Книги: "Sport context"

1

Cynarski, Wojciech J., Jerzy Kosiewicz, and Kazimierz Obodyński. Sport in the context of social sciences. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, 2012.

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2

Piątkowska, Monika, and Jerzy Kosiewicz. Sport in the context of social and cultural changes. Edited by Muzeum Sportu i Turystyki (Warsaw, Poland). Warsaw: Museum of Sports and Tourism in Warsaw, 2011.

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3

Sport in de stad: Over de maatschappelijke, ruimtelijke en economische rol van sport in de stedelijke context. Nieuwegein: Arko Sports Media, 2011.

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4

Pauli, Vuolle, ed. Sport in social context: Commemorative book in honour of Professor Kalevi Heinilä. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1998.

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5

Sarson, Lindsay A. Ontario high school sport: An investigation of organizational design and its context. St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Faculty of Applied Health Science, 2005.

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6

Rees, Allison Mary. The provision of sport for women within the cultural context of South Wales. [s.l.]: typescript, 1995.

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7

Permanent World Conference on Antidoping in Sport (4th 1993 London, England). The social context of doping: The Fourth Permanent World Conference on Anti-doping in Sport 5-8 September 1993, London, United Kingdom. London: Sports Council, 1994.

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8

Schneider, Stephen H. Science as a Contact Sport. New York: National Geographic Society, 2009.

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9

Work is a contact sport. Kansas City, Mo: Andrews and McMeel, 1997.

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10

Sport versus art: A South African contest. Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2010.

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11

Sports coaching research: Context, consequences, and consciousness. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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12

Bush, Anthony. Sports coaching research: Context, consequences, and consciousness. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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13

Cuperman, Pedro (ed ). Point of Contact : On Sports. Edited by Pedro Cuperman. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse Univ. Pr., 2005.

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14

Love, football, and other contact sports. New York: Holiday House, 2005.

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15

Female gladiators: Gender, law, and contact sport in America. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 2005.

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16

Sport Ethics in Context. Canadian Scholars Press, 2007.

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17

Understanding UK Sport Policy in Context. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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18

Understanding UK Sport Policy in Context. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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19

Grix, Jonathan, and Lesley Phillpots, eds. Understanding UK Sport Policy in Context. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315084398.

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20

Wacker, Christian, ed. Sport im Museum. Ergon – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783956508448.

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Sport is omnipresent in museums. There are around 1,500 sports museums worldwide—from the lovable bicycle museum in the Palatine to the FIFA World Football Museum. Sport gets collected, sports objects are researched, sport is exhibited, and sport can be experienced and learned about in museums. In this anthology, international authors deal with 'Sport in Museums' and reflect on the fast-moving phenomenon of sport in the context of museum work, which offers opportunities for future-oriented museum work. The editor has been working in the context of sports museums for almost 30 years and compiled this volume to describe and research sport in museums and to raise awareness of it as an important component of popular culture. With contributions by Jason Beck, Prof. Dr. Louise Bielzer, Martin Ehlers, Dr. Matthias Henkel, Pekka Honkanen, Yousef Khacho, Volker Kluge, Geoffrey Z. Kohe, Prof. Dr. Michael Krüger, Barbara Kummler, Ulrich Schulze Forsthövel, Jed Smith, Prof. Dr. Junko Tahara (und Kyoko Raita), Jurryt van de Vooren, Prof. Dr. Axel Vogelsang, Kalle Voolaid, Dr. Christian Wacker, Prof. Dr. Ronald Wadsack and Helen Walpole.

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21

Arthur-Banning, Skye G., and Solomon Waliaula, eds. Sports Global Influence: A Survey of Society and Culture in the Context of Sport. BRILL, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9781848883871.

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22

Hong, Fan. Delivering Olympic and Elite Sport in a Cross Cultural Context. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315742953.

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23

Schultz, Jaime. Women’s Sport and Questionable Sex. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038167.003.0005.

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This chapter explores how leaders of several international athletic federations worked to quell anxieties about “manly” women competitors by instituting “sex-testing” policies to verify the femaleness of female athletes. Purporting to safeguard women's sport and its participants, the tests have too often disadvantaged women and served as a powerful form of social control that encouraged normative femininity in the context of sport. Although most organizations have since declared an end to sex-testing in their official policies, new forms of surveillance and detection continue to define who counts as a woman in the context of sport. For better or worse, the introduction of the sex-test signified that women's sports were on the rise, and in the 1970s American women went through what many felt was an athletic revolution.

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24

Arcangeli, Alessandro, Paul Christesen, Noel Fallows, Alessandro Arcangeli, Rebekka von Mallinckrodt, Mike Huggins, Steven Riess, and Charles Stocking, eds. A Cultural History of Sport in the Renaissance. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350183018.

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A Cultural History of Sport in the Renaissance covers the period 1450 to 1650. Outwardly, Renaissance sports resembled their medieval forebears, but the incorporation of athletics into the educational curriculum signalled a change. As part of the scientific revolution, sport now became the object of intellectual analysis. Numerous books were written on the medical benefits of sport and on the best way to joust, fence, train horses and ride, play ball games, swim, practice archery, wrestle, or become an acrobat. Sport became the visible sign of the mind’s control over the physical body, such control often becoming an end in itself with some sports shaped more by decorum than exercise. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Sport presents the first comprehensive history from classical antiquity to today, covering all forms and aspects of sport and its ever-changing social, cultural, political, and economic context and impact. The themes covered in each volume are the purpose of sport; sporting time and sporting space; products, training, and technology; rules and order; conflict and accommodation; inclusion, exclusion, and segregation; minds, bodies, and identities; representation.

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25

Christesen, Paul, Paul Christesen, Noel Fallows, Alessandro Arcangeli, Rebekka von Mallinckrodt, Mike Huggins, Steven Riess, Charles Stocking, and Charles Stocking, eds. A Cultural History of Sport in Antiquity. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350182998.

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A Cultural History of Sport in Antiquity covers the period 800 BCE to 600 CE. From the founding of the Olympics and Rome’s celebratory games, sport permeated the cultural life of Greco-Roman antiquity almost as it does our own. Gymnasiums, public baths, monumental arenas, and circuses for chariot racing were constructed, and athletic contests proliferated. Sports-themed household objects were very popular, whilst the exploits of individual athletes, gladiators, and charioteers were immortalized in poetry, monuments, and the mosaic floors of the wealthy. This rich sporting culture attests to the importance of leisure among the middle and upper classes of the Greco-Roman world, but by 600 CE rising costs, barbarian invasions, and Christianity had swept it all away. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Sport presents the first comprehensive history from classical antiquity to today, covering all forms and aspects of sport and its ever-changing social, cultural, political, and economic context and impact. The themes covered in each volume are the purpose of sport; sporting time and sporting space; products, training, and technology; rules and order; conflict and accommodation; inclusion, exclusion, and segregation; minds, bodies, and identities; representation.

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26

Huggins, Mike, Paul Christesen, Noel Fallows, Alessandro Arcangeli, Rebekka von Mallinckrodt, Mike Huggins, Steven Riess, and Charles Stocking, eds. A Cultural History of Sport in the Age of Industry. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350183032.

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A Cultural History of Sport in the Age of Industry covers the period 1800 to 1920. Over this period, sport become increasingly global, some sports were radically altered, sports clubs proliferated, and new team games - such as baseball, basketball, and the various forms of football - were created, codified, commercialized, and professionalized. Yet this was also an age of cultural and political tensions, when issues around the role of women, social class, ethnicity and race, imperial relationships, nation-building, and amateur and professional approaches were all shaping sport. At the same time, increasing urbanization, population, real wages, and leisure time drove demand for sport ever higher, and the institutionalization and regulation of sport accelerated. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Sport presents the first comprehensive history from classical antiquity to today, covering all forms and aspects of sport and its ever-changing social, cultural, political, and economic context and impact. The themes covered in each volume are the purpose of sport; sporting time and sporting space; products, training, and technology; rules and order; conflict and accommodation; inclusion, exclusion, and segregation; minds, bodies, and identities; representation.

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27

Professional sport franchise relocation within the context of urban politics: A case study. 1989.

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28

British Columbia. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. and J. Paul and Associates, eds. BC's tidal and anadromous sport fishery: Working towards a strategic plan : context report. [Victoria: British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food], 1998.

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29

Professional sport franchise relocation within the context of urban politics: A case study. 1987.

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30

Widener, Daniel. Race and Sport. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.32.

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This chapter explores the relationship between race and sport from the late nineteenth century to the present. It tracks processes of racial exclusion, colonial control, and antiracist contestation, as well as the more diffuse context of an ostensibly postracial neoliberal sporting landscape. Included are discussions of crucial figures such as Jack Johnson, Jackie Robison, Muhammad Ali, and Michael Jordan. Campaigns such as the sporting boycott of apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympic protest by black American athletes are discussed, as is the Algerian revolution, racism in European football (soccer), and the contradictions of nominally amateur collegiate sports in the contemporary United States. Reference is likewise made to the relationship between race and class and gender inequities and struggles.

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31

Byers, Terri, and Alex Thurston. Understanding Sport Organizations. Edited by Trevor Slack. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718214132.

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The classic groundbreaking text for understanding organizational theory in the sport industry is back in an extensively revised new edition. With an added emphasis on organizational behavior and practical applications of the theory, Understanding Sport Organizations: Applications for Sport Managers, Third Edition, provides a logical progression to understanding the many components of and processes in sport organizations. Readers will gain a strong theoretical foundation while learning how it applies within the context of the ever-changing field of sport management. In this third edition, new chapters incorporate critical concepts that sport managers in the current era must be familiar with: • Different policy types and the responses of sport organizations to policy • Perspectives of marketing of sport and marketing through sport • Control in sport organizations • Sex and gender in sport organizations • Volunteer management in sport • Dimensions and assessment of governance in sport organizations • Mental health difficulties and management strategies within sport environments • Applying statistical analysis to support analytic decision making in sport • Corporate social responsibility • Procurement and sport organizations To facilitate comprehension and application, each chapter opens with a list of key concepts and a real-world, contemporary scenario to demonstrate the relevance of theory and behavior in the sport industry. Time Out sidebars offer accounts from actual sport organization situations or from research findings to further illustrate issues being discussed. Chapter summaries and review questions are provided to stimulate discussion about the central issues from each chapter. Key Issues for Sport Managers boxes highlight how chapter content is applied at the level of sport manager, and closing Case for Analysis examples allow readers to directly apply information from each chapter. Real-world examples throughout the text provide opportunities for additional exploration and application of relevant concepts. Every chapter references key articles that build on the foundational framework presented and includes suggestions for further reading within general management and sport management literature. This thorough presentation of subject matter will guide readers to a greater and more practical understanding of core issues. Synthesizing modern conceptual and empirical research from many fields of management into a practical, engaging look at the sport management field, Understanding Sport Organizations: Applications for Sport Managers, Third Edition, is an invaluable resource for students and current practitioners alike.

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32

Hong, Fan, and Lu Zhouxiang. From Beijing to London - Delivering Olympic and Elite Sport in a Cross Cultural Context. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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33

Fallows, Noel, Paul Christesen, Noel Fallows, Alessandro Arcangeli, Rebekka von Mallinckrodt, Mike Huggins, Steven Riess, and Charles Stocking, eds. A Cultural History of Sport in the Medieval Age. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350183001.

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A Cultural History of Sport in the Medieval Age covers the period 600 to 1450. Lacking any viable ancient models, sport evolved into two distinct forms, divided by class. Male and female aristocrats hunted and knights engaged in jousting and tournaments, transforming increasingly outdated modes of warfare into brilliant spectacle. Meanwhile, simpler sports provided recreational distraction from the dangerously unsettled conditions of everyday life. Running, jumping, wrestling, and many ball games - soccer, cricket, baseball, golf, and tennis – had their often violent beginnings in this period. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Sport presents the first comprehensive history from classical antiquity to today, covering all forms and aspects of sport and its ever-changing social, cultural, political, and economic context and impact. The themes covered in each volume are the purpose of sport; sporting time and sporting space; products, training, and technology; rules and order; conflict and accommodation; inclusion, exclusion, and segregation; minds, bodies, and identities; representation.

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34

Esteban-Salvador, Maria Luisa, ed. The International Conference on Multidisciplinary Per- pectives on Equality and Diversity in Sports (ICMPEDS). 14th to the 16th of july 2021 . Book of abstracts. Universidad de Zaragoza, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/uz.978-84-18321-32-0.

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The International Conference on Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Equality and Diversity in Sports (ICMPEDS) is organized by GESPORT with the support of the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union from the 14th to the 16th of July 2021. The conference is an excellent forum for academics, researchers, practitioners, athletes, man- agers and professionals of federations, associations and sport organizations, and those other- wise involved in sport to share and exchange ideas in different areas of sport related equality worldwide. We will keep you informed by email and post the latest information on this matter on the GESPORT website and social media. Sport and its management continues to be a field where men and masculinity strongly prevail. This conference aims to investigate the complexities attached to the following questions: What does gender openness mean in the context of sport in the 21st century? What persists as gen- der closure in the same context? What are the gender cultures that signify sport continuing to be defined by regimes that resort to a dominant masculinity embodied in a strong and athletic male body? Moreover, and albeit some exceptions, athletes, practitioners, decision and policy makers, and sports spectators are predominantly men. In this sense, gender discrimination and segregation are present in multiple aspects of sport. Some illustrations include: a) male athletes have high salaries, more career opportunities, and get more recognition by society than female athletes; b) management and leadership positions in sports organizations are mainly occupied by men, including in sports traditionally considered as feminine and which have become feminised (e.g. gymnastics and dance); c) masculinised sports and its male athletes have much more attention and recognition from the media than female athletes; d) sports journalism continues to be predominantly produced and managed by men; e) some sports spectatorships cultures are marked by rituals and interactions that resort to masculine tribalism, often leading to aggressive and violent behaviours. Gender discrimination in sport is somehow socially normalised and accepted through a dis- course that essentialises the embodied sexual differences between genders. This gender dis- course legitimises the exclusion of women in some sports modalities and traps female bodies in sociocultural constructions as less able to exercise and engage in sport, or as the second and weaker version of the ideal masculine body. However, there are signs that the context of sport may be changing. The European Union and some national governments have made an effort to promote gender equality and diversity by fostering the adoption of gender equality codes/policies in different modalities and in in- ternational and local sports organizations. These new policies aim to increase female partic- ipation and recognition in sport, their access to leadership positions and involvement in the decision-making in sport structures. Additionally, the number of women practising non-com- petitive sport and as sports spectators have started growing, leading to new representations of sport and challenging the role of women in such a context. Finally, different body constructions and the emergence of alternative embodied femininities and masculinities are also challeng- ing how athletes of both genders experience their bodies and sports practice. Yet, research is scarce about the impact of these changes/challenges in the sports context. This conference will focus on mapping gender relations in sport and its management by taking into account the different modalities, contexts, institutional policies, organizational structures and actors (e.g. athletes, spectators, media professionals, sport decision makers and man- agers). It will treat sport and its management as one avenue where gender segregation and inequality occurs, but also adopt such as a space that presents an opportunity for change and does so as a widely applicable topic whose traits and culture are reflected in organizations and work more broadly. In this sense, the conference is interested in theoretical and empirical research work that may explore, but are not limited to the following issues: • Women representativeness in sports modalities and in sport organizational structures in different countries; • Women and management accounting in sport organizations; • The gender regimes that (re)produce different sports policies, modalities, and institu- tions in sport; • The stories of resistance/conformity of women that already occupy different roles in sport contexts; • The challenges and impact of conventional and new body representations in sports institutions and including athletes of both genders; • The discourses of masculinities in sport and its effect on women and men athletes; • The emergence of nationalism and populist discourses in political and governments states and their impact on the (re)shaping of masculinity and femininity constructions in sport; • The gendered transformations of the spectators’ gaze in what concerns different sports modalities; • The effects of new groups of sports spectators on gender relations in sport; • The discourses in media and its participation in the sports gender (in)equality; • The impact of new technologies, and new practices of training/coaching in the body- work and identities of athletes of both genders.

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35

Mallinckrodt, Rebekka von, Paul Christesen, Noel Fallows, Alessandro Arcangeli, Rebekka von Mallinckrodt, Mike Huggins, Steven Riess, and Charles Stocking, eds. A Cultural History of Sport in the Age of Enlightenment. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350183025.

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A Cultural History of Sport in the Age of Enlightenment covers the period 1650 to 1800, a period often seen as a time of decline in sporting practice and literature. In fact, a rich sporting culture existed and sports were practised by both men and women at all levels of society. The Enlightenment called into question many of the earlier notions of religion, gender, and rank which had previously shaped sporting activities and also initiated the commercialization, professionalization, and associativity which were to define modern sport. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Sport presents the first comprehensive history from classical antiquity to today, covering all forms and aspects of sport and its ever-changing social, cultural, political, and economic context and impact. The themes covered in each volume are the purpose of sport; sporting time and sporting space; products, training, and technology; rules and order; conflict and accommodation; inclusion, exclusion, and segregation; minds, bodies, and identities; representation.

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36

Nauta, Joske, and Evert ALM Verhagen. Epidemiology and prevention of injuries in competitive contact sports. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0042.

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Generally, sports injuries in contact sports are more frequent than in non-contact sports. Contact sports are those sports in which contact with the opponent is common or intentional. This chapter focuses on sport-specific injuries that occur in various contact sports, including soccer, American football, ice hockey, basketball, martial arts, and wrestling. Each sport is covered by exploring practical information concerning the particular sport, as well as the epidemiology and aetiology of sport-specific injuries, and there is also a summary containing sport-specific preventive strategies. Where possible, this chapter also covers trends that can be drawn from the literature to give a foundation on which to develop and promote injury prevention strategies.

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37

O’Mahony, Mike. The Visual Turn in Sport History. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.35.

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The representation of sport in visual culture has generated a valuable research resource that, until recently, has been underutilized and undertheorized. Recent interventions, drawing on developments within other academic disciplines including art history, film, and media studies have, however, opened up opportunities for sport historians to engage with a wide range of sport-related visual artifacts. This chapter offers insights into how sport historians can effectively engage with this wide range of visual material. It deploys specific case studies to reveal potential opportunities and strategies to enable sport historians to treat visual materials as complex forms of documentation that can thus enhance an engagement with the complexities of sport’s past and present. It also reflects on how the recent expansion of the sport museum as a repository for, and means of displaying, this material provides a context for the future expansion of sport history studies into the field of visual culture.

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38

The relationship between moral reasoning maturity and legitimacy judgments about gender stratification in a youth sport context. 1993.

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39

Tim, Adam Brown:. Football and Community in the Global Context: Studies in Theory and Practice (Sport in the Global Society). Routledge, 2008.

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40

Cusack, Carole M. Sports. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.33.

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Sport and religion are closely interrelated phenomena and this chapter details five significant intersections between sport and religion. First, in premodern polytheistic societies, ritualized sports were often part of devotional activities directed to the gods. Second, physical exertion may act as a trigger for altered states of consciousness in both sporting and religious contexts, which is why trials of sporting prowess merit consideration as religious acts or spiritual experiences. Third, sporting champions frequently profess faith and credit their success to divine intervention. Fourth, fan devotion to sporting stars and teams may resemble religious devotion. Finally, in the context of the secular West, sports may function as a substitute for religion, or as a ‘secular religion,’ for certain people in the contemporary, deregulated spiritual marketplace. This chapter provides evidence of all five of these relations between religion and sport, and ranges across historical eras and cultures.

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41

Mainwaring, Lynda. Psychological Factors and Sport-Related Concussion. Edited by Ruben Echemendia and Grant L. Iverson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199896585.013.15.

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Psychological factors related to sport concussion have been overshadowed by interests in neurocognitive recovery. This chapter begins by examining psychological factors relevant to research and management of sport concussion in the context of a culture where normalizing pain and injury is routine. Among the key components of this chapter is a discussion of emotional disturbance following concussion characterized as the “concussion crevice,” which is represented by high fatigue, low vigor, elevated depression and confusion scores, and high overall emotional distress. This differs from pre-injury “iceberg” profiles of high energy, and low depression, fatigue, and confusion, which is characteristic of mentally healthy athletes. Acute emotional response to concussion is distinguished from response to musculoskeletal injury, mirrors neurocognitive recovery, and appears to correspond with the dynamic neurometabolic restoration pattern described in the literature. Directions for future research are recommended.

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42

Surfing: The eco-sport? - a study of leisure's environmental impact and effects in the context of individual perception. SIHE, 1995.

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43

Riess, Steven A., Paul Christesen, Noel Fallows, Alessandro Arcangeli, Rebekka von Mallinckrodt, Mike Huggins, Steven Riess, and Charles Stocking, eds. A Cultural History of Sport in the Modern Age. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350183049.

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A Cultural History of Sport in the Modern Age covers the period 1920 to today. Over this time, world-wide participation in sport has been shaped by economic developments, communication and transportation innovations, declining racism, diplomacy, political ideologies, feminization, democratization, as well as increasing professionalization and commercialization. Sport has now become both a global cultural force and one of the deepest ways in which individual nations express their myths, beliefs, values, traditions, and realities. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Sport presents the first comprehensive history from classical antiquity to today, covering all forms and aspects of sport and its ever-changing social, cultural, political, and economic context and impact. The themes covered in each volume are the purpose of sport; sporting time and sporting space; products, training, and technology; rules and order; conflict and accommodation; inclusion, exclusion, and segregation; minds, bodies, and identities; representation.

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44

Junior, Luiz Carlos Hespanhol, Saulo Delfino Barboza, and Per Bo Mahler. Epidemiology and prevention of injuries in competitive non-contact sports. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0043.

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This chapter discusses the aetiology and prevention of paediatric sports injuries in non-contact sports, and the chapter covers bicycling, dance, gymnastics, running, skiing, snowboarding, swimming, tennis, badminton, and volleyball, which were selected based on their worldwide popularity. Each sport is covered in a systematic manner including a brief introduction of the sport practise, the epidemiology and aetiology of sport-specific injuries, risk factors, and preventive strategies. Because of similarities, skiing and snowboarding are grouped and discussed together, as are tennis and badminton. The knowledge summarized should be implemented in real-life situations in order to encourage children and adolescents to participate in sports where they will experience the well-known health benefits of sports participation, but with the lowest risk possible.

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45

Schultz, Jaime. Women's Sports. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780190657710.001.0001.

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Although girls and women account for approximately 40 percent of all athletes in the United States, they receive only 4 percent of the total sport media coverage. SportsCenter, ESPN’s flagship program, dedicates less than 2 percent of its airtime to women. Local news networks devote less than 5 percent of their programming to women’s sports. Excluding Sports Illustrated’s annual "Swimsuit Issue," women appear on just 4.9 percent of the magazine’s covers. Media is a powerful indication of the culture surrounding sport in the United States. Why are women underrepresented in sports media? Sports Illustrated journalist Andy Benoit infamously remarked that women’s sports "are not worth watching." Although he later apologized, Benoit’s comment points to more general lack of awareness. Consider, for example, the confusion surrounding Title IX, the U.S. Law that prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program that receives federal financial assistance. Is Title IX to blame when administrators drop men’s athletic programs? Is it lack of interest or lack of opportunity that causes girls and women to participate in sport at lower rates than boys and men? In Women’s Sports, Jaime Schultz tackles these questions, along with many others, to upend the misunderstandings that plague women’s sports. Using historical, contemporary, scholarly, and popular sources, Schultz traces the progress and pitfalls of women’s involvement in sport. In the signature question-and-answer format of the What Everyone Needs to Know® series, this short and accessible book clarifies misconceptions that dog women’s athletics and offers much needed context and history to illuminate the struggles and inequalities sportswomen continue to face. By exploring issues such as gender, sexuality, sex segregation, the Olympic and Paralympic Games, media coverage, and the sport-health connection, Schultz shows why women’s sports are not just worth watching, but worth playing, supporting, and fighting for.

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46

Verhagen, Evert A. L. M., Willem van Mechelen, Adam D. G. Baxter Jones, and Nicola Maffulli. Aetiology and prevention of injuries in youth competitive contact sports. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0044.

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Other chapters in this section have covered the theoretical framework regarding the aetiology and prevention of sports injuries as well as, more specific, the aetiology and prevention of injuries in non-contact youth competition sports. This chapter will focus on sport specific injuries in contact sports. A number of sports where contact with the opponent is intentional or common have therefore been selected.

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47

Seifert, Tad. Headache in Sports. Edited by Ruben Echemendia and Grant L. Iverson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199896585.013.19.

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The prevalence of primary headache disorders in the general population provides a unique challenge in the evaluation of headache occurring in the context of sport. Sport-related and exercise-related headaches are not uncommon, but there is limited epidemiological data on these types of headaches in athletes. Any primary headache type can occur in the setting of sports. These scenarios are challenging in the return to play context, as it is often unclear whether an athlete has an exacerbation of a primary headache disorder, new onset headache unrelated to trauma, or has suffered a genuine concussive injury. Through careful evaluation, the practitioner can distinguish primary headache disorders from posttraumatic headaches following concussion. This chapter reviews primary headache disorders, posttraumatic headaches, and other secondary headache disorders.

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48

George, Jim. Contact Sport. Greenleaf Book Group, 2016.

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49

Russell, Hayley C., Julia Dutove, and Lori Dithurbide. “Playing Like a Girl”. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.53.

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This chapter reviews the theoretical and research evidence on women in competition in the context of sport. First, it explores the history of women in competitive sport and physical activity, and then reviews the relevant theories of competition in sport and sex- and gender-based differences in sport. Next, the chapter examines women’s experiences in sport from a developmental perspective and reviews women’s competition in youth sport, high-performance sport, and nontraditional physical activities. This chapter also examines how women learn about competition, what gender/sex differences do or do not exist in dispositional competitiveness, the behavioral outcomes of competitiveness, and the overall consequences—both positive and negative—of competition in sport on women and girls. The chapter concludes by discussing the current research gaps and future directions in the study of women in competition in the context of sport.

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Baker, Thomas A. Recreational Sports Law. Edited by Michael A. McCann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190465957.013.24.

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This chapter discusses application of legal doctrines and defenses within recreational sport settings. Many of the concepts discussed here are very general in that they apply to an array of recreational sport settings. Some are more specific to particular recreational situations. The general concepts are introduced so that the reader appreciates the way courts apply the law across various types of recreational sports cases. The more specific concepts involve problems that are relevant, timely, and somewhat unique to particular recreational sports. Ultimately, recreational sports law is not a field of law with its own distinct legal norms. Instead, “recreational sports law” encapsulates legal applications that are more common to recreational sport cases than to others. Exposure to the contents of this chapter will provide the reader with a more nuanced understanding of those legal applications of which recreational sport providers and participants need to be the most concerned.

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