKI I. T., IAN N. BEZODIS, ALAN M. BATTERHAM, and DAVID G. KERWIN. "Elite Sprinting." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, no. 6 (June 2011): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318201f6f8.

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3

Fuchs, Robin, and Lynn T. Staheli. "Sprinting and Intoeing." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 16, no. 4 (July 1996): 489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-199607000-00013.

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4

Dubois, Paul F. "Sprinting Ain’t Easy." Computing in Science & Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 2008): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2008.13.

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5

Gibala, Martin J., and John A. Hawley. "Sprinting Toward Fitness." Cell Metabolism 25, no. 5 (May 2017): 988–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.030.

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6

FORD, JASON. "Sprinting a marathon." Engineer 300, no. 7918 (June 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0013-7758(22)90454-4.

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7

Manzer, S., K. Mattes, and K. Holländer. "Kinematic Analysis of Sprinting Pickup Acceleration versus Maximum Sprinting Speed." journal biology of exercise 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4127/jbe.2016.0109.

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8

Brüggemann, Gert‐Peter, Adamantios Arampatzis, Frank Emrich, and Wolfgang Potthast. "Biomechanics of double transtibial amputee sprinting using dedicated sprinting prostheses." Sports Technology 1, no. 4-5 (January 2008): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19346182.2008.9648476.

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9

McNabb, Jacob A., Trisha A. VanDusseldorp, Garret M. Hester, Yuri Feito, and Gerald T. Mangine. "Increased Resisted Sprinting Load Decreases Bilateral Asymmetry in Sprinting Kinetics." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 5S (May 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000535229.79840.94.

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10

Pietraszewski, Przemysław, Artur Gołaś, and Michał Krzysztofik. "Comparison of Muscle Activity During 200 m Indoor Curve and Straight Sprinting in Elite Female Sprinters." Journal of Human Kinetics 80, no. 1 (October 31, 2021): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0111.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess whether peak surface electromyography (sEMG) amplitude of selected lower limb muscles differed during a) curve and straight sprinting, b) sprinting in inside and outside lanes between lower limbs. Eleven well-trained female sprinters (personal best: 24.1 ± 1.1 s) were included in a randomized within-subject design study, in which participants underwent two experimental conditions: all-out 200 m indoor sprints in the innermost and outermost lane. Peak sEMG amplitude was recorded bilaterally from gastrocnemius medialis, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, tibialis anterior, and vastus lateralis muscles. Left gastrocnemius medialis peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher than for the right leg muscle during curve (p = 0.011) and straight sprinting (p < 0.001) when sprinting in the inside lane, and also significantly higher when sprinting in the inside vs. outside lane for both curve and straight sprinting (p = 0.037 and p = 0.027, respectively). Moreover, left biceps femoris peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher during straight sprinting in the inside vs. outside lane (p = 0.006). Furthermore, right and left vastus lateralis peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher during curve sprinting in the inside lane (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively) and for the left leg muscle peak sEMG amplitude was significantly higher during curve compared to straight sprinting in the outside lane (p = 0.024). Results indicate that curve sprinting creates greater demands mainly for the gastrocnemius medialis of the inner than the outer leg, but the degree of these requirements seems to depend on the radius of the curve, thus significant changes were noted during sprinting in the inside lane, but not in the outside lane.

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11

Mattes, Klaus, Stefanie Wolff, and Shahab Alizadeh. "Kinematic Stride Characteristics of Maximal Sprint Running of Elite Sprinters – Verification of the “Swing-Pull Technique”." Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0008.

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Abstract Maximum sprinting speed constitutes an optimum relation between the stride length and the step rate in addition to an appropriate sprinting technique. The kinematics of the sprint step at maximum sprinting speed have already been examined in numerous studies, without reaching a consensus. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between maximum sprinting speed and the stride kinematics based on the “Swing-Pull Technique”. German elite sprinters (N = 26, body height = 182 ± 6 cm, leg length 93.8 ± 4.1 cm) were tested while performing a 30-meter flying sprint at maximum sprinting speed. The relationship between sprinting speed and kinematic variables was determined via Pearson correlation. Sprinting speed (10.1 – 11.3 m/s) correlated with stride length (r = 0.53), ground contact time (r = -0.53) and variables from the technique model: the knee angle at the end of the knee lift swing (r = 0.40), the maximum knee angle prior to backswing (r = 0.40), the hip extension angle velocity (r = 0.63), and vertical foot velocity (r = 0.77) during pre-support, the ankle angle at the take-on (r = -0.43), knee flexion (r = -0.54), and knee extension (r = -0.47) during support. The results indicate that greater stride length, smaller contact time, and the mentioned kinematic step characteristics are relevant for the production of maximum sprinting speed in athletes at an intermediate to advanced performance level. The association of sprinting speed and these features should primarily be taken into account in conditioning and technical training.

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12

Sankar Ghosh, Sandip, Prosenjit Roy, Raju Biswas, and Biswajit Biswas. "Effect of Twelve Week Hypergravity Training on Sprinting Speed of the Cricketers." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 10, no. 3 (July 31, 2022): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.10n.3p.64.

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Background: Sprinting speed as a derivative of lower-body power is considered to be the most vital component of physical ability of the players. Traditional training methods fail to improve sprinting speed of the experienced players up to a certain limit that demands newer training means for further development of speed. Hypergravity Training (HT) has been identified as such a new type of training that was used by few researchers for the improvement of sprinting speed and power of the experienced rugby and soccer players. But it has still not been implemented on the cricketers for the development of sprinting speed. Objective: Therefore, the current randomized control trial was directed to assess the development of sprinting speed of the cricketers through the implementation of HT in comparison with the Normalgravity Training (NT) condition. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental research work. One hundred and five (N=105) state cricketers were selected as subjects. The participants were split into three equal groups (n=35 each) viz. i) Normalgravity Training Group (NGTG), ii) Hypergravity Training Group (HGTG) iii) Control Group (CG). NGTG HGTG groups underwent the same exercise protocol for the periods of twelve weeks in normal hypergravity conditions respectively whereas CG was free from the training intervention. Sprinting speed of the cricketers was measured by a 30m run test. ANCOVA preceded by Tukey’s LSD test were performed for data analysis. Statistical significance was examined at p.05 level. Results: Significant F-value (F=61.122; p 0.001) was observed. Sprinting speed of both training groups (NGTG HGTG) improved significantly (Mean Diff=1.28 0.86; Critical Diff =0.41) in comparison to the CG. HGTG also differed significantly (Mean Diff =0.42; Critical Diff =0.41) when compared with NGTG in sprinting speed. Conclusions: The sprinting speed of HGTG improved better than NGTG. Therefore, HT is found as an effective training means for developing sprinting speed.

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13

Nagahara, Ryu, Yohei Takai, Miki Haramura, Mirai Mizutani, Akifumi Matsuo, Hiroaki Kanehisa, and Tetsuo Fukunaga. "Age-Related Differences in Spatiotemporal Variables and Ground Reaction Forces During Sprinting in Boys." Pediatric Exercise Science 30, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0058.

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Purpose:We aimed to elucidate age-related differences in spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during sprinting in boys over a broad range of chronological ages.Methods:Ground reaction force signals during 50-m sprinting were recorded in 99 boys aged 6.5–15.4 years. Step-to-step spatiotemporal variables and mean forces were then calculated.Results:There was a slower rate of development in sprinting performance in the age span from 8.8 to 12.1 years compared with younger and older boys. During that age span, mean propulsive force was almost constant, and step frequency for older boys was lower regardless of sprinting phase. During the ages younger than 8.8 years and older than 12.1 years, sprint performance rapidly increased with increasing mean propulsive forces during the middle acceleration and maximal speed phases and during the initial acceleration phase.Conclusion:There was a stage of temporal slower development of sprinting ability from age 8.8 to 12.1 years, being characterized by unchanged propulsive force and decreased step frequency. Moreover, increasing propulsive forces during the middle acceleration and maximal speed phases and during the initial acceleration phase are probably responsible for the rapid development of sprinting ability before and after the period of temporal slower development of sprinting ability.

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14

Jastremski, Kim, Goran Simić, and David Harsent. "Sprinting from the Graveyard." World Literature Today 72, no. 4 (1998): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40154405.

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15

Fan, Songchun, Seyed Majid Zahedi, and Benjamin C. Lee. "The Computational Sprinting Game." ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 44, no. 2 (July 29, 2016): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2980024.2872383.

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16

Glaister, Mark, Stephen D. Patterson, Paul Foley, Charles R. Pedlar, John R. Pattison, and Gillian McInnes. "Caffeine and Sprinting Performance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26, no. 4 (April 2012): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822ba300.

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17

Kistemaker, Dinant, and Herre Faber. "Stepping back in sprinting." Journal of Biomechanics 35, no. 3 (March 2002): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00207-x.

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18

Greene, Peter R. "Sprinting with banked turns." Journal of Biomechanics 20, no. 7 (January 1987): 667–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(87)90033-9.

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19

Fan, Songchun, Seyed Majid Zahedi, and Benjamin C. Lee. "The Computational Sprinting Game." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 51, no. 4 (June 9, 2016): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2954679.2872383.

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20

Fan, Songchun, Seyed Majid Zahedi, and Benjamin C. Lee. "The Computational Sprinting Game." ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 50, no. 2 (March 25, 2016): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2954680.2872383.

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21

Haugen, Thomas A., Espen Tønnessen, Jonny Hisdal, and Stephen Seiler. "The Role and Development of Sprinting Speed in Soccer." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 3 (May 2014): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0121.

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The overall objective of this review was to investigate the role and development of sprinting speed in soccer. Time–motion analyses show that short sprints occur frequently during soccer games. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action before goals, both for the scoring and assisting player. Straight-line sprinting velocity (both acceleration and maximal sprinting speed), certain agility skills, and repeated-sprint ability are shown to distinguish groups from different performance levels. Professional players have become faster over time, indicating that sprinting skills are becoming more and more important in modern soccer. In research literature, the majority of soccer-related training interventions have provided positive effects on sprinting capabilities, leading to the assumption that all kinds of training can be performed with success. However, most successful intervention studies are time consuming and challenging to incorporate into the overall soccer training program. Even though the principle of specificity is clearly present, several questions remain regarding the optimal training methods within the larger context of the team-sport setting. Considering time-efficiency effects, soccer players may benefit more by performing sprint-training regimens similar to the progression model used in strength training and by world-leading athletics practitioners, compared with the majority of guidelines that traditionally have been presented in research literature.

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22

Nagahara, Ryu, Mirai Mizutani, Akifumi Matsuo, Hiroaki Kanehisa, and Tetsuo Fukunaga. "Association of Step Width with Accelerated Sprinting Performance and Ground Reaction Force." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 07 (May 8, 2017): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-106191.

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AbstractThis study aimed to describe changes in step width (SW) during accelerated sprinting, and to clarify the relationship of SW with sprinting performance and ground reaction forces. 17 male athletes performed maximal-effort 60 m sprints. The SW and other spatiotemporal variables, as well as ground reaction impulses, over a 52 m distance were calculated. Average values for each 4 steps during acceleration were calculated to examine relationships among variables in different sections. The SW rapidly decreased up to the 13th step and slightly afterward during accelerated sprinting, showing a bilinear phase profile. The ratio of SW to the stature was significantly correlated with running speed based on average values over the 52 m distance and in the 9th–12th step section during accelerated sprinting. The SW ratio positively correlated with medial, lateral and mediolateral impulses in all step sections, except for medial impulse in the 17th–20th step section. These results indicate the importance of wider SW for better sprinting performance, especially in the 9th–12th step section. Moreover, the wider SW was associated with larger medial impulse and smaller lateral impulse, suggesting that a wide SW contributes to the production of greater mediolateral body velocity during accelerated sprinting.

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23

Emonds, Anna Lena, and Katja Mombaur. "Optimality Studies of Human Sprinting Motions with and Without Running-Specific Prostheses." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 16, no. 03 (June 2019): 1940003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843619400036.

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Due to the remarkable performances of some amputee athletes, the power of their running-specific prostheses came to the fore of the discussions. The aim of our study was to compare non-amputee and amputee sprinting motions resulting from optimization using combinations of eight optimality criteria with either fixed or free average velocity. For the description of the amputee and the non-amputee athlete, we created rigid multi-body system models with 16 degrees of freedom in the sagittal plane. Each sprinting motion is the solution of a specific optimal control problem with periodicity and dynamic constraints. We found realistic human-like sprinting motions for both the non-amputee and the amputee athlete. We compared the optimized solutions to dynamics-reconstructed solutions from motion capture data and determined similarity measures for each of them. The investigation of the amputee athlete’s joint torques and ground reaction forces revealed that the real amputee athlete does not exploit the functionality of his running-specific prosthesis as much as the model. The optimal control problems with free average velocity generated human-like sprinting motions as well. However, for specific objective functions the velocities exceed the fastest measured velocities in human sprinting.

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24

Van Den Tillaar, Roland, Amaro Teixeira, and Daniel Marinho. "Acute effect of resisted sprinting upon regular sprint performance." Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 23 (January 18, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/akut.2017.23.02.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of resisted sprinting upon running sprint performance. Thirty male athletes from track and field (age: 21.2±2.9 yrs, body mass: 69.8±9.8 kg, height: 1.75±0.08 m) performed two different test sessions (one day of 7×60 m runs alternating between regular and resisted sprinting and the other day 7×60 m of regular sprints) with 5 min between each run. Sled towing individually weighted to 10% of each participant’s body mass was used as resistance for the resisted sprints. It was found that training with or without resistance had the same effect; there is no acute effect of resisted sprinting upon sprint performance after using resisted runs. It was concluded that resisted sprinting does not have any acute positive effect upon regular sprints of 60 m, but only a fatiguing effect.

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25

Firdaus, Kamal. "THE EFFECT OF REPETITION EXERCISE METHOD AND INTENSIVE INTERVAL EXERCISE METHOD ON THE STUDENTSâ€™ 100 METER SPRINTING ABILITY AT SMP N 1 PARIAMAN." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 10, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 2168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v10i4.4714.

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This research was derived from the problems indicating that the students had lack of capability in 100 meterÂ sprinting. This could be seen from the result of local sport competition held annually. This research sought toÂ explain the improvement of the studentsâ€™ 100 meter sprinting ability by using Repetition Exercise Method andÂ Intensive Interval Method. The subject of the research was 22 students at SMP N 1 Pariaman. They wereÂ chosen based on their ability in 100 meter sprinting which was lower compared to those from other schools.This was an experimental research which applied quantitative approach. The research was conducted in 16Â meetings from May to June 2014. The data gathered were in the form of quantitative data. They wereÂ obtained through 100 meter sprinting test. The results of data analysis revealed that: (1) the value of tcalculatedÂ gotten by applying Repetition Exercise Method was higher (12.14) than that of ttable (1.812) indicating that theÂ use of that method significantly exerted an influence upon the studentsâ€™ 100 meter sprinting ability at SMPNegeri 1 Pariaman, (2) the value of tcalculated gotten by applying Intensive Interval Method was higher (3.27)Â than that of ttable (1.812) indicating that the use of that method significantly exerted an influence upon theÂ studentsâ€™ 100 meter sprinting ability at SMP Negeri 1 Pariaman, and (3) there was no significant differentÂ between the use of Repetition Exercise Method and Intensive Interval Method at SMP Negeri 1 Pariaman inÂ which the value of tcalculated (0.28) was higher than ttable (1.860).Â

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26

Martínez-Serrano, Antonio, Elena Marín-Cascales, Konstantinos Spyrou, Tomás T. Freitas, and Pedro E. Alcaraz. "Electromyography, Stiffness and Kinematics of Resisted Sprint Training in the Specialized SKILLRUN® Treadmill Using Different Load Conditions in Rugby Players." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 7482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227482.

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This study’s aim was to analyze muscle activation and kinematics of sled-pushing and resisted-parachute sprinting with three load conditions on an instrumentalized SKILLRUN® treadmill. Nine male amateur rugby union players (21.3 ± 4.3 years, 75.8 ± 10.2 kg, 176.6 ± 8.8 cm) performed a sled-push session consisting of three 15-m repetitions at 20%, 55% and 90% body mas and another resisted-parachute session using three different parachute sizes (XS, XL and 3XL). Sprinting kinematics and muscle activity of three lower-limb muscles (biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM)) were measured. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) showed that higher loads during the sled-push increased (VL) (p ≤ 0.001) and (GM) (p ≤ 0.001) but not (BF) (p = 0.278) activity. Furthermore, it caused significant changes in sprinting kinematics, stiffness and joint angles. Resisted-parachute sprinting did not change kinematics or muscle activation, despite producing a significant overload (i.e., speed loss). In conclusion, increased sled-push loading caused disruptions in sprinting technique and altered lower-limb muscle activation patterns as opposed to the resisted-parachute. These findings might help practitioners determine the more adequate resisted sprint exercise and load according to the training objective (e.g., power production or speed performance).

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27

Druz, Valeriy, Maryna Omelchenko, and Dmytro Omelchenko. "Bases of technique of sprinting." Слобожанський науково-спортивний вісник 47, no. 3 (June 30, 2015): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2015-3.007.

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28

Thelen, Darryl G., Elizabeth S. Chumanov, Dina M. Hoerth, Bryan C. Heiderscheit, Thomas M. Best, and Stephen C. Swanson. "Hamstring Muscle Kinematics During Sprinting." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-00007.

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29

Goth, Greg. "Sprinting toward Open Source Development." IEEE Software 24, no. 1 (January 2007): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.2007.28.

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30

Thelen, Darryl G., Elizabeth S. Chumanov, Dina M. Hoerth, Bryan C. Heiderscheit, Thomas M. Best, and Stephen C. Swanson. "Hamstring Muscle Kinematics During Sprinting." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-00007.

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31

Umberto, C., B. Massimiliano, and B. Daniele. "Biomechanics of sprinting amputees athletes." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S548—S549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)85258-9.

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32

Gaudet, S. "A physical model of sprinting." Journal of Biomechanics 47, no. 12 (September 2014): 2933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.07.012.

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33

Ae, Michiyoshi, Ken Miyashita, Shoitiro Ooki, and Takashi Yokoi. "Ground reaction forces in sprinting." Journal of Biomechanics 25, no. 7 (July 1992): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90313-p.

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34

Hutchison, D. J., and J. W. Yates. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN INCLINE TREADMILL SPRINTING PROGRAM VERSUS A GROUND-BASED SPRINTING PROGRAM." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-00541.

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35

NISHIMURA, Saburo, Akiyo MIYAZAKI, Yoshinori OKADE, and Yasuto KOBAYASHI. "The Influence of Improving Techniques According to Sprinting Ability on Velocity of 50m Sprinting." Japanese Journal of Sport Education Studies 37, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7219/jjses.37.2_15.

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36

Diker, Gürken, Sürhat Müniroğlu, Sadi Ön, Hüseyin Özkamçı, and Abdulkerim Darendeli. "The relationship between sprint performance and both lower and upper extremity explosive strength in young soccer players." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 25, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0102.

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Background and Study Aim. Sprint performance plays a major role in success of field-based team sports such as soccer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sprinting performance and both lower and upper extremity explosive strength in young soccer players. Material and Methods. One hundred forty-seven soccer players (mean±SD; age 11.6±1.66 years, height 143.2±11.8 cm, body mass 37.1±10.2 kg and training experience 1.11±1.5 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The sprinting performance of each player was determined using their 5, 10, 20 and 30m single sprint times. The lower and upper extremity explosive strength were evaluated by standing long jump and medicine ball throwing tests respectively. Prior to the study, each of the players was given detailed information about the risks and injuries they could encounter during the study, and parental consent was obtained by their signatures on informed voluntary consent forms since the subjects were under the age of 18. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from Ankara University Medical Faculty’s Surgical and Medical Research Ethics Committee. Results. The results indicated a strong relationship between sprinting performance and horizontal jump performance (r=-.671 ̶ -.764; p=0.001) and also a large relationship between sprinting performance and upper extremity strength (r=-.633 ̶ -.703; p=0.001). The sprint performance (n=147) also significantly correlated with body weight (r=-.345 ̶ -.373; p=0.001) and height (r=-.445 ̶ -.505; p=0.001). Conclusions. The study results suggest that upper extremity strength is as important as the lower extremity strength for sprinting performance and that trainers should emphasize lower and upper extremity strength in training intended to improve sprinting performance.

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37

Clark, Kenneth P. "Determinants of Top Speed Sprinting: Minimum Requirements for Maximum Velocity." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 8289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168289.

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Faster top sprinting speeds require shorter ground contact times, larger vertical forces, and greater thigh angular velocities and accelerations. Here, a framework using fundamental kinematic and kinetic relationships is presented that explores the effect of body dimensions on these mechanical determinants of sprinting performance. The analysis is applied to three hypothetical runners of different leg lengths to illustrate how these mechanical determinants of speed vary with body dimensions. Specific attention is focused on how the following variables scale with leg length and top speed: ground contact time, step rate, step length, ratio of step length to leg length, ratio of vertical force to body weight, total thigh range of motion, average thigh angular velocity, and maximum thigh angular acceleration. The analysis highlights the inherent biological tradeoffs that interplay to govern the optimal dimensions for sprinting speed and underscores that accounting for leg length may facilitate interpretation in future investigations examining the relationship between these mechanical variables and top speed. Furthermore, for athletes with given body dimensions and sprinting performance goals, this framework could help to establish the minimum requirements for maximum velocity.

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38

Vala, Roman, Marie Valová, and Martina Litschmannová. "Úroveň rychlostních schopností děvčat šestých tříd na základní škole s rozšířenou výukou tělesné výchovy." Studia sportiva 5, no. 1 (July 4, 2011): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2011-1-14.

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This report sums up the results of our research, carried out between the years 2000 and 2009, into the sprinting abilities of year six female students undergoing additional physical education classes. Test results of motor skills are an important source of information which can be further used in structuring the process of physical education and sports training. Moreover, such tests can be widely used in physical education research, in physical training practice and as a means of selecting students gift ed at sports. In total, 104 female secondary school students were tested. In brief, it is possible to conclude that throughout the period of our research, these year six female students had statistically signifi cant diff erences sprinting abilities. Th is is an important fi nding for trainers and teachers as sprinting ability has a great impact not only on other athletic disciplines but also plays a role in other fi elds of sport. Our research results can be compared to those of other year six students of similarly specialized schools in tests of sprinting abilities (50 metres sprint).

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Hogarth, Luke, Mark McKean, Max McKenzie, and Tyler Collings. "Utility of an Isometric Midthigh Pull Test to Assess Lower Body Muscular Strength in Professional Netball Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0900.

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Purpose: This study established the relationship between isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) peak force and court-based jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) performance in professional netball players. The change in IMTP peak force in response to sport-specific training was also examined. Methods: IMTP peak force and court-based jumping, sprinting, and COD were collected in 18 female athletes contracted to a Suncorp Super Netball team. Linear regression models established the relationship between absolute and normalized strength values and court-based performance measures in the participant cohort. Changes in IMTP peak force and court-based performance measures were examined following 2 consecutive preseason training blocks in a subset of participants. Results: The IMTP peak force values normalized to body mass were found to be determinants of court-based jumping, sprinting, and COD performance in the participant cohort (R2 = .34–.65, P ≤ .016). The participants showed increases in absolute (mean ± SE = 398 ± 68.5 N, P < .001, Hedge g = 0.70 [−0.05 to 1.35]) and normalized IMTP peak force (mean ± SE = 4.6 ± 0.78 N·kg−1, P < .001, Hedge g = 0.47 [−0.04 to 0.97]) over 2 consecutive training blocks that coincided with improvements in jumping, sprinting, and COD performances. Conclusion: IMTP peak force is a determinant of court-based jumping, sprinting, and COD performance and is sensitive to training in professional netball players. These results support the utility of the IMTP test to monitor the development and maintenance of maximal lower body muscular strength in these athletes.

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40

Chen, Che-Hsiu, Yu-Chun Chen, Ren-Shiang Jiang, Lok-Yin Lo, I.-Lin Wang, and Chih-Hui Chiu. "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Decreases the Decline of Speed during Repeated Sprinting in Basketball Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136967.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve countermovement jump performance, fatigue index and alleviate the speed decline during repeated shuttle sprints in trained basketball players. Thirteen trained basketball players were divided into the tDCS trial and sham trial by the random crossover design. The tDCS trial was stimulated with 2-mA current in the M1 area in the middle of the top of the head for 20 min. For the sham trial, the current was turned off after 5 s, stopping the electrical stimulation. After warming up, the players underwent countermovement jump test, weighted countermovement jump test and then performed 40 × 15-m sprints with with a 1:4 exercise: rest ratio. The jump height, sprinting time, fatigue index, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were analyzed by paired-sample t-test, when significance was discovered by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. The study results revealed that the tDCS trial significantly increase the countermovement jump performance (p = 0.04), decrease the sprinting time (p = 0.016), and had improved fatigue index during the sprinting process (p = 0.009). However, the heart rate and RPE during sprinting were nonsignificantly different between the trials. This study has identified that tDCS can decrease the speed decline, fatigue index during sprinting and increase countermovement jump performance without affecting heart rate or the rating of perceived exertion.

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41

Hébert-Losier, Kim, Kurt Jensen, and Hans-Christer Holmberg. "Jumping and Hopping in Elite and Amateur Orienteering Athletes and Correlations to Sprinting and Running." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 6 (November 2014): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0486.

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Purpose:Jumping and hopping are used to measure lower-body muscle power, stiffness, and stretch-shortening-cycle utilization in sports, with several studies reporting correlations between such measures and sprinting and/or running abilities in athletes. Neither jumping and hopping nor correlations with sprinting and/or running have been examined in orienteering athletes.Methods:The authors investigated squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), and hopping performed by 8 elite and 8 amateur male foot-orienteering athletes (29 ± 7 y, 183 ± 5 cm, 73 ± 7 kg) and possible correlations to road, path, and forest running and sprinting performance, as well as running economy, velocity at anaerobic threshold, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) from treadmill assessments.Results:During SJs and CMJs, elites demonstrated superior relative peak forces, times to peak force, and prestretch augmentation, albeit lower SJ heights and peak powers. Between-groups differences were unclear for CMJ heights, hopping stiffness, and most SLJ parameters. Large pairwise correlations were observed between relative peak and time to peak forces and sprinting velocities; time to peak forces and running velocities; and prestretch augmentation and forest-running velocities. Prestretch augmentation and time to peak forces were moderately correlated to VO2peak. Correlations between running economy and jumping or hopping were small or trivial.Conclusions:Overall, the elites exhibited superior stretch-shortening-cycle utilization and rapid generation of high relative maximal forces, especially vertically. These functional measures were more closely related to sprinting and/or running abilities, indicating benefits of lower-body training in orienteering.

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42

Nagahara, Ryu, Jean-Benoit Morin, and Masaaki Koido. "Impairment of Sprint Mechanical Properties in an Actual Soccer Match: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 7 (October 2016): 893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0567.

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Purpose:To assess soccer-specific impairment of mechanical properties in accelerated sprinting and its relation with activity profiles during an actual match.Methods:Thirteen male field players completed 4 sprint measurements, wherein running speed was obtained using a laser distance-measurement system, before and after the 2 halves of 2 soccer matches. Macroscopic mechanical properties (theoretical maximal horizontal force [F0], maximal horizontal sprinting power [Pmax], and theoretical maximal sprinting velocity [V0]) during the 35-m sprint acceleration were calculated from speed–time data. Players’ activity profiles during the matches were collected using global positioning system units.Results:After the match, although F0 and Pmax did not significantly change, V0 was reduced (P = .038), and the magnitude of this reduction correlated with distance (positive) and number (negative) of high-speed running, number of running (negative), and other low-intensity activity distance (negative) during the match. Moreover, Pmax decreased immediately before the second half (P = .014).Conclusions:The results suggest that soccer-specific fatigue probably impairs players’ maximal velocity capabilities more than their maximal horizontal force-production abilities at initial acceleration. Furthermore, long-distance running, especially at high speed, during the match may induce relatively large impairment of maximal velocity capabilities. In addition, the capability of producing maximal horizontal power during sprinting is presumably impaired during halftime of a soccer match with passive recovery. These findings could be useful for players and coaches aiming to train effectively to maintain sprinting performance throughout a soccer match when planning a training program.

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Needham, Laurie, Murray Evans, Darren P. Cosker, and Steffi L. Colyer. "Can Markerless Pose Estimation Algorithms Estimate 3D Mass Centre Positions and Velocities during Linear Sprinting Activities?" Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082889.

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The ability to accurately and non-invasively measure 3D mass centre positions and their derivatives can provide rich insight into the physical demands of sports training and competition. This study examines a method for non-invasively measuring mass centre velocities using markerless human pose estimation and Kalman smoothing. Marker (Qualysis) and markerless (OpenPose) motion capture data were captured synchronously for sprinting and skeleton push starts. Mass centre positions and velocities derived from raw markerless pose estimation data contained large errors for both sprinting and skeleton pushing (mean ± SD = 0.127 ± 0.943 and −0.197 ± 1.549 m·s−1, respectively). Signal processing methods such as Kalman smoothing substantially reduced the mean error (±SD) in horizontal mass centre velocities (0.041 ± 0.257 m·s−1) during sprinting but the precision remained poor. Applying pose estimation to activities which exhibit unusual body poses (e.g., skeleton pushing) appears to elicit more erroneous results due to poor performance of the pose estimation algorithm. Researchers and practitioners should apply these methods with caution to activities beyond sprinting as pose estimation algorithms may not generalise well to the activity of interest. Retraining the model using activity specific data to produce more specialised networks is therefore recommended.

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44

Haralabidis, Nicos, Gil Serrancolí, Steffi Colyer, Ian Bezodis, Aki Salo, and Dario Cazzola. "Three-dimensional data-tracking simulations of sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control approach." PeerJ 9 (March 8, 2021): e10975. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10975.

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Biomechanical simulation and modelling approaches have the possibility to make a meaningful impact within applied sports settings, such as sprinting. However, for this to be realised, such approaches must first undergo a thorough quantitative evaluation against experimental data. We developed a musculoskeletal modelling and simulation framework for sprinting, with the objective to evaluate its ability to reproduce experimental kinematics and kinetics data for different sprinting phases. This was achieved by performing a series of data-tracking calibration (individual and simultaneous) and validation simulations, that also featured the generation of dynamically consistent simulated outputs and the determination of foot-ground contact model parameters. The simulated values from the calibration simulations were found to be in close agreement with the corresponding experimental data, particularly for the kinematics (average root mean squared differences (RMSDs) less than 1.0° and 0.2 cm for the rotational and translational kinematics, respectively) and ground reaction force (highest average percentage RMSD of 8.1%). Minimal differences in tracking performance were observed when concurrently determining the foot-ground contact model parameters from each of the individual or simultaneous calibration simulations. The validation simulation yielded results that were comparable (RMSDs less than 1.0° and 0.3 cm for the rotational and translational kinematics, respectively) to those obtained from the calibration simulations. This study demonstrated the suitability of the proposed framework for performing future predictive simulations of sprinting, and gives confidence in its use to assess the cause-effect relationships of technique modification in relation to performance. Furthermore, this is the first study to provide dynamically consistent three-dimensional muscle-driven simulations of sprinting across different phases.

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45

Simitzi, Vasiliki Ε., Athanasios Tsoukos, Ioannis N. Kostikiadis, Charalampos A. Parotsidis, Christos Paizis, George P. Nassis, and Spyridon K. Methenitis. "The acute effects of different high-intensity conditioning activities on sprint performance differ between sprinters of different strength and power characteristics." Kinesiology 53, no. 2 (2021): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.53.2.2.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different conditioning activities (CAs) on short-term increase in sprint performance. In twelve male sprinters (21.1±2.6 years, 100 m performance: 11.5±0.6 s) their body composition, half squat maximum strength, 100 m sprinting and countermovement jump performances were evaluated. The performance of a 50 m sprint (splits at 10 m, 30 m and 50 m) was evaluated before and 5, 10 and 15 min after four postactivation performance enhancement CAs on different occasions: [1] 3 sets x 4 s maximum isometric half squat (IHF), [2] 3 sets x 3 consecutive countermovement jumps (cCMJs), [3] 3 repetitions x 30 m overspeed sprinting (OVSP) and [4] dynamic submaximal half squat (2 sets x 2 reps x 90% of 1-RM half squat; HSQ). Significant improvements of sprinting performance were found 10 and 15 min following the cCMJs, OVSP and HSQ’s interventions, in all distances (p<.05; -2.14±1.21% and -3.56±2.47%), without any significant difference between these interventions and time points (p>.05). Significant inter-individual differences were found in the magnitude of sprint performance improvements as well as in the optimal time window (p<.05), with the stronger sprinters responding better after HSQs, while the more powerful sprinters after cCMJs and OVSPs. In conclusion, it seems that cCMJs, OVSP and HSQ can acutely increase sprinting performance after 10 min, but CA’s induced increases in sprinting performance are highly related to the strength and power characteristics of each sprinter.

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46

Fahey, A. J., N. Paramalingam, R. J. Davey, E. A. Davis, T. W. Jones, and P. A. Fournier. "The Effect of a Short Sprint on Postexercise Whole-Body Glucose Production and Utilization Rates in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 4193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-1604.

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Context: Recently we showed that a 10-sec maximal sprint effort performed before or after moderate intensity exercise can prevent early hypoglycemia during recovery in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, the mechanisms underlying this protective effect of sprinting are still unknown. Objective: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that short duration sprinting increases blood glucose levels via a disproportionate increase in glucose rate of appearance (Ra) relative to glucose rate of disappearance (Rd). Subjects and Experimental Design: Eight T1DM participants were subjected to a euglycemic-euinsulinemic clamp and, together with nondiabetic participants, were infused with [6,6-2H]glucose before sprinting for 10 sec and allowed to recover for 2 h. Results: In response to sprinting, blood glucose levels increased by 1.2 ± 0.2 mmol/liter (P < 0.05) within 30 min of recovery in T1DM participants and remained stable afterward, whereas glycemia rose by only 0.40 ± 0.05 mmol/liter in the nondiabetic group. During recovery, glucose Ra did not change in both groups (P > 0.05), but glucose Rd in the nondiabetic and diabetic participants fell rapidly after exercise before returning within 30 min to preexercise levels. After sprinting, the levels of plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, and GH rose transiently in both experimental groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: A sprint as short as 10 sec can increase plasma glucose levels in nondiabetic and T1DM individuals, with this rise resulting from a transient decline in glucose Rd rather than from a disproportionate rise in glucose Ra relative to glucose Rd as reported with intense aerobic exercise.

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Mizushima, Jun, Keitaro Seki, Justin W. L. Keogh, Kei Maeda, Atsushi Shibata, Hiroyuki Koyama, and Keigo Ohyama-Byun. "Kinematic characteristics of barefoot sprinting in habitually shod children." PeerJ 6 (July 13, 2018): e5188. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5188.

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Background Anecdotally, a wide variety of benefits of barefoot running have been advocated by numerous individuals. The influence of the alterations in the properties of the shoe on the running movement has been demonstrated in adults at submaximal jogging speeds. However, the biomechanical differences between shod and barefoot running in children at sprinting speeds and the potential developmental implications of these differences are still less examined. The purpose was to determine the potential differences in habitually shod children’s sprint kinematics between shod and barefoot conditions. Methods Ninety-four children (51 boys and 43 girls; 6–12 years-old; height, 135.0 ± 0.12 m; body mass, 29.0 ± 6.9 kg) performed 30 m maximal sprints from standing position for each of two conditions (shod and barefoot). To analyze sprint kinematics within sagittal plane sprint kinematics, a high-speed camera (300 fps) was set perpendicular to the runway. In addition, sagittal foot landing and take-off images were recorded for multiple angles by using five high-speed cameras (300 fps). Spatio-temporal variables, the kinematics of the right leg (support leg) and the left leg (recovery leg), and foot strike patterns: rear-foot strike (RFS), mid-foot strike (MFS), and fore-foot strike (FFS) were investigated. The paired t-test was used to test difference between shod and barefoot condition. Results Barefoot sprinting in habitually shod children was mainly characterized by significantly lower sprint speed, higher step frequency, shorter step length and stance time. In shod running, 82% of children showed RFS, whereas it decreased to 29% in barefoot condition. The touch down state and the subsequent joint movements of both support and recovery legs during stance phase were significantly altered when running in condition with barefoot. Discussion The acute effects of barefoot sprinting was demonstrated by significantly slower sprinting speeds that appear to reflect changes in a variety of spatiotemporal parameters as well as lower limb kinematics. It is currently unknown whether such differences would be observed in children who typically run in bare feet and what developmental benefits and risks may emerge from increasing the proportion of barefoot running and sprinting in children. Future research should therefore investigate potential benefits that barefoot sprinting may have on the development of key physical fitness such as nerve conduction velocity, muscular speed, power, and sprinting technique and on ways to minimize the risk of any acute or chronic injuries associated with this activity.

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Wang, Guo Dong, and A. Ming Lu. "A Strength Training Machine Specific for Hamstrings: Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.35.

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Hamstring muscle strains are one of the most frequent injuries in sports and will result in missed game time by athletes. A sudden and forceful eccentric muscle contraction during the later swing phase of sprinting may directly induce hamstring injury, so does a fast change between eccentric and concentric actions in the foot contact phase. Based on the biomechanical analysis of the hamstring muscle activities during sprinting and the studies focused on hamstring strength training, the purpose of this study is to design a strength training machine specific for hamstring. The activity of hamstring muscles during training simulated the key phase of sprinting in terms of contraction modes and loads. The design principle and usage of the machine, as well as the points for attention, are illustrated in this paper.

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49

Washington, Jessica K., David J. Elmer, Victoria A. Conn, and Eileen E. Wheelen. "UPPER BODY MUSCLE EXCITATION DURING SPRINTING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000878684.87621.ab.

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50

Merkes, Paul, Paolo Mensapà, and Chris Abbiss. "Sprinting in road cycling – literature review." Journal of Science and Cycling 9, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 01–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/1220.jsc.03.

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A road cycling sprint can be described as the acceleration which occurs toward the end of competitions in order to reach the finish line in front of other competitors. The ability to sprint in road cycling is important since most races are decided in either a head-to-head, small group, or mass sprint finish. Cycling velocity during sprints is important. Factors influencing cycling velocity include the cyclist’s physiology, biomechanics and application of force, resistive forces caused by the environment, and the interaction between cyclists. To perform well in sprints, road cyclists are required to have a very well developed aerobic function but also extremely well established anaerobic capacity. Cyclists can produce higher power outputs while adopting a standing position when compared with a seated position, with professional male and female sprinters producing approximately 14.2 and 10.0 W·kg-1 during road sprints which last 14 and 22 s, respectively. Additionally, lowering the torso and head during the standing sprint position results in an aerodynamicimprovement of around 25%. Before starting the sprint, road cycling sprinters can save energy by drafting behind other cyclists. However, being close to the front of the peloton during the last part of the race, together with several supporting teammates, is of high importance for cycling performance outcomes. Road cycling sprinting performance could be improved via increasing power output, reducing aerodynamic drag, and smart positioning in the peloton.

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